A FEW NOTES ON WATCHES
The age of Elizabeth--Early Stuart watches--Cromwellian
period--Watches of the Restoration--The William and Mary
watch--Eighteenth-century watches--Pinchbeck and the toy
period--Battersea enamel and shagreen.
Early makers of English watches do not crowd the stage. On the
Continent pocket clocks had had a long life before they made their
appearance in this country. Queen Elizabeth had only one pair of
silk stockings--she had been used to "cloth hose"--before her
lady-in-waiting presented her with a pair straight from the Continent.
Italian and French ideas were fast acclimatizing themselves here.
Shakespeare laid many of his plays in Italy; the modern Elizabethan
Englishman became quite Italian; the Queen read Tasso and Ariosto
in the originals. In Germany the watch had taken various forms. The
watchmakers of Nuremberg were renowned throughout Europe. "Nuremberg
eggs," as they were styled, set the fashion for watches of all shapes
suited to the conceits of the owner. Some were in the form of a skull,
with appropriate mottoes concerning Time and Death; others were in the
form of a cross, of a book, or shaped like a tulip or other flowers,
or simulating butterflies and insects. The earliest styles had closed
cases, these cases being subjected to various forms of ornament. The
dial was not visible till the outer case was opened.
Collectors of watches are collecting something that is dead. The
wheels are silent for ever. The interest lies in the remoteness of
the conception of a pocket clock. Possibly there is no one alive who
could now set the wheels into motion, as there are no designers who
could originate the exquisite tracery and filigree work, the perfect
enamelling and the delicacy of metal work these old watches exhibit.
They belong to a world apart. Clocks of old masters still carry on
their functions: the hand still revolves in unison with the slow swing
of the "royal pendulum." As timekeepers they equal most of the modern,
and excel the cheap clock, hardly worth designating as a timekeeper.
But the Swiss and the American factory-made watch, claiming no
equality of artistic embellishment, have dethroned the antique watch
in regard to accuracy. Curious and rare examples of the latter crowd
the shelves of museums as being representative of that mysterious past
when Time was of less moment than it is now. They belong to the age
of the missal and the illuminated manuscript, and of the advent of
printing with Caxton's well-balanced page. They are at variance with
modernity. They were machines before the age of machinery--their very
mechanism protests against being regarded as scientifically accurate.
One lingers over their ornament with loving regard and forgets their
purport. As timekeepers they fell short of the abbey clock, or of the
sundial--a perennial stickler for truth when the sun shone. When the
long pendulum, under the auspices of Christopher Huygens, commenced
swinging, a timekeeper ready to hand eclipsed their gold and enamelled
triumphs. But as fashionable baubles they had their continuous
evolution, from Thomas Chamberlaine de Chelmisforde to Pinchbeck, and
from Tompion to Eardley Norton. A considerable amount of ingenuity was
given to producing examples of diminutive size which should perform
adequately the correct functions of a timekeeper. But accuracy and
scientific exactitude came late in the story of evolution. At length
man's ingenuity triumphed. There are watches no larger than filberts
which keep exact time, but there are thousands which do not.
[Illustration: OLD ENGLISH WATCHES. SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES.
I. Elizabethan Watch, with carved and repoussé open-work design.
II. James I Watch. Dated 1620. Maker, Yate (London).
III. Cromwellian Plum-shaped Silver Watch, with crest engraved on case.
IV. Charles II Watch. 1660. Made by Snow of Lavington (near Bath).
V. William III Watch. Maker, Thomas Tompion. About 1690.
(_By courtesy of Percy Webster, Esq._)]
The last popular watch, which our grandfathers termed a "turnip," was
the stage prior to modern development, and at that stage collecting
ends.
A scientific classification of watches would resolve itself under the
following heads:--
I. _Early watches_, prior to the invention and general adoption of the
fusee, that is, from about 1500 to 1540. This period would be further
subdivided into (_a_) those with movements entirely of steel; (_b_)
the next stage, with plates and pinions of brass and the wheels and
pinions of steel; and the latest stage, (_c_), in which the plates and
wheels were brass and the pinions of steel, as at the present day.
