_#_Climate: Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
_#_Terrain: hilly, rugged, rocky
_#_Natural resources: none
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%
_#_Environment: almost entirely urban
_#_Note: second-smallest independent state in world (after
Vatican City)
_*_People
_#_Population: 29,712 (July 1991), growth rate 0.9% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 7 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 9 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 8 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 72 years male, 80 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Monacan(s) or Monegasque(s); adjective--Monacan
or Monegasque
_#_Ethnic divisions: French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other
21%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 95%
_#_Language: French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
_#_Literacy: NA% (male NA%, female NA%)
_#_Labor force: NA
_#_Organized labor: 4,000 members in 35 unions
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Principality of Monaco
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Monaco
_#_Administrative divisions: 4 quarters (quartiers,
singular--quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo
_#_Independence: 1419, rule by the House of Grimaldi
_#_Constitution: 17 December 1962
_#_Legal system: based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: National Day, 19 November
_#_Executive branch: prince, minister of state, Council of Government
(cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: National Council (Conseil National)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Tribunal (Tribunal Supreme)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--Prince RAINIER III (since November 1949); Heir
Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre (born 14 March 1958);
Head of Government Minister of State Jean AUSSEIL (since 10
September 1985)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
National and Democratic Union (UND),
Democratic Union Movement (MUD),
Monaco Action,
Monegasque Socialist Party (PSM)
_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age 25
_#_Elections:
National Council--last held on 24 January 1988 (next to be held 24
January 1993);
results--percent of vote by party NA;
seats--(18 total) UND 18
_#_Member of: ACCT, CSCE, ICAO, IMF (observer), IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Monaco maintains honorary consulates
general in Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New Orleans, New York, and San
Francisco, and honorary consulates in Dallas, Honolulu, Palm Beach,
Philadelphia, and Washington;
US--no mission in Monaco, but the US Consul General in Marseille,
France, is accredited to Monaco; Consul General R. Susan WOOD; Consulate
General at 12 Boulevard Paul Peytral, 13286 Marseille Cedex (mailing
address APO NY 09777); telephone [33] (91) 549-200
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to
the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is
white (top) and red
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a
popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate.
The Principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and
small, high-value-added, non-polluting industries. The state has no
income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for
individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that
have set up businesses and offices. About 50% of Monaco's annual revenue
comes from value-added taxes on hotels, banks, and the industrial sector;
about 25% of revenue comes from tourism. Living standards are high, that
is, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan
suburbs.
_#_GDP: $324 million, per capita $11,000; real growth rate NA%
(1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: full employment (1989)
_#_Budget: revenues $386 million; expenditures $426, including capital
expenditures of $NA (1988 est.)
_#_Exports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects
and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system
through customs union with France
_#_Imports: $NA; full customs integration with France, which collects
and rebates Monacan trade duties; also participates in EC market system
through customs union with France
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 10,000 kW standby capacity (1988); power supplied by
France
_#_Industries: tourism, pharmaceuticals, precision instruments,
glassmaking, printing, finance
_#_Agriculture: NA
_#_Economic aid: NA
_#_Currency: French franc (plural--francs); 1 French franc (F) = 100
centimes
_#_Exchange rates: French francs (F) per US$1--5.1307 (January 1991),
5.4453 (1990), 6.3801 (1989), 5.9569 (1988), 6.0107 (1987), 6.9261
(1986), 8.9852 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 1.6 km 1.435-meter gauge
_#_Highways: none; city streets
_#_Ports: Monaco
_#_Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,268 GRT/4,959 DWT
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 1 usable airfield with permanent-surface runways
_#_Telecommunications: served by the French communications system;
automatic telephone system; 38,200 telephones; stations--3 AM, 4 FM, 5
TV; no communication satellite stations
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Note: defense is the responsibility of France
_%_
_@_Mongolia
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 1,565,000 km2; land area: 1,565,000 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Alaska
_#_Land boundaries: 8,114 km total; China 4,673 km, USSR 3,441 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)
_#_Terrain: vast semidesert and desert plains; mountains in west and
southwest; Gobi Desert in southeast
_#_Natural resources: oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten,
phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold
_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
79%; forest and woodland 10%; other 10%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: harsh and rugged
_#_Note: landlocked; strategic location between China and Soviet Union
_*_People
_#_Population: 2,247,068 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 34 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 48 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 63 years male, 67 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.6 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Mongolian(s); adjective--Mongolian
_#_Ethnic divisions: Mongol 90%, Kazakh 4%, Chinese 2%, Russian 2%,
other 2%
_#_Religion: predominantly Tibetan Buddhist, Muslim (about 4%),
limited religious activity because of Communist regime
_#_Language: Khalkha Mongol used by over 90% of population; minor
languages include Turkic, Russian, and Chinese
_#_Literacy: 90% (male NA%, female NA%) (1989 est.)
