_#_Disputes: two sections of the boundary with Ecuador are in dispute
_#_Climate: varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west
_#_Terrain: western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in
center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)
_#_Natural resources: copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber,
fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash
_#_Land use: arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
pastures 21%; forest and woodland 55%; other 21%; includes irrigated
1%
_#_Environment: subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild
volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion;
desertification; air pollution in Lima
_#_Note: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable
lake, with Bolivia
_*_People
_#_Population: 22,361,785 (July 1991), growth rate 2.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 28 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 66 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Peruvian(s); adjective--Peruvian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Indian 45%; mestizo (mixed Indian and European
ancestry) 37%; white 15%; black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%
_#_Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic
_#_Language: Spanish and Quechua (both official), Aymara
_#_Literacy: 85% (male 92%, female 29%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 6,800,000 (1986); government and other services 44%,
agriculture 37%, industry 19% (1988 est.)
_#_Organized labor: about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Republic of Peru
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Lima
_#_Administrative divisions: 24 departments (departamentos,
singular--departamento) and 1 constitutional province*
(provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa,
Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica,
Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios,
Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali;
note--the 1979 Constitution and legislation enacted from 1987 to
1990 mandate the creation of regions (regiones, singular--region)
intended to function eventually as autonomous economic and
administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted
from 23 existing departments--Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres
Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from
Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca
(from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad),
Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui
(from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from
Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin),
Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by
the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the
department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central
government, the regions have yet to assume their reponsibilities and at
the moment co-exist with the departmental structure
_#_Independence: 28 July 1821 (from Spain)
_#_Constitution: 28 July 1980 (often referred to as the 1979
Constitution because the Constituent Assembly met in 1979, but the
Constitution actually took effect the following year); reestablished
civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral
legislature
_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July (1821)
_#_Executive branch: president, two vice presidents, prime minister,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Congreso) consists of an
upper chamber or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of
Deputies (Camara de Diputados)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de
Justicia)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Alberto FUJIMORI (since 28 July 1990);
Vice President Maximo SAN ROMAN (since 28 July 1990);
Vice President Carlos GARCIA (since 28 July 1990);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Carlos TORRES Y TORRES Lara
(since 15 February 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
Change 90 (Cambio 90), Alberto FUJIMORI;
Democratic Front (FREDEMO), a loosely organized three-party
coalition--Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis BEDOYA Reyes;
Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando BELAUNDE Terry;
and Liberty Movement;
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Luis ALVA Castro;
National Front of Workers and Peasants (FRENATRACA), Roger CACERES;
United Left (IU), run by committee;
Socialist Left (IS), Enrique BERNALES
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held on 10 June 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
results--Alberto FUJIMORI 56.53%, Mario VARGAS Llosa 33.92%, other
9.55%;
Senate--last held on 8 April 1990 (next to be held April 1995);
results--percent of vote by party NA;
seats--(60 total) FREDEMO 20, APRA 16, Change 90 14, IU 6, IS 3,
FRENATRACA 1;
Chamber of Deputies--last held 8 April 1990 (next to be held April
1995);
results--percent of vote by party NA;
seats--(180 total) FREDEMO 62, APRA 53, Change 90 32, IU 16, IS 4,
FRENATRACA 3, other 10
_#_Communists: Peruvian Communist Party-Unity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet,
2,000; other minor Communist parties
_#_Other political or pressure groups:
leftist guerrilla groups--Shining Path, leader Abimael GUZMAN;
Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Nestor CERPA and Victor POLLAY
_#_Member of: AG, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-19, G-24, G-77, GATT,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS, NAM, OAS,
OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UPU, WCL,
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Roberto G. MACLEAN; Chancery
at 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202)
833-9860 through 9869); Peruvian Consulates General are located in
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey),
San Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico);
US--Ambassador Anthony C.E. QUAINTON; Embassy at the corner of
Avenida Inca Garcilaso de la Vega and Avenida Espana, Lima (mailing
address is P. O. Box 1995, Lima 100, or APO Miami 34031); telephone
[51] (14) 338-000
_#_Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and
red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms
features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine),
and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green
wreath
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The Peruvian economy is basically capitalistic, with a
large dose of government welfare programs and government management of
credit. In the 1980s the economy suffered from hyperinflation,
declining per capita output, and mounting external debt. Peru was shut
off from IMF and World Bank support in the mid-1980s because of its
huge debt arrears. An austerity program implemented shortly after the
Fujimori government took office in July 1990 contributed to a third
consecutive yearly contraction of economic activity, but was able to
generate a small recovery in the last quarter. After a burst of
inflation as the program eliminated government price subsidies, monthly
price increases eased to the single-digit level for the first time
since mid-1988. Lima has restarted current payments to multilateral
lenders and, although it faces $14 billion in arrears on its external
debt, is working toward an accommodation with its creditors.
