that Toms had added his persuasion to those of Maui Pu, as Nohorua's
reason for insisting upon the above stipulation discloses the justice
of his mind and his desire to fix the responsibility beyond any chance
of evasion: "If my grandchildren lose their land, their father must
share the blame." The three younger men having no son-in-law on whom
to shift the responsibility still postponed the important step until
they were aboard the ship.
On returning to the _Herald_ there was a considerable gathering
of chiefs awaiting the treaty party, and with the exception of
Nohorua's nephews all expressed their willingness to subscribe to the
terms of the compact. Not so these young gentlemen, who still held
aloof. For their reservation, however, the wife of one of them was
anxious to compensate, by demanding the privilege of signing the
treaty. She claimed to be the daughter of the great Te Pehi, who was
caught in his own trap at Kaiapoi in 1829, and when Major Bunbury
politely but firmly declined to permit her the honour, she gave way to
a fit of anger, and in a torrent of invective expressed her opinions
concerning the _Pakeha_ in general, and Major Bunbury in
particular, with a freedom that would have been painful had all her
observations been clearly understood.
As an evidence of the persistency with which these people had been
harassed about their lands, and the jealousy with which they sought to
preserve this class of property, it was noted that they all firmly
declined to receive the presents[143] which it had now become customary
to offer, lest by some quibble it might be construed into a payment
for its surrender, and in this attitude they persisted until they had
been repeatedly assured to the contrary.
The Rev. Henry Williams having visited Queen Charlotte Sound during
the course of his Southern Mission and secured the signatures of the
chiefs there, Cloudy Bay thus became the last port in the Middle
Island at which the _Herald_ could profitably call. Under these
circumstances Major Bunbury consulted with Captain Nias, and they were
agreed that it would be advisable to at once proclaim the Queen's
authority over the Island as the most effectual means of preventing
further dissensions amongst the natives and Europeans.
This resolution was not hurriedly arrived at, for although many
important signatures had now been obtained the whole position was so
hedged about with intricately interwoven interests that Major Bunbury
felt it was something akin to cutting the Gordian knot to take the
contemplated step without further consulting the Lieutenant-Governor.
Yet view the matter as he would, there appeared no simpler way, for
there was every reason to believe that delay would only breed new
difficulties, by suspending the establishment of political authority,
and by affording other powers time to develop their embryonic claims.
The presence, too, of so many vessels at anchor in the harbour seemed
to lend opportunity to the occasion, for with their co-operation it
was possible to render the declaration of Her Majesty's sovereignty
more solemn and imposing, and where it was desired to impress the
native mind Major Bunbury realised the advantage of pressing to his
service the assistance of this additional theatrical touch.
The decision come to by the Major and Captain Nias was conveyed to the
natives while they were still on board, and whether or not they were
seized of all that the ceremony involved, they entered with
considerable enthusiasm into the spirit of the occasion.
In order to invest the intended declaration with becoming dignity the
marines were landed on the little island on which was situated the
Horahora-Kakahu _pa_. There a temporary flagstaff was erected and
standing at the foot of it at 2 P.M. Major Bunbury read to
the assembled people the following Declaration of Sovereignty.
DECLARATION OF SOVEREIGNTY OVER TAVAI POENAMMOO (TE WAI-POUNAMU)
This Island called Tavai Poenammoo (Te Wai-Pounamu), or Middle Island
of New Zealand, situate between the meridian 166° and 174° 30' east
of Greenwich, and 40° 30' and 46° 30' south parallel, with all the
Bays, Rivers, Harbours, Creeks, etc., in and on the Islands lying
off, having been ceded in Sovereignty by the several independent
native chiefs to Her Most Gracious Majesty Victoria, Queen of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the said Island was
accordingly taken possession of and formally proclaimed, and Her
Majesty's colours hoisted at the _pa_ of Hoikaka
(Horahora-Kakahu), Cloudy Bay, under a salute of 21 guns on the 17th
day of June 1840, by Captain Joseph Nias, commanding Her Majesty's
ship _Herald_, and by Major Thomas Bunbury, K.T.S., 80th
Regiment, who were commissioned for that purpose.
Done in the presence of us:--
Peter Fisher, Lieutenant, H.M.S. _Herald_; P. L. D. Bean,
Master, H.M.S. _Herald_; C. J. Parker, Acting Master, H.M.S.
_Beagle_; J. H. Shairp, Mate, H.M.S. _Herald_; Thomas
Frazer, Surgeon, H.M.S. _Herald_; James Giles, Purser, H.M.S.
_Herald_; C. Hewitt, 1st Lieutenant Marines, H.M.S.
_Herald_; F. H. Niblett, 2nd Master, H.M.S. _Herald_; G. F.
Munro, Assistant Surgeon, H.M.S. _Herald_; Edmund Webber,
Midshipman, H.M.S. _Herald_; John B. Catoo, Midshipman, H.M.S.
_Herald_; H. R. Crofton, Midshipman, H.M.S. _Herald_; H. W.
Comber, Midshipman, H.M.S. _Herald_; Frederick S. Grey,
Volunteer, H.M.S. _Herald_; William Kelly, Gunner, H.M.S.
_Herald_; John Caseley, Boatswain, H.M.S. _Herald_; J.
Chappels, Carpenter, H.M.S. _Herald_.
_Witnesses to Signatures._--Joseph Nias, Captain, H.M.S.
_Herald_, Thomas Bunbury, Major, 80th Regiment, charged with
diplomatic Mission; Edward Marsh Williams, Interpreter.
The reading of the Proclamation done, the Union Jack was run up by
Captain Nias, and the guns of the _Herald_ began to boom forth
the Royal Salute. The yards of the frigate were manned, and the cheers
of those grouped round the flagstaff were answered by those on board
the man-of-war, the echoes from the surrounding hills being reinforced
by the approving shouts of the natives.
The all-important step having now been taken and received with local
approbation, the _Herald_ weighed anchor and sailed for
Kapiti[144]. Two days later (June 19), she arrived under the shadow of
Te Rauparaha's home. By a fortunate circumstance the great chief, whom
Major Bunbury had special instructions to see, was at that moment
entering his canoe, preparatory to making an excursion to the Island
of Mana. As the _Herald's_ boat was proceeding to the shore the
Queen's Commissioner and the chief met mid way, the meeting being of
the most cordial nature. Te Rauparaha left his own canoe "in lordly
decoration the lordliest far," and returned on board with Major
Bunbury in the ship's boat. Here the proceedings of the Rev. Henry
Williams were related by the chiefs--how he had explained the treaty,
obtained Te Rauparaha's signature, and presented him with the
much-prized blanket.
On enquiry being made by Major Bunbury for Te Rangihaeata and Te Hiko,
he was informed that both these warriors were at Mana. As this Island
lay directly in the route to Port Nicholson, the _Herald_ was put
about and her course shaped towards the south. Under a fresh wind the
vessel was soon abreast of Mana. The chief and Mr. Williams
accompanied Major Bunbury on shore, where they found Te Rangihaeata
but Te Hiko was absent on an expedition to the mainland.
No record appears to have been preserved of the negotiations which
followed between the representative of the Crown and the two leaders
of the Ngati-Toa tribe. Major Bunbury contents himself with informing
us that "the chief Rangihaeata, after some time, returned with us on
board, accompanied by Rauparaha, when both signed the treaty."
The importance of their discussion is, however, somewhat diminished by
the fact that the elder chief had already signed the treaty under the
persuasions of the Rev. Henry Williams, but their questions, which
were certain to have been shrewd and searching, would have been
interesting as revealing their mental attitude towards the proposed
innovation. There is a widespread impression, founded upon equally
widespread prejudice, that both men were thoroughly insincere[145]
when they subscribed to the terms of the treaty, and this view is
encouraged by the fact that at this time they stood less in need of
British protection than any other chiefs of the native race. They were
indeed masters of all the territory they claimed. Their immediate
enemies had been defeated and crushed, their powerful foes were far
distant. There was a gun in the hand of their every warrior, and
solidarity in the ranks of their every _hapu_. So situated they
had less to gain by ceding their sovereign rights than others had.
Neither is it to be supposed that the advantages of their position
were not apparent to themselves, for with their gifts of military
command, they combined a state-craft that was of quite an exceptional
order. If political considerations entered into the transaction at
all, it is more than likely that a presentiment of impending trouble
with the New Zealand Company was the governing influence in securing
their adherence to the policy of the Crown, and in the light of
subsequent events their fears were not unfounded--their foresight was
almost prophetic.
While on shore at Mana, the protection of Major Bunbury was solicited
by a section of the whaling population against the alleged
encroachments of the Maori chiefs in general and Te Rangihaeata in
particular. Though clamorous for justice, they were unable to
formulate any specific charges against the chief; and after such
investigation as was possible under the circumstances, the Major came
to the conclusion that the accusers were a set of "drunken, lawless
vagabonds," and that so far from their having any just grounds of
complaint against Te Rangihaeata, the chief in all probability would
have more reason to feel aggrieved towards them.
