_#_Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and
fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
_#_Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the plain of
Moldavia on the east by the Carpathian Mountains and separated from the
Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps
_#_Natural resources: crude oil (reserves being exhausted), timber,
natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt
_#_Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 3%; meadows and
pastures 19%; forest and woodland 28%; other 7%; includes irrigated 11%
_#_Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and
southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air
pollution in south
_#_Note: controls most easily traversable land route between
the Balkans and western USSR
_*_People
_#_Population: 23,397,054 (July 1991), growth rate 0.5% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 18 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 75 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Romanian 89.1%; Hungarian 8.9%; German 0.4%;
Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy 1.6%
_#_Religion: Romanian Orthodox 70%, Roman Catholic 6%, Greek Catholic
(Uniate) 3%, Protestant 6%, unaffiliated 15%
_#_Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
_#_Literacy: 96% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1970 est.)
_#_Labor force: 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38%
(1987)
_#_Organized labor: until December 1989, a single trade union system
organized by the General Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR)
under control of the Communist Party; since Ceausescu's overthrow,
newly-created trade and professional trade unions are joining three
umbrella organizations--Organization of Free Trade Unions, Fratia
(Brotherhood), and the Alfa Cortel; many other trade unions have been
formed
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
_#_Capital: Bucharest
_#_Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet)
and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,
Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara,
Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt,
Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea,
Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
_#_Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December
1947
_#_Constitution: 21 August 1965; new constitution being drafted
_#_Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist
legal theory that increasingly reflected Romanian traditions is being
revised
_#_National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament consists of an upper
house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Deputies
(Adunarea Deputatilor)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Ion ILIESCU (since 20 June 1990,
previously President of Provisional Council of National Unity since
23 December 1989);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Teodor STOLOJAN
(since 2 October 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
National Salvation Front (FSN), Ion STOICA;
Magyar Democratic Union (UDMR), Geza DOMOKOS;
National Liberal Party (PNL), Radu CAMPEANU;
National Peasants' Christian and Democratic Party (PNTCD), Corneliu
COPOSU;
Ecology Movement (MER), leader NA;
Romanian National Unity Party (AUR), Radu CEONTEA;
there are now more than 100 other parties; note--although the Communist
Party has ceased to exist, a small proto-Communist party, the Socialist
Labor Party, has been formed
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992);
results--Ion ILIESCU 85%, Radu CAMPEANU 10.5%, Ion RATIU 3.8%;
Senate--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA 1992);
results--FSN 67%, other 33%;
seats--(118 total) FSN 92, UDMR 12, PNL 9, AUR 2, PNTCD 1, MER 1,
other 1;
House of Deputies--last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA
1992);
results--FSN 66%, UDMR 7%, PNL 6%, MER 2%, PNTCD 2%, AUR 2%,
other 15%;
seats--(387 total) FSN 263, UDMR 29, PNL 29, PNTCD 12, MER 12,
AUR 9, other 33
_#_Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984); Communist Party has ceased
to exist
_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, G-9, G-77, GATT,
IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, IFC, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC,
ITU, LORCS, NAM (guest), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Virgil CONSTANTINESCU;
Chancery at 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone
(202) 232-4747;
US--Ambassador Alan GREEN, Jr.; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi
7-9, Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [40]
(0) 10-40-40
_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and
red; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow
band, has been removed; now similar to the flags of Andorra and Chad
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the labor force
and generates over half the GNP, suffers from an aging capital plant and
persistent shortages of energy. The year 1990 witnessed about a 20%
drop in industrial production because of energy and input shortages and
labor unrest. In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend
with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. A drought in 1990
contributed to a lackluster harvest, a problem compounded by corruption
and a poor distribution system. The new government is slowly loosening
the tight central controls of Ceausescu's command economy. It has
instituted moderate land reforms, with close to one-half of cropland now
in private hands, and it has allowed changes in prices for private
agricultural output. Also, the new regime is permitting the
establishment of private enterprises, largely in services, handicrafts,
and small-scale industry. New laws providing for the privatization
of large state firms have been passed. However, most of the early
privatization will involve converting state firms into joint-stock
companies. The selling of shares to the public has not yet been worked
out. Furthermore, the government has halted the old policy of diverting
food from domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So far,
the government does not seem willing to adopt a thoroughgoing market
system, that is, there is great caution in decontrolling prices because
of public opposition. The government has sharply raised price ceilings
instead of lifting them entirely.
