_#_Disputes: claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in
northern Chad; maritime boundary dispute with Tunisia; Libya claims about
19,400 km2 in northern Niger; Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in
southeastern Algeria
_#_Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
_#_Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus,
depressions
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, natural gas, gypsum
_#_Land use: arable land 1%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
8%; forest and woodland 0%; other 91%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting
one to four days in spring and fall; desertification; sparse natural
surface-water resources
_#_Note: the Great Manmade River Project, the largest water
development scheme in the world, is being built to bring water from large
aquifers under the Sahara to coastal cities
_*_People
_#_Population: 4,350,742 (July 1991), growth rate 3.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 36 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 6 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 62 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 66 years male, 71 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 5.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Libyan(s); adjective--Libyan
_#_Ethnic divisions: Berber and Arab 97%; some Greeks, Maltese,
Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians
_#_Religion: Sunni Muslim 97%
_#_Language: Arabic; Italian and English widely understood in major
cities
_#_Literacy: 64% (male 75%, female 50%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident
foreigners; industry 31%, services 27%, government 24%, agriculture 18%
_#_Organized labor: National Trade Unions' Federation, 275,000
members; General Union for Oil and Petrochemicals; Pan-Africa Federation
of Petroleum Energy and Allied Workers
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
_#_Type: Jamahiriya (a state of the masses); in theory, governed by
the populace through local councils; in fact, a military dictatorship
_#_Capital: Tripoli
_#_Administrative divisions: 46 municipalities (baladiyat,
singular--baladiyah); Ajdabiya, Al Abyar, Al
Aziziyah, Al Bayda, Al Jufrah, Al Jumayl, Al Khums, Al
Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Qarabulli, Al Qubbah, Al Ujaylat, Ash
Shati, Awbari, Az Zahra, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,
Bani Walid, Bin Jawwad, Darnah, Ghadamis, Gharyan,
Ghat, Jadu, Jalu, Janzur, Masallatah, Misratah,
Mizdah, Murzuq, Nalut, Qaminis, Qasr Bin Ghashir, Sabha,
Sabratah, Shahhat, Surman, Surt, Tajura,
Tarabulus, Tarhunah, Tubruq, Tukrah, Yafran, Zlitan,
Zuwarah; note--the number of municipalities may have been reduced to
13 named Al Jabal al-Akhdar, Al Jabal al-Gharbi, Al Jabal al-Khums, Al
Batnam, Al Kufrah, Al Marqab, Al Marzuq, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi,
Khalij Surt, Sabha, Tripoli, Wadi al-Hayat
_#_Independence: 24 December 1951 (from Italy)
_#_Constitution: 11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977
_#_Legal system: based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law;
separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial
review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Revolution Day, 1 September (1969)
_#_Executive branch: revolutionary leader, chairman of the General
People's Committee, General People's Committee (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral General People's Congress
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--Revolutionary Leader Col. Muammar Abu Minyar
al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969);
Head of Government--Chairman of the General People's Committee
(Premier) Abu Zayd Umar DURDA (since 7 October 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders: none
_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
_#_Elections: national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of
revolutionary committees
_#_Political parties: none
_#_Communists: no organized party, negligible membership
_#_Other political or pressure groups: various Arab nationalist
movements and the Arab Socialist Resurrection (Ba'th) party with
almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as
well as some Islamic elements
_#_Member of: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CCC, ECA, FAO,
G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: plain green; green is the traditional color of Islam (the
state religion)
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The socialist-oriented economy depends primarily upon
revenues from the oil sector, which contributes practically all export
earnings and about one-third of GNP. Since 1980, however, the sharp
drop in oil prices and the resulting decline in export revenues have
adversely affected economic development. In 1988 per capita GNP was the
highest in Africa at $5,410, but it had been $2,000 higher in 1982.
Severe cutbacks in imports over the past five years have led to shortages
of basic goods and foodstuffs, although the reopening of the
Libyan-Tunisian border in April 1988 and the Libyan-Egyptian border in
December 1989 have somewhat eased shortages. Austerity budgets and a lack
of trained technicians have undermined the government's ability to
implement a number of planned infrastructure development projects.
Windfall profits from the hike in world oil prices in late 1990 improved
the foreign payments position and may permit Tripoli to ease austerity
measures. The nonoil industrial and construction sectors, which account
for about 22% of GDP, have expanded from processing mostly agricultural
products to include petrochemicals, iron, steel, and aluminum. Although
agriculture accounts for less than 5% of GNP, it employs 18% of the labor
force. Climatic conditions and poor soils severely limit farm output,
requiring Libya to import about 75% of its food requirements.