The _Herald's_ course was now directed to Port Nicholson, and
arriving there next day (20th) she anchored inside the Heads, the wind
and tide having failed her at a critical moment. Major Bunbury at once
left the ship and pulled towards the Thorndon beach, where much to his
surprise on landing, he met Mr. Shortland. The presence of Lieutenant
Shortland at Port Nicholson at this juncture requires some explanation.
Shortly after the departure of Major Bunbury from the Bay of Islands,
copies of the _New Zealand Gazette_, a paper published by the
colonists at Port Nicholson, reached the Lieutenant-Governor, and from
the columns of this journal, as well as from other well-authenticated
sources, he learned that the settlers had set up a system of Local
Government consisting of a Council, over which Colonel Wakefield
presided, and a bench of Magistrates, who were attempting to levy
taxes, and to enforce punishments for breaches of laws enacted by
their self-constituted authority.[146]
To this latter tribunal on April 14 came a Mr. Wade, pleading for
protection against the violence of Captain Pearson of the brig
_Integrity_, his allegation being that this rude seaman had not
only assaulted him, but threatened to throw him overboard. The law,
such as it was, was immediately set in motion, the Captain was
arrested and haled before Major Baker, who held the post of District
Magistrate. To his other supposed offences, Pearson now added the more
heinous one of refusing to recognise the jurisdiction of the Court. He
defied the complainant to proceed with his charge, and dared the
Magistrate to convict him. For this exhibition of independence he was
immediately committed by the irate Magistrate, who could brook no such
contempt for his brief authority.
On hearing of the fate of their Captain, the crew of the
_Integrity_ flew to arms and pulled to the rescue, but the
settlers were loyal to the law and repulsed them. In view of this
belligerent attitude on the part of his shipmates, it was deemed safer
to incarcerate the recalcitrant Captain on board one of the other
ships lying in the harbour, whither he was conveyed, but it is said,
"owing to the culpable negligence of the constable in charge," he was
permitted to escape.
While the authorities were foolishly dreaming that their victim was
safely under lock and key, the _Integrity_ sailed for the Bay of
Islands, where Captain Pearson reported, no doubt with advantages, to
the Lieutenant-Governor that the settlers at Port Nicholson were "a
turbulent set of rebels who were seeking to establish a republic."
The story of the indignant Captain took Governor Hobson completely by
storm, and after satisfying himself by reading the latest copies of
the _New Zealand Gazette_[147] that it had some foundation in
fact he developed a state of anxiety not far removed from panic. It
did not take him long, however, to determine how he should act in the
emergency.
In the absence of any legal authority to advise him he rather absurdly
interpreted the proceedings of the New Zealand Company as acts of high
treason, and within an hour had ordered the officer commanding the
troops to detach thirty men of the 80th Regiment for duty at Port
Nicholson. He also, two days later, dictated a Proclamation in which
he denounced the attempt to supersede the authority of the Queen, and
called upon all loyal subjects to resume their allegiance to their
lawful sovereign.
PROCLAMATION
WHEREAS certain persons residing at Port Nicholson, New
Zealand, part of the Dominions of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, have
formed themselves into an illegal Association, under the title of a
Council, and in contempt of Her Majesty's authority, have assumed and
attempted to usurp the powers vested in me by Her Majesty's Letters
Patent, for the Government of the said Colony, to the manifest injury
and detriment of all Her Majesty's liege subjects in New Zealand.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, WILLIAM HOBSON, Lieutenant-Governor of
New Zealand, command all persons connected with such illegal
Association immediately to withdraw therefrom, and I call upon all
persons resident at Port Nicholson, or elsewhere, within the limits
of this Government, upon the allegiance they owe to Her Majesty,
Queen Victoria, to submit to the proper authorities in New Zealand,
legally appointed, and to aid and assist them in the discharge of
their respective duties.
GIVEN under my hand at Government House, Russell, Bay of Islands,
this 23rd day of May in the year of our Lord 1840.
WILLIAM HOBSON,
Lieutenant-Governor.
By command of His Excellency the Lieutenant-Governor,
WILLOUGHBY SHORTLAND,
Colonial Secretary.
The exigencies of the circumstances were such as seemed to warrant the
taking of even a more decisive step than the despatching of troops to
Wellington, and without waiting for a report from Major Bunbury as to
the success or failure of his mission, two other proclamations were
hastily formulated and published, the one taking possession of the
North Island by virtue of its cession by the native chiefs; the other
declaring the South Island to be part of the Queen's Dominions by
right of discovery.[148]
In order to give effect to the views which he had formed Captain
Hobson commissioned Lieutenant Shortland, in whose discretion he
placed implicit confidence, to proceed to Port Nicholson, there to
personally read the proclamations, and to take such steps as he might
deem necessary to secure the due recognition of the Crown at the
Southern settlement. Accompanied by the small detachment of troops,
and a still smaller force of mounted police, under the command of
Lieutenants Smart and Best, the Colonial Secretary reached Port
Nicholson in the barque _Integrity_ on the evening of Tuesday,
June 2. A Mr. Cole[149] one of the civil staff, was immediately sent
on shore with copies of the proclamations, and a letter to Colonel
Wakefield, telling him it was Mr. Shortland's intention to land next
day and read the proclamations, requesting at the same time that he
would make all the necessary arrangements.
These dispositions were interfered with by a heavy gale which sprang
up during the night, making it impossible to carry out the intended
ceremony. In the meantime the Colonial Secretary was waited upon on
board the _Integrity_ by Dr. Evans, and Messrs. Chaffers and Tod,
who came for the purpose of expressing the gratification it gave the
settlers to learn of his arrival. They then proceeded to assure Mr.
Shortland that their actions and intentions had been greatly
misrepresented. Dr. Evans volunteering the information that their
Council had been formed for no other purpose than to preserve the
peace, and for mutual protection until either the Lieutenant-Governor
or some duly accredited representative of the Crown should arrive in
their midst.
These assurances Mr. Shortland indicated he was prepared to accept,
conditionally upon their being followed by some practical evidence of
their sincerity. He told them plainly that the Council must disappear,
that the flags flown as the insignia of its authority must come down,
and that any proposal from any body of persons assuming any power or
rights would be regarded by him as an act of hostility. To these
conditions the deputation agreed and withdrew, after again protesting
the loyalty of the colonists.
The storm having abated, Lieutenant Shortland landed on the beach at
Thorndon at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of Thursday June 4, accompanied
by Lieutenants Smart and Best and the four members of the police
force. They were received on the beach by Colonel Wakefield, Dr.
Evans, Captain Smith, R.A., and all the principal settlers, who
conducted them to the appointed place of ceremony. Here the Colonial
Secretary read the proclamations, which he assures us "were responded
to by three hearty cheers; a royal salute from the Europeans, and with
a war dance and general discharge of musketry by the natives who had
assembled in great numbers."
PROCLAMATION
In the name of Her Majesty, Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland. By William Hobson, Esq., a Captain in the
Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Governor of New Zealand.
WHEREAS by a treaty bearing date the 5th day of February in
the year of our Lord 1840, made and executed by me William Hobson, a
Captain in the Royal Navy, Consul and Lieutenant-Governor in New
Zealand, vested for this purpose with full powers by Her Britannic
Majesty, of the one part, and the chiefs of the confederation of the
United tribes of New Zealand, and the separate and independent chiefs
of New Zealand, not members of the confederation, of the other, and
further ratified and confirmed by the adherence of the principal
chiefs of this Island of New Zealand, commonly called "The Northern
Island," all rights and powers of Sovereignty over the said Northern
Island were ceded to Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and
Ireland, absolutely and without reservation.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, William Hobson, Lieutenant-Governor of
New Zealand, in the name and on behalf of Her Majesty, do hereby
proclaim and declare to all men, that from and after the date of the
above-mentioned treaty, the full sovereignty of the Northern Island
of New Zealand vests in Her Majesty Queen Victoria, her heirs and
successors for ever.
GIVEN under my hand at Government House, Russell, Bay of
Islands, this 21st day of May in the year of our Lord 1840.
WILLIAM HOBSON,
Lieutenant-Governor.
By His Excellency's command,
WILLOUGHBY SHORTLAND,
Colonial Secretary.
PROCLAMATION
In the name of Her Majesty, Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland. By William Hobson, Esq., a Captain in the
Royal Navy, Lieutenant-Governor of[150] New Zealand.
