PARIS OF TO-DAY
When the siege of Paris came to an end and the German troops were
withdrawn the provisional government which had been making its
headquarters at Bordeaux removed to Versailles. The violent element in
Paris which had given Louis Philippe so much trouble had increased both
in numbers and in strength of feeling during the third quarter of the
century. Now these radicals asserted that Thiers, the head of the
provisional government, had betrayed France to the enemy, and they won
to their way of thinking the Central Committee of the usually
conservative National Guard. From the City Hall they directed the
election of a new city government, the Commune of Paris, which held
itself independent of the Assembly at Versailles and defied it.
Just a month after the hated Prussians had left Paris the communists
made a sortie toward Versailles. As a natural reaction the Versailles
government invested the city, and Frenchmen were pitted against
Frenchmen as in the days when Henry IV was besieging his own capital
town. Nor was the conflict merely between the people inside and the
people outside--within Paris there was a constant struggle between the
conservatives and the communists and even among the communists
themselves. The conservatives disapproved of the drastic social changes
made by the new government in closing the churches, and dispersing some
of the religious orders, as well as of their confiscations of property
on slight warrant and their onslaught upon monuments of sentimental and
artistic value, such as the Vendôme Column. The communists, on the other
hand, were torn by internal dissensions and their constant quarrels
brought about the usual weakness resulting from poor team work.
Ferocity never failed them, however. Constructive measures were
postponed; revenge, never. No sufficient excuse ever has been offered
for their massacres of hostages, good Archbishop Darboy among them; none
for the senseless orgy of destruction with which, after a two months’
struggle, they recognized their defeat by the government troops under
Marshal MacMahon. When the soldiers entered Paris their first work was
the extinguishing of the fires which the communists had set in a hundred
places. Men and women, urged by hatred and fanaticism, piled kegs of
gunpowder into
[Illustration: THE NEW LOUVRE.
See plan, page 382.]
churches, even into Notre Dame, relic and record of centuries, and
poured petroleum upon the flames devouring the Palace of Justice, the
Sainte Chapelle, the library of the Louvre, the Luxembourg palace, the
Palais Royal. The houses on the rue Royale were a mass of broken brick.
The Ministry of Finance on the rue de Rivoli was so injured that it was
torn down, to be replaced by a hotel. Three hundred years of historical
association did not avail to save the palace of the Tuileries whose
ruins were considered not sufficient to be restored. The Hôtel de Ville
was a mere shell and required practically entire rebuilding. Property
amounting to a hundred millions of dollars was destroyed, while the
historical and sentimental value of many of the buildings cannot be
computed.
The communists were as reckless with their own lives as with the
buildings. Some two thousand persons--women and children as well as
men--fell in the contest with the government. The last struggle was in
the cemetery of Père Lachaise whose tombs could serve only as temporary
protection against shell and shot from the rash fighters who were soon
to need a final resting-place. It was only after the execution of many
of the insurgent leaders that Marshal MacMahon brought about a semblance
of peace.
With returning quiet all France turned its attention to securing the
payment of the war indemnity of a billion dollars due to Prussia. Until
that indebtedness was cleared off the hated uniform of the army of
occupation was omnipresent. So eager were the French to rid themselves
of this sight that every peasant went into his “stocking” or tapped his
mattress bank until the necessary amount was subscribed many times over.
Two years and a half after the capitulation of Paris not a German
soldier was left in the country. There could be no stronger testimony to
the national thrift fostered by the pinch of the pre-Revolutionary days
and so alive to-day that the French are looked upon as the readiest
financiers in Europe, prepared to invest in anything from a Panama Canal
to a New York _gratte-ciel_ (skyscraper).
The terms of the peace with Germany required the surrender of one-half
of the border province of Lorraine and the whole of Alsace. It was a
bitter day not only for these districts but for the whole country when
the Germans took possession of the ceded territory. Fifty thousand
people left their property behind and went over into France rather than
lose the name of Frenchmen. Many came to America. Now, forty years
later, the memory of the loss is not dulled, and the statue of
Strasbourg in the Place de la Concorde wears perpetual mourning.
Many have been the problems faced by France since the Franco-Prussian
war. Political adjustment has been of first importance, of course, but
Paris has had her own questions to answer, and, because of her
cosmopolitanism, her solutions have been of interest to the whole world.
Much time and thought have been spent on the repairs required by the
excesses of the communists. The rebuilding of the City Hall on the same
spot on which it had stood for five hundred years and in the style which
Francis I initiated three centuries before, was a task on which Paris
lavished thought and money. The exterior is a finely harmonious example
of renaissance. The mural paintings of the interior are a record of the
work of the best French artists of the last quarter of the nineteenth
century. They are enhanced by heavily handsome gildings and by
chandeliers of glittering crystal.
As a whole, however, the city has put more expenditure into the
perfecting of public utilities, the beautifying of streets and the
construction of parks--works of use to the many--than into the erection
of buildings of less general service. The panorama which make the
frontispiece of this volume shows the care with which pavements and
curbs and tree-guards are ordered. A small tricycle sweeper is 1912’s
latest device for removing any last reproach of Lutetia’s mud--a
reproach formulated to-day only by Parisians made fastidious by a
century of cleanliness.