II. _Watches from about 1540 to 1640_, all having fusees, and being
made of every conceivable shape and size: octagonal, oval, cruciform,
in the shape of a book, and so on. The cases were sometimes of crystal
or bloodstone, and enamelled designs and chased gold work were
predominant features.
III. _Watches of the seventeenth century_, from 1610 to 1675, at
which date the pendulum spring was invented. These are mainly round
in shape, according to the fashion about 1620, which superseded
the ancient quaint forms. The cases, both of silver and gold, were
richly enamelled, and moving calendars and astronomical details were
frequently made.
IV. _Late seventeenth and early eighteenth century watches._ These
would embrace the period from 1675 to 1720, after the invention of the
pendulum spring.
V. _The eighteenth century watch._ This should include all the
improvements, changes in decorative style, and other details bringing
the watch up to the threshold of the nineteenth century and modernity.
We can only indicate the type of watch as falling under the various
periods, and specimens of the leading types are illustrated (pp. 283,
287).
The watches are numbered in the illustrations from one to ten, and can
thus be easily identified by the reader.
[Illustration: OLD ENGLISH WATCHES. EIGHTEENTH CENTURY.
VI. Watch with black piqué case. Maker, Peter Garon (about 1705).
VII. Early Georgian Watch with dark enamel dial. Maker, Duhamel. 1740.
VIII. Watch with repoussé work on case signed V. Haut. Maker, Haydon.
1731.
IX. Watch. Maker, Daniels of Leighton. About 1760.
X. Late Georgian Watch with dial and decorations in Battersea enamel
and shagreen case.
(_By courtesy of Percy Webster, Esq._)]
_No. 1_ shows the character of an Elizabethan watch. The fine case
shows the quality of the chased and repoussé open-work design.
_No. 2_ is a James I oval watch, and the maker is Yate, of London.
This watch is dated 1620, in the reign of James I, the year when the
_Mayflower_ sailed to America and New England was founded by those wise
Puritans who foresaw the oncoming civil war of the next reign. The
Earl of Ashburnham exhibited at the Stuart Exhibition in 1889 a gold
watch which formerly belonged to Charles I, inscribed "Henricus Jones,
Londini." Another maker of watches of this period is Edward East. The
silver alarum clock given by Charles I on his way to execution to
Thomas Herbert was made by Edward East. "Through the garden the King
passed into the park, where making a stand, he asked Mr. Herbert the
hour of the day: and taking the clock into his hand, gave it him, and
bade him keep it in memory of him." This silver alarum watch is still
treasured in the Mitford family.
_No. 3_ is a Cromwellian silver watch, plum-shaped. As coats of arms
were not so sinful as painted cherubs and stained-glass windows,
this bauble with elaborately engraved crest survived the wreckers'
despoiling hand. Cromwell himself boasted of a crest, and in some
respects it resembled that used by royalty.
_No. 4_ is a Restoration watch made by Snow, of Lavington, near Bath.
It exhibits fine ornamentation and is a beautiful specimen of Late
Stuart style when sumptuousness, under the guiding influence of the
French Louis Quatorze grandeur, made itself felt in this country.
_No. 5_ is worthy of respect and admiration as being the work of that
great maker, Thomas Tompion. It is of the William and Mary period. The
craftsman had arrived at the period of a scientific endeavour to create
a perfect timekeeper. The case indicates utility; ornament is in due
subjection. The Arabic figures showing the seconds on the dial should
be observed.
_No. 6_, of which the back is shown, is a watch by Peter Garon. It is
in black piqué case, finely decorated in a subdued and reticent manner.
Peter Garon flourished between 1694 and 1706. But in that year, when
Marlborough's campaigns were at their full height, poor Garon felt the
stress of commercial depression and became bankrupt.
_No. 7_, showing the front and open case, is a fine watch by Duhamel,
about 1740, bringing us to the days of George I and Walpole.
_No. 8_, with its fine broad repoussé case, is by Haydon, and the case
is signed "V. Haut."
_No. 9_ shows an illustration of the back, where the movement is
visible. The maker of this is Daniels, of Leighton, 1760.