WHEREAS I have it in command from Her Majesty Queen
Victoria, through her principal Secretary of State for the Colonies,
to assert the Sovereign rights of Her Majesty over the Southern
Islands of New Zealand, commonly called "The Middle Island" and
"Stewart's Island," and also the Island commonly called "The Northern
Island," the same having been ceded in Sovereignty to Her Majesty.
NOW, THEREFORE, I, WILLIAM HOBSON, Lieutenant-Governor of
New Zealand, do hereby proclaim and declare to all men, that from and
after the date of these presents the full sovereignty of the Islands
of New Zealand extending from 34° 30' north[151] to 47° 10' south
latitude, and between 166° 5' to 179° of east longitude, vests in Her
Majesty Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors for ever.
GIVEN under my hand at Government House, Russell, Bay of
Islands, this 21st day of May in the year of our Lord 1840.
WILLIAM HOBSON,
Lieutenant-Governor.
By His Excellency's command,
WILLOUGHBY SHORTLAND,
Colonial Secretary.
As the last sounds of the rejoicing died away the leaders of the
Settlement again pressed upon the Colonial Secretary their
protestations of loyalty, and reiterated their assurances that in
appearing to assume authority over the community they had been
actuated by no other motive than a desire to preserve the peace and to
protect their property. Under these circumstances the Colonial
Secretary was able to write to Captain Hobson on June 20, "I have
great pleasure in informing your Excellency that Her Majesty's
Government is now fully established, and that both European and native
populations are in a very satisfactory state."
[Illustration: HORAHORA-KAKAHU ISLAND.
Where sovereignty was declared over the South Island.]
Matters were in this position when Major Bunbury landed at Port
Nicholson. He confirmed the harmonious nature of the relations between
_Pakeha_ and Maori in an interview he held with some native
chiefs, and subsequently with Captain Smith, R.A., Surveyor-General to
the Company. This gentleman expressed himself as being much annoyed at
the exaggerated accounts which had been spread regarding the condition
of the settlement,[152] and the disloyalty of the settlers, whom he
averred had received the Colonial Secretary[153] with the most
spontaneous cordiality, the feminine section of the community being
equally enthusiastic in acclaiming the substitution of the British
flag for that of the Company. These protestations must be received and
accepted for whatever weight they may bear. It is a fact too well
known to again require substantiation, that the intervention of the
British Government at this juncture was a grievous blow to the
promoters of the New Zealand Company, and that whatever the feelings
of the populace may have been, the leaders were never in a mood to
express jubilation at the authority of the Crown thus unceremoniously
overriding their own.
It is at least significant that the _New Zealand Gazette_, the
organ of the Company, in its issue of June 6, is content with making
the most meagre mention of the fact that Lieutenant Shortland had
landed at Thorndon and read the Governor's proclamations. There is no
enthusiasm, no shouts of acclamation described there, while the
editorial is sullen in temper, and ill conceals the barb of
disappointment, or the touch of sarcasm in its congratulations:
We congratulate our fellow-colonists upon being secured in this part
of the world in all the rights of British subjects. All know, of
course, that His Excellency has it not in his power either to extend
or limit our rights, consequently if we were, so are we now entitled
to the representative Government we have sometime enjoyed, though it
may be for the present placed in abeyance. Under the British flag and
having our representative Government in respect of administration of
affairs, we shall be the most favoured Colony in this part of the
world. We shall be in a better position even than South Australia,
whose constitution is conditional upon having a given amount of
population at a particular moment, and the which may be when obtained
of a very questionable kind. If deprived of our representative
Government, the main good of the proclamations will have been placing
us, so far as the benefits of trade are concerned, on a footing with
all other British colonies. But with this good we have a large
quantity of bitter thrown into the cup. The highest in the scale of
rank is a non-subcolony with a representative Government, and free of
convicts; the lowest a subcolony to a Crown penal colony; and this is
the position in which the free men of New Zealand find themselves
placed by a British proclamation. We are dependent on New South
Wales, and are therefore lowest in the scale of British
colonies--indeed it would be difficult to conceive a lower condition.
We are to be legislated for by a convict colony, we are therefore its
inferior. New South Wales has Norfolk Island--the accursed of
jails--and New Zealand as its dependencies. We place Norfolk Island
first, because first subjected to New South Wales. The difference
between these dependencies is that the one is now devoted to the
convict system and the other is not, but as yet we have no guarantee
that this shall not be the cherished abode of vice and crime. We have
congratulated the colonists upon being placed under the British flag,
but of course we firmly believe that Lord John Russell will
immediately render these Islands independent of New South Wales, and
that if we lose our Representative Government for the present, we
shall not find ourselves placed upon a less favourable footing than
the colonists of South Australia. It must never be forgotten that we
have shewn we can govern ourselves, and were proceeding in a quiet,
orderly, and successful career when the assertion of British authority
took place.
That these sentiments faithfully reflected the views of the leaders at
Port Nicholson is scarcely open to question, for the writer was in
daily communication with them, and the most cursory perusal of them is
all that is needed to establish how much of elation there is in their
tone. The fact is the despatch of Captain Hobson to New Zealand, and
his subsequent success, brought the keenest mortification to Colonel
Wakefield and his colleagues, and after resistance and ridicule had
failed to prevent the consummation of the treaty, they adopted an
attitude of silent but angry acquiescence in a line of policy which in
their hearts they regarded with the utmost malignity.
One thing, and one thing only, made the new position tolerable to
them, and that was the prospect of securing to their own settlement
the seat of Government. To this end they adopted an address of welcome
to Captain Hobson, and despatched Colonel Wakefield to the Bay of
Islands to present it. The bait was offered of a hearty welcome and
the most valuable sites in the town for the convenience of the public
offices. Captain Hobson's failure to accept the bribe only added fuel
to the smouldering fires of discontent and served to enhance the
difficulties of his already intricate administration--perhaps to
shorten his life.
The _Herald_ left Port Nicholson just before dusk on Sunday the
21st, beating out of the Heads in the dark against a fresh south-east
breeze, with her boats holding lights on the extremities of the
outlying reefs for the guidance of the helmsman. Her journey along the
coast was uneventful, and on the night of the 23rd she anchored in
Hawke's Bay.
On the following morning Major Bunbury landed in search of the chief
Te Hapuku, the most influential representative of the Ngati-Kahungunu
tribe living on this stretch of coast. By common report this chief had
acquired an unenviable reputation for rapacity and extortion towards
the Europeans settled at Ahuriri (Napier). For this reason Major
Bunbury anticipated some little difficulty in finding him "at home":
"Nor," says he, "did the tears of some of the women who followed us
from one of his residences we found at the bottom of the Bay, make me
think more favourably of him. After walking about a mile along the
beach, and crossing the sandy isthmus we arrived at an estuary, the
road leading round it being only passable at low water. After walking
and wading another half hour we arrived at the _pa_, but the
chief had gone into the country. A native was, however, sent after
him. Here we remained some time, but no chief appearing, we prepared
to return, and left a note for him explaining the nature of our
mission, with a native who was able to read. Before reaching our boat
Te Hapuku overtook us, accompanied by a chief from the Bay of Islands
district, named Hara. The chief, Te Hapuku, at first refused to sign
the treaty, saying that he was nobody, and that he had heard that
those who signed it at the Bay of Islands had been made slaves. I
therefore requested Mr. Williams to ask the chief Hara, who was one
of those who had signed, how he came not to be made a slave and how
many slaves he had seen at that place when he left the Bay of Islands
with Mr. Williams' father. He endeavoured then to explain his meaning
by a sort of diagram on a piece of board, placing the Queen by
herself over the chiefs as these were over the tribes. I told him it
was literally as he described it, but not for an evil purpose as they
supposed, but to enable her to enforce the execution of justice and
good government equally amongst her subjects. Her authority having
been already proclaimed over New Zealand with the consent of the
greatest number of influential chiefs, he would find that the tribes
must no longer go to war with each other, but must subject their
differences to her arbitration; strangers and foreigners must no
longer be plundered and oppressed by natives or chiefs; nor must the
natives be injured or insulted by white men. It was not the object of
Her Majesty's Government to lower the chiefs in the estimation of the
tribes, and that his signature being now attached to the treaty could
only tend to increase his consequence by acknowledging his title. He
might, therefore, sign or otherwise as he thought best for his own
interests and those of his tribe. To give him greater confidence I
told him I regretted it was not in my power to show him the ship, as
we had not the means of relanding his party. I could give him and
his party a seat in our gig, but as they did not appear to have any
canoes in this part of the Bay I did not know how they were to get
back. He then immediately volunteered to go and take his chance of
meeting with some canoes alongside the ship, in which he might
return.
