_#_Disputes: 1974 hostilities divided the island into two de facto
autonomous areas--a Greek area controlled by the Cypriot Government (60%
of the island's land area) and a Turkish-Cypriot area (35% of the island)
that are separated by a narrow UN buffer zone; in addition, there are two
UK sovereign base areas (about 5% of the island's land area)
_#_Climate: temperate, Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool,
wet winters
_#_Terrain: central plain with mountains to north and south
_#_Natural resources: copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt,
marble, clay earth pigment
_#_Land use: arable land 40%; permanent crops 7%; meadows and pastures
10%; forest and woodland 18%; other 25%; includes irrigated 10% (most
irrigated lands are in the Turkish-Cypriot area of the island)
_#_Environment: moderate earthquake activity; water resource problems
(no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal disparity in rainfall, and
most potable resources concentrated in the Turkish-Cypriot area)
_*_People
_#_Population: 709,343 (July 1991), growth rate 1.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 18 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 8 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 10 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 73 years male, 78 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 2.4 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Cypriot(s); adjective--Cypriot
_#_Ethnic divisions: Greek 78%; Turkish 18%; other 4%
_#_Religion: Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian,
Apostolic, and other 4%
_#_Language: Greek, Turkish, English
_#_Literacy: 90% (male 96%, female 85%) age 10 and over can
read and write (1976)
_#_Labor force: Greek area--246,100; services 42%, industry 33%,
agriculture 22%; Turkish area--NA (1989)
_#_Organized labor: 156,000 (1985 est.)
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Republic of Cyprus
_#_Type: republic; a disaggregation of the two ethnic communities
inhabiting the island began after the outbreak of communal strife in
1963; this separation was further solidified following the Turkish
invasion of the island in July 1974, which gave the Turkish Cypriots de
facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only
internationally recognized government; on 15 November 1983 Turkish
Cypriot President Rauf Denktash declared independence and the formation
of a Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which has been recognized
only by Turkey; both sides publicly call for the resolution of
intercommunal differences and creation of a new federal system of
government
_#_Capital: Nicosia
_#_Administrative divisions: 6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia,
Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia, Paphos
_#_Independence: 16 August 1960 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 16 August 1960; negotiations to create the basis for
a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better
relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently; in 1975 Turkish Cypriots created their own Constitution
and governing bodies within the Turkish Federated State of Cyprus, which
was renamed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983; a new
Constitution for the Turkish area passed by referendum in May 1985
_#_Legal system: based on common law, with civil law modifications
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October
_#_Executive branch: president, Council of Ministers (cabinet);
note--there is a president, prime minister, and Council of Ministers
(cabinet) in the Turkish area
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (Vouli
Antiprosopon); note--there is a unicameral Assembly of the Republic
(Cumhuriyet Meclisi) in the Turkish area
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court; note--there is also a Supreme Court
in the Turkish area
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President George VASSILIOU
(since February 1988); note--Rauf R. DENKTASH has been president
of the Turkish area since 13 February 1975
_#_Political parties and leaders:
Greek Cypriot--Progressive Party of the Working People (AKEL;
Communist Party), Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS,
Democratic Rally (DESY), Glafcos CLERIDES;
Democratic Party (DEKO), Spyros KYPRIANOU;
United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vassos LYSSARIDES;
Socialist Democratic Renewal Movement (ADESOK), Pavlos DINGLIS, chairman;
Liberal Party, Nikos ROLANDIS;
Turkish area--National Unity Party (UBP), Dervis EROGLU;
Communal Liberation Party (TKP), Mustafa AKINCI;
Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker OZGUR;
New Cyprus Party (NKP), Alpay DURDURAN;
New Dawn Party (YDP), Ali Ozkan ALTINISHIK;
Free Democratic Party, Ismet KOTAK; note--CTP, TKP, and YDP joined
in the coalition Democratic Struggle Party (DMP) for the 22 April
1990 legislative election
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held 14 February and 21 February 1988 (next
to be held February 1993);
results--George VASSILIOU 52%, Glafcos CLERIDES 48%;
House of Representatives--last held 8 December 1985 (next to
be held 19 May 1991);
results--DESY 33.56%, DEKO 27.65%, AKEL (Communist) 27.43%, EDEK 11.07%;
seats--(56 total) DESY 19, DEKO 16, AKEL (Communist) 15, EDEK 6;
Turkish Area: President--last held 22 April 1990 (next to be
held April 1995);
results--Rauf R. DENKTASH 66%, Ismail BOZKURT 32.05%;
Turkish Area: Assembly of the Republic--last held 6 May 1990
(next to be held May 1995);
results--UBP (conservative) about 55%, DMP NA%;
seats--(50 total) UBP (conservative) 34, CTP (Communist) 7,
TKP (center-right) 7, New Dawn Party 2
_#_Communists: about 12,000
_#_Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth
Organization (EDON; Communist controlled); Union of Cyprus Farmers (EKA;
Communist controlled); Cyprus Farmers Union (PEK; pro-West); Pan-Cyprian
Labor Federation (PEO; Communist controlled); Confederation of Cypriot
Workers (SEK; pro-West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions
(Turk-Sen); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (Dev-Is)
_#_Member of: C, CCC, CE, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT,
INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Michael E. SHERIFIS;
Chancery at 2211 R Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
462-5772; there is a Cypriot Consulate General in New York;
US--Ambassador Robert E. LAMB; Embassy at the corner of Therissos
Street and Dositheos Street, Nicosia (mailing address is FPO New York
09530); telephone [357] (2) 4651511
_#_Flag: white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the
name Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green
crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches symbolize
the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek and Turkish
communities
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: These data are for the area controlled by the Republic of
Cyprus (information on the northern Turkish-Cypriot area is sparse).
The economy is small, diversified, and prosperous. Industry contributes
about 25% to GDP and employs 35% of the labor force, while the service
sector contributes about 55% to GDP and employs 40% of the labor force.
Rapid growth in exports of agricultural and manufactured products
and in tourism have played important roles in the average 6% rise in GDP
in recent years.
_#_GDP: $5.4 billion, per capita $7,960; real growth rate 5.5%
(1990)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 4.5% (1990)
_#_Unemployment rate: below 2% (1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $1.2 billion; expenditures $1.4 billion, including
capital expenditures of $178 million (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $770 million (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--citrus, potatoes, grapes, wine, cement, clothing and
shoes;
partners--UK 23%, Greece 10%, Lebanon 9%, Saudi Arabia 4%
_#_Imports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990);
commodities--consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants, food and
feed grains, machinery;
partners--France 12%, UK 11%, Japan 11%, Italy 10%
_#_External debt: $2.2 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 6.5% (1988); accounts for
27% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 620,000 kW capacity; 1,770 million kWh produced,
2,530 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products,
tourism, wood products
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GDP and employs 22% of labor force;
major crops--potatoes, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, and citrus
fruits; vegetables and fruit provide 25% of export revenues
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $292
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-87), $230 million; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $62 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $24 million
_#_Currency: Cypriot pound (plural--pounds) and in Turkish area,
Turkish lira (plural--liras); 1 Cypriot pound (5C) = 100 cents and
1 Turkish lira
(TL) = 100 kurus
_#_Exchange rates: Cypriot pounds (5C) per US$1--0.4325 (December
1990), 0.4572 (1990), 0.4933 (1989), 0.4663 (1988), 0.4807 (1987), 0.5167
(1986), 0.6095 (1985); in Turkish area, Turkish liras (TL) per
US$1--2,873.9 (December 1990), 2,608.6 (1990), 2,121.7 (1989), 1,422.3
(1988), 857.2 (1987), 674.5 (1986), 522.0 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Highways: 10,780 km total; 5,170 km bituminous surface treated;
5,610 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth
_#_Ports: Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos
_#_Merchant marine: 1,169 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
19,310,063 GRT/34,338,028 DWT; 10 short-sea passenger, 2 passenger-cargo,
435 cargo, 76 refrigerated cargo, 20 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 48
container, 4 multifunction large load carrier, 111 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 specialized tanker, 8 liquefied gas, 17
chemical tanker, 30 combination ore/oil, 360 bulk, 2 vehicle carrier, 44
combination bulk; note--a flag of convenience registry; Cuba owns at
least 25 of these ships, USSR owns 52, and Yugoslavia owns 1
_#_Civil air: 11 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 13 total, 13 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m;
2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: excellent in the area controlled by the Cypriot
Government (Greek area), moderately good in the Turkish-Cypriot
administered area; 210,000 telephones; stations--14 AM, 7 (7 repeaters)
FM, 2 (40 repeaters) TV; tropospheric scatter circuits to Greece and
Turkey; 3 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations--INTELSAT, 1
Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean, and EUTELSAT systems
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Greek area--Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG;
includes air and naval elements), Greek Cypriot Police; Turkish
area--Turkish Cypriot Security Force
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 182,426; 125,839 fit for
military service; 5,169 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $209 million, 5% of GDP (1990 est.)