_#_GNP: $24 billion, per capita $5,860; real growth rate 3% (1989
est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 20% (1988 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 2% (1988 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $8.1 billion; expenditures $9.8 billion, including
capital expenditures of $3.1 billion (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--petroleum, peanuts, hides;
partners--Italy, USSR, FRG, Spain, France, Belgium/Luxembourg,
Turkey
_#_Imports: $6.2 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.);
commodities--machinery, transport equipment, food, manufactured
goods;
partners--Italy, USSR, FRG, UK, Japan
_#_External debt: $3.5 billion, excluding military debt (December
1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for 43% of GDP
(including oil)
_#_Electricity: 4,705,000 kW capacity; 13,600 million kWh produced,
3,220 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: petroleum, food processing, textiles, handicrafts,
cement
_#_Agriculture: 5% of GNP; cash crops--wheat, barley, olives, dates,
citrus fruits, peanuts; 75% of food is imported
_#_Economic aid: Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-87), $242 million; no longer a recipient
_#_Currency: Libyan dinar (plural--dinars);
1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams
_#_Exchange rates: Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1--0.2669 (January 1991),
0.2699 (1990), 0.2922 (1989), 0.2853 (1988), 0.2706 (1987), 0.3139
(1986), 0.2961 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Highways: 32,500 km total; 24,000 km bituminous and bituminous
treated, 8,500 km gravel, crushed stone and earth
_#_Pipelines: crude oil 4,383 km; natural gas 1,947 km; refined
products 443 km (includes 256 km liquid petroleum gas)
_#_Ports: Tobruk, Tripoli, Banghazi, Misratah, Marsa el Brega
_#_Merchant marine: 30 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 807,539
GRT/1,452,847 DWT; includes 3 short-sea passenger, 11 cargo, 4
roll-on/roll-off cargo, 11 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker,
1 chemical tanker
_#_Civil air: 59 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 131 total, 123 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways;
7 with runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 44 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: modern telecommunications system using radio
relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and domestic satellite
stations; 370,000 telephones; stations--18 AM, 3 FM, 13 TV; satellite
earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, and
14 domestic; submarine cables to France and Italy; radio relay to
Tunisia; tropospheric scatter to Greece; planned ARABSAT and Intersputnik
satellite stations
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Armed Peoples of the Libyan Arab Jamahariya (includes
Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command), National Police
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,023,335; 603,886 fit for
military service; 52,059 reach military age (17) annually;
conscription now being implemented
_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, 11.1% of GNP (1987)
_%_
_@_Liechtenstein
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 160 km2; land area: 160 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: 78 km total; Austria 37 km, Switzerland 41 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or
rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
_#_Terrain: mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western
third
_#_Natural resources: hydroelectric potential
_#_Land use: arable land 25%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
38%; forest and woodland 19%; other 18%
_#_Environment: variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People
_#_Population: 28,476 (July 1991), growth rate 0.6% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 13 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 81 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Liechtensteiner(s); adjective--Liechtenstein
_#_Ethnic divisions: Alemannic 95%, Italian and other 5%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 87.3%, Protestant 8.3%, unknown 1.6%,
other 2.8% (1988)
_#_Language: German (official), Alemannic dialect
_#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 10 and over can
read and write (1981)
_#_Labor force: 12,258; 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from
Switzerland and Austria); industry, trade, and building 54.4%; services
41.6%; agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 4.0%
_#_Organized labor: NA
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Principality of Liechtenstein
_#_Type: hereditary constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Vaduz
_#_Administrative divisions: 11 communes (gemeinden,
singular--gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell,
Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
_#_Independence: 23 January 1719, Imperial Principality of
Liechtenstein established
_#_Constitution: 5 October 1921
_#_Legal system: local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction, with reservations
_#_National holiday: Saint Joseph's Day, 19 March
_#_Executive branch: reigning prince, hereditary prince, head
of government, deputy head of government
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Diet (Landtag)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) for criminal
cases and Superior Court (Obergericht) for civil cases
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989;
assumed executive powers 26 August 1984);
Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS von und zu Liechtenstein (born 11 June 1968);
Head of Government--Hans BRUNHART (since 26 April 1978);
Deputy Head of Government Dr. Herbert WILLE (since 2 February 1986)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
Fatherland Union (VU), Dr. Otto HASLER;
Progressive Citizens' Party (FBP), Emanuel VOGT;
Free Electoral List (FW)
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Diet--last held on 5 March 1989 (next to be held by March 1993);
results--percent of vote by party NA;
seats--(25 total) VU 13, FBP 12
_#_Communists: none
_#_Member of: CE, CSCE, EBRD, EFTA, IAEA, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC,
ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WIPO
_#_Diplomatic representation: in routine diplomatic matters,
Liechtenstein is represented in the US by the Swiss Embassy;
US--the US has no diplomatic or consular mission in Liechtenstein,
but the US Consul General at Zurich (Switzerland) has consular
accreditation at Vaduz
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a
gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The prosperous economy is based primarily on small-scale
light industry and tourism. Industry accounts for 54% of total
employment, the service sector 42% (mostly based on tourism), and
agriculture and forestry 4%. The sale of postage stamps to collectors is
estimated at $10 million annually. Low business taxes (the maximum tax
rate is 20%) and easy incorporation rules have induced about 25,000
holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in
Liechtenstein. Such companies, incorporated solely for tax purposes,
provide 30% of state revenues. The economy is tied closely to that of
Switzerland in a customs union, and incomes and living standards parallel
those of the more prosperous Swiss groups.