"A complaint having been made to me by Mr. Ellis, against a native
who had taken from him a whaling boat with its oars and sails, on
pretence that Ellis had cursed him, and who acknowledged he had been
induced so to act from having been prevented from removing some
sawyers he had employed, and for an attempt made to make him pay over
again five sovereigns and 40 lbs. of tobacco he had paid for the
timber. I referred the matter on the spot to Te Hapuku, who
acknowledged that the Englishman's statement was correct. He said,
however, that the native did not belong to his tribe, but as he had
been cursed he wished to know how the native was to be compensated. I
told him Ellis had done wrong, but according to our notions, under
all the circumstances, the punishment had far exceeded the offence. I
should therefore insist upon the boat being returned to him, but as
mild measures were always preferable, I begged he would send a native
to advise the boat being immediately given up, to prevent the
necessity for my employing the ship-of-war, which I otherwise should
do. Mr. Parker of the _Herald_ and Mr. Williams having
volunteered to accompany Mr. Ellis in his boat, I desired the latter,
who understood and spoke the native language, to be told by Mr.
Williams in their language, that I was determined that justice should
be done, not alone to the natives, but to strangers also, and if
necessary the _Herald_ would interfere. When Mr. Ellis was about
to shove off in his boat he returned and told me the observations
that had been made had caused such a sensation amongst the natives
present that he was confident his boat would be, immediately on his
arrival, returned to him, and that he did not consider it would now
be necessary to trouble either Mr. Parker or Mr. Williams to
accompany him. These gentlemen were accordingly passed into the
_Herald's_ gig, and accompanied by Te Hapuku, Hara, and some
other natives we returned on board. Captain Nias ordered a gun to be
fired, at their request, and having signed the treaty and received
some blankets and tobacco as a present, they were put on shore at a
native village in the Bay, where they would get canoes to convey them
to their residence. Mr. Ellis not having returned on board the
_Herald_ according to an agreement I had made with him on shore,
we concluded his boat had been restored to him."
Major Bunbury having now visited all the places of importance from the
point of view of native population on the East Coast, the
_Herald_ once more set her course for the Bay of Islands,
reaching port on July 4. Captain Hobson had so far recovered in
health, as to resume the active administration of affairs, and was at
the moment of the Major's arrival "absent on a tour of duty." The
propaganda of the treaty had prospered to the fullest expectation.
Five hundred and twelve[154] signatures had been obtained, embracing
almost every man of influence throughout the Islands with the
exception of Te Wherowhero of Waikato, Te Heuheu, of Taupo, Te
Waharoa, chief of Ngatihaua and Taiaroa, of Otago.
In recognition of this achievement Lord John Russell wrote to Captain
Hobson then rapidly approaching his end: "As far as it has been
possible to form a judgment, your proceedings appear to have entitled
you to the entire approbation of Her Majesty's Government."
In these circumstances we have now reached that stage in our history
where we may in words of the chiefs themselves, write: "Now, we, the
chiefs of the Assembly of the _hapus_ of New Zealand, assembled
at Waitangi. We, also, the chiefs of New Zealand, see the meaning of
these words. They are taken and consented to altogether by us.
Therefore are affixed our names and our marks."
SIGNATURES TO THE TREATY OF WAITANGI
=Waitangi, February 6, 1840=
KAWITI. The leader with Heke of the rebellion in the North
in 1845.
TIRARAU. The principal chief of Northern Wairoa.
POMARE. Was detained on board H.M.S. _North Star_
during the Northern war.
KIORE HEKE, of the Matarahurahu tribe.
HORI KINGI, WHARERAHI. This chief accompanied Hongi to
England.
TAMATI PUKUTUTU. Fought with our troops against Kawiti, at
Ruapekapeka.
HAKIRO. Son of Tareha.
WIKITENE (HIKITENE). Chief of Kapotai of Waikare.
PUMUKA. Was killed by Captain Robertson of H.M.S. _Hazzard_
at the sack of Kororareka.
MARUPO. A noted warrior. Conquered Ngatimaru and Ngatipaoa.
TE TAO.
REWITI ATUAHAERE. An uncle of Hone Heke.
WIREMU HAU. Afterwards a native assessor. Fought for the
British at Ohaeawai.
KAUA.
TONA.
MENE.
TAMATI WAAKA NĒNE. The celebrated loyal chief of Nga-Puhi.
MATU HUKA.
KAMERA (KAITEKE).
WARAU.
NGERE.
PATUONE ERUERA MAIHI. Brother of Tamati Waaka Nēne.
PAORA NOHOMATANGI.
RUHE. Father of Maketu, who was the first Maori hung for
murder in New Zealand. Ruhe shot himself in 1865.
KAITARA WIREMU KINGI.
TAURA. Killed at Mawhekairangi.
TAURAU. The younger brother of Te Tirarau.
TE ROHA. The younger brother of Te Tirarau.
REWA. Father of Huirau.
MOKA. A celebrated chief in the early days of the colony.
PAPAHIA. Chief of the Hokianga tribes. Father of Wi Tana.
TAKIRI (TITORE NUI, the Great). First commenced
the felling of Kauri spars for the navy.
TAKO.
WIREMU TANA. Son of Papahia.
TANGATA KOTAHI. Son of Papahia.
TE TAI. Son of Papahia.
TOROIHUA.
TE KEHA.
KOWAO.
TAKURUA.
HINAKI.
MANUTA WUNU.
NGA MANU (HAUTOKIA).
HIRO.
MARAMA.
MOE NGAHEREHERE.
MAHU.
WIREMU WUNA.
TAWAEWAE.
WHAREUMU. Killed at Waima.
MAKOWARE.
TE AHU. Son of Parore of Nga-Puhi.
TUKUPUNGA.
HARA.
HAKITARA. Went to England to see King William IV.
HAWAITU (TAMATI).
MATATAHI.
RAWIRI TAIWHANGA. Father of Hirini (Sydney) and Hemi. A
very intelligent man.
PARAARA.
ANA HAMU.
HIRA PURE.
IWI. Ngatirangi tribe, Te Waka.
WHIORAU.
WIREMU WAHTIPU.
PIRIPI HAURANGI.
POKAI. Ngatirangi tribe. The celebrated Hone Heke. Leader
of the rebellion of 1845.
KAUWHATA. Ngatiwai tribe.
TUIRANGI. Matarahurahu tribe.
HOHEPA KINGI RAUMATI.
TAWAKAWAHA. Ngaitawake tribe.
TAWATANUI.
RAWHITI.
KUIHANGA (MAIHI PARAONE KAWITI).
PARAKA.
TAHUA HORI KINGI.
PUKA.
KOROIKO (TE KOROHIKO). A chief from Taupu.
IWIKAU HEUHEU. Younger brother of the great Te Heuheu, of
Taupo. He afterwards became an ardent Kingite.
_Witnesses._--James Busby; Henry Williams; Richard Taylor,
M.A.; John Mason, of the Church Missionary Society; Samuel Ironside,
Wesleyan Missionary Society; James Stuart Freeman, gentleman.
Witness to the signature of Pomare--James R. Clendon.
=February 9, 1840=
REWITI IRIKOE.
TE KUTA.
PAORA KINGI (?). Patu Matekoraha.
HAUPOKIA AHUAHU. A celebrated chief and priest. He was
wounded in three places during the Northern war: twice through the
chest.
MOHI TAHUA.
KAME KUTU.
RANGI TUTURAU.
_Witnesses._--Joseph Nias, Captain H.M.S. _Herald_; Henry
Williams, clerk.
=Hokianga, February 13, 1840=
HAKE.
REWIRI.
TE PANA.
HONE MAKINAIHUNGA.
PANGARI.
RANGATIRA PAKANAE (RANGATIRA MOETARA).
TIO.
TE KAREKARE.
TUKARAWA.
PAKA.
WHAREKORERO.
MARUPO. Ngatikorokoro tribe.
TOTO.
TOKO.
PO.
PIRIPI NGAROMUTU.
WIREMU RAURAKA.
WIREMU PATENE. Son of Otene Pura.
MANAIHI.
PARATENE (TE RIPI).
TE HIRA.
TURAU.
TE KETI.
KENANA.
PERO.
TE URUTI.
WITIKAMA.
TIRA.
TIPANE.
MATIU.
KAIHU.
KAITOKE (TE WHAKAWAI).
HIRA.
KIRI KOTIRIA.
_Witnesses._--Joseph Nias, Captain H.M.S. _Herald_;
Willoughby Shortland; George Clarke, Church Missionary Society;
William Woon, Wesleyan Mission Society; G. P. Russell, Kohukohu.
=Waimate, February 15, 1840=
TAMATI HAPIMANA.
TE KEKEAO PARATENE.
TAONUI MAKOARE.
DANIEL KAHIKA.
ABRAHAM TAUTORU (APERAHAMA TAONUI).
KAITOKE MURIWAI.
TE NAIHI.
TAHUA.
TUKU.
NGARO.
RAWIRI MUTU.