_No. 10_ is by Kemp, London, and is decorated in Battersea enamel and
shagreen. This brings us to the age of Pinchbeck, "the toyman in the
Strand," and suggests the gewgaws and trifles, the enamelled heads for
malacca canes, the snuff-boxes, and all the fashionable paraphernalia
of a man about town. The watch in some respects had begun to lose
its old character and was again a toy.
[Illustration: CALENDAR WATCH. SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
Maker, "Thomas Chamberlaine de Chelmisforde" (signature shown on
right-hand illustration).
The outer circle shows days of month. The indicator is pointing to 22nd.
(_By courtesy of Messrs. Mallett & Son, Bath._)]
Among interesting work is that of Thomas Chamberlaine de Chelmisforde.
He worked in the brightest days of Charles I, when the arts were
receiving stimulation from the Court. A new era seemed as though it
might be about to dawn. The picture gallery of Charles I at Hampton
Court showed his catholic taste, and his Queen, Henrietta Maria, was
a patron of the arts. Vandyck and other great artists flocked to this
country, and highly trained craftsmen commenced to build a reputation
which later iconoclasts swept aside as of Baal.
In the watch illustrated by Thomas Chamberlaine there is something
delightfully simple and chaste. He was a maker whose work promised
much. There is a specimen of his work signed "Chamberlain Chelmisford"
at the British Museum, but in the specimen illustrated the name is
chased "Thomas Chamberlaine de Chelmisforde."
The study of watches of the various periods is a fascinating one. When
the collector leaves the path of clocks, with their more Gargantuan
proportions, to become a student of the intricacies of the art of the
watchmaker as exemplified in some of his greatest triumphs, he has
been enticed on a quest which is unending. No field in collecting and
connoisseurship has claimed more devotees.
INDEX
"Act of Parliament" clocks, so-called, 124
Adam style, its employment in the clock-case, 147
Robert, clock-case by, illustrated, 139
Aicken, George (Cork), clock by, 277
Alarum clocks, 54
and striking clocks, early, 32
Ale-house clocks, Oliver Goldsmith quoted, 127
American clocks--
"Banjo clocks," 124
Bracket clock, by Savin and Dyer (Boston), 198
Lantern clock, with pendulum, 59
Anchor pendulum, the, 59
Arnold, John (Bodmin), 37, 212
Astronomical clock-dial, the, 28
Babylonian measurement of time, 28, 29, 30
Bacon, quoted, 53
Balance and weights prior to pendulum, 33
Barraud, clock by (1805), 203
Battersea enamel employed for watch-cases, 290
Beginners, hints for, 41
Belfast clocks and clockmakers, 272
Bewick, Thomas, engraver of clock-dials (1763-74), 215, 217
Biddell, clock by, 204
"Birdcage" clocks, 54
Böttger, his porcelain at Meissen, 109
Boulle, André Charles, and his marquetry, 72, 73, 111
Bracket clock, the, 179-204
or wall clock, the, early use of, 46, 49
Brass lantern clock, the, 45-63
Bristol clock illustrated, 149
Britten, F. J., _Old Clocks and Clockmakers_, full lists of
makers in, 37
Brownhill, Henry (Leeds), copper token of, 218
Cabrier, name falsely put on Dutch clocks, 36
Calendar watch illustrated, 291
Case, the, evolution of, 155
Catherine of Braganza, dowry of, 107
Centres of clock and watch making in 1797, 214
Chamber clocks an established feature in furniture, 192
Chamberlaine, Thomas, de Chelmisforde, watch by, 291
Charles I, watch belonging to, 289
Charles II, death-bed scene of, 50, 53
Watch by Robert Hooke presented to, 36
Cherub head, the, a favourite ornament, 166
Its use on clock-dial, 169
Its use on Stuart furniture, 170
Cheshire clock-case, peculiarities of, 230
Chester, Bishop of (John Wilkins), quoted, 30
Chinese style of Chippendale, 91, 108