_#_Labor force: NA, but primarily herding/agricultural; over half the
adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage
of women; shortage of skilled labor
_#_Organized labor: 425,000 members of the Central Council of
Mongolian Trade Unions (CCMTU) controlled by the government (1984)
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Mongolian People's Republic; abbreviated MPR
_#_Type: in transition from Communist state to republic
_#_Capital: Ulaanbaatar
_#_Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (aymguud, singular--aymag)
and 3 municipalities* (hotuud, singular--hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor,
Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan*, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi,
Dzavhan, Erdenet*, Govi-Altay, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol,
Omnogovi, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov,
Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
_#_Independence: 13 March 1921 (from China; formerly Outer Mongolia)
_#_Constitution: 6 July 1960
_#_Legal system: blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of
law; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts;
has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: People's Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
_#_Executive branch: chairman and deputy chairman of the Presidium of
the People's Great Hural, premier, deputy premiers, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: People's Great Hural, People's Small Hural
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3
September 1990); Vice President Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (since
7 September 1990);
Head of Government--Premier Dashiyn BYAMBASUREN (since 11
September 1990);
_#_Political parties and leaders:
ruling party--Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP),
Budragchagiin DASH-YONDON, general secretary;
opposition--Social Democratic Party (SDP), Batbayar;
Mongolian Democratic Association, Sanjasuren DZORIG, chief coordinator;
Mongolian Party of National Progress, Ganbold;
other--Mongolian Democratic Party (MDP), Batuul;
Free Labor Party, Maam;
note--opposition parties were legalized in May 1990
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held 3 September 1990 (next to be held July 1994);
results--Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT elected by the People's Great Hural;
People's Great Hural--last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be held
July 1994);
results--MPRP 84.6, MDP 3.8%, PNP 1.4%, SDP 1%, independents 9.2%;
seats--(430 total) MPRP 343;
People's Small Hural--last held on 29 July 1990 (next to be
held July 1994);
results--MPRP 62.3%, MDP 24.5%, SDP 7.5%, PNP 5.7%;
seats--(50 total) MPRP 33
_#_Communists: MPRP membership 90,000 (1990 est.)
_#_Member of: AsDB, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBEC, IBRD, ICAO, IIB, ILO, IMF,
IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Gendengiyn NYAMDOO;
Chancery, Tel. (202) 983-1962;
US--Ambassador Joseph E. LAKE; Deputy Chief of Mission
Michael J. SENKO; Embassy at Ulaanbaatar, c/o American Embassy
Beijing; Tel. 29095 and 29639
_#_Flag: three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and
red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is a five-pointed star
above the national emblem (soyombo--a columnar arrangement of
abstract and geometric representations for fire, sun, moon, earth, water,
and the yin-yang symbol)
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Economic activity traditionally has been based on
agriculture and the breeding of livestock--Mongolia has the highest
number of livestock per person in the world. In recent years extensive
mineral resources have been developed with Soviet support. The mining and
processing of coal, copper, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold
account for a large part of industrial production. In early 1991 the
Mongolian leadership was struggling with severe economic dislocations,
mainly attributable to chaotic economic conditions in the USSR, by
far Mongolia's leading trade and development partner. For example,
the government doubled most prices in January 1991, and industrial
production dropped 10% in the first quarter of 1991. Moscow almost
certainly will be cutting aid in 1991.
_#_GDP: $2.2 billion, per capita $1,000 (1990 est.); real
growth rate NA%
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): NA%
_#_Unemployment rate: 10% (February 1991)
_#_Budget: deficit of $240 million (1991 est.)
_#_Exports: $784 million (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities--livestock, animal products, wool, hides, fluorspar,
nonferrous metals, minerals;
partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80%
with USSR)
_#_Imports: $1.14 billion (f.o.b., 1988);
commodities--machinery and equipment, fuels, food products,
industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea;
partners--nearly all trade with Communist countries (about 80% with
USSR)
_#_External debt: $16.8 billion (yearend 1990); 98.6% with USSR
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 657,000 kW capacity; 2,950 million kWh produced,
1,380 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: copper, processing of animal products, building
materials, food and beverage, mining (particularly coal)
_#_Agriculture: accounts for about 20% of GDP and provides livelihood
for about 50% of the population; livestock raising predominates (sheep,
goats, horses); crops--wheat, barley, potatoes, forage
_#_Economic aid: about $300 million in trade credits and $34 million
in grant aid from USSR and other CEMA countries, plus $7.4 million
from UNDP (1990)
_#_Currency: tughrik (plural--tughriks); 1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos
_#_Exchange rates: tughriks (Tug) per US$1--7.1 (1991), 5.63 (1990),
3.00 (1989)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 1,750 km 1.524-meter broad gauge (1988)
_#_Highways: 46,700 km total; 1,000 km hard surface; 45,700 km other
surfaces (1988)
_#_Inland waterways: 397 km of principal routes (1988)
_#_Civil air: 25 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 81 total, 31 usable; 11 with permanent-surface
runways; fewer than 5 with runways over 3,659 m; fewer than 20 with
runways 2,440-3,659 m; 12 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: stations--12 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (with 18 provincial
relays); relay of Soviet TV; 120,000 TVs; 186,000 radios;
at least 1 earth station
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Mongolian People's Army (includes Border Guards),
Air Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 535,376; 349,548 fit for
military service; 25,275 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
_%_
_@_Montserrat
(dependent territory of the UK)
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 100 km2; land area: 100 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.6 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 40 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;