The panorama shows also the arrangement of the quays and the orderliness
which makes them possible in the very center of the city, even when
there is discharged upon them huge loads of freight brought from the sea
by the strings of barges (seen in the picture of the Eiffel Tower
opposite page 360) which are moved by a tug and a chain-towing device.
In some parts of this city of three million inhabitants the quays
disclose scenes that are almost rural. Under the fluttering leaves of a
slender tree a rotund housewife is making over a mattress, exchanging
witticisms with a near-by vender of little cakes. Not far off the owner
of a poodle is engaging his attention while a professional dog clipper
is decorating him with an outfit of collar and cuffs calculated to rouse
envy in the breasts of less favored _caniches_.
When the hero of an old English novel orders his servant to call a “fly”
we wonder whether the misnamed vehicle which responds has been
christened from the verb or the noun. There is no doubt in Paris as to
the origin of the “fly boats” on the Seine. These busy little travelers
are of insect origin--they are _bateaux mouches_.
What these boats are on the river the _fiacres_ have been on land. These
small open carriages
[Illustration: HÔTEL DE VILLE.]
are now being replaced by motor taxis. The use of the meters on the
horse-propelled vehicles as well as on the machines has deprived the
tourist of one of the daily excitements of his visit--the heated
argument with the driver concerning his charge. Another change which has
been consummated since 1913 began is the passing of the horse-drawn
omnibus with its “imperial” or roof seats, from whose inexpensive
vantage many travelers have considered that they secured their best view
of the city streets. The two subway systems have many excellent points,
not least of which is a method of ventilation which makes a summer’s day
trip below ground a relief rather than a seeming excursion on the crust
of the infernal regions.
The Champs Élysées is thought to offer the finest metropolitan vista in
the world, when the Arc de Triomphe de l’Étoile is seen across the Place
de la Concorde from the Tuileries gardens, over two miles away.
Such vistas are frequent in Paris, offering a “point of view” in which a
handsome building or monument finds its beauty enhanced. The regularity
of the skyline adds to this effect. By a municipal regulation no façade
may be higher than the width of the street and the consequent uniformity
provides a not unpleasing monotony.
Paris parks are world famous, not only for the beauty of such great
expanses as the Bois de Boulogne, just outside the fortifications, with
its forest and lake and stream, its good roads and its alluring
restaurants, but for the intelligent utilization of small open spaces in
crowded parts of the city. Wherever any readjustment of lines or
purposes gives opportunity, there a bit of grass rests the eye and a
tree casts its share of shade. If there is space enough a piece of
statuary educates the taste or the bust of some hero of history or of
art makes familiar the features of great men. The demolition of the old
clo’ booths of the Temple gave such a chance, and amid tall tenements
and commonplace shops mothers sew and babies doze and one-legged
veterans read the newspapers beneath the statue of the people’s poet,
Béranger.
At one end of this square rises the _Mairie_ of the Third
_Arrondissement_ (ward). These _Mairies_, of which there are twenty, are
decorated with paintings, often by artists of repute, and always
symbolic of the Family, of Labor or of the Fatherland. The Hall of
Marriages in which the Mayor of the _arrondissement_ performs the civil
ceremony required by law, receives especial attention and usually is a
room handsomely appointed and adorned.
The French imagination likes to express itself
[Illustration: MAIRIE OF THE ARRONDISSEMENT OF THE TEMPLE.]
[Illustration: SALLE DES FÊTES OF THE HÔTEL DE VILLE.]
in symbols. Throughout the city there are many large groups, such as the
Triumph of the Republic, unveiled in 1899, which dominates the Place de
la Nation--a figure representative of the Republic attended by Liberty,
Labor, Abundance and Justice. Even statues or busts or reliefs of
authors, musicians or statesmen frequently are supported by allegorical
figures. Such is the monument to Chopin which includes a figure of Night
and one of Harmony, and such is the monument of Coligny whose portrait
statue stands between Fatherland and Religion. In the Fountain of the
Observatory seahorses, dolphins and tortoises surround allegorical
figures of the four quarters of the globe. The young women lawyers who,
in cap and gown, pace seriously through the great hall of the ancient
Palace of Justice, are living symbols of twentieth century progress.
Haussmann’s plan of laying out broad streets radiating from a center
served the further purpose of adding to the city’s beauty by providing
wide open spaces and of wiping out narrow streets and insanitary houses.
The Third Republic has continued to act on this scheme and has succeeded
wonderfully well in achieving the desired improvement with but a small
sacrifice of buildings of eminent historic value. On the Cité a web of
memories clung to the tangle of streets swept away to secure a site for
the new Hôtel Dieu on the north of Notre Dame which replaced the ancient
hospital which has stood since Saint Louis’ day on the south side of the
island.