WIREMU WAHNGAROA.
TIMOTI TAKARE.
HAMIORA MATANGI.
ARAMA HONGI.
HAIMONA TAURANGA.
TE KURA.
HEREMAIA.
PI, TE MAHUREHURE. Of the Waima tribe. Killed at Otuihu. Father of
Arama Karaka.
REPA MANGO.
MAUNGA RONGO.
WIRE MANU.
TAKAHOREA.
WAKANAU.
MOHI TAWHAI. A loyal chief who fought for us at Ohaewai.
TIMOTI MITO.
HAIMONA PAIKORAHA.
HUNA TUHEKA. Ngatipakau.
PERO.
WIREMU KINGI.
_Witness._--Richard Taylor, Church Missionary Society.
=Waitemata, March 4, 1840=
WIREMU HOETE. Chief of Ngatimaru.
HAKOPA.
TE AWA. Father of Te Hira.
TAPURU.
TITAHA. Killed by Heke at the battle of Ohaeawai.
KAHUKOTI.
RUINGA. Hori Pokai.
HOHEPA.
POUROTO.
ENOKA.
HINAKI.
KEPA.
PAORA (PUTU).
MOHI TE AHI-A-TE-NGU.
ANARU.
WAITANGI, of Paroa.
WILLIAM KOROKORO. Chief of Ngatiwai.
_Witnesses._--Joseph Nias, Captain H.M.S. _Herald_; Henry
Williams; William Thomas Fairburn.
=Kaitaia, April 29, 1840=
NOPERA PANAKAREAO. Died April 1856 of erysipelas.
PAORA NGARUE.
WIREMU WIRIHANA.
UMU.
HIMIONA TANGATA. Died in 1860.
MATENGA PAERATA. Died in 1862.
RAPATA WAKAHOTU.
HORI POPATA WAKA. Died in 1862.
TAUA.
TAITIMU.
MATIU HUHU.
TOKITAHI.
PARATENE WAIORA.
RAPITI REHUREHU.
KORONEHO PUPU.
PIRIPI RAORAO.
KOPA.
MEINATA HONGI.
OTOPI.
PAETAI.
MARAMA.
PARATENE KARUHURI.
TAMATI PAWAU.
REIHANA TEIRA MANGONUI.
WATENE PATONGA.
WIREMU NGARAE.
HOHEPA POUTAMA.
HARE MATENGA KAWA. Died in 1862.
KINGI KOHURU.
MATIU TAUHARA.
HAMIORA POTAKA.
HUYATAHI (HETARAKA).
MARAKAI MAWAI.
UTIKA HU.
HARE HURU.
TAMATI MUTAWA.
HAUORA.
TOMO.
PUHIPI TE RIPA. Afterwards a native assessor.
EREONORA. Wife of Nopera Panakareao. She died in 1847.
POARI TE MAHANGA.
RAWIRI.
KEPA WAHA.
KORONIRIA NUA.
NGARE (RIWAI HAKI NGARE).
HAMIORA TAWARI.
WHITI. Chief of Awanui.
RUANUI.
HAUNUI. Died in 1862.
KURI.
KAWARIKI.
RAWIRI AWARUA.
RU. Died in 1862 of typhoid fever.
PAPANUI.
HAKARAIA KOHANGA.
KAWAHEITIKI.
PERE KAMUKAMU.
KARAKA KAWAU. Afterwards a native assessor.
PAORA TE HOI. Died in 1862 of typhoid.
HIMIONA WHARAORA.
APERAHAMA OTIRU.
TARA.
PIHERE, from Kawakawa. Ngatimanu tribe.
_Witnesses._--William Gilbert Puckey, Church Missionary
Society; John Johnson, M.D.; H. D. Smart, 28th Regiment, New Zealand
Mounted Police; Richard Taylor, M.A., Church Missionary Society;
Willoughby Shortland, Colonial Secretary.
THAMES NATIVES FROM WHAREKAWA
=Tamaki, July 9, 1840=
TE ARA KARAMU.
KUPENGA.
NGAHUKA.
NGA MANU.
RARO MANU.
TE HANGI.
_Witnesses._--David Rough; George Clarke, P.G.A.; John Johnson,
M.D., Colonial Surgeon.
=Russell, August 5, 1840=
HAKE (URIKAPANA).
KANAWA.
HANIWA.
_Witnesses._--George Clarke, Protector of Aborigines; James
Coates, gentleman; James Stuart Freeman, gentleman.
=Coromandel Harbour, May 4, 1840=
HORETA TE TANIWHA. Father of Kitahi (Ngatiwhanaunga tribe).
KITAHI.
PUAKANGA.
HAUAURU.
_Witnesses._--Joseph Nias, Captain H.M.S. _Herald_; Thomas
Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment.
=Mercury Bay=
PUNAHI. Ngatimaru tribe.
NGATAIEPA, RAPUPO.
_Witness._--Joseph Nias, Captain H.M.S. _Herald_.
=Akaroa=
IWIKAU. Ngatirangiamoa tribe.
JOHN LOVE. Ngatikahukura tribe.
_Witnesses._--Thomas Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment; Edward Marsh
Williams.
=Ruapuke, Foveaux Straits=
JOHN TOUWAICK (TU HAWAIKI).
TAIAROA.
KAIKOURA.
_Witnesses._--Joseph Nias, Captain H.M.S. _Herald_; Thomas
Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment.
=Otago=
JOHN KARITAI.
KORAKO.
_Witnesses._--Thomas Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment; W. Stewart.
=Cloudy Bay, June 17, 1840=
MAUI PU.
EKA HARE.
PUKE.
KAIKOURA.
JOSEPH TOMS. Son-in-law of Nohorua.
NOHORUA. Elder brother of Te Rauparaha.
WAITI.
WI.
TE KANAE.
PUKEKO.
_Witnesses._--Thomas Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment; W. Stewart.
=Kapiti, June 19, 1840=
TE RAUPARAHA.
TE RANGIHAEATA.
_Witnesses._--Thomas Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment; W. Stewart.
=Hawkes Bay, June 23, 1840=
TE HAPUKU.
WAIKATO. Went to England with Hongi.
MAHIKAI.
_Witnesses._--Thomas Bunbury, Major 80th Regiment; Edward M.
Williams.
=Manukau, March 20, 1840=
KAWAU (APIHAI). Chief of Ngatiwhatua tribe.
TINANA.
TE REWETI (WIREMU REWETI).
_Witnesses._--W. C. Symonds; James Hamlin.
=Kawhia, April 28, May 25, June 15, August 27, September 3, 1840=
RAWIRI.
TE KAWANA.
TARIKI.
HAUPOKIA.
TE WARU (HORI).
TAONUI.
HONE WAITERE AOTUROA.
TE MATENA TE WHAPU.
NGAMOTU.
WHAREKAWA.
_Witnesses._--James Wallis; John Whiteley.
=Waikato Heads, April 11 and 26, 1840=
PAENGAHURU. Ngatitipa tribe.
KIWI NGARAE. Ngatitahinga tribe. Father of Apera Kiwi.
PAKI. Ngaungau tribe.
NGAPAKA. Ngatitipa tribe.
KUKUTAI. Ngatitipa. Father of Waata Kukutai.
TE NGOHI. Ngatimaniapoto from Kawhia.
MURIWHENUA. Ngatihaua from Aotea.
TE PAKARU. Ngatimaniapoto from Kawhia.
NUTONE. Afterwards a pensioner.
TE WARAKI. Ngatimaniapoto from Kawhia.
TE ROTO KIWI. Ngatimahuta from Kawhia.
PAERATA NGATIPOU.
KATIPA NGATIPOU. Father of Maihi, who was captured at
Rangiriri.
MAIKUKU. Ngatiteata tribe.
APERAHAMA NGAKAINGA. Ngatiteata tribe.
HOANA RIUTOTO. Ngatimahuta tribe.
WAIRAKAU. Ngatitetata tribe.
HAKI AOTEA. Ngatituwehi tribe.
WIREMU TE AWAITAIA (WIREMU NERO). The well-known loyal
chief of Whaingaroa.
TUNUI NGAWAKA. Ngatitahinga from Waikato.
KAMURA WAUROA.
POHEPOHE. Ngatihaua from Matamata.
POKAWA RAWHIRAWHI. Ngatihaua from Matamata.
PUATA. Ngatiruru from Otawhao.
MOKOROA. Ngatiruru from Otawhao.
PUNGAREHU. Ngatiapakura from Tarawera.
POHOTUKIA.
TE KEHA. Ngatinaho.
WHAREPU. Ngatiahine from Taupiri (Pene). Killed at
Rangiriri.
KANAWA. Ngatiahine from Taupiri (Kihiringi). Killed at
Rangiriri.
WHATA. Ngatitipa from Whangaroa.