_#_GDP: $630 million, per capita $22,300; real growth rate NA% (1990
est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.0% (1989 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 0.1% (December 1986)
_#_Budget: revenues $240 million; expenditures $197 million, including
capital expenditures of NA (1988)
_#_Exports: $1.28 billion (1988);
commodities--small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps,
hardware, pottery;
partners--EC 40%, EFTA 22% (Switzerland 18%) (1988)
_#_Imports: $NA;
commodities--machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor
vehicles;
partners--NA
_#_External debt: $NA
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%
_#_Electricity: 23,000 kW capacity; 150 million kWh produced,
5,340 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics,
pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism
_#_Agriculture: livestock, vegetables, corn, wheat, potatoes, grapes
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: Swiss franc, franken, or franco (plural--francs, franken,
or franchi); 1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes,
rappen, or centesimi
_#_Exchange rates: Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per
US$1--1.2724 (January 1991), 1.3892 (1990), 1.6359 (1989), 1.4633 (1988),
1.4912 (1987), 1.7989 (1986), 2.4571 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 18.5 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, electrified; owned,
operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways
_#_Highways: 130.66 km main roads, 192.27 km byroads
_#_Civil air: no transport aircraft
_#_Airports: none
_#_Telecommunications: automatic telephone system; 25,400 telephones;
stations--no AM, no FM, no TV
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Police Department
_#_Note: defense is responsibility of Switzerland
_%_
_@_Luxembourg
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 2,586 km2; land area: 2,586 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Rhode Island
_#_Land boundaries: 359 km total; Belgium 148 km, France 73 km,
Germany 138 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
_#_Terrain: mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys;
uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle
floodplain in the southeast
_#_Natural resources: iron ore (no longer exploited)
_#_Land use: arable land 24%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures
20%; forest and woodland 21%; other 34%
_#_Environment: deforestation
_#_Note: landlocked
_*_People
_#_Population: 388,017 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 12 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 8 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 80 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.5 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Luxembourger(s); adjective--Luxembourg
_#_Ethnic divisions: Celtic base, with French and German blend; also
guest and worker residents from Portugal, Italy, and European countries
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant and Jewish 3%
_#_Language: Luxembourgish, German, French; many also speak English
_#_Literacy: 100% (male 100%, female 100%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1980 est.)