_%_
_@_Czechoslovakia
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 127,870 km2; land area: 125,460 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than New York State
_#_Land boundaries: 3,446 km total; Austria 548 km, Germany 815 km,
Hungary 676 km, Poland 1,309 km, USSR 98 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Disputes: Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary
_#_Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
_#_Terrain: mixture of hills and mountains separated by plains and
basins
_#_Natural resources: coal, timber, lignite, uranium, magnesite,
iron ore, copper, zinc
_#_Land use: arable land 40%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures
13%; forest and woodland 37%; other 9%; includes irrigated 1%
_#_Environment: infrequent earthquakes; acid rain; water pollution;
air pollution
_#_Note: landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest
and most significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a
traditional military corridor between the North European Plain and the
Danube in central Europe
_*_People
_#_Population: 15,724,940 (July 1991), growth rate 0.3% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 11 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 69 years male, 77 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 1.9 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Czechoslovak(s); adjective--Czechoslovak
_#_Ethnic divisions: Czech 62.9%, Slovak 31.8%, Hungarian 3.8%,
Polish 0.5%, German 0.3%, Ukrainian 0.3%, Russian 0.1%, other 0.3%
_#_Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Orthodox 2%,
other 28%
_#_Language: Czech and Slovak (official), Hungarian
_#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1970 est.)
_#_Labor force: 8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%,
construction, communications, and other 50.8% (1982)
_#_Organized labor: Czech and Slovak Confederation of Trade
Unions (CSKOS); new independent trade unions forming
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Czech and Slovak Federal Republic; note--on
23 March 1990 the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was renamed the
Czechoslovak Federative Republic; Slovak concerns about their
status in the federation prompted the Federal Assembly to approve the
name Czech and Slovak Federative Republic on 20 April 1990; on 23 April
1990 the name was modified to Czech and Slovak Federal Republic
_#_Type: federal republic in transition to a confederative republic
_#_Capital: Prague
_#_Administrative divisions: 2 republics (republiky,
singular--republika); Czech Republic (Ceska Republika),
Slovak Republic (Slovenska Republika)
_#_Independence: 28 October 1918 (from Austro-Hungarian Empire)
_#_Constitution: 11 July 1960; amended in 1968 and 1970; new
Czech, Slovak, and federal constitutions to be drafted in 1991-92
_#_Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes,
modified by Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative
acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code in
process of modification to bring it in line with Conference on
Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) obligations and to expunge
Marxist-Leninist legal theory
_#_National holiday: National Liberation Day, 9 May (1945) and
Founding of the Republic, 28 October (1918)
_#_Executive branch: president, prime minister, Cabinet
_#_Legislative branch: bicameral Federal Assembly (Federalni
Shromazdeni) consists of an upper house or Chamber of Nations
(Snemovna Narodu) and a lower house or Chamber of the People
(Snemovna Lidu)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Vaclav HAVEL;
(interim president from 29 December 1989 and president since
5 July 1990);
Head of Government--Premier Marian CALFA (since
10 December 1989);
Deputy Premier Vaclav VALES (since 28 June 1990);
Deputy Premier Jiri DIENSTBIER (since 28 June 1990);
Deputy Premier Jozef MIKLOSKO (since 28 June 1990);
Deputy Premier Pavel RYCHETSKY (since 28 June 1990)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
Civic Forum, Vaclav KLAUS, chairman;
Public Against Violence, Fedor GAL, chairman;
Christian and Democratic Union, Vaclav BENDA;
Christian Democratic Movement, Jan CARNOGURSKY;
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Pavol KANIS, chairman;
KSC toppled from power in November 1989 by massive antiregime
demonstrations, minority role in coalition government since 10 December
1989
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
President--last held 5 July 1990 (next to be held July 1992);
results--Vaclav HAVEL elected by the Federal Assembly;
Federal Assembly--last held 8-9 June 1990 (next to be held June
1992);
results--Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 46%, KSC 13.6%;
seats--(300 total) Civic Forum/Public Against Violence coalition 170,
KSC 47, Christian and Democratic Union/Christian Democratic
Movement 40, Czech, Slovak, Moravian, and Hungarian groups 43
_#_Communists: 760,000 party members (September 1990); about
1,000,000 members lost since November 1989
_#_Other political or pressure groups: Czechoslovak Socialist Party,
Czechoslovak People's Party, Czechoslovak Social Democracy, Slovak
Nationalist Party, Slovak Revival Party, Christian Democratic Party;
over 80 registered political groups fielded candidates in the 8-9 June
1990 legislative election
_#_Member of: BIS, CCC, CSCE, ECE, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBEC,
ICAO, IIB, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN,
UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Rita KLIMOVA;
Chancery at 3900 Linnean Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202)
363-6315 or 6316;
US--Ambassador Shirley Temple BLACK; Embassy at Trziste 15,
125 48, Prague 1 (mailing address is AMEM, Box 5630, APO New York
09213-5630); telephone [42] (2) 536641 through 536649
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Czechoslovakia is highly industrialized and has a
well-educated and skilled labor force. Its industry, transport, energy
sources, banking, and most other means of production are state owned. The
country is deficient, however, in energy and in many raw materials.