Designs at Worcester, Bow, and Bristol porcelain factories, 108
Taste, the _furore_ in France and Holland, 108
Chintzes, the early character of, 111
Chippendale, his Chinese style, 91, 108
His indebtedness to Marot, 155
Style in clock cases, 136
Clockmakers' Company, 1704, transactions of, quoted, 36
On fabrications of English work, 36
Clockmakers, the great English, 35
English, full list of, 37
Clockmaking, decadence of, 38
Personality in, 38, 39
Collecting period, the, 38
Collectors, hints for, foibles of, 39, 41
Colour _versus_ form, 110
Cookworthy, William, his true porcelain at Plymouth, 109
Copper tokens of clockmakers illustrated, 218, 236
Cork, clocks and clockmakers at, 289
Cornwall clockmakers, list of, 241
Country marquetry, 60
Cromwellian "plum" watch illustrated, 283
Cumming, Alexander, clock by (1770), 203
Day and night, 27, 29
Day, the, its division into hours, 28
Lunar, 29
Mean solar, 28
Delft, Dutch, ornamentation of, used in marquetry, 98
Devon and Cornwall clockmakers, list of, 241
Dial, the--
Brass, with silvered hour circle and engraved figures, 158
Character of, 157
Correct proportions of the, 165
Early form of, 30
Evolution of, 162, 165
Iron painted ornament and figures, 158
Position of maker's name on, 158, 161
Dickens, _Dombey and Son_ quoted, 31
Domestic clock, the, 33
Draper, John (1703), dial of clock by, 158
Dublin clocks and clockmakers, 272
National Museum, examples at, illustrated, 269, 273
Dutch clock panels imported, 97
Delft ware, its imitation of porcelain, 111
Fabrications of noted English makers, 36
Influence on cabinet-maker, 67
Influence on clockmaker, 217, 271
Origin of long-case clock, 154
Ornament found on clocks--
Cupids and crown, 170
Marquetry panels, 92
Phases of moon, 217
Spandrel with Seasons, 271
Dutton, Matthew, 37
Thomas, 37
William, 37
Earnshaw, Thomas (1750), 37, 212
East Anglian clockmakers, list of, 247
East, Edward, 37
East India Company, the Dutch, 107
The English, 109
Ebsworth, John, 37
Edict of Nantes and its effect, 68, 90, 120
Edinburgh clocks and clockmakers, 261-265
Eighteenth century, best period of clockmaking in, 40
Elizabethan watch illustrated, 289
Ellicott, John (Bodmin), 212
English masters of clockmaking, the great, 35
School of lacquered work, 114
Equation of time, 29
Evelyn, _Diary_ of, quoted (1681), 107
Evolution of the English mantel clock, 186
Evolution of long-case clock, 153
Base, its changing form, 155
Dial, its character, 157
Hands, their differing types, 174
Spandrel, its ornamentation, 166
Waist, its varying proportion, 155
Exeter clockmakers, list of, 241
Fleur-de-lis ornament on dial, 174
Foreign craftsmen working in England--
Dutch marquetry workers, 83, 92
French Huguenot cabinet-makers, 69, 90
Italian glassworkers, 69
Form, changing, of hood, waist, and base, 155
Innovations of, in clock-cases, 141
_versus_ colour, 111
French clocks and their influence, 147, 197, 278
Influence on mantel clocks, 197
Fromanteel, Ahasuerus, pendulum introduced into England by, 37
The family of, great clockmakers, 37
Furniture, influence of, on clock case, 141
Georgian clocks (1720-1830), 131
German school of marquetry, 72
Gibbons, Grinling, 121
Glasgow, example at Corporation Art Gallery illustrated, 259
Glass windows, when first used in coaches, 161
Workers in London, seventeenth-century, 69
Goldsmith, Oliver, _Deserted Village_ quoted, 127
Gordon, Patrick (Edinburgh), clock by, 261
Thomas (Edinburgh), 1668-1743, 261
Graham, George (1673-1751), 212
His evidence as to Robert Hooke's invention, 36
Grandfather clock, the, its Dutch origin, 74
Its long survival, 135
Its popularity, 135
Grant, John, 37
Inn clock by, illustrated, 125
Graydon, George (Dublin), clock by (1796), 277
Greek measurement of time, 28, 29