The completion in 1912 of the new home of the National Printing Press
near the Eiffel Tower brings to mind a Parisian habit indicative of
thrift and of a respect for historical associations. The Press has been
housed for many years in the eighteenth century _hôtel_ of the Dukes of
Rohan built when the Marais was still fashionable. Anything more
unsuitable for a printing establishment it would be hard to find. The
rooms of a private house become a crowded fire trap when converted to
industrial purposes. This use of the house has tided over a crisis,
however, and once the last vestige of printer’s ink has been removed the
old building probably will be restored to the beauty which the still
existing decorations of some of the rooms show, and will be used for
some more suitable purpose. One proposal is that it be used as an
addition to the National Archives, since its grounds adjoin those of the
Hôtels Clisson and Soubise, their present home. The Hôtel Carnavalet
houses the Historical Museum of Paris, and part of the Louvre is used
for government offices--two other instances of Paris wisdom.
[Illustration: PORTIONS OF THE LOUVRE BUILT BY FRANCIS I, HENRY II, AND
LOUIS XIII.]
[Illustration: COLONNADE, EAST END OF LOUVRE. BUILT BY LOUIS XIV.]
There have been three Expositions in Paris under the Third Republic.
Each has left behind a permanent memorial. The Palace of the Trocadéro,
dating from 1878, is a huge concert hall where government-trained actors
and singers often give for a strangely modest sum the same performances
which cost more in the regular theaters with more elaborate accessories.
The architecture of the Trocadéro is not beautiful but the situation is
imposing and the general effect impressive when seen across the river
from the south bank where the Eiffel Tower has raised its huge iron
spider web since the World’s Fair of 1889.
The tower is a little world in itself with a restaurant and a theater, a
government weather observatory and a wireless station. Since aviation
has become fashionable the frequent purr of an engine tells the tourist
sipping his tea “in English fashion” on the first stage that yet another
aviator is taking his afternoon spin “around the Tour Eiffel.”
The latest exposition, that of 1900, gave to Paris the handsome bridge
named after Czar Alexander III, the Grand Palais, where the world’s best
pictures and sculptures are exhibited every spring, and the Petit Palais
which holds several general collections and also the paintings and
sculpture bought by the city from the Salons of the last thirty-five
years. Such public art galleries are found throughout France, a
development of Napoleon’s idea of bringing art to the people. Like Paris
the provinces take advantage of the Salons to add to the treasures of
their galleries.
Near the two palaces is the exquisite chapel of Our Lady of Consolation.
It is built on the site of a building destroyed during the progress of a
fashionable bazaar by a fire which wiped out one hundred thirty-two
lives. The architectural details are of the classic style popular in the
reign of Louis XVI.
Already rich in beautiful churches Paris has been further graced in
recent years by the majestic basilica of the Sacred Heart gleaming
mysteriously through the delicate haze that always enwraps Montmartre.
The style is Romanesque-Byzantine, and the structure is topped by a
large dome flanked by smaller ones. The interior lacks the colorful
warmth of most of the city churches, but time will remedy that in part.
Construction has been extremely slow for the same reason that the
building of the Pantheon was a long process--the discovery that the
summit of the hill was honeycombed by ancient quarries. It became
necessary to sink shafts which were filled with masonry or concrete.
Upon this strong sub-structure rises the splendid
[Illustration: SECTION OF LOUVRE BEGUN BY HENRY IV, TO CONNECT THE
EASTERN END OF THE LOUVRE WITH THE TUILERIES.]
[Illustration: NORTHWEST WING OF THE LOUVRE, BUILT BY NAPOLEON I, LOUIS
XVIII, AND NAPOLEON III.]
work of expiation for the murder of Archbishop Darboy. The city owns the
church.
To the tourist whose attention is not confined to the stock “sights” of
Paris the city streets offer a wide field of interest. They show the
stranger within the walls the neatness of the people and the orderliness
which manifests itself in the automatic formation of a _queue_ of
would-be passengers on an omnibus or a _bateau mouche_. They disclose
little that looks like slums to the eye of a Londoner or a New Yorker,
for dirt and sadness rather than congestion make slums, and the poor
Parisian looks clean and cheerful even when a hole in his “stocking” has
let all his savings escape.
History lurks at every corner of these streets. It commands attention to
the imposing pile of Notre Dame, it piques curiosity by the palpably
ancient turrets of the rue Hautefeuille. The non-existent is recalled by
the tablet on the site of the house where Coligny was assassinated, by
the outline of Philip Augustus’s Louvre traced on the eastern courtyard
of the palace, by the name of the street that passes over the mad king’s
menagerie at the Hôtel Saint Paul. Étienne Marcel sits his horse beside
the City Hall he bought for Paris; Desmoulins mounts his chair in the
garden of the Palais Royal to make the passionate speech that wrought
the destruction
[Illustration: ARCHITECTS WHO DIRECTED THE BUILDING OF THE LOUVRE.
1. Pierre Lescot and Jean Goujon
2. Chambiges
3. Philibert Delorme and Bullant
4 and 5. Ducerceau
6. Jacques Lemercier
7 and 8. Louis Levau
9. Perrault
10, 11 and 12. Percier and Fontaine
13 and 14. Visconti and Lefuel
]
of the Bastille. Even the _boucheries chevalines_, the markets that sell
horse steaks and “ass and mule meat of the first quality,” bring back
the days when Henry IV cut off supplies coming from the suburbs of Paris
and when, three hundred years later, the Prussians used the same means
to gain the same end. That the Parisians of to-day are willing to take
chances on universal peace in the future seems attested by the recent
vote (1913) of the Municipal Council to convert the fortifications and
the land adjacent into parks. The people of the markets, at any rate,
are not worrying about any possibilities of hunger for they continue as
hard-working and as fluent as when they acted as Marie Antoinette’s
escort on the occasion of the “Joyous Entry” from Versailles, though
kinder now in heart and action.
