_#_Climate: tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers
(southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December
to April)
_#_Terrain: central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands
_#_Natural resources: crude oil, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper,
tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural
gas
_#_Land use: arable land 15%; permanent crops 1%; meadows and pastures
1%; forest and woodland 49%; other 34%; includes irrigated 2%
_#_Environment: subject to destructive earthquakes and cyclones;
flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September);
deforestation
_#_Note: strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes
_*_People
_#_Population: 42,112,082 (July 1991), growth rate 2.0% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 32 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 13 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 95 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 53 years male, 56 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 4.1 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Burmese; adjective--Burmese
_#_Ethnic divisions: Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%,
Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5%
_#_Religion: Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic
1%), Muslim 4%, animist beliefs 1%, other 2%
_#_Language: Burmese; minority ethnic groups have their own languages
_#_Literacy: 81% (male 89%, female 72%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 16,036,000; agriculture 65.2%, industry 14.3%, trade
10.1%, government 6.3%, other 4.1% (FY89 est.)
_#_Organized labor: Workers' Asiayone (association), 1,800,000
members; Peasants' Asiayone, 7,600,000 members
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Union of Burma; note--the local official name is
Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw which has been translated by the US
Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar
_#_Type: military regime
_#_Capital: Rangoon (sometimes translated as Yangon)
_#_Administrative divisions: 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular--yin) and
7 states (pyine-mya, singular--pyine); Chin State, Irrawaddy*, Kachin
State, Karan State, Kayah State, Magwe*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Pegu*,
Rakhine State, Rangoon*, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tenasserim*
_#_Independence: 4 January 1948 (from UK)
_#_Constitution: 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988)
_#_Legal system: martial law in effect throughout most of the
country; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 4 January (1948)
_#_Executive branch: chairman of the State Law and Order Restoration
Council, State Law and Order Restoration Council
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw)
was dissolved after the coup of 18 September 1988
_#_Judicial branch: Council of People's Justices was abolished after
the coup of 18 September 1988
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--Chairman of the State Law
and Order Restoration Council Gen. SAW MAUNG (since 18 September 1988)
_#_Political parties and leaders:
National Unity Party (NUP; proregime), THA KYAW;
National League for Democracy (NLD), U TIN OO and AUNG SAN SUU KYI;
League for Democracy and Peace, U NU
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections:
People's Assembly--last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never
convened;
results--NLD 80%;
seats--(485 total) NLD 396, the regime-favored NUP 10, other 79
_#_Communists: several hundred (est.) in Burma Communist Party (BCP)
_#_Other political or pressure groups: Kachin Independence Army (KIA),
United Wa State Army (UWSA), Karen National Union (KNU), several Shan
factions, including the Shan United Army (SUA) (all ethnically-based
insurgent groups)
_#_Member of: AsDB, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA,
IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, UN, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador U MYO AUNG; Chancery at
2300 S Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 332-9044 through
9046; there is a Burmese Consulate General in New York;
US--Ambassador (vacant); Deputy Chief of Mission Franklin P.
HUDDLE, Jr.; Embassy at 581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (mailing address
is G. P. O. Box 521, Rangoon or Box B, APO San Francisco 96346);
telephone 82055 or 82181
_#_Flag: red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel
containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative
divisions
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Burma is a poor Asian country, with a per capita GDP
of about $400. The nation has been unable to achieve any substantial
improvement in export earnings because of falling prices for many
of its major commodity exports. For rice, traditionally the most
important export, the drop in world prices has been accompanied by
shrinking markets and a smaller volume of sales. In 1985 teak replaced
rice as the largest export and continues to hold this position. The
economy is heavily dependent on the agricultural sector, which generates
about half of GDP and provides employment for 66% of the work force.
_#_GDP: $16.8 billion, per capita $408; real growth rate NEGL%
(FY90 est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 22.6% (FY89 est.)
_#_Unemployment rate: 9.6% in urban areas (FY89 est.)
_#_Budget: revenues $4.9 billion; expenditures $5.0 billion,
including capital expenditures of $0.7 billion (FY89 est.)