NGAWAKA TE AO (TE AO-O-TE-RANGI). Ngatiwauroa from Putataka.
PEEHI. Ngatiruru from Otawhao.
WIREMU NGAWARO.
HONE KINGI.
TE TAWA.
TAMATI.
RAPATA WAITI.
TE AWARAHI.
REHUREHU.
_Witnesses._--R. Maunsell; B. Ashwell; W. C. Symonds.
=Opotiki, May 27 and 28, 1840=
†TAUTORU.
TAKAHI.
APOROTANGA. Killed by the wife of Tohi-Pekamu after the battle
of Te Awa-a-te-Atua.
ATUA.
WHAKIIA.
†RANGIMATANUKU.
†RANGIHAEREPO.
=Torere, June 11, 1840=
PUTIKI.
RANGIHUATAKI.
=Tekaha, June 14, 1840=
HAUPURURANGI (AOPURANGI).
HAHIWARU.
HAOMARAMA.
WHARAU.
=Torere, June 14, 1840=
TAKU.
TAUTARI.
_Witnesses._--James W. Fredarb;[155] Papahia; Wiremu Maihi.
=Whakatane, June 16, 1840=
MOKAI.
MATA.
TARAWATEWATE.
TUNUI.
TAUPIRI.
HAUKAKAWA.
PIARIARI.
MATATETOHIA.
REWA.
TUPARA.
MOKAI.
TE UIRA. Ngatipou tribe.
NGAHU.
RAHIRI. Ngatimaru tribe.
TE MOKE. Ngatitewehi tribe.
TE WERA. Ngatimaru tribe.
_Witnesses._--J. W. Fredarb; R. Maunsell.
=Wellington (Port Nicholson), April 29, 1840=
TUARAU.
HIKO-O-TE-RANGI. Chief of Mana Island.
TUNGIA.
RAKE.
WHAREPOURI.
MATANGI.
TARINGA KURI.
WHAKAKEHO.
PORUTU. Attended the Kohimarama Conference, 1860.
WHAKATAURANGA.
HORE.
PANI.
RAWI.
KOPIRI.
WHANGA.
NGAPAPA.
REIHANA REWETI.
NGATATA. Father of Wi Tako.
PUAKAWE.
NAPUNA.
MOHIROA.
TUTE.
INGO.
PAKAU.
PATUHIKI.
TE KAHE. Grandmother of the Hon. Dr. Pomare, M.P.; and with
Topeora, Rangihiata's sister, was the only woman permitted to sign
the treaty.
KOPEKA.
REREWA.
TE PUNI (TE HONIANA).
TUHOTO.
PAKEWA.
POPUKA.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; George Thomas Clayton,
Merchant.
=Queen Charlotte's Sound, May 4 and 5, 1840=
TOHEROA.
REWA.
WHATIMO.
TE TUPE.
TIAHO.
TIKAUKAU.
ORAKAKA.
TUTERAPOURI.
TIRARAU.
NGAORANGA.
HURIWENUA.
TAUKINA.
IWIKAU.
PUNGA.
RANGOWAKA.
KIRIKIRI.
POTIKI.
TARAHEKE.
ANARU.
PIKAU.
HONE. (?) ROPOAMA TE ONE
MANA.
KAPARANGI.
TAPOTUKU.
UAPIKI.
MARU.
KARAKA.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; George Thomas Clayton,
Merchant.
=Rangitoto, May 11, 1840=
TE WHETU (The Star).
PARI.
TAROPIKO.
PUTETE.
RANGIAHUA.
TAHANUI.
OROKAKA.
TOITOI.
TE MAKO.
IPUKOHU.
TE TIHI.
HUIA.
NUKUMAI.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; George Thomas Clayton,
Merchant.
=Kapiti, Otaki, Manawatu, May 14, 1840=
TE RAUPARAHA. Principal Chief of Cook's Strait.
KATU.
TE WHIWHI (MATENE).
TOPEORA. Mother of Matene Te Whiwhi.
TE RURU (APERAHAMA).
MATIA.
KEHU.
HAKEKE. Father of Kawana Hunia.
TAUMARU.
MAHI.
TE OTA.
KIHAROA.
TE PUKE.
TOREMI (HOROMONA).
TE AHOAHO (TE KINGI).
TAHURANGI.
PATUROA.
TE TOHE.
TE WHETU.
TAUHEKE.
PAKAU.
WHITIOPAI.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; Octavius Hadfield, Clerk.
=Waikanae, May 16, 1840=
RERETAWHANGAWHANGA. Father of Whiti.
WHITI. the Celebrated Wiremu Kingi.
PATUKEKENO.
NGARAUREKAU.
TE HEKE.
TUAMANE.
NGAPUKE.
PATUKA KARIKI. Died At Taranaki.
NGAKANAE.
PUKERANGIORA.
KUKUTAI. Killed at Te Poutoko.
KOMAKI.
RARANGA.
HOHEPA MATAHAU.
KIHA.
HIANGARERE.
URERUA. Killed at Waikanae.
TE WEHI.
PEHI.
KETETAKERE.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; Octavius Hadfield, Clerk.
=Motu Ngarara, June 4, 1840=
TE RANGIHIROA.
TE OHU.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; George Thomas Clayton,
Merchant.
=Wanganui, May 23 and 31, 1840=
ANAUA (HORI KINGI).
TAWITO (KAWANA PAIPAI).
MAWAE.
RERE.
TE TAURI (WIREMU ERUERA).
RORE.
TUROA.
TAKA.
KURAWHATUA.
RANGIWHAKARURUA.
URIPO.
HIKO.
TAKATERANGI.
PAKORO.
_Witnesses._--Henry Williams, Clerk; O. Hadfield, Clerk.
=Tauranga, Poverty Bay=
MANUTAHI.
TURUKI.
KAINGAKIORE.
ERUERA WINA.
TAKATUA, from Waiapu.
DAVID RANGIKATI, from Waiapu.
TAMAWA KAMEHUA, from Tokomaru.
TE PAKARA, from Turanga.
PAI-TE-RANGI.
TUTAPATURANGI TAETANGAWARE.
TITIRANGI.
TAWARAU.
RANGIUIA UAWA (NOPERA RANGIHUIA).
RANGIWAI, from Waiapu.
MIMIOPAWA, from Waiapu.
KAKATARAU, from Waiapu.
AWARAU, from Waiapu.
TAMITERE, from Tokomaru.
MANGARE, from Turanga.
MARONUI, from Turanga.
TONA (TANAMANAIA), from Turanga.
NGATIKAREAHO, from Wairoa.
TUHURA.
TE HORE, from Turanga.
WHAKAHINGATU, from Turanga.
PONEKAHIKA (HORI), from Uawa.
RANGIWHAKATATAE, from Waiapu.
MOKOPUORONGO (PARATENE). Leader of the Kingites at Tokomaru.
POTOTI, from Turanga.
UIRAMAITAI, from Turanga.
TAWARAKIHI, from Turanga.
TUROA, from Turanga.
MAHUIKA, from Turanga.
TE PANEPANE, from Turanga.
TE WHAREANA, from Turanga.
TE EKE (RAWIRI), from Turanga. Father of Hirini.
TE TORE, from Ahuriri.
TUTAEPA, from Waiapu.
KAURU-O-TE-RANGI (POPATA). Afterwards leader of the King
party at Korauruterangi, from Waiapu.
TE POTAE (ENOKA), from Tokomaru. Father of Henare Potae.
_Witnesses._--William Williams; Henry Williams, Junr.; G.
Clarke, Junr.
=Tauranga (now Gisborne)=
TE WHANAKE.
HIUTAO.
TAMAIWAHIA.
TE HUI.
PAETUI.
TE KOU.
REKO.
TARI.
MATATAHUNA.
TE KONIKONI.
TAUARUMIA.
NUKA.
TE TUTAHI.
TE POHOI.
PUTARAHI.
PIKITIA.
TE MAKO.
TE PEIKA.
KAPA.
TE HAEREROA.
HOANI ANETA.
_Witnesses._--Hoani Aneta; James Stack; Henry Taylor.
[94] Although the Hokianga chiefs as a body were the most determined
in their opposition to the treaty, it is worthy of note that they were
afterwards the most faithful in their adherence to the Government, and
fought gallantly under Waaka Nēne, Aperahama Taonui, and Mohi
Tawhai against Heke and Kawiti, during the Northern war of 1845.
[95] These speeches are reported from notes made at the time by
Lieutenant Shortland. In Captain Hobson's despatch he makes it appear
that it was Papa Haiga (Papahia) who made this statement, but from Mr.
Shortland's notes it would appear to have been Taonui.
[96] Afterwards Judge Manning of the Native Land Court, and author of
that classic _Old New Zealand_.