_#_GNP: $69.9 billion, per capita $3,000; real growth rate - 10.8%
(1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 50% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $28.4 billion; expenditures $28.4 billion,
including capital expenditures of $12.3 billion (1989)
_#_Exports: $9.2 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--machinery and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and
metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials
and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4%
(1987)
_#_Imports: $10.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--fuels, minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and
equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured
consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40%
(1987)
_#_External debt: $400 million (mid-1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 20% (1990 est.)
_#_Electricity: 22,700,000 kW capacity; 64,200 million kWh produced,
2,760 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force; major
wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets, sunflower seed,
potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes
_#_Economic aid: donor--$4.4 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
less developed countries (1956-89)
_#_Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
_#_Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--60.00 (June 1991), 22.432
(1990), 14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986),
17.141 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 11,275 km total; 10,860 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
370 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,411 km electrified, 3,060 km
double track; government owned (1987)
_#_Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone
block; 20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and
other paved surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (1985)
_#_Inland waterways: 1,724 km (1984)
_#_Pipelines: 2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km
natural gas
_#_Ports: Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia; inland ports are
Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, Orsova
_#_Merchant marine: 294 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,767,465
GRT/5,893,700 DWT; includes 1 passenger-cargo, 191 cargo, 2 container,
1 rail-car carrier, 11 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 livestock carrier,
15 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 69 bulk, 2 combination
ore/oil
_#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 165 total, 165 usable; 25 with permanent-surface runways;
15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 15 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: about 2.3 million telephone customers; 89%
of phone network is automatic; present phone density is 9.85 per 100
residents; roughly 3,300 villages with no service (February 1990);
stations--39 AM, 29 FM, 39 TV (1990)
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: French--Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,801,986; 4,912,789 fit for
military service; 192,996 reach military age (20) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: 15 billion lei (unofficial), NA% of GDP
(1991); note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using
the official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading
results
_%_
_@_Rwanda
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 26,340 km2; land area: 24,950 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Maryland
_#_Land boundaries: 893 km total; Burundi 290 km, Tanzania 217 km,
Uganda 169 km, Zaire 217 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November
to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
_#_Terrain: mostly grassy uplands and hills; mountains in west
_#_Natural resources: gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite
(tungsten ore), natural gas, hydropower
_#_Land use: arable land 29%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and
pastures 18%; forest and woodland 10%; other 32%; includes irrigated
NEGL%
_#_Environment: deforestation; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil
erosion; periodic droughts
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People
_#_Population: 7,902,644 (July 1991), growth rate 3.8% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 52 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 110 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 51 years male, 54 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 8.4 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun and adjective--Rwandan(s)
_#_Ethnic divisions: Hutu 90%, Tutsi 9%, Twa (Pygmoid) 1%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 65%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 1%,
indigenous beliefs and other 25%
_#_Language: Kinyarwanda, French (official); Kiswahili used in
commercial centers
_#_Literacy: 50% (male 64%, female 37%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 3,600,000; agriculture 93%, government and services
5%, industry and commerce 2%; 49% of population of working age (1985)
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Republic of Rwanda
_#_Type: republic; presidential system in which military leaders hold
key offices; on 31 December 1990, the government announced a
National Political Charter to serve as a basis for transition
to a presidential/parliamentary political system; the charter will be
voted upon in a national referendum to be held June 1991
_#_Capital: Kigali
_#_Administrative divisions: 10 prefectures (prefectures,
singular--prefecture in French; plural--NA, singular--prefegitura in
Kinyarwanda); Butare, Byumba, Cyangugu, Gikongoro, Gisenyi, Gitarama,
Kibungo, Kibuye, Rigali, Ruhengeri
_#_Constitution: 17 December 1978
_#_Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
administration)
_#_Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and
customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Development Council
(Conseil National de Developpement)
_#_Judicial branch: Constitutional Court (consists of the Court of
Cassation and the Council of State in joint session)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Maj. Gen.