Paris charms the stranger as the birdman of the Tuileries Gardens charms
his feathered friends--making hostile gestures with one hand and popping
bread crumbs into open beaks with the other. The great city of three
million people, like all great cities, threatens to overcome the lonely
traveler; then, at the seeming moment of destruction, she gives him the
food he needs most--perhaps a glimpse of patriotic gayety in the street
revels of the fourteenth of July, perhaps the cordial welcome that she
has bestowed on students since Charlemagne’s day, perhaps the less
personal appeal of the beauty of a wild dash of rain seen down the river
against the western sky, perhaps the impulse to sympathy aroused by the
passing of a first communion procession of little girls, wide-eyed from
their new, soul-stirring experience.
In a quiet corner behind a convent chapel where nuns vowed to Perpetual
Adoration unceasingly tend the altar, rests the body of America’s
friend, Lafayette. If for no other reason than because of his
friendship, Americans must always feel an interest in the city in which
he did his part toward crystallizing the _bourgeois_ rule which makes
the French government one of the most interesting political experiments
of Europe to-day. Yet Paris needs no intermediary. In her are centered
taste, thought, the gayety and exaggeration of the past,
light-heartedness in the stern present. The city is a record of the
development of a people who have expressed themselves in words and in
deeds, and by the more subtle methods of Art. The story is not ended,
and as long as the writing goes on, vivid and alluring as the “Gallic
spirit” can make it, so long there will be no lack of readers of all
nations, our own among the most eager.
APPENDIX
GENEALOGICAL TABLES OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF RULERS, 1792-1913
THE MEROVINGIAN DYNASTY
Merovée
|
Childéric I
|
_Clovis_[10] (481-511)
|
+-----------------------+---------+-----------+---------------------+
| | | |
Thierry I Chlodomir Childébert I _Clotaire I_
(King of Metz) (King of Orleans) (King of Paris) (King of Soissons, then
Sole king, 558-561)
|
+-------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+--+
| | | |
Caribert Gontran Sigebert I Chilpéric I
(King of Paris) (King of Burgundy) (King of Austrasia, (King of Soissons,
M. Brunehaut, M. Frédégonde, D. 584)
D. 575) |
| |
Childébert II _Clotaire II_
| 613-628
| |
Thierry II _Dagobert I_
628-638
|
_Clovis II_
638-656
|
+---------+---------------+
| |
_Childéric II_ _Thierry III_
D. 673 D. 691
|
Chilpéric II
|
Childéric III
(Deposed by Pepin le Bref in 752)
Pépin d’Héristal
(Duke of the Franks, D. 714)
|
Charles Martel
(Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia,
715-741)
_Pépin le Bref_
(Deposed Chïldéric III in 752.
752-768)
|
_Charlemagne_
768-814
|
_Louis le Débonnaire_
814-840
|
+-------------+---------+------------------------------------+
| | | |
Lothair Pépin Louis, the German _Charles I, the Bald_
840-855 | 840-877
| |
_Charles II, the Fat_ _Louis II, the Stutterer_
881-888 877-879
|
+------------+-------------------+-----+
| | |
_Louis III_ _Carloman_ _Charles III, the Simple_
879-882 879-884 892-929
|
_Louis IV d’Outremer_
936-954
|
+---+----+
| |
_Lothair_, Charles
(Duke of
Lorraine).
