_#_Disputes: civil war since independence on 11 November 1975;
on 31 May 1991 Angolan President Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS
and Jonas SAVIMBI, leader of the National Union for the Total
Independence of Angola (UNITA), signed a peace treaty that calls for
multiparty elections between September and November 1992, an
internationally monitored cease-fire, and termination of outside
military assistance
_#_Climate: semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has
cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to
April)
_#_Terrain: narrow coastal plain rises abruptly to vast interior
plateau
_#_Natural resources: petroleum, diamonds, iron ore, phosphates,
copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite, uranium
_#_Land use: arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and
pastures 23%; forest and woodland 43%; other 32%
_#_Environment: locally heavy rainfall causes periodic flooding on
plateau; desertification
_#_Note: Cabinda is separated from rest of country by Zaire
_*_People
_#_Population: 8,668,281 (July 1991), growth rate 2.7% (1991)
_#_Birth rate: 47 births/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Death rate: 20 deaths/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1991)
_#_Infant mortality rate: 151 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)
_#_Life expectancy at birth: 42 years male, 46 years female (1991)
_#_Total fertility rate: 6.7 children born/woman (1991)
_#_Nationality: noun--Angolan(s); adjective--Angolan
_#_Ethnic divisions: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%,
Mestico 2%, European 1%, other 22%
_#_Religion: indigenous beliefs 47%, Roman Catholic 38%, Protestant
15% (est.)
_#_Language: Portuguese (official); various Bantu dialects
_#_Literacy: 42% (male 56%, female 28%) age 15 and over can
read and write (1990 est.)
_#_Labor force: 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%,
industry 15% (1985 est.)
_#_Organized labor: about 450,695 (1980)
_*_Government
_#_Long-form name: People's Republic of Angola
_#_Type: in transition from a one-party Marxist state to a multiparty
democracy with a strong presidential system
_#_Capital: Luanda
_#_Administrative divisions: 18 provinces (provincias,
singular--provincia); Bengo, Benguela, Bie, Cabinda, Cuando Cubango,
Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Cunene, Huambo, Huila, Luanda, Lunda Norte,
Lunda Sul, Malanje, Moxico, Namibe, Uige, Zaire
_#_Independence: 11 November 1975 (from Portugal)
_#_Constitution: 11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11
August 1980, and 6 March 1991
_#_Legal system: based on Portuguese civil law system and customary
law; recently modified to accommodate multipartyism and increased use of
free markets
_#_National holiday: Independence Day, 11 November (1975)
_#_Executive branch: president, chairman of the Council of Ministers,
Council of Ministers (cabinet)
_#_Legislative branch: unicameral People's Assembly (Assembleia do
Povo)
_#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court (Tribunal da Relacao)
_#_Leaders:
Chief of State and Head of Government--President Jose Eduardo dos
SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)
_#_Political parties and leaders: only one party exists--the
Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola-Labor Party
(MPLA), Jose Eduardo dos SANTOS--although others are expected to
form as legalization of a multiparty system proceeds;
National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) lost to
the MPLA and Cuban military support forces in the immediate
postindependence struggle, but is to receive recognition as a legal party
_#_Suffrage: universal at age 18
_#_Elections: first nationwide, multiparty elections to be held
between September and November 1992
_#_Member of: ACP, AfDB, CEEAC (observer), ECA, FAO,
FLS, G-77, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU,
LORCS, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
_#_Diplomatic representation: none
_#_Flag: two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and black with a
centered yellow emblem consisting of a five-pointed star within half a
cogwheel crossed by a machete (in the style of a hammer and sickle)
_*_Economy
_#_Overview: Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for
80 to 90% of the population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil
production is the most lucrative sector of the economy, contributing
about 50% to GDP. In recent years, however, the impact of fighting an
internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be
imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural
resources, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To realize its
economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace but also
must reform government policies that have led to distortions and
imbalances throughout the economy.
_#_GDP: $7.9 billion, per capita $925; real growth rate 2.0% (1990
est.)
_#_Inflation rate (consumer prices): 23.2% (1988)
_#_Unemployment rate: NA%
_#_Budget: revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion,
including capital expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.)
_#_Exports: $3.8 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--oil,liquified petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal,
fish and fish products, timber, cotton;
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France
_#_Imports: $1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.);
commodities--capital equipment (machinery and electrical
equipment), food, vehicles and spare parts, textiles and clothing,
medicines; substantial military deliveries;
partners--US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil
_#_External debt: $7.0 billion (1990)
_#_Industrial production: growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60%
of GDP, including petroleum output
_#_Electricity: 506,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced,
90 kWh per capita (1989)
_#_Industries: petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food
processing, brewing, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal
products
_#_Agriculture: cash crops--coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar,
manioc, tobacco; food crops--cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains,
bananas; livestock production accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry
2% of total agricultural output; disruptions caused by civil war
and marketing deficiencies require food imports
_#_Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265
million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments
(1970-88), $1,005 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion
_#_Currency: kwanza (plural--kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei
_#_Exchange rates: kwanza (Kz) per US$1--29.62 (fixed rate since 1976)
_#_Fiscal year: calendar year
_*_Communications
_#_Railroads: 3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km
0.600-meter gauge; limited trackage in use because of insurgent attacks;
sections of the Benguela Railroad closed because of insurgency
_#_Highways: 73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment,
29,350 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved
earth
_#_Inland waterways: 1,295 km navigable
_#_Pipelines: crude oil, 179 km
_#_Ports: Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda
_#_Merchant marine: 12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling
66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11 cargo, 1 petroleum, oils, and
lubricants (POL) tanker
_#_Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft
_#_Airports: 315 total, 183 usable; 28 with permanent-surface runways;
1 with runways over 3,659 m; 13 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with
runways 1,220-2,439 m
_#_Telecommunications: fair system of wire, radio relay, and
troposcatter routes; high frequency used extensively for military/Cuban
links; 40,300 telephones; stations--17 AM, 13 FM, 2 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean
INTELSAT earth stations
_*_Defense Forces
_#_Branches: Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense
Organization and Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard
_#_Manpower availability: males 15-49, 2,080,837; 1,047,500 fit for
military service; 92,430 reach military age (18) annually
_#_Defense expenditures: $NA, NA% of GDP
_%_
_@_Anguilla
(dependent territory of the UK)
_*_Geography
_#_Total area: 91 km2; land area: 91 km2
_#_Comparative area: about half the size of Washington, DC
_#_Land boundaries: none
_#_Coastline: 61 km
_#_Maritime claims:
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;