Juvenal HABYARIMANA (since 5 July 1973)
_#_Political parties and leaders: only party--National Revolutionary
Movement for Development (MRND), Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA;
note--the MRND is officially a development movement, not a party
_#_Suffrage: universal adult, exact age NA
_#_Elections:
President--last held 19 December 1988 (next to be held December
1993); results--President Maj. Gen. Juvenal HABYARIMANA reelected;
National Development Council--last held 19 December 1988 (next
to be held December 1993);
results--MRND is the only party;
seats--(70 total); MRND 70
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, ECA, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL,
WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Aloys UWIMANA; Chancery at
1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20009; telephone (202)
232-2882;
US--Ambassador Robert A. FLATEN; Embassy at Boulevard
de la Revolution, Kigali (mailing address is B. P. 28, Kigali);
telephone [250] 75601 through 75603 or 72126 through 72128
_#_Flag: three equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), yellow, and
green with a large black letter R centered in the yellow band; uses
the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of
Guinea, which has a plain yellow band
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Almost 50% of GDP comes from the agricultural sector;
coffee and tea make up 80-90% of total exports. The amount of fertile
land is limited, however, and deforestation and soil erosion have created
problems. The industrial sector in Rwanda is small, contributing only
16% to GDP. Manufacturing focuses mainly on the processing of
agricultural products. The Rwandan economy remains dependent on coffee
exports and foreign aid, with no relief in sight. Weak international
prices since 1986 have caused the economy to contract and per capita
GDP to decline. A structural adjustment program with the World Bank
began in October 1990. An outbreak of insurgency, also in October, has
dampened any prospects for economic improvement.
_#_GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $300; real growth rate - 2.2% (1989
est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $391 million; expenditures $491 million, including
capital expenditures of $225 million (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $117 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--coffee 85%, tea, tin, cassiterite, wolframite,
pyrethrum;
partners--FRG, Belgium, Italy, Uganda, UK, France, US
_#_Imports: $293 million (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--textiles, foodstuffs, machines and equipment, capital
goods, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material;
partners--US, Belgium, FRG, Kenya, Japan
_#_External debt: $689 million (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.2% (1988); accounts for
16% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 26,000 kW capacity; 112 million kWh produced,
15 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore) and wolframite
(tungsten ore), tin, cement, agricultural processing, small-scale
beverage production, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles,
cigarettes
_#_Agriculture: accounts for almost 50% of GDP and about 90% of the
labor force; cash crops--coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made
from chrysanthemums); main food crops--bananas, beans, sorghum,
potatoes; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports
foodstuffs as farm production fails to keep up with a 3.8% annual growth
in population
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $128
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $1.8 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $45 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $58 million
_#_Currency: Rwandan franc (plural--francs); 1 Rwandan franc (RF) =
100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--120.00 (December
1990), 82.60 (1990), 79.98 (1989), 76.45 (1988), 79.67 (1987), 87.64
(1986), 101.26 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Highways: 4,885 km total; 460 km paved, 1,725 km gravel and/or
improved earth, 2,700 km unimproved
_#_Inland waterways: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and
native craft
_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 8 total, 8 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system with low-capacity radio relay
system centered on Kigali; 6,600 telephones; stations--2 AM, 5 FM, no TV;
earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT and 1 SYMPHONIE
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army, Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,651,224; 842,480 fit for
military service; no conscription
_#_Defense expenditures: $37 million, 1.6% of GDP (1988 est.)
_%_
_@_Saint Helena
(dependent territory of the UK)
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 410 km2; land area: 410 km2; includes Ascension, Gough
Island, Inaccessible Island, Nightingale Island, and Tristan da Cunha
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than 2.3 times the size of
Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 60 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;