954-986
|
_Louis V_[11]
986-987
THE CAPETIAN DYNASTY
_Hugh Capet_
(Duke of France, Count of Paris,
Elected King of France, 987)
987-996
|
_Robert, the Pious_
996-1031
|
_Henry I_
1031-1060
|
_Philip I_
1060-1108
|
_Louis VI, the Fat_
1108-1137
|
_Louis VII, the Young_
1137-1180
|
_Philip Augustus_
1180-1223
|
_Louis VIII, the Lion_
1223-1226
|
+-----------------------+---------------+
| |
_Louis IX--Saint Louis_ Charles
1226-1270 (Count of Anjou and Provence;
founder of the royal house of
Naples)
|
+---------------------------------------+
| |
_Philip III, the Bold_ Robert
1270-1285 (Court of Clermont; founder
| of the house of Bourbon)
|
+----------------------------------------+
| |
_Philip IV, the Fair_ Charles
1285-1314 (Count of Valois; founder
of the house of Valois)
|
_Philip VI_
1328-1350
|
+------------------------+----------------------+------------------------+
| | | |
_Louis X, the Quarreler_ Philip V, the Long_ _Charles IV, the Fair_ Isabelle
1314-1316 1316-1322 1322-1328
(M. Edward II, of England)
|
Edward III, of England
HOUSE OF VALOIS
_Philip VI, of Valois_
(Son of Charles, Count of Valois, a
younger brother of Philip the Fair)
1328-1350
|
_John, the Good_
1350-1364
|
+-----------------------+------------------+----------------------+
| | | |
_Charles V, the Wise_ Louis John Philip
1364-1380 (Duke of Anjou) (Duke of Berri) (Duke of Burgundy)
|
John, the Fearless
| |
+-----------------------------+ |
| | |
_Charles VI, the Well-Beloved_ Louis |
| 1380-1422 (Duke of Orleans; |
| founder of the house |
| of Valois-Orleans) |
| | |
_Charles VII, the Victorious_ Philip the Good
1422-1461 |
| |
| | | |
| +-----------+------+---+ |
| | | |
| Charles John |
| (Duke of Orleans) (Count of Angoulême) |
| | |
_Louis XI_ | Charles Charles the Bold
1461-1483 _Louis XII_ (Count of Angoulême) |
| 1498-1515 | |
+-----------------------+ | |
| | | |
_Charles VIII_ Jeanne _Francis I_ Mary
1483-1498 (M. Duke of Orleans 1515-1547 (M. Maximilian, Archduke
afterwards Louis XII) | of Austria)
| |
_Henry II_ Philip
(M. Marie de Medicis) |
1547-1559 Charles V
| (Emperor)
+--------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+
| |
_Francis II_ _Charles IX_ _Henry III_ Elizabeth Marguerite
(M. Mary, Queen 1560-1574 1574-1589 (M. Philip II (M. Henry of Navarre,
of Scots) of Spain) afterwards Henry IV)
1559-1560
HOUSE OF BOURBON
Robert, son of St. Louis, married Beatrice of Bourbon and had a son
Louis, Duke of Bourbon, from whom was descended Antoine, Duke of
Vendôme, who married Jeanne d’Albret, Queen of Navarre. Their son
was
_Henry IV_
1589-1610
|
_Louis XIII_
1610-1643
+-------------------------------------------------+
| |
_Louis XIV_ Philip, Duke of Orleans
1643-1715 (Founder of the house of Bourbon-Orleans)
| |
Louis the Dauphin Philippe (Regent)
| |
Louis of Burgundy Louis
| |
_Louis XV_ Louis Philippe
1715-1774 |
| |
Louis the Dauphin Louis Philippe (“Egalité”)
| | | |
+---------------------+-----------------------+--------+------------+----------------+
| | | | |
_Louis XVI_[12] Louis of Provence Charles of Artois _Louis Philippe_ (“Citizen King”)
1774-1793 (afterward (afterward (succeeded by
| _Louis XVIII_, _Charles X_ _Napoleon III_)
1814-1824) 1824-1830)
|
Louis XVII
1814-1824
| |
Duke of Berry Ferdinand, Duke of Orleans
| |
| +--------+-------+
| | |
| Louis Robert
Count of Chambord (Count of Paris) (Duke of Chartres)
|
Robert
THE BONAPARTE FAMILY
Carlo Bonaparte
|
+-----------+-----------------+--+-----------+----------------+
| | | | |
Jos. Bonaparte _Napoleon I_ Lucien Bonaparte Louis Bonaparte Jer. Bonaparte
| |
Napoleon II _Napoleon III_
(King of Rome)
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF RULERS, 1792-1913
THE FIRST REPUBLIC
1792. The Convention.
1795. The Directory
1799. The Consulate
THE FIRST EMPIRE
1804 Napoleon I
RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS
1814 Louis XVIII
“THE HUNDRED DAYS”
1815. Napoleon I
THE SECOND RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS
1815. Louis XVIII
1824. Charles X
1830. Louis Philippe
THE SECOND REPUBLIC
1848. Louis Napoleon, President
THE SECOND EMPIRE
1852. Napoleon III
THE THIRD REPUBLIC
1870. Provisional Government
1871. M. Thiers, President
1873. Marshal MacMahon
1879. M. Grévy
1885. M. Grévy
1887. M. Carnot
1894. Casimir Périer
1895. Félix Faure
1899. Emile Loubet
1906. Armand Fallières
1913. Raymond Poincaré
INDEX
Abbaye Prison; see Saint Germain-des-Prés.
Abbey; see Church.
Abélard, 57-59, 65, 77.
Academy, 258.
Amphitheater, 10.
Anne of Austria, 252, 253, 260, 262, 263.
Arc de Triomphe de l’Etoile, 270, 330, 337, 350, 358, 360, 363, 368, 375.
Arc du Carrousel, 329.
Archbishop’s Palace, 253, 344, 347.
Archévêché; see Archbishop’s Palace.
Archives Nationales, 378.
Arènes; see Amphitheater.
Arsenal, 222.
Banque de France, 79, 272, 362.
Bastille, 162, 163, 183, 185, 191, 206, 228, 249, 293, 294, 295, 298, 383.
Bibliothèque Nationale; see National Library.
Blanche of Castile, 33, 90-98, 101.
Bois de Boulogne, 205, 363, 376.
Bonaparte; see Napoleon.
Bourse, 331.
Bourse de Commerce, 223.
Bridge; see Pont.