Halifax and district, list of clockmakers, 217
"Halifax" grandfather clocks, 217
Hampton Court, Dutch character of, 91
Protestant style of decoration at, 170
The work of Daniel Marot at, 91
The work of Sir Christopher Wren at, 91
Hands, the, evolution of, 174
Hour hand, at first employed, 30, 157
Minute hand first added, 30, 158
Harris, Richard, clock by, at St. Paul's, Covent Garden, 35
Harrison, John, 37
His chronometer, 212
Hill, Thomas, clock by (1760), 197
Hogarth, William, the possibility of engraved clock-dials by, 161
Home Counties, the, list of clockmakers, 236
Hood, changing forms of the, 155
Hooke, Dr. Robert, his claim for invention of balance-spring for
watches, 36
His inventions, 212
Watch by, presented to Charles II, 36
Hour, the, its division into minutes, 30, 158
Hours, division of day into, 30
Huguenot refugees settle in England, 68, 120
Huygens, Christopher, Dutch astronomer, his work, 33
His quarrel with Dr. Hooke, 36
Huygens, Dutch cabinet-maker, his imitations of Japanese lacquered
panels, 111
Inlaid furniture, 70, 71
Inn clock, the, 124
Innovations of form in clock-cases, 141
Irish clockmakers, list of, 271, 272
Italian school of marquetry, 71
James I appoints Ramsay as "Clockmaker Extraordinary," 256
Japanese lacquer, specimens of, 106
Johnson, Thomas, clock by (1730), 191
Jones, Henry, Charles I watch made by, 289
Charles II clock by, 212
Kent and Sussex, clockmakers of, 247
Kew Gardens Botanical Museum, Japanese lacquer at, 106
Knibb, Joseph, father and son, 37
Joseph (1670), 211
Clocks by (1690), 191, 236, 241
Copper token of (1677), 236
Knokmakers, the, of Scotland, 258
Labarte, _Arts of the Middle Ages_ quoted, 33
Lac and its properties, 105
Its introduction into England, 107
Lacquer--
Chinese and Japanese origin of, 105, 106
Dutch imitations, 110, 111
English school of lacquer work, 118, 121
French masters, 112
Its use in the clock-case, 105
Work--
English school of, 114
Foreign craftsmen in London, 120
School of English amateurs, 121
Lacquered clock-case, its peculiarities, 112
Panels imported from the East, 109
Lamb, Charles, quoted on sundials, 162
Name falsely put on Dutch clocks, 36
Lancashire clock-case, peculiarities of, 230
Clockmakers, list of, 230
Lantern clock--
Early form, 45
Its similarity to ship's lantern, 46
Lilly, _Life and Times_ quoted, 256
Liverpool and district, list of clockmakers, 224
Long-case clock--
Dutch origin of, 154
Evolution of the, 153
Georgian period, the, 131
Lacquer period, the, 105
Stability of the, 132
Veneer and marquetry period, the, 67
Loomes, Thomas, clock by, 191
Lovelace, Jacob (Exeter), 212, 242
Lowestoft china, so-called, with Dutch inscription, 173
Lunar day, the, 29
Lunette, the use of the, in dial and case, 158
Lustre ware clock vase, Staffordshire, 198
Macaulay, his account of death of Charles II, 50, 53
Mahogany long cases, the period of, 136
Makers, old, their personality given to clocks, 38
Mantel clocks, the English character of, 185
Marot, Daniel, his work at Hampton Court, 90, 91
Designs of long-case clocks, 155
Marquetry--
Country cabinet-makers' use of, 84
Decadence of, 100
Definition of, 71
Dutch school of, 79
Early English attempt at, 84
Finest period, 40, 79, 83
Foreign influence on English art, 79
German school of, 72
Imported sheets, frequent use of, 84, 97
Italian school of, 71
Provincial, 60
Revival of, Sheraton period, 123, 147
Veneer, the use of, with, 74
Martin, Sieur Simon Etienne, his varnish, 112
Mary, Queen, and Hampton Court, 98, 170
Massy, Henry (1680), dial of clock by, 158
Mean time, 29
Mechanism of clocks, early, 32
Midlands, list of clockmakers in the, 230
Mills, Humphry, Edinburgh (1661), 261
Richard, Edinburgh (1678-1710), 261
Minute, the, its division into seconds, 30