_#_Labor force: 169,600; one-third of labor force is foreign workers,
mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG; services 50%,
industry 23.2%, government 14.4%, construction 9%, agriculture 3.4%
(1987)
_#_Organized labor: 100,000 (est.) members of four confederated
trade unions
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
_#_Type: constitutional monarchy
_#_Capital: Luxembourg
_#_Administrative divisions: 3 districts; Diekirch, Grevenmacher,
Luxembourg
_#_Independence: 1839
_#_Constitution: 17 October 1868, occasional revisions
_#_Legal system: based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: National Day (public celebration of the Grand
Duke's birthday), 23 June (1921)
_#_Executive branch: grand duke, prime minister, vice prime minister,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des
Deputes); note--the Council of State (Conseil d'Etat) is an advisory
body whose views are considered by the Chamber of Deputies
_#_Judicial branch: Superior Court of Justice (Cour Superieure de
Justice)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--Grand Duke JEAN (since 12 November 1964);
Heir Apparent Prince HENRI (son of Grand Duke Jean, born 16 April 1955);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Jacques SANTER (since 21 July
1984); Vice Prime Minister Jacques F. POOS (since 21 July 1984)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
Christian Social Party (CSV), Jacques SANTER;
Socialist Workers Party (LSAP), Jacques POOS;
Liberal (DP), Colette FLESCH;
Communist (KPL), Andre HOFFMANN;
Green Alternative (GAP), Jean HUSS
_#_Suffrage: universal and compulsory at age 18
_#_Elections:
Chamber of Deputies--last held on 18 June 1989 (next to be held
by June 1994);
results--CSV 31.7%, LSAP 27.2%, DP 16.2%, Greens 8.4%, PAC 7.3%,
KPL 5.1%, other 4.1%;
seats--(60 total) CSV 22, LSAP 18, DP 11, Greens 4, PAC 4, KPL 1
_#_Communists: 500 party members (1982)
_#_Other political or pressure groups: group of steel industries
representing iron and steel industry, Centrale Paysanne representing
agricultural producers; Christian and Socialist labor unions; Federation
of Industrialists; Artisans and Shopkeepers Federation
_#_Member of: ACCT, Benelux, CCC, CE, COCOM, CSCE, EBRD, EC, ECE, EIB,
EMS, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,
IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ITU, LORCS, NATO, NEA, OECD, PCA,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Andre PHILIPPE; Chancery at
2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
265-4171; there are Luxembourg Consulates General in New York and San
Francisco;
US--Ambassador Edward M. ROWELL; Embassy at 22 Boulevard
Emmanuel-Servais, 2535 Luxembourg City (mailing address is APO New York
09132); telephone [352] 460123
_#_Flag: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light
blue; similar to the flag of the Netherlands which uses a darker blue and
is shorter; design was based on the flag of France
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The stable economy features moderate growth, low
inflation, and negligible unemployment. Agriculture is based on small but
highly productive family-owned farms. The industrial sector, until
recently dominated by steel, has become increasingly more diversified,
particularly toward high-technology firms. During the past decade, growth
in the financial sector has more than compensated for the decline in
steel. Services, especially banking, account for a growing proportion
of the economy. Luxembourg participates in an economic union with
Belgium on trade and most financial matters and is also closely connected
economically to the Netherlands.
_#_GDP: $6.9 billion, per capita $18,000; real growth rate 2.5%
(1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 3.5% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 1.3% (1990 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $2.5 billion; expenditures $2.3 billion, including
capital expenditures of NA (1988)
_#_Exports: $5.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities--finished steel products, chemicals, rubber products,
glass, aluminum, other industrial products;
partners--EC 75%, US 5%
_#_Imports: $6.2 billion (c.i.f., 1989 est.);
commodities--minerals, metals, foodstuffs, quality consumer goods;
partners--Belgium 37%, FRG 31%, France 12%, US 2%
_#_External debt: $131.6 million (1989 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 1% (1990 est.); accounts for
25% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 1,500,000 kW capacity; 1,163 million kWh produced,
3,170 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: banking, iron and steel, food processing, chemicals,
metal products, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum
_#_Agriculture: accounts for less than 3% of GDP (including forestry);
principal products--barley, oats, potatoes, wheat, fruits, wine grapes;
cattle raising widespread
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: Luxembourg franc (plural--francs);
1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1--31.102 (January
1991), 33.418 (1990), 39.404 (1989), 36.768 (1988), 37.334 (1987), 44.672
(1986), 59.378 (1985); note--the Luxembourg franc is at par with the
Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: Luxembourg National Railways (CFL) operates 270 km
1.435-meter standard gauge; 162 km double track; 162 km electrified
_#_Highways: 5,108 km total; 4,995 km paved, 57 km gravel, 56 km
earth; about 80 km limited access divided highway
_#_Inland waterways: 37 km; Moselle River
_#_Pipelines: refined products, 48 km
_#_Ports: Mertert (river port)
_#_Merchant marine: 1 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker
(1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,731 GRT/2,460 DWT
_#_Civil air: 13 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways less than 1,220 m
_#_Telecommunications: adequate and efficient system, mainly buried
cables; 230,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 4 FM, 6 TV; 2 communication
satellite earth stations operating in EUTELSAT and domestic systems
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army, National Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 100,476; 83,724 fit for
military service; 2,297 reach military age (19) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $90 million, 1.2% of GDP (1990)
_%_
_@_Macau