Carlovingian Kings, 32-41.
Catherine de Medicis, 209, 214-230, 237, 243, 246, 247, 361.
Champ de Mars, 281, 298, 358, 359.
Champs Elysées, 270, 330, 337, 340, 358, 375.
Chapelle Expiatoire, 339.
Chapelle, Sainte, 87, 100, 126, 155, 170, 173, 194, 197,
233, 306, 350, 359, 371.
Charlemagne, 33, 35, 36, 37, 69, 192, 383.
Charles IV, 127, 128.
Charles V, 136-165, 179, 190, 256.
Charles VI, 166-185, 199.
Charles VII, 181, 183-189, 201.
Charles VIII, 197, 199, 202.
Charles IX, 215-227, 231, 237.
Charles X, 23, 339, 341-344.
Châtelet, Grand, 60, 114, 145, 164, 172, 318.
Châtelet, Petit, 38, 60, 78, 164, 289.
Church or religious house:
Abbey-in-the-Woods, 271.
Saint Augustin, 361.
Saint Bartholomew and
Saint Magloire, 49.
Carmelites, 254, 303.
Carmes Billettes, 123.
Sainte Clotilde, 349.
Cordeliers, 139, 159, 299, 306.
Saint Denis, 27, 30, 33, 35, 37, 56, 60, 61, 65, 94,
100, 105, 133, 153, 156, 159, 160, 164, 168, 181, 184, 235, 247, 339, 341.
Saint Eloy, 33.
Saint Etienne, 11, 33, 88.
Saint Etienne-du-Mont, 8, 21, 88, 193, 207, 306.
Saint Eustache, 207, 222, 306.
Sainte Geneviève, 21, 42, 57, 116, 254, 283.
Sainte Geneviève des Ardente, 61.
Saint Germain-des-Prés, 29, 34, 37, 42, 55, 62, 85, 141, 303.
Saint Germain l’Auxerrois, 30, 138, 193, 217, 230, 270, 346, 365.
Saint Gervais (on the Cité), 33.
Saint Gervais and Saint Protais (in the Ville), 254, 306.
Holy Innocents, 66, 81, 182.
Jacobins, 133, 299.
Saint Jacques-de-la-Boucherie, 61, 207, 360.
Saint Jacques-du-Haut-Pas, 223.
Saint Julien-le-Pauvre, 28, 63, 64, 78, 83, 96, 122, 194, 306.
Saint Laurent, 28, 193.
Saint Leu, 120, 276.
Saint Louis d’Antin, 289.
Saint Louis en l’Ile, 256.
Madeleine, 282, 283, 331, 339, 350.
Saint Martin-des-Champs, 14, 53, 60, 62, 65, 83, 87, 101, 120, 308.
Saint Médard, 279.
Saint Merri, 343.
Saint Michel, 33.
Saint Nicholas, 33, 61, 100.
Saint Nicholas-du-Chardonnet, 272.
Saint Nicholas-des-Champs, 193.
Notre Dame, 11, 33, 38, 57, 61, 64, 67, 87, 88, 89, 100, 110,
112, 129, 133, 151, 168, 173, 184, 185, 186, 212, 214, 235,
253, 260, 285, 306, 324, 344, 350, 354, 358, 359, 363, 371,
378, 381.
Notre Dame de Consolation, 380.
Notre Dame de l’Etoile, 65.
Notre Dame de Lorette, 340.
Notre Dame-des-Victoires, 250, 267.
Oratory, The, 254.
Saint Paul-Saint Louis, 254.
Saint Peter and Saint Paul, 2.
Petits-Augustins, 244.
Saint Philippe-du-Roule, 283.
Saint Pierre-aux-Boeufs, 62, 194.
Saint Pierre-de-Montmartre, 62, 63.
Saint Roch, 254, 305.
Sacré Coeur, 13, 62, 380.
Saint Séverin, 28, 194, 306.
Sorbonne, 254, 321.
Saint Sulpice, 271, 284, 306.
Saint Thos. Aquinas, 254.
Trinity, 361.
Val-de-Grâce, 253, 306.
Saint Victor, 57.
Saint Vincent, 28, 29.
Saint Vincent-de-Paul, 340, 361.
Capetians, Early, 44-67.
Cité, 3, 8, 10, 11, 33, 34, 37, 39, 42,
48, 56, 57, 60, 61, 66, 67, 70, 78,
80, 81, 83, 96, 133, 167, 181, 193,
194, 217, 227, 250, 255, 318, 326,
343, 360, 362, 377.
City Hall; see Hôtel de Ville.
Clovis, 5, 16, 19, 20, 22, 28, 29, 33, 341
Coligny, 27, 217, 221, 230, 232, 254, 381.
College of France, 202.
College of the Four Nations; see Institute.
Collège Mazarin; see Institute.
Comédie Française, 290.
Conciergerie, 48, 97, 98, 164, 305.
Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, 53, 308.
Convent; see Church.
Corn Exchange, 223.
Cours la Reine, 205, 252.
Dagobert I, 14, 27, 34.
Dolet, Etienne, 203.
Eiffel Tower, 281, 374, 379.
Eudes, 38, 39-41, 48.