Moreover, its aging capital plant lags well behind West European
standards. Industry contributes almost 50% to GNP and construction
contributes 10%. About 95% of agricultural land is in collectives or
state farms. The centrally planned economy has been tightly linked in
trade (80%) to the USSR and Eastern Europe. Growth has been sluggish,
averaging less than 2% in the period 1982-89. GNP per capita is the
highest in Eastern Europe. As in the rest of Eastern Europe, the sweeping
political changes of 1989-90 have been disrupting normal channels of
supply and compounding the government's economic problems. Having eased
restrictions on private enterprise in 1990 and having adjusted some key
prices, Czechoslovakia is now implementing a broad two-year program
to make the difficult transition from a command to a market economy.
Inflation and unemployment are beginning to rise, albeit from
comparatively low levels.
_#_GNP: $120.3 billion, per capita $7,700; real growth rate - 2.9%
(1990 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 9% (1990 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: officially 0.8% (1990)
_#_Budget: revenues $17.1 billion; expenditures $16.8 billion,
including capital expenditures of $1.5 billion (1991)
_#_Exports: $14.4 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities--machinery and equipment 42.7%; fuels, minerals,
and metals 16.4%; agricultural and forestry products 12.5%, other
28.4%;
partners--USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria,
Bulgaria, Romania, US
_#_Imports: $14.3 billion (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities--machinery and equipment 38.6%;
fuels, minerals, and metals 24.1%; agricultural and forestry
products 16.4%; other 20.9%;
partners--USSR, GDR, Poland, Hungary, FRG, Yugoslavia, Austria,
Bulgaria, Romania, US
_#_External debt: $7.6 billion, hard currency indebtedness (September
1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate - 3.3% (1990 est.); accounts
for almost 50% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 23,000,000 kW capacity; 90,000 million kWh produced,
5,740 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: iron and steel, machinery and equipment, cement, sheet
glass, motor vehicles, armaments, chemicals, ceramics, wood, paper
products, footwear
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 7% of GNP (includes forestry); largely
self-sufficient in food production; diversified crop and livestock
production, including grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit, hogs,
cattle, and poultry; exporter of forest products
_#_Economic aid: donor--$4.2 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
less developed countries (1954-89)
_#_Currency: koruna (plural--koruny); 1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru
_#_Exchange rates: koruny (Kcs) per US$1--27.65 (January 1991),
17.95 (1990), 15.05 (1989), 14.36 (1988), 13.69 (1987), 14.99 (1986),
17.14 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 13,103 km total; 12,855 km 1.435-meter standard gauge,
102 km 1.520-meter broad gauge, 146 km 0.750- and 0.760-meter narrow
gauge; 2,861 km double track; 3,798 km electrified; government owned
(1988)
_#_Highways: 73,540 km total; including 517 km superhighway (1988)
_#_Inland waterways: 475 km (1988); the Elbe (Labe) is the principal
river
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 1,500 km; natural
gas, 8,100 km
_#_Ports: maritime outlets are in Poland (Gdynia, Gdansk, Szczecin),
Yugoslavia (Rijeka, Koper), Germany (Hamburg, Rostock); principal river
ports are Prague on the Vltava, Decin on the Elbe (Labe),
Komarno on the Danube, Bratislava on the Danube
_#_Merchant marine: 24 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 363,002 GRT/
565,813 DWT; includes 15 cargo, 6 bulk
_#_Civil air: 47 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 158 total, 158 usable; 40 with permanent-surface
runways; 19 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: 4 million telephones; 25% of households
have a telephone; stations--60 AM, 16 FM, 39 TV (11 Soviet TV
relays); 4.4 million TVs (1990)
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Czechoslovak People's Army, Air and Air Defense Forces,
Civil Defense, Border Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 4,066,419; 3,110,958 fit for
military service; 140,620 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: 26.9 billion koruny, NA% of GDP (1991);
note--conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the
official administratively set exchange rate would produce misleading
results
_%_
_@_Denmark
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 43,070 km2; land area: 42,370 km2; includes the island
of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest of metropolitan Denmark, but
excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland
_#_Comparative area: slightly more than twice the size of
Massachusetts
_#_Land boundaries: 68 km with Germany
_#_Coastline: 3,379 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 4 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;