[97] Meaning one who has been favourable to the introduction of
Europeans.
[98] Altogether 120 signatures were obtained in the Hokianga
district.
[99] Captain Nias conducted the meeting at the Waitemata, and secured
eight or ten signatures.
[100] It is more than likely that at this date Captain Nias did not
know the real nature of Captain Hobson's illness. Some correspondence
which took place later in the month seems to suggest that there was a
little friction between Dr. Lane, the ship's surgeon, and himself on
the subject. On the arrival of the _Herald_ in Sydney, towards
the end of March, Dr. Lane was sent for by Sir George Gipps, who
requested that he be furnished with a written report on the state of
Captain Hobson's health. Dr. Lane replied, ascribing the illness to an
attack of paralysis hemiplegica. In forwarding this report to the
Governor, Captain Nias stated that "it is in total contradiction of
everything he has stated before to me on the subject."
[101] The attitude of the Missionaries toward the treaty was well
expressed by the Rev. Mr. Maunsell in a letter to the Colonial
Secretary, Mr. Shortland, dated April 14, 1840.
[102] These services were acknowledged in the most generous terms by
Captain Hobson.
[103] "The appointment of Police Magistrates was one of the first acts
under the new order of things. Mr. Robert (?) Shortland, the first
Police Magistrate, after the illness of Governor Hobson, styled
himself Acting-Governor, and a more ridiculously pompous functionary
could scarcely be imagined."--Commander Wilkes.
[104] "A report prevails and not without foundation that a conspiracy
against the Government and Military exists amongst many of the chiefs
of this neighbourhood. I know the persons implicated and I will have
them closely watched. If there really is any truth in the matter it
may be ascribed to the mischievous stories that have been circulated
by low, abandoned Europeans who try to persuade the natives that we
only wait until we are strong enough, to take possession of the land,
and sell it, irrespective of Native claims."--_Vide_ Captain
Hobson's Letter to Sir G. Gipps, May 5, 1840.
[105] In many cases Mr. Shortland has used the baptismal name of the
men who spoke, and in some instances, such as Forde and Marsden, it is
now impossible to identify the men from their signatures on the
treaty.
[106] A reference to the misrepresentations of the Europeans.
[107] "Our chief Noble has become quite a European in his habits. He
has a neat little weather-boarded cottage, which is furnished with
table and chairs like our own, and his food is much the same. He has
purchased tea, sugar, and rice from the European settlers, and is as
cleanly with his wife as any white person, and in all respects as
comfortable. He assembles his servants and people about him, morning
and evening for prayer, and all his concerns are conducted with the
utmost order. His Excellency Governor Hobson has just visited this
place. He, with his suite, supped at Noble's, and was vastly pleased
with him."--Report of Mr. Puckey in _Missionary Register_, 1841.
[108] The meeting concluded with a war dance, and general discharge of
musketry, and a feast provided entirely at Nopera's expense. Not only
did he refuse to accept any payment, but he added to his generosity by
sending to the Governor a present of pigs and potatoes.
[109] Captain William Cornwallis Symonds was the son of Sir William
Symonds, Surveyor of the Navy, and was Deputy Surveyor of New Zealand.
He accompanied Dr. Dieffenbach on some of his exploring expeditions,
and made maps of his observations. He was also an enthusiastic student
of the native language, and collected a vocabulary of 3000 Maori
words. He lost his life in 1841 through his canoe capsizing while
crossing the Manakau Harbour.
[110] Rewa had said at Waitangi that his opposition there had been
inspired by the Bishop.
[111] The Rev. Robert Maunsell (afterwards Archdeacon Maunsell)
arrived in New Zealand in 1835. He was a "ripe and trained scholar,"
and after he had mastered the native language became, next to Mr.
Henry Williams, the leader of the Missionary movement. He rendered an
invaluable service to the cause of Christianity by his translations of
the scriptures and prayer-book into the Maori tongue. In July 1843 his
house was destroyed by fire, and with it were lost the MSS. of his
dictionary, and his revisions of the translated Psalms and Old
Testament. He however courageously set to work again almost before the
burns upon his hands had healed. A fund of £200 subscribed in England
provided him again with a library.
[112] Afterwards massacred at the White Cliffs.
[113] Neither Te Wherowhero nor his brother, Kati, appear to have
signed the treaty.
In the appendix to Kerry Nicholls' _King Country_ appears the
following as a portion of the late King Tawhiao's autobiographical
narrative: "I remember a European coming to ask Te Wherowhero
(Tawhiao's father) to sign the treaty of Waitangi. That European was
Mr. Maunsell. The Maori he had with him was Tipene Tahatika. Te
Wherowhero said he would not sign. Mr. Maunsell remarked to Tipene,
'This ignorant old man, if he had signed, I would have given him a
blanket.' Te Wherowhero was then at Awhitu. Te Wherowhero's name was
afterwards put to the treaty, but it was written by Te Kahawai, and
not by himself."
[114] Mr. Hamlin, though laying no great pretensions to scholarship,
was considered by the Maoris to be the most perfect speaker of their
language in New Zealand.
[115] "Here I may remark that it is impossible to view with unconcern
the injurious tendency of religious dissensions among a people just
emerging from paganism. Between the disciples of the Bishop and those
who have embraced the doctrines of Protestantism there already exists
a feeling which borders on hostility, and it is not unusual to hear
the former taunted by their adversaries as worshippers of wood and
stone, misguided unbelievers, devils, etc. To express sentiments of
severe censure against the Roman Catholic Church and its followers is
not the most efficient means of advancing the interests of the
Protestant Church, and in reply to the illiberal language which is
dealt forth so unsparingly on this subject, we may cite among
innumerable other facts, the life and actions of Fénélon, the most
blameless and virtuous of men, in proof that a Roman Catholic
clergyman is not of necessity either a Jesuit or a hypocrite. But
holding in view the admitted tendency of religious dissensions to
unsettle and weaken the impression of Christianity in the minds of the
natives of New Zealand, and at the same time to foster dissension and
angry feeling it is certainly to be regretted that an attempt has been
made to introduce the doctrines of Rome into a field already
preoccupied by the active and zealous emissaries of the reformed
Church."--Jameson.
[116] "During my residence at the Bay of Islands, on this occasion, I
derived much pleasure from the acquaintance and conversation of M. de
Pompallier, the chief of the French Catholic Mission to the South
Seas, and Bishop of Oceania, who was held in high esteem by every
individual in the settlement, not only on account of his polished and
courteous demeanour, but from his more important merits of learning,
professional zeal, and practical benevolence. Whatever may be said of
his persuasion, it is at least evident that no motives of a worldly or
ambitious nature could have thus induced a man of rank and wealth to
devote himself to the arduous and hazardous duties of a missionary in
the Pacific."--Jameson.
[117] Captain Lavaud mentions that during this interview he had always
addressed the Lieutenant-Governor as "Captain," and not as His
"Excellency." He explains, however, that he did so "more by instinct
than with any intention of being discourteous."
[118] The treaty is here transcribed in the Captain's Despatch.
[119] The Rev. William Williams does not appear to have obtained the
signatures of Te Kani-a-Takirau or Houkamau amongst the chiefs of
Waiapu. It is unlikely that men of importance such as these were
overlooked, and we may therefore conclude that they objected to sign.
Mr. Williams reported that he would require sixty more blankets to
complete the gifts to the chiefs in his district. Mr. Williams was
afterwards first Bishop of Waiapu.
[120] The district now surrounding Napier.
[121] "I desire to impress upon you the anxious wish of the Directors
that you, and all the servants of the Company, should do whatever may
be in your power to promote the success of Captain Hobson's mission,
and to accelerate as much as possible the time when it is to be hoped
that he, as Her Majesty's representative may establish a British
authority and the regular application of English law, not only in the
Company's settlements, but throughout the Islands of New
Zealand."--Extract from a letter written by Mr. John Ward, Secretary
to the Company, to Colonel Wakefield, after the Company had been
advised that its proceedings were illegal.
[122] "On the Wednesday following, while preparing to take my
departure--not being able to obtain the signatures required owing to
the opposition of Colonel Wakefield and others, to the treaty between
the chiefs and Her Majesty--Colonel Wakefield came to me, making a
most ample apology, and expressed his regret that he should have given
way to his hasty feelings on the previous Saturday, and hoped that I
should not leave the port with unfavourable feelings, and that he was
ready, if I wished, to make a public apology. The fact was that
Colonel Wakefield wanted the land, and was willing to make any
sacrifice confined to words."--Carleton's _Life of Henry
Williams_.
[123] This letter, written subsequent to the Colonel's apology, was
first made public through the columns of the London Times, and it was
not for months afterwards that Mr. Williams heard of it. The history
of the land transaction referred to, which excited the indignation
(righteous or otherwise) of Colonel Wakefield, is fully told in that
interesting book, Hugh Carleton's _Life of Henry Williams_, vol. i.
pp. 237-243, and should be read by all impartial students of the
question.