Mudge, Thomas, Exeter (1715), 37, 212
Musical clock attributed to Rimbault, 142
by George Aicken, Cork, 277
Name of maker, position on dial, 161
Names found on dials, origin of, 213
Nantes, Edict of, and its effect, 68, 120
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, list of makers, 215
New Geneva (near Waterford), Irish watchmaking centre at, 278
Silver assayed at, 278
New York Metropolitan Art Museum, clocks illustrated, 57, 193
Nineteenth century, best period of clockmaking in, 40
Long-case clock of the, 147
North of England, list of clockmakers, 215
Nottingham clockmakers, list of, 235
Numerals on dial, note on, 158, 165
Painted furniture simulating lacquer work, 123
Panels, lacquered, imported from the East, 109
Marquetry, their use in clock-case, 97
"Parliament" clocks, so-called, 124
Pendulum, the--
Advent of, 50
Early studies relating to, 154
First introduction of, 33
Introduced into England by Fromanteel, 37
Length of, determined by longitude, 179
Types of--
the anchor, 59;
the "royal" or long, 33;
the short, its position at front of dial, 33
Pepys' _Diary_ quoted (1667), 161
Personal clock, the, 34
Personality in clockmaking, 38
Pinchbeck, Christopher, 37
Period of watches, 290
Pitt, his tax on clocks (1797), 124
Pope, _Essay on Criticism_ quoted, 31
Porcelain, true, its introduction into Europe, 109
Poy, Godfrey, clock by (1745), 192
Pre-pendulum clocks, 33
Provincial clocks and makers, 211
Makers, some great, 211
Quare, name falsely put on Dutch clocks, 36
Queen Mary, her influence in rebuilding Hampton Court, 98
Ramsay, David, 255;
watch signed by, 257
_Réfugié, le style_, its introduction into England, 90
Regulator clock, the, 148
Repairs, ignorant restoration to be avoided, 42
Riesener, the marquetry of, 111
Rimbault, Stephen, 37
Noteworthy for musical clocks, 142, 147
Roentgen, David, the marquetry of, 111
Science, the dawn of, 35
Scott, Sir Walter, _Fortunes of Nigel_ quoted, 255
Scottish clocks, 255
Character of, 266
Makers, eighteenth century, list of, 261, 262
Second, the, the second division of the hour, 30
Hand, the, 30
Seventeenth century, dawn of science in the, 35
Types of lantern clock, 53
Watches, 286, 287
Shagreen cases to watches, 290
Shakespeare, _As you like it_ quoted, 162
_King John_ quoted, 32
Sheraton style in clock-cases, 147
Spandrel ornament on clock-dial--
Artistic difficulty of, 166
Cherub head style, 166, 169
Cupids and crown style, 170
Spanish proverb quoted, 185
Specialization of clockmaking, 37
Spring, the, its early use as a motive power, 32
Staffordshire earthenware clock vase, 198
Stalker and Parker, treatise on "japanning" (1688), 122
Striking and alarum clocks, early, 32
Strowbridge (Dawlish), clock by, 204
Clock repaired by, 247
Stuart and Tudor ages compared, 35
Sundial, the, and its tradition, 162
Time, 29
Sussex, clockmakers of, 247
Clock (Ashburnham) illustrated, 243
Swiss watchmakers settled in Ireland (1784-90), 278
Table clocks, great variety of, 185
Time, apparent and mean, equation of, 29
and its measurement, 27
Babylonian method of reckoning, 28, 29, 30
Tokens, copper, of clockmakers illustrated, 218, 236
Tombstones, ornament on, indicative of contemporary styles, 157
Tomlinson, William, 37
Tompion, Thomas (1671-1713), 212, 236
Name of, falsely put on Dutch clocks, 36
Tudor and Stuart ages compared, 35
Veneer and marquetry, the use of, 74
Definition of, 69
Modern delicacy of, 69
Verge escapement of old clocks, 33
Vulliamy, Benjamin, 37
Benjamin Lewis, 37
Justin, 37
Wales, clocks made in, 248
Wall clock, early use of, 46, 49
Inn clock illustrated, 125
Irish wall clock illustrated, 277
Wall-paper--
Early use of in England, 99
Period in marquetry, 99
Repeat design of, on marquetry, 100
Walnut period of long case, 135, 136