Eugénie, 91, 228, 363.
Fair of Saint Germain, 291.
Fair of Saint Laurent, 291.
Field of Mars; see Champ de Mars.
Foundling Hospital, 212.
Francis I, 145, 199-209, 211, 222, 224, 246, 255, 323, 373.
Francis II, 214, 215.
Gate; see Porte.
Gobelins, 8, 272.
Gothic Architecture, 85.
Gozlin, 38.
Grève, 6, 34, 61, 117, 121, 143, 145,
186, 191, 203, 210, 225, 247, 250, 269, 295, 303, 307, 309.
Halle aux Vins, 57, 319.
Halles Centrales, 61, 66, 81, 203, 207, 276, 297, 362, 383.
Henry I, 52-54.
Henry II, 206, 209-214, 222, 224, 237, 246, 247, 255.
Henry III, 226-229, 231, 233.
Henry IV, 66, 89, 215-221, 229-248, 250,
251, 256, 257, 286, 324, 327, 361, 366, 369, 383.
Hôpital de Charité, 242.
Hôtel:
d’Aubray, 268.
Barbette, 178, 194.
Beauvais, 273.
de Bourgogne, 290.
of Burgundy; see Hôtel de Bourgogne.
Carnavalet, 224, 378.
de Clisson, 163, 273, 378.
de Cluny, 197, 350.
Dieu, 33, 34, 64, 95, 96, 285, 360, 378.
de Hollande, 273.
Lamoignon, 225.
Mazarin, 272.
de Nesle, 124, 133, 178, 204, 281.
Saint Paul, 156, 162, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 184, 222, 381.
de Rambouillet, 257.
de Rohan, 378.
de Sens, 116, 163, 244.
de Soissons, 223, 276.
de Soubise, 273, 378.
des Tournelles, 162, 190, 213, 222, 224, 237.
de Ville, 6, 143-147, 167, 191, 195, 203, 207,
208, 210, 211, 254, 263, 268, 269,
288, 303, 326, 334, 343, 346, 352,
357-360, 365, 369, 371, 373.
de la Vrillière, 272.
Hugh Capet, 41, 44-47, 49.
Ile Saint Louis, 83, 255, 257.
Institute, 254, 258, 304, 307, 314, 319.
Isabeau of Bavaria, 170-183.
Jardin des Plantes, 255.
Jeanne Darc, 18, 184, 185.
John the Fearless, 180, 181, 182, 199.
John I, 127.
John II, 129, 133-136, 151, 152, 165.
Josephine de Beauharnais, 304, 312-332.
July Column, 163, 296, 344.
Latin Quarter, 78, 79.
Law School, 283.
Library, National, 160, 272, 362.
Louis Bonaparte, 355.
Louis Napoleon; see Napoleon III.
Louis of Orleans, 178, 179, 199.
Louis Philippe, 327, 345-351, 356, 369.
Louis VI, 14, 59-64, 69.
Louis VII, 64-67, 88.
Louis VIII, 88, 90.
Louis IX (Saint), 33, 47, 59, 88-105, 125, 126, 143, 290, 348, 378.
Louis X, 107, 127, 144.
Louis XI, 102, 187-197, 200.
Louis XII, 197-200, 202, 203, 208.
Louis XIII, 248, 251, 255, 257, 260, 264.
Louis XIV, 126, 246, 252, 253, 258, 260-273, 323, 345.
Louis XV, 258, 274-287, 289, 292, 341.
Louis XVI, 42, 76, 114, 119, 282, 285, 287-305, 326, 336, 340, 380.
Louis XVIII, 14, 336-341.
Louvre, 42, 79, 81, 83, 84, 98, 109,
110, 114, 122, 128, 138, 140, 142,
146, 149, 156, 160, 161, 162, 169,
183, 205, 206, 211, 217, 222, 224,
227, 239, 246-249, 251, 253, 257,
263, 269, 270, 280, 308, 313, 314,
321, 324, 326, 328, 329, 332, 360,
365, 371, 378, 381.
Lucotecia, 8.
Lutetia, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10, 373.
Luxembourg, Museum of the, 253, 271.
Mairies, 376.
Maison aux Piliers; see Hôtel de Ville.
Marais, 6, 83, 123, 178, 224, 251, 257, 290, 293, 300, 378.
Marcel, Etienne, 137-149, 162, 195, 207, 381.
Marie Antoinette, 98, 126, 287, 297, 300, 301, 305, 310, 317, 339, 383.
Marie de Medicis, 202, 243, 244, 248, 251-253.
Massacre of Saint Bartholomew, 27, 30, 98, 215, 217-222, 243.
Mazarin, 260, 262, 263, 265.
Merovingian Kings, 19, 22-30, 32.
Military School, 281, 311, 358.
Ministry of Finance, 371.
Mint, 280.
Monastery; see Church.
Mons Lucotetius, 8, 10, 21, 28.
Montfaucon, 40, 107.
Montmartre, 13, 62, 284, 380.
Mont Sainte Geneviève, 8, 21, 34, 78, 83, 88, 96, 144, 192, 202, 222, 283.
Napoleon, 57, 89, 119, 254, 270, 295, 304, 309-338, 355, 356, 380.
