COMMENCEMENT OF WAR.
The Voice of Warning—Horrible Oppression—Stones
thrown at Agrippa—Massacre at Masada—Advance
and Retreat of Cestius—Escape of the Christians.
Festus did not long hold the reins of government. He yielded them up to
Albinus, a man of character so extortionate, that he was said to be the
real head of all the robbers in the country.
It was during the brief period of his rule, that a wailing cry was
heard by those who assembled to keep the feast of tabernacles:—“A voice
from the east, a voice from the west, a voice from the four winds,
a voice against Jerusalem and the holy house, a voice against the
bridegrooms and the brides, and a voice against this whole people!” The
cry of woe was from a poor husbandman, upon whose soul the shadow of
coming national affliction lay like a heavy burden. Irritated by his
mournful forebodings, the populace laid hold on the man, and beat him
severely; but they could not silence the voice which cried Woe to the
doomed city.
[Illustration: DENOUNCING WOE UPON JERUSALEM.]
The rulers brought the peasant before Albinus, at whose command he
was barbarously scourged, even till his bones were laid bare. Yet he
uttered no prayer for mercy, nor could pain wring from him a tear; but
at every torturing stroke he repeated, “Woe, woe to Jerusalem!”
For seven years and five months the husbandman continued to cry aloud
by day and by night in all the lanes of the city, while the cloud over
the land grew darker and darker, and the hour of destruction drew nigh.
At length, in the fatal siege which crushed the last hopes of the
miserable Jews, as the peasant was crying on the wall, “Woe, woe to the
city, and to the people, and to the holy house,” he added, “Woe, woe to
myself also!” and while the words were in his mouth, a stone from the
besiegers silenced the prophetic tongue in death.
Evil as was Albinus, the Jews had cause to regret his departure,
when, in the year 64 A.D., he was succeeded by the tyrant Gessius
Florus. This, the last, appears to have been also the worst of all the
governors appointed by Rome. He spoiled whole cities, ruined entire
communities, and by his tyranny and oppression large tracts of country
were brought to desolation.
Multitudes of the people, groaning under his intolerable yoke, made
their complaint against him to Cestius Gallus, the president of Syria.
They besought him to pity the miseries of the nation, and to relieve
them from their merciless tyrant. Florus, who was present, laughed
at their accusations, but made fair promises for the future, which
he never intended to keep. It seems to have been his project by his
barbarous oppression to force the Jews into a rebellion, that in the
confusion and misery attendant on war, his own hateful crimes might
pass unnoticed.
On the occasion of a riot at Cesarea, Florus sent to rob the temple of
Jerusalem of a large sum of the sacred treasure, under pretext that
it was required for the service of Cæsar. At this the people were
thrown into great excitement, and some of the boldest uttered loud
reproaches on the avaricious tyrant. Florus marched hastily with troops
against Jerusalem, and, not withstanding the submission of the chief
priests and rulers, issued an order to his soldiers to plunder the
market-place, and slay all whom they met with.
Only too eager to avail themselves of such license, the troops, like
bloodhounds let loose, rushed through the town, plundered the houses,
murdered thousands of men, women, and children. Nor did the horrors of
the scene end here. Many of the citizens, and some of them men of rank,
were led before the brutal Florus, who commanded that they first should
be scourged, and then suffer the death of crucifixion. Fearful, though
just retribution! The people who had chosen Barabbas, were given up to
a ruler with the spirit of a Barabbas; and the very sufferings to which
they had subjected their rejected Messiah, were mercilessly inflicted
on themselves!
Bernice, the sister of Agrippa, interceded in vain for the people. They
were not only tormented before her very eyes, but she was constrained
herself to flee for her life from the fury of the cruel soldiery.
A fierce fight ensued between the Romans and the Jews. The people from
the roofs of their houses threw down stones and darts on the troops,
who at length, weary of this inglorious street warfare, returned to
their camp near the palace.
A regular war was now becoming inevitable. The contest between
the mighty empire of Rome and a people like the Jews, weakened by
internal divisions, was indeed a fearfully unequal one; but with wild
infatuation the nation rushed into the almost hopeless struggle, goaded
on by their own fierce passions, as well as by the cruel oppression of
Florus.
It was to no purpose that Agrippa, king of Chalcis, endeavoured to
dissuade the Jews from engaging in this fatal war—warning them even
with tears, while Bernice wept beside him. Holier tears had flowed
before for lost Jerusalem, but the things belonging to her peace were
hidden from her eyes. Some of the fierce seditious people became
irritated by the very efforts made to calm them. Agrippa was loaded
with reproaches, excluded from the city—nay, some of the furious
Jews even threw stones at the king; and Agrippa, indignant at their
treatment, retired for a while to his dominions.
The fortress of Masada, garrisoned by Romans, was taken by the Jews
through treachery, and its defenders slain without mercy, 65 A.D.
Great was the excitement in Jerusalem. The flame of insurrection spread
fast. Fierce Zealots ranged the city; the palaces of Agrippa, Bernice,
and Ananias the high priest were given to the flames; the castle of
Antonia was besieged, taken, set on fire, and its Roman garrison put to
the sword.
[Illustration: THE FORTRESS OF MASADA.]
Imperial Rome was little likely to submit quietly either to revolt of
subjects or insult from foes. Cestius Gallus, at the head of an army,
advanced, and planted his eagles at the distance of but fifty furlongs
from Jerusalem.
Agrippa accompanied the Roman forces, and resolved to make one more
effort to persuade the maddened Jews to sue for forgiveness. He sent
two of his followers, named Borseus and Phebus, those of his party who
were best known to the people, and promised them that Cestius should
offer them his right hand in token of the free forgiveness of Rome,
if even at this, the last hour, they would throw down their arms and
submit.
But messengers of peace from an earthly monarch were treated as the
ambassadors of mercy from a heavenly King had been by the deluded and
guilty people. Phebus was murdered before he could utter his message;
and Borseus, wounded and bleeding, only escaped death by flight.
Cestius now attacked the Jews, put them to flight, and pursued them
even to Jerusalem. The fiercest of its defenders retreated from the
suburbs into the interior of the city. For five days the Romans
assaulted the wall, and attempted to break into the temple, which was
obstinately defended by the Jews.
It was believed by the Jewish historian Josephus, that had Cestius at
this time continued his attack, Jerusalem must have fallen, and the
war at once have been ended. But suddenly, without apparent reason,
the Roman general recalled his soldiers, and made his retreat from
the city. To the Jews, this strange conduct of Cestius appears almost
unaccountable; but the Christian sees in it a most remarkable instance
of the merciful providence of God. The Church at Jerusalem recalled
to mind the prophecy of the Redeemer:—“When ye shall see Jerusalem
compassed with armies, then know that the desolation thereof is nigh.
Then let them which are in Jerusalem flee to the mountains; and let
them which are in the midst of it depart out; and let not them that are
in the countries enter thereinto. For these be the days of vengeance,
that all things that are written may be fulfilled.”
The warning had not been uttered in vain. As soon as the retreat of
Cestius left the way open for flight, the Christians retired from
Jerusalem, like Lot from the city of the plain. In the mountains of
Perea they found their Zoar of refuge, while the fiery deluge of
destruction descended on the doomed city which they had left.
CONTEMPORANEOUS EVENTS.
62-65 A.D.
A.D.
Rome set on fire 64
Nero’s persecution of the Christians 64