(overseas territory of Portugal)
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 16 km2; land area: 16 km2
_#_Comparative area: about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundary: 0.34 km with China
_#_Coastline: 40 km
_#_Maritime claims: not known
_#_Disputes: scheduled to become a Special Administrative Region of
China in 1999
_#_Climate: subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
_#_Terrain: generally flat
_#_Natural resources: negligible
_#_Land use: arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures
0%; forest and woodland 0%; other 100%
_#_Environment: essentially urban; one causeway and one bridge connect
the two islands to the peninsula on mainland
_#_Note: 27 km west southwest of Hong Kong on the southeast coast of
China
_*_People
_#_Population: 446,262 (July 1991), growth rate 1.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 15 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 5 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 75 years male, 79 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Macanese (sing. and pl.); adjective--Macau
_#_Ethnic divisions: Chinese 95%, Portuguese 3%, other 2%
_#_Religion: Buddhist 45%, Roman Catholic 7%, Protestant 1%, none
45.8%, other 1.2% (1981)
_#_Language: Portuguese (official); Cantonese is the language of
commerce
_#_Literacy: 90% (male 93%, female 86%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1981)
_#_Labor force: 180,000 (1986)
_#_Organized labor: none
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: none
_#_Type: overseas territory of Portugal; scheduled to revert to China
in 1999
_#_Capital: Macau
_#_Administrative divisions: 2 districts (concelhos,
singular--concelho); Ilhas, Macau
_#_Independence: none (territory of Portugal); Portugal signed an
agreement with China on 13 April 1987 to return Macau to China on 20
December 1999; in the joint declaration, China promises to respect
Macau's existing social and economic systems and lifestyle for 50 years
after transition
_#_Constitution: 17 February 1976, Organic Law of Macau
_#_Legal system: Portuguese civil law system
_#_National holiday: Day of Portugal, 10 June
_#_Executive branch: president of Portugal, governor,
Consultative Council (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: Legislative Assembly
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President (of Portugal) Mario Alberto SOARES
(since 9 March 1986);
Head of Government--Governor Gen. Vasco Joachim Rocha VIEIRA
(since 20 March 1991)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
Association to Defend the Interests of Macau;
Macau Democratic Center;
Group to Study the Development of Macau;
Macau Independent Group
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
Legislative Assembly--last held on 9 November 1988 (next to be
held November 1991);
results--percent of vote by party NA;
seats--(17 total; 6 elected by universal suffrage, 6 by indirect
suffrage) number of seats by party NA
_#_Other political or pressure groups: wealthy Macanese and Chinese
representing local interests, wealthy pro-Communist merchants
representing China's interests; in January 1967 the Macau Government
acceded to Chinese demands that gave China veto power over administration
_#_Member of: GATT, WTO (associate)
_#_Diplomatic representation: as Chinese territory under Portuguese
administration, Macanese interests in the US are represented by Portugal;
US--the US has no offices in Macau and US interests are monitored
by the US Consulate General in Hong Kong
_#_Flag: the flag of Portugal is used
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: The economy is based largely on tourism (including
gambling), and textile and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify
have spawned other small industries--toys, artificial flowers, and
electronics. The tourist sector has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and
the clothing industry has provided about two-thirds of export earnings.
Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water, and energy
imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw materials and
capital goods.
_#_GDP: $2.9 billion, per capita $6,560; real growth rate 6%
(1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9.5% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: 2% (1989 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $305 million; expenditures $298 million, including
capital expenditures of $NA (1989)
_#_Exports: $1.7 billion (1989 est.);
commodities--textiles, clothing, toys;
partners--US 33%, Hong Kong 15%, FRG 12%, France 10% (1987)
_#_Imports: $1.6 billion (1989 est.);
commodities--raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods;
partners--Hong Kong 39%, China 21%, Japan 10% (1987)
_#_External debt: $91 million (1985)
_#_Industrial production: NA
_#_Electricity: 203,000 kW capacity; 495 million kWh produced,
1,120 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: clothing, textiles, toys, plastic products, furniture,
tourism
_#_Agriculture: rice, vegetables; food shortages--rice, vegetables,
meat; depends mostly on imports for food requirements
_#_Economic aid: none
_#_Currency: pataca (plural--patacas); 1 pataca (P) = 100 avos
_#_Exchange rates: patacas (P) per US$1--8.03 (1989), 8.044 (1988),
7.993 (1987), 8.029 (1986), 8.045 (1985); note--linked to the Hong Kong
dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Highways: 42 km paved
_#_Ports: Macau
_#_Civil air: no major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: none useable, 1 under construction; 1 seaplane station
_#_Telecommunications: fairly modern communication facilities
maintained for domestic and international services; 52,000 telephones;
stations--4 AM, 3 FM, no TV; 75,000 radio receivers (est.); international
high-frequency radio communication facility; access to international
communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China; 1 Indian Ocean
INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 167,289; 93,142 fit for
military service
_#_Note: defense is responsibility of Portugal
_%_
_@_Madagascar
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 587,040 km2; land area: 581,540 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly less than twice the size of Arizona
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 4,828 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;