Napoleon III, 119, 328, 354-365.
National Printing Press, 378.
Nautae Stone, 12, 13, 88.
New Louvre, 361.
Notre Dame, Parvis de, 117, 216, 360.
Observatory, 270, 284.
Odéon, 289.
Opéra, 316, 362.
Palace:
on the Cité; see Palais de Justice.
of Deputies: see Palais Bourbon.
of the Elysée, 282, 310, 337.
Equality; see Palais Royal.
of the Tribunate; see Palais Royal.
Palais:
des Beaux-Arts, 212, 244, 308, 319, 350.
Bourbon, 282, 331, 357.
Grand, 379.
de l’Industrie, 359.
des Invalides, 254, 271, 295, 337, 347, 357.
de Justice, 9, 11, 34, 61, 71, 80, 94, 97, 100,
107, 124, 126, 128, 133, 138,
143, 150, 161, 170, 171, 173,
186, 194, 197, 211, 213, 215,
227, 228, 239, 270, 285, 290,
350, 371, 377.
du Luxembourg, 253, 254, 303, 314, 371.
Petit, 379.
Royal, 6, 96, 252, 259, 261, 275, 276, 284, 290, 294, 346, 371, 381.
des Thermes, 9, 12, 62, 198, 319, 350.
du Trocadéro, 379.
des Tuileries, 224, 229, 239, 246, 251, 269,
270, 281, 297, 299, 300,
306, 310, 316, 320, 322,
324, 326, 329, 332, 333,
335, 336, 337, 338, 340,
343, 348, 351, 358, 361,
363, 371, 375, 383.
Pantheon, 8, 21, 254, 283, 330.
Parc Monceau, 363.
Parisii, 2, 3.
Parloir aux Bourgeois, 144.
Pavilion of Hanover, 272.
Père Lachaise, Cemetery of, 58, 262, 319, 371.
Pharamond, 19, 124.
Philip I, 52, 54-56.
Philip Augustus, 47, 66, 68-89, 92, 99, 123, 142, 144, 149, 341, 348, 381.
Philip III, 105.
Philip IV, 89, 107-127, 129, 133, 144, 154.
Philip V, 127, 128, 144.
Philip VI, 128-133, 144.
Place:
de la Bastille, 295, 344.
du Carrousel, 269, 329, 341, 351, 361.
du Châtelet, 360, 362.
de la Concorde, 270, 281, 287, 302, 322, 330, 331, 349, 371, 375.
Louis XV; see Place de la Concorde.
de la Nation, 267, 348, 377.
de la Révolution; see Place de la Concorde.
du Trône, 267, 302, 348.
Vendôme, 267, 276, 327, 328.
des Victoires, 267, 311, 328.
Pont:
Alexander III, 379.
d’Arcole, 343.
des Arts, 319.
d’Austerlitz, 319.
au Change, 66, 67.
Grand, 66.
d’Iena, 319.
Neuf, 66, 118, 227, 239, 240, 286, 327.
Notre Dame, 172, 195, 207, 240, 286.
Petit, 38, 181, 195, 196, 285, 289.
Porte:
de Buci, 181.
Saint Antoine, 147, 185, 236, 262.
Saint Denis, 236, 266.
Saint Honoré, 184.
Saint Jacques, 185.
Saint Martin, 266.
Pré aux Clercs, 141.
Prefecture of Police, 56.
Quarter Saint Honoré, 251.
Quinze-Vingts, 96.
Regent, duke of Orleans, 274, 285.
Regents, Women, 90, 91.
Richelieu, 96, 238, 249-252, 254, 257, 258-260.
Robert the Pious, 30, 47, 49-52.
Robert the Strong, 41, 47.
Rollo, 37, 39, 40.
Saint Denis, 13, 49.
Sainte Geneviève, 5, 14, 18, 19, 20, 30, 39, 207, 232, 307.
Salpêtrière, 272.
School of Fine Arts; see Palais des Beaux Arts.
Sorbonne, 96, 202.
Strasburg Oath, 36.
Temple, 65, 119, 228, 301, 305, 318, 351, 376.
Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt, 362.
Tour de Nesle, 82, 83, 124, 127, 181, 204, 258.
Tower of Clovis, 21.
Tower of John the Fearless, 194, 290.
Tribunal of Commerce, 49, 362.
University of France, 35,
64, 78, 82, 98, 122,
145, 190, 192, 193,
202, 270, 320.
University of Paris; see Sorbonne.
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FOOTNOTES:
[1] Paraphrased by James Ravenel Smith.
[2] See illustration opposite page 116.
[3] From Longfellow’s “Poetry of Europe.”
[4] Translated by Louisa Stuart Costello.
[5] See Chapter VII.
[6] See Appendix.
[7] Since then the Archbishop of Paris has lived near the Invalides.
[8] See Appendix.
[9] See plan, Chapter XXII.
[10] Sole rulers in italics.
[11] Louis V left no children. The crown should have gone to his uncle,
Charles, Duke of Lorraine, but the nobles elected Hugh Capet to be king
(987).
[12] See Chronological Table of Rulers, page 394.