[124] Amongst others, by Te Rauparaha and his niece Topeora, the
poetess, on May 14.
[125] Immediately after his seizure, Captain Hobson had dispensed with
the services of the _Herald_, on account of his personal
differences with her Captain. She then returned to Sydney, but Sir
George Gipps sent her back again, telling Captain Nias that "naval
co-operation was essential to the enterprise at New Zealand, as the
Queen's sovereignty was established over only a small portion of the
Northern Island."
[126] Major Bunbury, K.T.S., and a portion of his regiment (the 80th)
were sent to New Zealand by Sir George Gipps in H.M.S. _Buffalo_,
as the result of a request from Captain Hobson for some military
support. They left Sydney just as the news of Captain Hobson's illness
reached the seat of Government, and Major Bunbury was given a
commission to act as Lieutenant-Governor in the event of Hobson's
death or resignation.
In his _Reminiscences_ the Major states that Captain Hobson
begged him to undertake this Southern mission in order to relieve him
(Hobson) from the necessity of again sailing with Captain Nias, with
whom he had several violent quarrels about the salutes he was to
receive and other similar details. "It was," says the Major, "a
grievous sacrifice to make, the troops not having yet landed or
arrangements been made for their accommodation, but I could not
prevail upon myself to refuse him."
[127] Horeta te Taniwha, the celebrated chief known as "Hook-nose,"
who remembered Cook's visit to New Zealand.
[128] This was what the natives called "making their hearts good."
"Pay us first and we will write afterwards." "Put money in my left
hand and I will write with my right hand," was how they often
expressed it.
[129] _Taihoa_ = delay, postpone, put off, reserve for further
consideration.
[130] Meaning that he was the representative of the central district.
[131] The writing of the treaty.
[132] Major Bunbury left eight blankets with Mr. Stack for
distribution amongst future signatories, but the Missionary mentions
in a subsequent letter: "Several more may be wanting if Tupaea and his
friends sign." Tupaea would not sign, either when approached by Mr.
Stack, or later when he paid a visit to Manakau. The above discussion
explains why.
[133] The dialect spoken by the natives of the South Island of New
Zealand differs in some important respects from that spoken in the
North Island.
[134] Major Bunbury was so impressed with the fertile appearance of
Banks's Peninsula that he recommended it be surveyed as soon as
possible and thrown open for settlement in allotments of convenient
size, in order to put a stop to the "preposterous claims" which were
being urged by the Sydney land speculators. Most of these claims of
"doubtful origin" originated in sales contracted with Taiaroa, the
Otago chief, who had an equally "doubtful" right to sell. Taiaroa went
to Sydney in the _Dublin Packet_ in 1839.
[135] "In some excursions I made I was much pleased with the fertile
appearance of this beautiful island, and although the winter was so
far advanced it was not so cold as I had anticipated from its being so
far south. Indeed the number of parrakeets seen flying about give it
rather the appearance of a tropical island.... The soil appears in
general good, with plenty of timber. There are several varieties of
pine. All the trees, however, appear to be evergreens."--Major
Bunbury's _Despatch_.
[136] Major Bunbury mentions that by this time he had become ashamed
of this sobriquet, which was given to him by the whalers, and disowned
it, preferring to be called by his native name.
[137] Tu Hawaiki had only returned in the previous month of March from
Sydney, where he had been presented with these uniforms by Sir George
Gipps. Shortly after this chief's repulse of Te Rauparaha at Lake
Grassmere, on the coast of Marlborough, he boarded a British
man-of-war, and on being asked who he was, proudly replied: "Me all
the same the Duke of Wellington, Te Rauparaha all the same Napoleon."
[138] Another chief named Taiaroa is also credited with signing. It is
difficult to determine which chief this was, as the great Taiaroa was
at Moeraki at the time. Possibly it was one of his sons.
[139] These were Kaikoura and Taiaroa. The identity of this Taiaroa is
not clear.
[140] There were two American and two French whalers at the anchorage
here at the time.
[141] Major Bunbury mentions that some of these speculators had
already sent a number of cattle over, but the natives resisted the
occupation of their alleged purchases, and the persons who were placed
in charge of the cattle "find themselves in rather an awkward
predicament."
[142] Popularly known amongst the whalers as "Jordy Bolts."
[143] Major Bunbury mentions the eagerness manifested by the natives
of Cloudy Bay for spelling-books and Testaments. On the table in his
cabin was lying a Testament printed in the native language which had
been given to him by Bishop Broughton. This was seen by some of the
Maoris visiting the ship, who importuned him for it, with the result,
he feared, that his refusal gave serious offence.
[144] As the _Herald_ left Cloudy Bay, the Kaikouras, clad in
their winter snow, loomed up in the distance, and Major Bunbury was
deeply impressed with what he calls their "bleak and savage
appearance." The Major took his departure from the Middle Island fully
convinced that it had been greatly underrated by the authorities both
in regard to the fertility of its soil and the intelligence of its
natives.
[145] Te Rauparaha may have laid himself open to this charge of
insincerity by afterwards making light of the fact that he had signed
the treaty, and offering to sign again if they gave him another
blanket. With Te Rangihaeata it was different. Savage that he was, he
had the keenest sense of honour, and he would not have signed the
treaty had he not approved it so far as he understood it. His
subsequent rebellion was not a protest against the establishment of
civil authority so much as it was active resistance towards what he
believed to be the unfair if not the dishonest methods of land dealing
adopted by the New Zealand Company, in whom he lost all confidence
after their attempt to seize the Wairau Valley.
[146] Before the first batch of the Company's emigrants sailed from
the Thames, they were induced by the Directors to sign an agreement
binding themselves to "submit in all things needful to peace and order
until the establishment of a regular Government." This meant that if
any of them committed a breach of the law of England, he should be
punished according to the law of England. This agreement was brought
under the notice of Lord John Russell who challenged the right of the
Company to enforce such a provision. The Company took the opinion of
Serjeant Wilde upon the point, and his advice, given on November 14,
1839, was that (1) the parties will not be justified by law in acting
under the agreement, (2) that those acting under it were liable to
prosecution for so doing, and (3) the agreement should be abandoned.
[147] "Captain Pearson of the brig _Integrity_ was arrested
to-day (April 14) under a warrant issued for illegal conduct towards
his charterer, Mr. Wade, of Hobart Town, and brought before the
District Magistrate, Major Baker. The prisoner refused to recognise
the Court, and was accordingly committed. The ensuing day Captain
Pearson made his escape, and an escape Warrant has accordingly been
issued against him."--Extract from _New Zealand Gazette_ (the
first newspaper published in the Colony), April 18, 1840.
[148] The proclamation itself does not make it clear on what grounds
Hobson took possession of the "Island." Indeed it is so ambiguously
worded that he seems to imply that he claimed it by right of cession.
In his despatch to the Secretary for State, however, he made it clear
that he intended to claim it "by right of discovery," a course which
he had recommended to Lord Normanby before he left England.
[149] "Captain" Cole as he was sometimes called, because he had been
sailing in an East Indiaman, had been one of the early Wellington
settlers, having come out in the _Aurora_. On the arrival of
Captain Hobson he removed to the Bay of Islands, and had succeeded in
getting himself appointed chief constable at Port Nicholson, in which
capacity he now appeared in the Southern settlement.
[150] As sovereignty over only a small portion of the Colony had at this
time been ceded to the Queen, Hobson was claiming a wider jurisdiction
than he was entitled to in describing himself as "Lieutenant-Governor
_of_ New Zealand." He was only Lieutenant-Governor _in_ New Zealand.
[151] This also was a mistake. It should have been South, not North.
On this error Sir George Grey once based the argument that New Zealand
included New Guinea, and was entitled to claim control over it. The
error was corrected and the boundaries so amended as to include the
Chatham Islands.--Vide Letters Patent issued to Captain Hobson, April
4, 1842.
[152] It had been reported that the settlers were starving, which was
quite untrue.
[153] While H.M.S. _Britomart_ (Captain Stanley) was returning
from her historic visit to Bank's Peninsula she put in to Port
Nicholson and took Mr. Shortland on board, leaving Mr. Murphy to
supply his place as the representative of the Government at the
Southern settlement.
[154] This number was subsequently increased to 546.
[155] Mr. Fredarb, who was trading master of the schooner _Mercury_,
added the following note to his copy of the treaty: "The chiefs at
Opotiki expressed a wish to have it signified who were Pikopos
(_i.e._ Roman Catholics) and who were not, the which I did by
placing a crucifix † preceding the names of those who are, as above,
and at which they seemed perfectly satisfied."