_#_Exports: $228 million (f.o.b., FY89)
commodities--teak, rice, oilseed, metals, rubber, gems;
partners--Southeast Asia, India, China, EC, Africa
_#_Imports: $540 million (c.i.f., FY89)
commodities--machinery, transport equipment, chemicals, food
products;
partners--Japan, EC, China, Southeast Asia
_#_External debt: $5.5 billion (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate 2.6% (FY90 est.); accounts
for 10% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 950,000 kW capacity; 2,900 million kWh produced,
70 kWh per capita (1990)
_#_Industries: agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood
and wood products; petroleum refining; mining of copper, tin, tungsten,
iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 51% of GDP (including fish and
forestry); self-sufficient in food; principal crops--paddy rice, corn,
oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; world's largest stand of hardwood trees;
rice and teak account for 55% of export revenues; fish catch of
732,000 metric tons (FY90)
_#_Illicit drugs: world's largest illicit producer of opium poppy
and minor producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; opium
production is on the increase as growers respond to the collapse
of Rangoon's antinarcotic programs
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $158
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $3.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $424 million
_#_Currency: kyat (plural--kyats); 1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas
_#_Exchange rates: kyats (K) per US$1--6.0476 (January 1991), 6.3386
(1990), 6.7049 (1989), 6.3945 (1988), 6.6535 (1987), 7.3304 (1986),
8.4749 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 3,991 km total, all government owned; 3,878 km
1.000-meter gauge, 113 km narrow-gauge industrial lines; 362 km double
track
_#_Highways: 27,000 km total; 3,200 km bituminous, 17,700 km improved
earth or gravel, 6,100 km unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: 12,800 km; 3,200 km navigable by large commercial
vessels
_#_Pipelines: crude, 1,343 km; natural gas, 330 km
_#_Ports: Rangoon, Moulmein, Bassein
_#_Merchant marine: 60 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 968,226
GRT/1,433,584 DWT; includes 3 passenger-cargo, 19 cargo, 2 refrigerated
cargo, 3 vehicle carrier, 2 container, 3 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker, 2 chemical, 1 combination ore/oil, 24 bulk,
1 combination bulk
_#_Civil air: 17 major transport aircraft (including 3 helicopters)
_#_Airports: 86 total, 79 usable; 29 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 37
with runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: meets minimum requirements for local and
intercity service; international service is good; radiobroadcast coverage
is limited to the most populous areas; 53,000 telephones (1986);
stations--2 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV (1985); 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force
_#_Manpower availability: eligible 15-49, 20,766,975; of the
10,378,743 males 15-49, 5,566,247 are fit for military service; of the
10,388,232 females 15-49, 5,558,007 are fit for military service; 442,200
males and 431,407 females reach military age (18) annually; both sexes
are liable for military service
_#_Defense expenditures: $315.0 million, 3% of GDP (FY88)
_%_
_@_Burundi
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 27,830 km2; land area: 25,650 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly larger than Maryland
_#_Land boundaries: 974 km total; Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km,
Zaire 233 km
_#_Coastline: none--landlocked
_#_Maritime claims: none--landlocked
_#_Climate: temperate; warm; occasional frost in uplands
_#_Terrain: mostly rolling to hilly highland; some plains
_#_Natural resources: nickel, uranium, rare earth oxide, peat, cobalt,
copper, platinum (not yet exploited), vanadium
_#_Land use: arable land 43%; permanent crops 8%; meadows and pastures
35%; forest and woodland 2%; other 12%; includes irrigated NEGL%
_#_Environment: soil exhaustion; soil erosion; deforestation
_#_Note: landlocked; straddles crest of the Nile-Congo watershed
_*_People
_#_Population: 5,831,233 (July 1991), growth rate 3.2% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 15 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 109 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 50 years male, 54 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.9 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Burundian(s); adjective--Burundi
_#_Ethnic divisions: Africans--Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%,
Twa (Pygmy) 1%; other Africans include about 70,000 refugees, mostly
Rwandans and Zairians; non-Africans include about 3,000 Europeans and
2,000 South Asians
_#_Religion: Christian about 67% (Roman Catholic 62%, Protestant 5%).