_#_GDP: $19.3 billion, per capita $898; real growth rate - 3.9%
(1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 7,650% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: 20.0%; underemployment estimated at 60% (1989)
_#_Budget: revenues $1.3 billion; expenditures $2.1 billion,
including capital expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)
_#_Exports: $3.01 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore,
refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroleum and byproducts;
partners--EC 22%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Latin America 8%, USSR 4%
_#_Imports: $2.78 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and
steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals;
partners--US 23%, Latin America 16%, EC 12%, Japan 7%,
Switzerland 3%
_#_External debt: $20.0 billion (December 1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 21% (1989); accounts
for almost 25% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 4,867,000 kW capacity; 15,540 million kWh produced,
710 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles,
clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding,
metal fabrication
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 12% of GDP, 37% of labor force;
commercial crops--coffee, cotton, sugarcane; other crops--rice, wheat,
potatoes, plantains, coca; animal products--poultry, red meats, dairy,
wool; not self-sufficient in grain or vegetable oil; fish catch of
4.6 million metric tons (1987), world's fifth-largest
_#_Illicit drugs: world's largest coca leaf producer with about
121,000 hectares under cultivation; source of supply for most of the
world's coca paste and cocaine base; about 85% of cultivation is for
illicit production; most of cocaine base is shipped to Colombian drug
dealers for processing into cocaine for the international drug market
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.7
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $3.95 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $577 million
_#_Currency: inti (plural--intis); 1 inti (I/) = 1,000 soles
_#_Exchange rates: intis (I/) per US$1--530,000 (January 1991),
187,886 (1990), 2,666 (1989), 128.83 (1988), 16.84 (1987), 13.95 (1986),
10.97 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 1,884 km total; 1,584 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
300 km 0.914-meter gauge
_#_Highways: 56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel,
14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon
system and 208 km Lago Titicaca
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids,
64 km
_#_Ports: Callao, Ilo, Iquitos, Matarani, Talara
_#_Merchant marine: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 321,541
GRT/516,859 DWT; includes 16 cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 1
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 3 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
8 bulk; note--in addition, 8 naval tankers and 1 naval cargo are
sometimes used commercially
_#_Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 222 total, 205 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways;
2 with runways over 3,659 m; 24 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 42 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fairly adequate for most requirements;
nationwide radio relay system; 544,000 telephones; stations--273 AM, no
FM, 140 TV, 144 shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations, 12
domestic antennas
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del
Peru), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), Peruvian National Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 5,704,684; 3,859,123 fit for
military service; 241,792 reach military age (20) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $430 million, 2.4% of GDP (1991)
_%_
_@_Philippines
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 300,000 km2; land area: 298,170 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Arizona
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 36,289 km
_#_Maritime claims: (measured from claimed archipelagic baselines);
Continental shelf: to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from
coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed
polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 nm in breadth
_#_Disputes: involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands
with China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; claims Malaysian state of
Sabah
_#_Climate: tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April);
southwest monsoon (May to October)
_#_Terrain: mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands
_#_Natural resources: timber, crude oil, nickel, cobalt, silver,
gold, salt, copper
_#_Land use: arable land 26%; permanent crops 11%; meadows and
pastures 4%; forest and woodland 40%; other 19%; includes irrigated
5%
_#_Environment: astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and
struck by five to six cyclonic storms per year; subject to landslides,
active volcanoes, destructive earthquakes, tsunami; deforestation; soil
erosion; water pollution
_*_People
_#_Population: 65,758,788 (July 1991), growth rate 2.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 29 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: - 1 migrant/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 54 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 62 years male, 67 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 3.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Filipino(s); adjective--Philippine
_#_Ethnic divisions: Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese
1.5%, other 3%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%,
Buddhist and other 3%
_#_Language: Pilipino (based on Tagalog) and English; both official
_#_Literacy: 90% (male 90%, female 90%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 24,120,000; agriculture 46%, industry and commerce
16%, services 18.5%, government 10%, other 9.5% (1989)
_#_Organized labor: 3,945 registered unions; total membership
5.7 million (includes 2.8 million members of the National Congress of
Farmers Organizations)
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Republic of the Philippines
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Manila
_#_Administrative divisions: 73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*;
Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique,
Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*, Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan,
Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*, Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan,
Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan, Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*,
Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz,
Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*,
Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental,
Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*, Gingoog*, Ifugao,
Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*, Iriga*, Isabela,
Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur,
Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*, Lucena*,
Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate, Mindoro
Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental,
Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,
Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*,
Oroquieta*, Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan,
Pasay*, Puerto Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon,
Roxas*, Samar, San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in
Pangasinan), San Jose*, San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South
Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del
Norte, Surigao del Sur, Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*,
Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*, Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*,
Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur
_#_Independence: 4 July 1946 (from US)
_#_Constitution: 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987
_#_Legal system: based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898)
_#_Executive branch: president, vice president, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Congress (Kongreso) consists of
an upper house or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or House of
Representatives (Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Corazon C. AQUINO
(since 25 February 1986); Vice President Salvador H. LAUREL (since
25 February 1986)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
PDP-Laban, Aquilino PIMENTEL;
Struggle of Philippine Democrats (LDP), Neptali GONZALES;
Nacionalista Party, Salvador LAUREL, Juan Ponce ENRILE;
Liberal Party, Jovito SALONGA
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 15
_#_Elections:
President--last held 7 February 1986 (next election to be
held May 1992); results--Corazon C. AQUINO elected, precipitating the
fall of the MARCOS regime;
Senate--last held 11 May 1987 (next to be held May 1992);
results--pro-Aquino LDP 63%,
liberal LDP and PDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 25%,
opposition Nationalista Party 4%,
independent 8%;
seats--(24 total) pro-Aquino LDP 15, liberal
LDP-Laban (Pimentel wing) 6, opposition Nationalista Party
1, independent 2;
House of Representatives--last held on 11 May 1987 (next to be
held May 1992);
results--pro-Aquino LDP 73%, liberal LDP and PDP-Laban
(Pimentel wing) 10%, opposition Nationalista Party 17%;
seats--(250 total, 180 elected) number of seats by party NA
_#_Communists: the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) controls
about 18,000-23,000 full-time insurgents and is not recognized as a legal
party; a second Communist party, the pro-Soviet Philippine Communist
Party (PKP), has quasi-legal status
_#_Member of: APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77,
GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT,
INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM (observer), UN,
UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Emmanuel PELAEZ; Chancery at
1617 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone (202)
483-1414; there are Philippine Consulates General in Agana (Guam),
Chicago, Honolulu, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco, and
Seattle;
US--Ambassador Nicholas PLATT; Embassy at 1201 Roxas Boulevard,
Manila (mailing address is APO San Francisco 96528); telephone [63] (32)
211-101 through 3; there is a US Consulate in Cebu
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white
equilateral triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the
triangle is a yellow sun with eight primary rays (each containing three
individual rays) and in each corner of the triangle is a small yellow
five-pointed star
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The economy continues to recover from the political
turmoil following the ouster of former President Marcos and several coup
attempts. After two consecutive years of economic contraction (1984 and
1985), the economy has since 1986 had positive growth, although in 1990
the economy slowed considerably from 1989. The agricultural sector
together with forestry and fishing, plays an important role in the
economy, employing about 45% of the work force and providing almost
30% of GDP. The Philippines is the world's largest exporter of coconuts
and coconut products. Manufacturing contributes about 25% of GDP. Major
industries include food processing, chemicals, and textiles.
_#_GNP: $45.2 billion, per capita $700; real growth rate 2.5%
(1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 12.7% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 9.3% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: $7.2 billion; expenditures $8.12 billion,
including capital expenditures of $0.97 billion (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: revenues $8.1 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--electrical equipment 19%, textiles 16%, minerals
and ores 11%, farm products 10%, coconut 10%, chemicals 5%, fish 5%,
forest products 4%;
partners--US 36%, EC 19%, Japan 18%, ESCAP 9%, ASEAN 7%
_#_Imports: $12.1 billion (c.i.f., 1990 est.);
commodities--raw materials 53%, capital goods 17%, petroleum
products 17%;
partners--US 25%, Japan 17%, ESCAP 13%, EC 11%, ASEAN 10%,
Middle East 10%
_#_External debt: $28.4 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 1.9% (1990 est.); accounts
for 30-35% of GNP
_#_Electricity: 6,755,000 kW capacity; 28,000 million kWh produced,
420 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products,
food processing, electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing
_#_Agriculture: accounts for about one-third of GNP and 45% of labor
force; major crops--rice, coconut, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapple,
mango; animal products--pork, eggs, beef; net exporter of farm products;
fish catch of 2 million metric tons annually
_#_Illicit drugs: illicit producer of cannabis for the international
drug trade; growers are producing more and better quality cannabis
despite government eradication efforts
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $3.6
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $6.6 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $5 million;
Communist countries (1975-89), $123 million
_#_Currency: Philippine peso (plural--pesos);
1 Philippine peso (1) = 100 centavos
_#_Exchange rates: Philippine pesos (1) per US$1--28.055 (January
1991), 24.311 (1990), 21.737 (1989), 21.095 (1988), 20.568 (1987),
20.386 (1986), 18.607 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 378 km operable on Luzon, 34% government owned (1982)
_#_Highways: 156,000 km total (1984); 29,000 km paved; 77,000 km
gravel, crushed-stone, or stabilized-soil surface; 50,000 km unimproved
earth
_#_Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than
1.5 m) vessels
_#_Pipelines: refined products, 357 km
_#_Ports: Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras, Iloilo, Legaspi,
Manila, Subic Bay
_#_Merchant marine: 569 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 8,429,829
GRT/15,171,692 DWT; includes 1 passenger, 9 short-sea passenger,
17 passenger-cargo, 163 cargo, 18 refrigerated cargo, 24 vehicle carrier,
8 livestock carrier, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 8 container, 41
petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 1 chemical tanker, 7
liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 252 bulk, 7 combination bulk;
note--many Philippine flag ships are foreign owned and are on the
register for the purpose of long-term bare-boat charter back to their
original owners who are principally in Japan and Germany
_#_Civil air: 53 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 280 total, 235 usable; 71 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
50 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable
services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 872,900 telephones;
stations--267 AM (including 6 US), 55 FM, 33 TV (including 4 US);
submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and
Japan; satellite earth stations--1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 2 Pacific Ocean
INTELSAT, and 11 domestic
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army, Navy (including Coast Guard), Marine Corps, Air
Force, Constabulary
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 16,254,775; 11,491,155 fit for
military service; 715,462 reach military age (20) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $1.1 billion, 2% of GNP (1990)
_%_
_@_Pitcairn Islands
(dependent territory of the UK)
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 47 km2; land area: 47 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.3 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 51 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;