Watches, Old English--
Battersea enamel, 290
Cromwellian, 289
Early Stuart, 289
Eighteenth-century, 290
Elizabethan, 289
Pinchbeck period, 290
Typical English described, 285, 286
William and Mary, 290
Watches, Liverpool and district famous for, 224
Waterford, Swiss watchmakers at, 278
Watson, Sam (Coventry), clock by (1687), 186
Webster's _New International Dictionary_ quoted, 30
Wedgwood medallions as ornaments to clock-case, 204
Welsh clocks and makers, 248
West Country clockmakers, list of, 241
Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester, quoted, 30
William and Mary period of decoration, 92, 97, 98
Windmills, name falsely put on Dutch clocks, 36
Woodcarvers at Hampton Court, 170
Wooden works of clocks, 266
Wren, Sir Christopher, his work at, Hampton Court, 91
Yorkshire clock-case, peculiarities of, 223, 229
Clockmakers, 217
Zoffany, clock-cases decorated by, 142
_Printed in Great Britain by_ UNWIN BROTHERS, LIMITED, THE GRESHAM
PRESS, WOKING AND LONDON
CHATS ON ENGLISH EARTHENWARE
(Companion volume to "Chats on English China.")
BY ARTHUR HAYDEN
With coloured Frontispiece and 80 Full-page Illustrations of specimens
of Earthenware, Lists of Prices, Glossary, Bibliography, and
Reproductions of 200 Marks.
_Cloth_, 6s. net.
"Complementary to the useful companion volume, in this 'Chats'
Series, on English China which Mr. Hayden issued five years
ago."--_Times._
"Is a compendious account of our native English faïence,
abundantly illustrated and accurately written."--_Guardian._
"A thoroughly trustworthy working handbook."--_Truth._
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outcome of personal experience and research, and it is written
with no little charm of style."--_Lady's Pictorial._
"Mr. Hayden knows and writes exactly what is needed to help the
amateur to become an intelligent collector, while his painstaking
care in verifying facts renders his work a stable book of
reference."--_Connoisseur._
"The volume has been written as a companion to Mr. Hayden's 'Chats
on English China' in the same series, and those who recall the
admirable character of that book will find this to be in no way
inferior."--_Nation._
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and the publishers must be commended for offering us so many
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is one that will give immense pleasure to collectors, and much
information to the admiring but ignorant."--_Liverpool Courier._
LONDON: T. FISHER UNWIN, LTD., 1, ADELPHI TERRACE.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transcriber's Note: |
| |
| Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Other |
| errors are noted below. |
| |
| Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant |
| form was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed. |
| |
| Ambiguous hyphens were retained. |
| |
| Mid-paragraph illustrations have been moved between paragraphs and |
| some illustrations have been moved closer to the text that |
| references them. The List of Illustrations paginations and those |
| in image captions were not corrected. |
| |
| Italicized words are surrounded by underline characters, |
| _like this_, bolded words by equal signs,=like this=. |
| |
| Corrections: |
| Bartholomew Newsom -----> Bartholomew Newsam (p. 46) |
| Kenneth Maclellan -----> Kenneth Maclennan (p. 114) |
| panels of ergolesi -----> panels of pergolesi (p. 121) |
| Ralph Beilly -----> Ralph Beilby (p. 216) |
| Peter Garron -----> Peter Garon (p. 287). |
| |
| Note: |
| Page 173: Quinton, Yarmouth. The letter u in these two words |
| appears with a dot on top. These words are shown as follows: |
| Q[.u]inton, Yarmo[.u]th. |
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