indigenous beliefs 32%, Muslim 1%
_#_Language: Kirundi and French (official); Swahili (along Lake
Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
_#_Literacy: 50% (male 61%, female 40%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 1,900,000 (1983 est.); agriculture 93.0%, government
4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services 1.5; 52% of population of
working age (1985)
_#_Organized labor: sole group is the Union of Burundi Workers (UTB);
by charter, membership is extended to all Burundi workers (informally);
active membership figures NA
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: Republic of Burundi
_#_Type: republic
_#_Capital: Bujumbura
_#_Administrative divisions: 15 provinces; Bubanza, Bujumbura, Bururi,
Cankuzo, Cibitoke, Gitega, Karuzi, Kayanza, Kirundo, Makamba, Muramvya,
Muyinga, Ngozi, Rutana, Ruyigi
_#_Independence: 1 July 1962 (from UN trusteeship under Belgian
administration)
_#_Constitution: 20 November 1981; suspended following the coup of
3 September 1987; referendum for a new constitution scheduled for
March 1992
_#_Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil codes and
customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
_#_Executive branch: president; chairman of the Central Committee
of the National Party of Unity and Progress (UPRONA), prime minister
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee
Nationale) was dissolved following the coup of 3 September 1987;
at an extraordinary party congress held from 27 to 29 December 1990,
the Central Committee of the National Party of Unity and Progress
(UPRONA) replaced the Military Committee for National Salvation, and
became the supreme governing body during the transition to constitutional
government
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State--President Pierre BUYOYA (since 9 September 1987);
Head of Government Prime Minister Adrien SIBOMANA (since 26
October 1988)
_#_Political parties and leaders: only party--National Party of
Unity and Progress (UPRONA), President Pierre BUYOYA, chairman, and
Nicolas MAYUGI, secretary general
_#_Suffrage: universal adult at age NA
_#_Elections:
National Assembly--dissolved after the coup of 3 September
1987;
note--The National Unity Charter outlining the principles for
constitutional government was adopted by a national referendum on 5
February 1991
_#_Communists: no Communist party
_#_Member of: ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, CEEAC, CEPGL, ECA, FAO, G-77,
GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU,
LORCS, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Julien KAVAKURE; Chancery at
Suite 212, 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington DC 20007;
telephone (202) 342-2574;
US--Ambassador Cynthia Shepherd PERRY; Embassy at Avenue du Zaire,
Bujumbura (mailing address is B. P. 1720, Avenue des Etats-Unis,
Bujumbura); telephone 234-54 through 56
_#_Flag: divided by a white diagonal cross into red panels (top and
bottom) and green panels (hoist side and outer side) with a white disk
superimposed at the center bearing three red six-pointed stars outlined
in green arranged in a triangular design (one star above, two stars
below)
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: A landlocked, resource-poor country in an early stage
of economic development, Burundi is predominately agricultural with only
a few basic industries. Its economic health depends on the coffee
crop, which accounts for an average 90% of foreign exchange earnings each
year. The ability to pay for imports therefore continues to rest largely
on the vagaries of the climate and the international coffee market.
_#_GDP: $1.1 billion, per capita $200; real growth rate 1.5% (1989)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11.7% (1989)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $158 million; expenditures $204 million,
including capital expenditures of $131 million (1989 est.)
_#_Exports: $81 million (f.o.b., 1989);
commodities--coffee 88%, tea, hides, and skins;
partners--EC 83%, US 5%, Asia 2%
_#_Imports: $197 million (c.i.f., 1989);
commodities--capital goods 31%, petroleum products 15%, foodstuffs,
consumer goods;
partners--EC 57%, Asia 23%, US 3%
_#_External debt: $957 million (December 1990 est.)
_#_Industrial production: real growth rate 5.1% (1986); accounts
for about 10% of GDP
_#_Electricity: 51,000 kW capacity; 105 million kWh produced, 19 kWh
per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: light consumer goods such as blankets, shoes, soap;
assembly of imports; public works construction; food processing
_#_Agriculture: accounts for 60% of GDP; 90% of population dependent
on subsistence farming; marginally self-sufficient in food production;
cash crops--coffee, cotton, tea; food crops--corn, sorghum, sweet
potatoes, bananas, manioc; livestock--meat, milk, hides, and skins
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $71
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $32 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million
_#_Currency: Burundi franc (plural--francs); 1 Burundi franc
(FBu) = 100 centimes
_#_Exchange rates: Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1--163.29 (January
1991), 171.26 (1990), 158.67 (1989), 140.40 (1988), 123.56 (1987), 114.17
(1986), 120.69 (1985)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Highways: 5,900 km total; 400 km paved, 2,500 km gravel or
laterite, 3,000 km improved or unimproved earth
_#_Inland waterways: Lake Tanganyika
_#_Ports: Bujumbura (lake port) connects to transportation systems of
Tanzania and Zaire
_#_Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 8 total, 7 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways;
none with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; none
with runways 1,220 to 2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: sparse system of wire, radiocommunications, and
low-capacity radio relay links; 8,000 telephones; stations--2 AM, 2 FM, 1
TV; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army (includes naval and air units); paramilitary
Gendarmerie
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 1,268,342; 661,888 fit for
military service; 64,538 reach military age (16) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $33 million, 3.1% of GDP (1988)
_%_
_@_Cambodia
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 181,040 km2; land area: 176,520 km2
_#_Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oklahoma
_#_Land boundaries: 2,572 km total; Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km,
Vietnam 1,228 km
_#_Coastline: 443 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Continental shelf: 200 nm;
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm;