---------------------+------------------_The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 2 With a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface

| Sub-regions |

| 1=Chili. |

Order and Family | 2=Brazil. | Range beyond the Region.

| 3=Mexico. |

| 4=Antilles. |

---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |

---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

| | | | |

4. _Cebidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

5. _Hapalidæ_ | | -- | (?)| |

| | | | |

10. _Phyllostomidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- | California

12. Vespertilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

13. Noctilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions

| | | | |

| | | | |

23. Felidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

28. Canidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

29. Mustelidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

30. Procyonidæ | -- | -- | -- | | N. America

35. Phocidæ | -- | | | (?)| N. and S. temperate zones

| | | | |

36 to 41 | -- | | | | Oceanic

| | | | |

42. Manatidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Tropical shores

| | | | |

44. Tapiridæ | | -- | -- | | Indo-Malaya

47. Suidæ | | -- | -- | | Cosmopolite, excl. Australia

50. Cervidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Ethiopian and

| | | | |

55. Muridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

61. Sciuridæ | | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

63. _Chinchillidæ_ | -- | | | |

64. Octodontidæ | -- | -- | | -- | Africa

65. Echimyidæ | -- | -- | | | Ethiopian

66. Cercolabidæ | | -- | -- | | Nearctic

68. _Caviidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |

70. Leporidæ | | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

| | | | |

71. _Bradypodidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

73. _Dasypodidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | |

75. _Myrmecophagidæ_| | -- | -- | |

| | | | |

76. Didelphyidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Temperate N. America

| | | | |

1. Turdidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

2. Sylviidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

5. Cinclidæ | | -- | -- | | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental

6. Troglodytidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental

20. Corvidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

26. _Coerebidæ_ | | -- | -- | -- |

27. Mniotiltidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

28. Vireonidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

29. Ampelidæ | | | -- | -- | Nearctic, Palæarctic

30. Hirundinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

31. Icteridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

32. Tanagridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

33. Fringillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

38. Motacillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

38a. _Oxyrhamphidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

39. Tyrannidæ | -- | -- | -- |-- | Nearctic

40. _Pipridæ_ | | -- | -- | |

41. _Cotingidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |

42. _Phytotomidæ_ | -- | | | |

44._Dendrocolaptidæ_| -- | -- | -- | |

45. _Formicariidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

46. _Pteroptochidæ_ | -- | -- | | |

| | | | |

51. Picidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

54. Megalæmidæ | | -- | -- | | Ethiopian, Oriental

55. _Rhamphastidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

58. Cuculidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

60. _Bucconidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

61. _Galbulidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

64. _Todidæ_ | | | | -- |

65. _Momotidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

66. Trogonidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian, Oriental

67. Alcedinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

72. _Steatornithidæ_| | -- | | |

73. Caprimulgidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

74. Cypselidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

75. Trochilidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

| | | | |

80. Conuridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | S. United States

81. Psittacidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian

| | | | |

84. Columbidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

87. Tetraonidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

91. _Cracidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

92. _Tinamidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | |

| | | | |

93. _Opisthocomidæ_ | | -- | | |

| | | | |

94. Vulturidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

96. Falconidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

97. Pandionidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

98. Strigidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

99. Rallidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

100. Scolopacidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

101. _Chionididæ_ | -- | | | |

102. _Thinocoridæ_ | -- | | | |

103. Parridæ | | -- | -- | | Tropical regions

105. Charadriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

108. _Cariamidæ_ | -- | -- | | |

109. _Aramidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

110. _Psophiidæ_ | | -- | | |

111. _Eurypygidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

113. Ardeidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

114. Plataleidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

115. Ciconiidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Nearly cosmopolite

116. _Palamedeidæ_ | -- | -- | | |

117. Phoenicopteridæ | -- | -- | -- | | Ethiopian, Indian

| | | | |

118. Anatidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

119. Laridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

120. Procellariidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

121. Pelecanidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

124. Podicipidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

| | | | |

1. Typhlopidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Tropical regions and

5. Calamariidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm countries

7. Colubridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

8. Homalopsidæ | -- | | | -- | All the regions

11. Dendrophidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions

12. Dryiophidæ | | -- | -- | | Oriental, Ethiopian

13. Dipsadidæ | | -- | -- | | All tropical regions

14. Scytalidæ | | -- | -- | | Philippine Islands

16. Amblycephalidæ | | -- | -- | | Oriental

17. Pythonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions,

20. Elapidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Tropical regions, Japan,

24. Crotalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic, Palæarctic, Oriental

| | | | |

28. Amphisbænidæ | -- | -- | | -- | Ethiopian, S. Palæarctic

29. Lepidosternidæ | -- | -- | | | Ethiopian

31. _Helodermidæ_ | | | -- | |

32. Teidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

34. Zonuridæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic, Ethiopian,

35. _Chalcidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | | Nearctic

36. _Anadiadæ_ | | -- | | |

37. _Chirocolidæ_ | | -- | | |

38. _Iphisadæ_ | | -- | | |

39. _Cercosauridæ_ | | -- | | |

41. Gymnopthalmidæ | | -- | | -- | Australian, Ethiopian,

45. Scincidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

49. Geckotidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

50. Iguanidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

| | | | |

55. Crocodilidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian, Oriental,

56. Alligatoridæ | | -- | -- | | Nearctic

| | | | |

57. Testudinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All continents but Australian

| | | | |

1. Ceciliadæ | | -- | -- | | Oriental, Ethiopian

| | | | |

6. (Salamandridæ) | | -- | -- | | Nearctic, Palæarctic

| | | | |

7. _Rhinophrynidæ_ | | | -- | |

8. Phryniscidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Ethiopian, Australian, Java

9. _Hylaplesidæ_ | -- | -- | | -- |

10. Bufonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All continents but Australia

12. Engystomidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Palæarctic

13. Bombinatoridæ | -- | -- | | | Palæarctic, New Zealand

14. _Plectromantidæ_| -- | | | |

16. Pelodryadæ | -- | -- | | | Australia

17. Hylidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Ethiopian

18. Polypedatidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All the regions

19. Ranidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

20. Discoglossidæ | -- | -- | | | All regions but Nearctic

21. _Pipidæ_ | | -- | | |

| | | | |

3. Percidæ | -- | -- | | -- | All regions but Australian

12. Scienidæ | (?)| -- | -- | (?)| All regions but Australian

34. _Polycentridæ_ | | -- | -- | |

38. Mugillidæ | | (?)| -- | -- | Australian, Ethiopian

52. Chromidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian, Oriental

| | | | |

59. Siluridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm regions

60. Characinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Ethiopian

73. Cyprinodontidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Absent from Australia

84. _Gymnotidæ_ | | -- | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

112. _Trygonidæ_ | | -- | | |

| | | | |

1. Danaidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm regions, and to

2. Satyridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

4. Morphidæ | | -- | -- | | Australian, Oriental

5. _Brassolidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

6. Acræidæ | | -- | -- | | All tropical regions

7. _Heliconiidæ_ | | -- | -- | -- |

8. Nymphalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

9. Libytheidæ | | -- | | -- | Absent from Australia

10. Nemeobiidæ | | -- | -- | | Not in Australia or Nearctic

11. _Eurygonidæ_ | | -- | -- | |

12. Erycinidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Nearctic

13. Lycænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

14. Pieridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

15. Papilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

16. Hesperidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

17. Zygænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

18. Castniidæ | | -- | -- | -- | Australian

20. Uraniidæ | | -- | -- | -- | All tropical regions

22. Ægeriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Not in Australia

23. Sphingidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

{91}TABLE II.

_GENERA OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALIA AND BIRDS INHABITING THE NEOTROPICAL

REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show the genera peculiar to the region.

Names enclosed thus (......) indicate genera which barely enter the

region, and are not considered properly to belong to it.

Genera undoubtedly belonging to the region are numbered consecutively.

_MAMMALIA._

-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------

Order, Family, and | No. of| Range within | Range beyond

Genus. |Species| the Region. | the Region.

-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------

| | |

PRIMATES. | | |

CEBIDÆ. | | |

1. _Cebus_ | 18 | Costa Rica to |

| | Paraguay |

2. _Lagothrix_ | 5 | Upper Amazon and |

| | E. Andes |

3. _Eriodes_ | 3 | East Brazil, S. of |

| | Equator |

4. _Ateles_ | 14 | Almost all tropical |

| | America |

5. _Mycetes_ | 10 | E. Guatemala to |

| | Paraguay |

6. _Pithecia_ | 7 | Equatorial Forests |

7. _Brachiurus_ | 5 | Equatorial Forests |

8. _Nyctipithecus_ | 5 | Nicaragua to Amazonia|

9. _Saimiris_ | 3 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

10. _Callithrix_ | 11 | Panama to Paraguay |

| | |

HAPALIDÆ. | | |

11. _Hapale_ | 9 | Brazil and Upper |

| | Amazon |

12. _Midas_ | 24 | Equatorial America |

| | to Panama |

| | |

CHIROPTERA. | | |

PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ. | | |

13. _Lonchorina_ | 1 | West Indian Islands |

14. _Macrophyllum_ | 1 | Brazil |

15. _Vampyrus_ }| | |

16. _Lophostoma_ }| 25 | Tropical America and |

}| | Chili |

17. _Phyllostoma_ }| | |

18. Macrotus | 1 | Antilles and Mexico | California

19. _Schizostoma_ | 5 | South America |

20. _Brachyphylla_ | 1 | Antilles |

21. _Glossophaga_ | 8 | Tropical America |

22._Phyllonycteris_| 2 | Cuba |

23. _Artibeus_ | 4 |S. America & Antilles,|

| | Costa Rica |

24. _Stenoderma_ | 7 | The whole region |

25. _Sturnira_ | 3 | Chili to Guatemala |

26. _Desmodus_ | 3 | Chili to Mexico |

27. _Saccopteryx_ | 1 | Ecuador |

28. _Diphylla_ | 1 | Brazil |

29. _Centurio_ | 3 | Brazil to Mexico |

| | |

VESPERTILIONIDÆ. | | |

30. Lasiurus | 2 | Tropical America | Nearctic

31. Scotophilus | 7 | Antilles, Mexico to | Nearc., Austral.,

| | S. America | Orien.

32. Vespertilio | 12 | The whole region | Cosmopolite

33. Nycticejus | 3 | S. Temperate America | Nearctic, India,

| | | Tropical Africa

34. _Natalus_ | 1 | S. America and |

| | Antilles |

35. _Furipterus_ | 2 | S. America |

36. _Thyroptera_ | 2 | S. America |

37. _Nycticellus_ | 1 | Cuba |

38. Taphozous | 5 | S. America | Ethiopian, Oriental,

| | | Austro-Malayan

39. _Diclidurus_ | 1 | Brazil |

| | |

NOCTILIONIDÆ. | | |

40. _Noctilio_ | 2 | Paraguay to W. Indies|

41. _Mormops_ | 1 | Antilles and Mexico |

42. _Phyllodia_ | 1 | Jamaica |

43. _Chilonycteris_| 5 | Brazil and West |

| | Indies |

44. _Pteronotus_ | 1 | Trinidad |

45. Nyctinomus | 2 | La Plata to Antilles | S. Nearc., Orien.,

| | & Costa Rica | Madag.

46. Molossus | 16 | Paraguay and Chili | Ethiopian, S.

| | to Antilles | Palæarc., Australian

| | |

INSECTIVORA. | | |

CENTETIDÆ. | | |

47. _Solenodon_ | 2 | Cuba and Hayti |

| | |

SORICIDÆ. | | |

(Sorex | 1 | Guatemala and Costa | All other reg. but

| | Rica) | Austrl.

| | |

CARNIVORA. | | |

FELIDÆ. | | |

48. Felis | 13 | The whole region, | All regions but

| | excl. Antilles | Austral.

| | |

CANIDÆ. | | |

49. _Icticyon_ | 1 | Brazil |

50. _Chrysocyon_ | 1 | S. America |

(Lupus | 2 | Mexico to Costa Rica)| Northern genus

51. _Lycalopex_ | 2 | S. America |

52. _Pseudalopex_ | 5 | S. America, Falkland |

| | Islands, & Tierra |

| | del Fuego |

53. _Thous_ | 2 | S. America to Chili |

| | |

MUSTELIDÆ. | | |

54. Mustela | 2 | Andes of Peru | All other reg. but

| | | Austrl.

55. _Galictis_ | 2 | S. America to Chili |

| | & Patagonia |

56. _Lontra_ | 3 |Central and S. America|

| | to Chonos Archipelago|

57. Nutria | 1 | W. coast of America | W. coast of N.

| | to Chiloe | America

58. _Pteronura_ | 1 | Surinam and Brazil |

59. Mephitis | 3 | Mexico to Sts. of | Nearctic to Canada

| | Magellan |

| | |

PROCYONIDÆ. | | |

60. Procyon | 1 | Tropical America | Nearctic to Canada

61. _Nasua_ | 5 | Mexico to Paraguay & |

| | La Plata |

62. _Cercoleptes_ | 1 | Mexico to Peru and |

| | N. Brazil |

63. Bassaris | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala | California and Texas

| | |

URSIDÆ. | | |

64. _Tremarctos_ | 1 | Andes of Peru and |

| | Chili |

| | |

OTARIIDÆ. | | |

65. _Otaria_ | 1 | Chili, La Plata, and |

| | Patagonia |

66. Arctocephalus | 1 | Falkland Islands & | New Zealand

| | Cape Horn |

| | |

PHOCIDÆ. | | |

67. Stenorhynchus | 1 | Falkland Islands | New Zealand

68. Lobodon | 1 | Antarctic shores |

69. Leptonyx | 1 | Antarctic shores, | S. Australia

| | E. Patagonia |

70. Ommatophoca | 1 | Antarctic shores |

71. Morunga | 1 | Falkland Islands | California, S. temp.

| | | zone

72. Cystophora | 1 | Antilles | N. Atlantic

| | |

CETACEA. | | |

DELPHINIDÆ. | | |

73. _Inia_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |

| | |

SIRENIA. | | |

MANATIDÆ. | | |

74. Manatus | 1 | Gulf of Mexico to N. | W. Africa

| | Brazil, Amazon R. |

| | |

UNGULATA. | | |

TAPIRIDÆ. | | |

75. Tapirus | 2 | Equatorial S. America| Indo-Malaya

76. _Elasmognathus_| 1 | Panama to Guatemala |

| | |

SUIDÆ. | | |

77. _Dicotyles_ | 2 | Mexico to Paraguay | Texas

| | |

CAMELIDÆ. | | |

78. _Auchenia_ | 4 | Temp. S. America, |

| | from Cape Horn to |

| | Andes of Peru |

| | |

CERVIDÆ. | | |

79. Cervus | 12 | Mexico to Patagonia | All regions but

| | and Tierra del Fuego| Ethiopian and

| | | Australian

| | |

RODENTIA. | | |

MURIDÆ. | | |

80. Reithrodon | 4 | South Temp. America | United States

| | to Tierra del Fuego|

81. _Acodon_ | 1 | Peru, 14,000 ft. |

| | elevation |

82. _Myxomys_ | 1 | Guatemala |

83. Hesperomys | 76 | The whole region | Nearctic

84. _Holochilus_ | 4 | S. America |

85. _Oxymycterus_ | 3 | Brazil and La Plata |

86. _Drymomys_ | 1 | Peru |

87. _Neotomys_ | 2 | S. America |

(Fiber | 1 | Mexico) | Nearctic genus

| | |

SACCOMYIDÆ. | | |

88. _Heteromys_ | 6 | Mexico, Honduras, |

| | Costa Rica & Trinidad|

| | |

SCIURIDÆ. | | |

89. Sciurus | 30 | Mexico to Paraguay | All reg. but

| | | Australian

| | |

CHINCHILLIDÆ. | | |

90. _Chinchilla_ | 2 | Andes of Chili and |

| | Peru |

91. _Lagidium_ | 3 | Chili to Ecuador |

| | (11,000 to |

| | 16,000 ft.) |

92. _Lagostomus_ | 1 | Uruguay to Rio Negro |

| | of Patagonia |

| | |

OCTODONTIDÆ. | | |

93. _Habrocomus_ | 2 | Chili |

94. _Capromys_ | 3 | Cuba and Jamaica |

95. _Plagiodontia_ | 1 | Hayti |

96. _Spalacopus_ | 2 | Chili and E. of Andes|

97. _Octodon_ | 3 | Chili, Peru, and |

| | Bolivia |

98. _Ctenomys_ | 6 | S. Brazil to Tierra |

| | del Fuego |

| | |

ECHIMYIDÆ. | | |

99. _Dactylomys_ | 2 | Guiana and Brazil |

100. _Cercomys_ | 1 | Central Brazil |

101. _Lasiuromys_ | 1 | St. Paulo, Brazil |

102. _Myopotamus_ | 1 | S. half of tropical |

| | S. America |

103. _Carterodon_ | 1 | Central Brazil |

104. _Mesomys_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |

105. _Echimys_ | 11 | Equatorial America |

| | to Paraguay |

106. _Loncheres_ | 10 | New Granada to Brazil|

| | |

CERCOLABIDÆ. | | |

107. _Cercolabes_ | 12 | Mexico to Paraguay |

108. _Chætomys_ | 1 | N. Brazil |

| | |

CAVIIDÆ. | | |

109. _Dasyprocta_ | 9 | Paraguay to Mexico |

| | and Lesser Antilles|

110. _Coelogenys_ | 2 | Guatemala to Paraguay|

111. _Hydrochoerus_| 1 | Guiana to La Plata |

112. _Cavia_ | 9 | Brazil and Peru to |

| | Magellan Sts. |

113. _Kerodon_ | 6 | Brazil and Peru to |

| | Magellan Sts. |

114. _Dolichotis_ | 1 | The Pampas and |

| | Patagonia |

| | |

LEPORIDÆ. | | |

115. Lepus | 1 | Central Brazil and | All regions but

| | Andes, Costa Rica | Austral.

| | to Mexico |

| | |

EDENTATA. | | |

BRADYPODIDÆ. | | |

116. _Choloepus_ | 2 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

117. _Bradypus_ | 2 | Amazon to Rio de |

| | Janeiro |

118._Arctopithecus_| 8 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

| | |

DASYPODIDÆ. | | |

119. _Tatusia_ | 5 | Rio Grande, Texas, |

| | to Patagonia |

120. _Prionodontes_| 1 | Surinam to Paraguay |

121. _Dasypus_ | 4 | Brazil to Chili and |

| | La Plata, Costa Rica?|

122. _Xenurus_ | 3 | Guiana to Paraguay, |

| | Costa Rica? |

123. _Tolypeutes_ | 2 | Bolivia and La Plata |

124._Chlamydophorus_ 2 | La Plata and Bolivia |

| | |

MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ. | | |

125. _Myrmecophaga_| 1 | Costa Rica?, & |

| | N. Braz., to Parag.|

126. _Tamandua_ | 2 | Guatemala to Paraguay|

127. _Cyclothurus_ | 2 | Honduras and Costa |

| | Rica to Paraguay |

| | |

MARSUPIALIA. | | |

DIDELPHYIDÆ. | | |

128. Didelphys | 20 | Mexico to Uruguay | Temperate N. America

| | and S. Chili |

129. _Chironectes_ | 1 | Guiana and Brazil, |

| | Costa Rica |

130. _Hyracodon_ | 1 | Ecuador |

_BIRDS._

PASSERES. | | |

TURDIDÆ. | | |

1. Turdus | 32 | The whole reg. to | Almost cosmopolite

| | Tierra del Fuego |

2._Rhodinocichla_| 1 | Mexico to Venezuela |

3. _Melanoptila_ | 1 | Honduras |

4. _Catharus_ | 10 | Mexico to Ecuador |

| | and Columbia |

5. _Margarops_ | 4 | Hayti and Lesser |

| | Antilles |

6. Mimus | 16 | Nearly the whole | Nearctic

| | region |

7. _Melanotis_ | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala |

8. Galeoscoptes | 1 | Mexico to Panama | Nearctic

9. _Mimocichla_ | 4 | Cuba to Porto Rico |

(Harporhynchus | 3 | Mexico) | Nearctic genus

10._Cinclocerthia_| 3 | Lesser Antilles |

11._Ramphocinclus_| 1 | Martinique and |

| | St. Lucia |

| | |

SYLVIIDÆ. | | |

12. _Myiadestes_ | 8 |Mexico and Antilles | N. & W. of N. America

| | to Peru and Bolivia |

13. _Cichlopsis_ | 1 | Brazil |

(Sialia | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala)| United States &

| | | Canada

14. Regulus | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala | Nearctic, Palæarctic

15. Polioptila | 6 | Mexico and Cuba to | Cen. and S. U. States

| | Bolivia and La Plata|

| | |

CINCLIDÆ. | | |

16. Cinclus | 4 | Mexico to Venezuela | Nearctic, Palæarctic

| | and Peru |

| | |

TROGLODYTIDÆ. | | |

17. Troglodytes | 5 | Mexico to Straits of | Nearctic, Palæarctic

| | Magellan |

18. Thryophilus | 13 | Mexico to Central | N.-W. America

| | Brazil |

19. Thryothorus | 12 | Mexico to S. Brazil | N. America

20. Cistothorus | 3 | Mexico to Chili and | N. America

| | Patagonia |

21. _Donacobius_ | 2 | Columbia to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

22._Campylorhynchus_ 18 | Mexico to Brazil and | New Mexico

| | Bolivia |

23. _Cyphorhinus_ | 5 | Costa Rica to Peru |

24._Microcerculus_| 5 | Mexico to Peru |

25. _Henicorhina_ | 2 | Mexico to Peru |

(Salpinctes | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala)| Nearctic genus

(Catherpes | 1 | Mexico) | Gila and Colorado

26. _Cinnicerthia_| 2 | Columbia and Ecuador |

27. _Uropsila_ | 1 | Mexico |

| | |

CERTHIIDÆ. | | |

(Certhia | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala)| North temperate genus

| | |

SITTIDÆ. | | |

(Sitta | 2 | Mexico) | North temperate genus

| | |

PARIDÆ. | | |

(Parus | 1 | Mexico) | Nearc., Palæarc.,

| | | Orient.

(Lophophanes | 2 | Mexico) | North temperate genus

(Psaltriparus | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala)| Nearctic

| | |

CORVIDÆ. | | |

28. Cyanocitta | 16 | Mexico to Peru and |Nearctic

| | Bolivia |

29. _Cyanocorax_ | 12 | Mexico to Paraguay, |

| | Jamaica |

30. _Calocitta_ | 2 | Mexico to Guatemala |

31. _Psilorhinus_ | 3 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

32. Corvus | 4 | Mexico to Guatemala, | Cosmop., excl.

| | Cuba to Porto Rico | S. Amer.

| | |

COEREBIDÆ. | | |

33. _Diglossa_ | 14 | Mexico to Guiana, |

| | Peru, and Bolivia |

34. _Diglossopis_ | 1 | Venezuela to Ecuador |

35. _Oreomanes_ | 1 | Ecuador |

36. _Conirostrum_ | 6 | Columbia to Bolivia |

37. _Hemidacnis_ | 1 | Columbia and Upper |

| | Amazon |

38. _Dacnis_ | 13 | Costa Rica to Guiana |

| | & S. Brazil |

39. _Certhidea_ | 2 | Galapagos Islands |

40. _Chlorophanes_| 2 | Brazil to Central |

| | America, Cuba |

41. _Coereba_ | 4 | Mexico and Cuba to |

| | Guiana and Brazil |

42. _Certhiola_ | 10 | Antilles to Ecuador | Florida

| | and Brazil |

43. _Glossiptila_ | 1 | Jamaica |

| | |

MNIOTILTIDÆ. | | |

44. Siurus | 3 | Mexico to Columbia, | S. & E. States &

| | Antilles | Canada

45. Mniotilta | 1 | Columbia to Mexico | Eastern United States

| | and Antilles |

46. Parula | 5 | Brazil and Ecuador | Eastern U. S. &

| | to Mexico | Canada

47. Protonotaria | 1 | Venezuela to Central | Florida to Ohio

| | America and W. India|

48. Helminthophaga| 5 | Mexico to Columbia | North America

49. Helmintherus | 1 | Mexico to Veragua | U. States to Canada

50. Perissoglossa | 1 | Cuba, Hayti, and | E. United States

| | Porto Rico |

51. Dendroeca | 25 | Mexico & W. Indies to| All N. America

| | Ecuador and Chili |

52. _Oporornis_ | 1 | Guatemala to Panama |

53. Geothlypis | 10 | Brazil to Mexico | All N. America

54. Setophaga | 12 | Mexico to Brazil | E. U. States & Canada

55. _Cardellina_ | 1 | Guatemala and Mexico |

56. _Ergaticus_ | 2 | Guatemala and Mexico |

57. Myiodioctes | 3 | Columbia to Mexico | U. States and Canada

58. _Basileuterus_| 22 | Mexico to Brazil |

59. Icteria | 1 | Costa Rica to Mexico | E. and Central United

| | | States to Canada

60. _Granatellus_ | 3 | Amazon to Mexico |

61. _Teretristis_ | 2 | Cuba |

| | |

VIREONIDÆ. | | |

62. Vireosylvia | 9 | Venezuela to Mexico | All N. America

| | & Antilles |

63. Vireo | 10 | Mexico to Costa Rica | All United States

| | & Antilles |

64. _Neochloe_ | 1 | Mexico |

65. _Hylophilus_ | 16 | Brazil to Mexico |

66. _Laletes_ | 1 | Jamaica |

67._Phoenicomanes_| 1 | Jamaica |

68. _Vireolanius_ | 4 | Mexico to Amazon |

69. _Cychloris_ | 9 | Mexico to Paraguay |

| | |

AMPELIDÆ. | | |

70. _Dulus_ | 2 | Hayti |

(Ampelis | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala)| N. temperate genus

71. _Ptilogonys_ | 2 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

(Phainopepla | 1 | Mexico) | Gila and Lower

| | | Colorado

| | |

HIRUNDINIDÆ. | | |

72. Hirundo | 9 | Mexico and Antilles | Almost cosmopolite

| | to Chili and |

| | La Plata |

73. Petrochelidon | 3 | Mexico and Antilles | Nearctic

| | to Paraguay |

74. _Atticora_ | 6 | Guatemala to Peru |

| | and Brazil |

75. Cotyle | 2 | Central America to | All regions but

| | La Plata | Austral.

76. Stelgidopteryx| 4 | Mexico to Brazil | S. United States

77. Progne | 4 | The whole region | Nearctic

| | |

ICTERIDÆ. | | |

78. _Clypeicterus_| 1 | Upper Amazon |

79. _Ostinops_ | 8 | Mexico to Guiana, |

| | Brazil, and Bolivia|

80. _Cassiculus_ | 1 | Mexico |

81. _Cassicus_ | 10 | Mexico to S. Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

82. Icterus | 33 | Mexico to Antilles | All U. States &

| | and La Plata | Canada

83. Dolichonyx | 1 | Mexico to Paraguay, | E. U. States and

| | Galapagos | Canada

84. Molothrus | 8 | Mexico to La Plata | All U. States &

| | and Bolivia | Canada

85. Agelæus | 6 | Mexico to Paraguay, | All U. States &

| | Cuba, Porto Rico | Canada

(Xanthocephalus| 1 | Mexico) | Nearctic genus

86. _Xanthosomus_ | 4 | Venezuela to La Plata|

87._Amblyrhamphus_| 1 | Bolivia and La Plata |

88._Gymnomystax_ | 1 | Guiana and Amazonia |

89._Pseudoleistes_| 2 | Brazil and La Plata |

90. _Leistes_ | 3 | Venezuela to Paraguay|

| | & Bolivia |

91. Sturnella | 4 | Cuba and Mexico to | All U. States &

| | Chili, Falkland | Canada

| | Islands & Tierra |

| | del Fuego |

92. _Curoeus_ | 1 | Chili to Magellan |

| | Straits |

93. _Nesopsar_ | 1 | Jamaica |

(Scolecophagus| 1 | Mexico, Cuba ?) | Nearctic genus

94. _Lampropsar_ | 4 | Guatemala to Peru |

| | and Guiana |

95. Quiscalus | 9 | Mexico to Antilles & | S. and E. United

| | Venezuela | States to Labrador

96. _Hypopyrrhus_ | 1 | Columbia |

97. _Aphobus_ | 1 | Brazil Paraguay and |

| | Bolivia |

98. _Cassidix_ | 1 | Mexico to Brazil and |

| | Guiana |

| | |

TANAGRIDÆ. | | |

99. _Procnias_ | 2 | Brazil and Peru to |

| | Columbia |

100. _Chlorophonia_| 7 | Brazil to Mexico |

101. _Euphonia_ | 32 | Mexico and W. Indies |

| | to Brazil and Bolivia|

| | |

102. _Tanagrella_ | 4 | Columbia to Guiana |

| | and Brazil |

103. _Chlorochrysa_| 2 | Columbia to Peru |

104. _Pipridea_ | 2 | Venezuela to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

105. _Diva_ | 1 | Columbia and Ecuador |

106. _Calliste_ | 56 | Guatemala to Bolivia |

| | & Paraguay |

107. _Iridornis_ | 4 | Columbia to Peru |

108._Poecilothraupis_ 4 |Columbia to Bolivia |

109._Stephanophorus_ 1 | Brazil and La Plata |

110. _Buthraupis_ | 5 | Veragua to Bolivia |

111. _Compsocoma_ | 5 | Columbia to Bolivia |

112. _Dubusia_ | 2 | Columbia and Ecuador |

113. _Tanagra_ | 12 | Mexico to Bolivia and|

| | La Plata |

114. _Spindalis_ | 5 | Porto Rico to Bahamas|

115._Rhamphocoelus_| 11 | Guatemala to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

116._Phlogothraupis_ 1 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

117. _Euchætes_ | 1 | Eastern Ecuador |

118. _Pyranga_ | 11 | Mexico to Bolivia and| U. States and Canada

| | Paraguay |

119. _Orthogonys_ | 2 | Brazil and Guiana |

120. _Lamprotes_ | 2 | Brazil and Columbia |

121._Phænicothraupis_ 7 | Mexico to Paraguay |

| | and Bolivia |

122. _Lanio_ | 4 | Mexico to Bolivia |

123. _Eucometis_ | 5 | Costa Rica to Bolivia|

124._Trichothraupis_ 1 | S. Brazil and Paraguay

125. _Creurgops_ | 1 | West Ecuador |

126. _Tachyphonus_ | 11 | Nicaragua to Paraguay|

127. _Cypsnagra_ | 1 | S. Brazil and Bolivia|

128. _Nemosia_ | 11 |Venezuela, W. Ecuador,|

| | to Brazil and |

| | Bolivia |

129. _Pyrrhocoma_ | 1 | S. Brazil and Paraguay

130._Chlorospingus_| 18 | Mexico to Peru and |

| | Bolivia |

131. _Buarremon_ | 20 | Mexico to S. Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

132._Phænicophilus_| 1 | Hayti |

133. _Arremon_ | 12 | Mexico to S. Brazil |

134. _Oreothraupis_| 1 | East Ecuador |

135. _Cissopis_ | 3 | Columbia to Peru and |

| | Bolivia |

136. _Lamprospiza_ | 1 | Guiana |

137. _Psittospiza_ | 2 | Columbia to Peru |

138. _Saltator_ | 17 | Mexico to La Plata |

| | and Bolivia |

139. _Diucopis_ | 2 | Upper Amazon and |

| | S. Brazil |

140. _Orchesticus_ | 3 | Tropical S. America |

141. _Pitylus_ | 8 | Mexico to Brazil and |

| | Ecuador |

| | |

FRINGILLIDÆ. | | |

142. Chrysomitris | 12 | Mexico to Brazil, | Nearctic, Palæarctic

| | Chili and Patagonia|

143. _Sycalis_ | 9 | Mexico to Chili and |

| | La Plata, Jamaica |

144. Coccothraustes| 2 | Mexico and Guatemala | Nearctic, Palæarctic

145. _Geospiza_ | 7 | Galapagos Islands |

146. _Camarhynchus_| 5 | Galapagos Islands |

147. _Cactornis_ | 4 | Galapagos Islands |

148. _Phrygilus_ | 10 | Columbia to Fuegia and

| | Falkland Islands |

149. _Xenospingus_ | 1 | Peru |

150. _Diuca_ | 3 | Peru, Chili, and |

| | Patagonia |

151. _Emberizoides_| 3 | Venezuela to Paraguay|

152. _Donacospiza_ | 1 |S. Brazil and La Plata|

153. _Chamæospiza_ | 1 | Mexico |

154. Embernagra | 9 | Mexico to La Plata | Rocky Mountains

155. _Hæmophila_ | 6 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

156. Atlapetes | 1 | Mexico | Nearctic?

157. _Pyrgisoma_ | 5 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

158. Pipilo | 4 | Mexico to Guatemala | All Nearctic region

159. Junco | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala | United States

160. Zonotrichia | 5 | Mexico to Straits of | Nearctic

| | Magellan |

(Melospiza | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala)| Nearctic genus

(Spizella | 3 | Mexico and Guatemala)| Nearctic genus

(Passerculus | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala)| Nearctic genus

(Pooecetes | 1 | Mexico) | Nearctic genus

161. Ammodramus | 1 | Guatemala | Nearctic

162. Coturniculus | 4 | Mexico to Bolivia, | E. & N. of N. America

| | Jamaica |

163. Peucæa | 4 | Mexico | S. E. States &

| | | California

164. _Tiaris_ | 1 | Brazil |

165. _Volatinia_ | 1 | Mexico to Brazil |

(Cyanospiza | 4 | Mexico and Central | Nearctic

| | America) |

166. _Paroaria_ | 6 | Trop. S. America, |

| | E. of Andes |

167._Coryphospingus_ 4 | Tropical S. America |

168._Porphyrospiza_| 1 | Brazil |

169. _Haplospiza_ | 2 | Mexico and Brazil |

170. _Phonipara_ | 5 | Mexico to Columbia, |

| | Greater Antilles |

171. Poospiza | 12 | Mexico to Bolivia and| W. & Central

| | La Plata | U. States

172. _Spodiornis_ | 1 | Ecuador |

(Carpodacus | 2 | Mexico) | Nearctic, Palæarctic

173. Cardinalis | 2 | Mexico to Venezuela | S. & S. Cent.

| | | U. States

174. Guiraca | 6 | Mexico to Brazil and | Southern U. States

| | La Plata |

175. _Amaurospiza_ | 2 | Costa Rica and Brazil|

176. Hedymeles | 2 | Mexico to Columbia | Nearctic

177. _Pheucticus_ | 5 | Mexico to Peru and |

| | Bolivia |

178. _Oryzoborus_ | 6 | Mexico to Ecuador and|

| | S. Brazil |

179. _Melopyrrha_ | 1 | Cuba |

180. _Loxigilla_ | 4 | Antilles |

181. _Spermophila_ | 44 | Mexico to Bolivia and| Texas

| | Uruguay |

182. _Catamenia_ | 4 | Columbia to Bolivia |

183. _Neorhynchus_ | 1 | W. Peru |

184._Catamblyrhynchus_ 1 | Columbia |

(Loxia | 1 | Mexico) | North temperate genus

(Calamospiza | 1 | Mexico) | Arizona and Texas

(Chondestes | 1 | Mexico) | W. and Cent.

| | | U. States

(Euspiza | 1 | Mexico to Columbia) | S.-E. U. States,

| | | Palæarc.

185. _Gubernatrix_ | 1 | Paraguay and La Plata|

(Plectrophanes| 1 | Mexico) | N. temp. & Arctic

| | | genus

| | |

ALAUDIDÆ. | | |

186. Otocorys | 1 | Mexico, Andes of | Nearc. & Palæarc.

| | Columbia | genus

| | |

MOTACILLIDÆ. | | |

187. Anthus | 4 | Mexico to Patagonia | Cosmopolite

| | and Falkland Islands|

| | |

OXYRHAMPHIDÆ. | | |

187a. _Oxyrhamphus_| 2 | Brazil to Costa Rica |

| | |

TYRANNIDÆ. | | |

188. _Conophaga_ | 11 | Columbia to Bolivia |

| | and Brazil |

189. _Corythopis_ | 2 | Brazil and Guiana |

190. _Agriornis_ | 5 | Ecuador, Peru, and |

| | Chili |

191. _Myiotheretes_| 3 | Columbia to Ecuador, |

| | Patagonia |

192. _Tænioptepa_ | 8 | S. Brazil and Bolivia|

| | to Patago. |

193. _Ochthodioeta_| 1 | Columbian Andes |

194. _Ochthæca_ | 17 | Andes, Bolivia to |

| | Columbia and |

| | Venezuela |

195. Sayornis | 4 | Mexico to Ecuador | E. United Sts. to

| | | Canada

196. _Fluvicola_ | 4 | Guiana & W. Ecuador |

| | to Brazil, and |

| | Bolivia |

197. _Arundinicola_| 1 | Tropical S. America |

198. _Alectorurus_ | 2 |S. Brazil and La Plata|

199. _Cybernetes_ | 1 | Brazil |

200. _Sysopygis_ | 1 |S. Brazil and La Plata|

201. _Cnipolegus_ | 9 | Amazonia to Patagonia|

202. _Lichenops_ | 1 | Brazil and La Plata |

203. _Muscipipra_ | 1 | S. Brazil |

204. _Copurus_ | 3 | Costa Rica to |

| | S. Brazil |

205. _Machetornis_ | 1 | Venezuela to Brazil |

206._Muscisaxicola_| 11 | Andes of Ecuador to |

| | Chili and Patagonia|

207. _Centrites_ | 2 | Bolivia to Patagonia |

208. _Muscigralla_ | 1 | W. Ecuador |

209._Platyrhynchus_| 7 | Mexico to Brazil |

210. _Todirostrum_ | 11 | Tropical N. and |

| | S. America |

211. _Oncosotma_ | 2 | Tropical N. America |

212. _Euscarthmus_ | 12 | Costa Rica to W. |

| | Ecuador, Brazil, |

| | and Bolivia |

213. _Orchilus_ | 2 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

214. _Colopterus_ | 2 | Veragua to Columbia |

| | and Guiana |

215. _Hemitriccus_ | 1 | Brazil |

216._Phylloscartes_| 1 | Columbia to Brazil |

217. _Hapalocercus_| 3 | Brazil to Chili and |

| | La Plata |

218. _Habrura_ | 1 | Uruguay |

219._Pogonotriccus_| 2 | Brazil and Columbia |

220. _Leptotriccus_| 2 | Brazil and Veragua |

221. _Stigmatura_ | 2 | Upper Amazon to |

| | La Plata |

222. _Serphophaga_ | 7 | Columbia to Chili and|

| | La Plata |

223. _Anæretes_ | 4 | Columbia to Chili and|

| | La Plata, Magell. |

| | Sts. & Juan Fernand.|

224. _Cyanotis_ | 1 | W. Peru to La Plata |

225. _Mionectes_ | 4 | Mexico to Brazil and |

| | Bolivia |

226. _Leptopogon_ | 6 | Mexico to Peru and |

| | Brazil |

227. _Capsiempis_ | 1 | Chiriqui to Brazil |

228. _Phyllomyias_ | 5 | Columbia to Brazil |

229. _Ornithion_ | 4 | Mexico to Brazil |

230. _Tyrannulus_ | 3 | Guatemala to Amazonia|

231. _Tyranniscus_ | 9 | Guatemala to E. Peru |

232. _Elainea_ | 18 | Mexico to Tierra del |

| | Fuego, Antilles |

233. _Empidagra_ | 1 | Bolivia and La Plata |

234. _Legatus_ | 2 | Mexico to Brazil |

235. _Sublegatus_ | 2 | Venezuela and Lower |

| | Amazon |

236. _Myiozetetes_ | 8 | Mexico to W. Peru and|

| | Brazil |

237._Rhynchocyclus_| 10 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

238. _Conopias_ | 3 | Venezuela to Peru and|

| | Brazil |

239. _Pitangus_ | 7 | Mexico to La Plata, |

| | Antilles |

240. _Sirystes_ | 2 | Panama to Brazil |

241. _Myiodynastes_| 6 | Mexico to Bolivia and|

| | Paraguay |

242. _Megarhynchus_| 1 | Mexico to Brazil |

243. _Muscivora_ | 5 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

244. _Hirundinea_ | 3 | Columbia & Guiana to |

| | Paraguay |

245. _Cnipodectes_ | 1 | Panama to W. Ecuador |

| | & Amazon |

246. _Myiobius_ | 13 | Mexico to W. Peru, |

| | Bolivia, and |

| | La Plata |

247. _Pyrocephalus_| 3 | Tropical N. and S. | Gila and Rio Grande

| | America and |

| | Galapagos Islands |

248. _Empidochanes_| 4 | Venezuela to |

| | S. Brazil. |

249. _Mitrephorus_ | 2 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

250. Empidonax | 12 | Mexico to Columbia & | All N. America

| | Ecuador |

251. Contopus | 10 | Mexico to Amazonia, | N. & E. of Rocky

| | Antilles | Mtns.

252. _Myiochanes_ | 1 | Amazonia and Brazil |

253. Myiarchus | 12 | Mexico to W. Ecuador | East and West Coasts

| | & Brazil, Galapagos| to Canada

| | and Antilles |

254. _Blacicus_ | 2 | Cuba, Hayti, Jamaica |

(Empidias | 1 | Mexico) | Eastern United States

255. _Empidonomus_ | 1 | Guiana and Brazil |

256. Tyrannus | 11 | All tropical | All U. States to

| | sub-regions | Canada

257. _Milvulus_ | 2 | Tropical N. and S. | Texas

| | America |

| | |

PIPRIDÆ. | | |

258. _Piprites_ | 4 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

259. _Masius_ | 2 | Columbia and Ecuador |

260. _Chloropipo_ | 1 | Columbia |

261. _Xenopipo_ | 1 | Guiana and Columbia |

262. _Pipra_ | 19 |Trop. N. and S. America

263. _Neopipo_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |

264._Machæropterus_| 4 | Columbia to Brazil |

265. _Ilicura_ | 1 | Brazil |

266. _Chiroxiphia_ | 5 | Guatemala to Brazil |

267. _Metopia_ | 1 | Brazil |

268. _Metopothrix_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |

269._Chiromachæris_| 6 | Mexico to Ecuador and|

| | Brazil |

270. _Hetoropelma_ | 10 | Mexico to Guiana and |

| | Brazil |

271. _Heterocercus_| 2 | Guiana and Upper |

| | Amazon |

272. _Schiffornis_ | 2 |Upper Amazon and Brazil

| | |

COTINGIDÆ. | | |

273. _Tityra_ | 6 | Tropical N. and S. |

| | America |

274. _Hadrostomus_ | 5 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil, Jamaica |

275. _Pachyhamphus_| 11 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

276. _Lathria_ | 5 | Mexico to Brazil |

277. _Aulia_ | 3 | Veragua to Brazil |

278. _Lipaugus_ | 3 | Guatemala to Brazil |

| | and Guiana |

279. _Ptilochloris_| 2 | Brazil |

280. _Attila_ | 8 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

| | and Guiana |

281. _Casiornis_ | 2 | S. Brazil to Paraguay|

282. _Rupicola_ | 3 | Guiana to W. Ecuador |

| | & Bolivia |

283._Phoenicocercus_ 2 | Guiana and Amazonia |

284. _Tijuca_ | 1 | Brazil |

285. _Phibalura_ | 1 | Brazil |

286. _Pipreola_ | 7 | Venezuela to Ecuador |

| | and Peru |

287. _Ampelio_ | 4 | Columbia to Peru and |

| | Brazil |

288. _Carpodectes_ | 1 | Nicaragua and Costa |

| | Rica |

289. _Heliochæra_ | 2 | Columbia to Peru and |

| | Bolivia |

290. _Cotinga_ | 6 | Guatemala to Peru and|

| | Brazil |

291. _Xipholena_ | 3 | Guiana to Brazil |

292. _Iodopleura_ | 3 | Guiana to Brazil |

293. _Calyptura_ | 1 | Brazil |

294. _Querula_ | 1 | Panama to Amazonia |

295. _Hæmatoderus_ | 1 |Guiana and Lower Amazon

296._Chasmorhynchus_ 4 | Costa Rica to Guiana |

| | and Brazil |

297._Gymnocephalus_| 1 | Guiana and Rio Negro |

298. _Gymnoderus_ | 1 |Guiana and Upper Amazon

299. _Pyroderus_ | 3 | Venezuela to Brazil |

300._Cephalopterus_| 3 | Costa Rica to W. |

| | Ecuador & Upr. Amazon|

| | |

PHYTOTOMIDÆ. | | |

301. _Phytotoma_ | 3 | Bolivia, Chili, and |

| | La Plata |

| | |

DENDROCOLAPTIDÆ. | | |

302. _Geobates_ | 1 | South Brazil |

303. _Geositta_ | 6 | Peru to Chili and |

| | Patagonia |

304. _Furnarius_ | 9 | Guiana & W. Ecuador |

| | to La Plata |

305. _Clibanornis_ | 1 | S. Brazil |

306. _Upucerthia_ | 4 | Andes of Ecuador to |

| | Chili and Patagonia|

307. _Cinclodes_ | 5 | Ecuador to Chili, |

| | Patagonia and |

| | Tierra del Fuego |

308. _Henicornis_ | 2 | Patagonia |

309. _Lochmias_ | 2 | Venezuela and Brazil |

310. _Sclerurus_ | 6 | Mexico to Brazil |

311. _Oxyurus_ | 2 | Chili to Tierra del |

| | Fuego, and |

| | Masafuera Islands |

312. _Sylviortho- | 1 | Chili |

rhynchus_ | 1 | Chili |

313. _Phlæocryptes_| 1 | W. Peru to La Plata |

314._Leptasthenura_| 5 | Andes of Ecuador to |

| | Brazil and Patagonia|

315. _Synallaxis_ | 55 | The whole region |

| | (excl. Antilles) |

316. _Coryphistera_| 1 | La Plata |

317. _Anumbius_ | 1 | Paraguay and La Plata|

318. _Limnornis_ | 1 | Uruguay and La Plata |

319._Placellodomus_| 4 | Venezuela to Peru and|

| | La Plata |

320. _Thripophaga_ | 3 | Brazil and Columbia |

321._Pseudocolaptes_ 1 | Columbia to Peru |

322. _Homorus_ | 3 | Brazil, Bolivia, and |

| | La Plata |

323. _Thripadectes_| 1 | Columbia |

324. _Ancistrops_ | 1 | Upper Amazon |

325. _Automolus_ | 9 | Mexico to Amazonia |

326. _Philydor_ | 14 |Tropical South America|

| | |

327. _Heliobletus_ | 1 | Brazil |

328. _Anabatoides_ | 1 | Brazil |

329. _Anabazenops_ | 5 | Mexico to Brazil |

330. _Xenops_ | 3 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

331. _Sittasomus_ | 3 | Mexico to Ecuador and|

| | Brazil |

332. _Margarornis_ | 4 | Costa Rica to Peru |

| | and Bolivia |

333._Glyphorhynchus_ 1 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

334. _Pygarrhicus_ | 1 | Chili |

335. _Dendrocincla_| 10 | Mexico to Venezuela |

| | and Brazil |

336._Dendrocolaptes_ 7 | Guatemala to Peru and|

| | Brazil |

337. _Nasica_ | 1 | Guiana |

338. _Drymornis_ | 1 | La Plata |

339._Xiphocolaptes_| 5 | Mexico to Bolivia and|

| | Paraguay |

340._Dendrexetastes_ 2 | Guiana |

341. _Dendrornis_ | 14 | Mexico, W. Ecuador |

| | and Brazil |

342. _Dendroplex_ | 2 | Columbia & Venezuela |

| | to Brazil |

343. _Picolaptes_ | 14 | Mexico to Bolivia and|

| | La Plata |

344._Xiphorhynchus_| 4 | Veragua to Brazil |

| | |

FORMICARIIDÆ. | | |

345. _Cymbilanius_ | 1 | Amazonia and Guiana |

346. _Batara_ | 1 | S. Brazil |

347. _Thamnophilus_| 47 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

348. _Biatas_ | 1 | Brazil |

349. _Thamnistes_ | 2 | Central America and |

| | Ecuador |

350. _Pygoptila_ | 2 | Amazonia |

351. _Neoctantes_ | 1 | Amazonia |

352. _Clytoctantes_| 1 | Eastern Ecuador |

353. _Dysithamnus_ | 12 | Mexico to Bolivia and|

| | Brazil |

354. _Thamnomanes_ | 2 | Ecuador, Guiana, and |

| | Brazil |

355._Herpsilochmus_| 4 | Venezuela to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

356. _Myrmotherula_| 21 | Tropical S. America |

357. _Formicivora_ | 14 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

358. _Terenura_ | 3 | Veragua to W. Ecuador|

| | & Brazil |

359._Psilorhamphus_| 1 | Central Brazil |

360. _Microbates_ | 1 | Cayenne |

361. _Rhamphocænus_| 4 | Guatemala to Brazil |

362. _Cercomacra_ | 9 | Cen. America to W. |

| | Equador & S. Brazil|

363. _Pyriglena_ | 4 | Ecuador to Peru and |

| | Brazil |

364. _Gymnocichla_ | 2 | Honduras to Panama |

365. _Percnostola_ | 3 |Guiana and Upper Amazon

366. _Heterocnemis_| 3 |Guiana and Upper Amazon

367. _Myrmeciza_ | 11 |Veragua to W. Ecuador,|

| | Bolivia, and Brazil|

368. _Hypocnemis_ | 15 | Costa Rica to W. |

| | Ecuador & Brazil |

369. _Pithys_ | 5 | Nicaragua to Amazonia|

370. _Rhopoterpe_ | 1 | Guiana |

371. _Phlogopsis_ | 4 | Nicaragua to Guiana |

| | and Bolivia |

372. _Formicarius_ | 9 | Mexico to Brazil and |

| | Bolivia |

373. _Pittasoma_ | 1 | Panama and Veragua |

374. _Chamæza_ | 4 | Columbia to Brazil |

375. _Grallaria_ | 20 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

376. _Grallaricula_| 5 | Costa Rica to Ecuador|

| | |

PTEROPTOCHIDÆ. | | |

377. _Scytalopus_ | 8 | Columbia & Brazil to |

| | Chili and Tierra |

| | del Fuego |

378. _Merulaxis_ | 1 | Central Brazil |

379. _Rhinocrypta_ | 2 | La Plata and |

| | Patagonia |

380. _Liosceles_ | 1 | Madeira Valley |

381. _Pteroptochus_| 2 | Chili and Chiloe |

382. _Hylactes_ | 3 | Chili |

383. _Acropternis_ | 1 | Columbia and Ecuador |

384. _Triptorhinus_| 1 | Chili |

| | |

PICARIÆ. | | |

PICIDÆ. | | |

385. _Picumnus_ | 14 | Honduras to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

386. Picus | 6 | Mexico, Chili, La | All reg. but Austral.

| | Plata, and S. | & Ethiopian

| | Patagonia |

(Sphyrapicus | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala)| Nearctic genus

387. Campephilus | 12 | Mexico to Patagonia, | Nearctic

| | Cuba |

388. Dryocopus | 4 | Mexico to S. Brazil | Palæarctic

389. _Celeus_ | 15 | Mexico and S. Brazil |

390. _Nesoceleus_ | 1 | Cuba |

391. _Chrysoptilus_| 6 | Tropical S. America |

392. Centurus | 10 | Mexico to Venezuela, | Nearctic

| | Antilles |

393. _Chloronerpes_| 35 | Tropical America, |

| | Hayti |

394._Xiphidiopicus_| 1 | Cuba |

395. Melanerpes | 9 | Mexico to Brazil, | Nearctic

| | Porto Rico |

396. _Leuconerpes_ | 1 | Brazil, Bolivia |

397. Colaptes | 7 | Open country of trop.| Nearctic

| | America, Greater |

| | Antilles |

398. _Hypoxanthus_ | 1 | Venezuela and Ecuador|

| | |

MEGALÆMIDÆ. | | |

399. _Capito_ | 10 | Costa Rica to Peru |

| | and Guiana |

400. _Tetragonops_ | 2 | Costa Rica and |

| | Ecuador |

| | |

RHAMPHASTIDÆ. | | |

401. _Rhamphastos_ | 12 | All tropical America |

402. _Pteroglossus_| 16 | Mexico to Guiana and |

| | Brazil |

403. _Selenidera_ | 7 | Veragua to Brazil |

404. _Andigena_ | 6 |Columbia to W. Ecuador,

| | Bolivia and Brazil |

405._Aulacorhamphus_ 10 | Mexico to Venezuela |

| | and Bolivia |

| | |

CUCULIDÆ. | | |

406. _Crotophaga_ | 3 | Tropical America and | Nearctic to

| | Antilles | Pennsylvania

407. _Guira_ | 1 | Brazil and Paraguay |

408. _Neomorphus_ | 4 | Nicaragua to Brazil |

| | and Upper Amazon |

409. _Geococcyx_ | 1 | Guatemala | Texas to Calfornia

410. _Dromococcyx_ | 2 | Mexico to Brazil |

411. _Diplopterus_ | 1 | Mexico to Ecuador and|

| | Brazil |

412. _Saurothera_ | 4 | Greater Antilles |

413. _Hyetornis_ | 2 | Jamaica and Hayti |

414. _Piaya_ | 3 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

415. _Morococcyx_ | 1 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

416. Coccygus | 10 | Tropical America and | Nearctic

| | Antilles, Cocos |

| | Islands |

| | |

BUCCONIDÆ. | | |

417. _Bucco_ | 21 | Guatemala to Guiana, |

| | Paraguay and Bolivia|

418. _Malacoptila_ | 10 | Guatemala to Guiana, |

| | W. Ecuador and |

| | Bolivia |

419. _Nonnula_ | 5 | Columbia and Amazonia|

420. _Monasa_ | 7 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

421. _Chelidoptera_| 2 | Columbia to Guiana |

| | and Brazil |

GALBRILIDÆ. | | |

422. _Galbula_ | 9 | Guatemala to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

423. _Urogalba_ | 2 |Guiana to Lower Amazon|

| | |

424. _Brachygalba_ | 4 | Columbia to Brazil |

| | and Bolivia |

425._Jacamaralcyon_| 1 | Brazil |

426. _Jacamerops_ | 2 | Columbia to Amazonia |

427._Galbalcyrhynchus_ 1 | Upper Amazon |

| | |

TODIDÆ. | | |

428. _Todus_ | 5 | Greater Antilles |

| | |

MOMOTIDÆ. | | |

429. _Momotus_ | 10 | Mexico to W. Ecuador,|

| | Brazil and Bolivia |

430. _Urospatha_ | 1 |Costa Rica to Columbia|

431._Baryphthengus_| 1 | Brazil and Paraguay |

432. _Hylomanes_ | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala |

433._Prionirhynchus_ 2 | Guatemala to Upper |

| | Amazon |

434. _Eumomota_ | 1 | Honduras to Chiriqui |

| | |

TROGONIDÆ. | | |

435. _Prionoteles_ | 1 | Cuba |

436. _Temnotrogon_ | 1 | Hayti |

437. _Trogon_ | 22 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Parag. |

438. _Euptilotis_ | 1 | Mexico |

439. _Pharomacrus_ | 5 | Guatemala to Upper |

| | Amazon and Bolivia |

| | |

ALCEDINIDÆ. | | |

440. Ceryle | 8 | Mexico to Brazil, | Nearc., S. Palæarc.,

| | Patagonia and Chili| Orien.

| | |

STEATORNITHIDÆ. | | |

441. _Steatornis_ | 1 | Columb., Venezuela, &|

| | Trinidad |

| | |

CAPRIMULGIDÆ. | | |

442. _Nyctibius_ | 6 | Brazil to Guatemala |

| | & Jamaica |

443. _Hydropsalis_ | 8 | Columbia & Guiana to |

| | La Plata |

444. Antrostomus | 10 | Mexico and Cuba to | All U. States to

| | Bolivia and La Plata| Canada

445. _Stenopsis_ | 4 |Martinique to Columb.,|

| | W. Peru and Chili |

446. _Siphonorhis_ | 1 | Jamaica |

447._Heleothreptus_| 1 | Central Brazil |

448. _Nyctidromus_ | 1 | Central America to |

| | S. Brazil |

449. _Podager_ | 1 | Tropical S. America |

450. _Lurocalis_ | 2 | Guiana to Brazil |

451. Chordeiles | 7 | Mexico to W. Peru and| All U. States to

| | Brazil Jamaica and | Canada

| | Porto Rico |

452. _Nyctiprogne_ | 1 | Amazonia |

| | |

CYPSELIDÆ. | | |

453. Cypselus | 3 | Antilles to Guiana | The Eastern

| | and Bolivia | Hemisphere

454. _Panyptila_ | 3 | Guatemala and Guiana |

455. Chætura | 9 | Mexico to Ecuador and| Almost cosmopolite

| | Brazil |

456. _Hemiprocne_ | 3 | Mexico to La Plata, |

| | Jamaica and Hayti |

457. _Cypseloides_ | 2 | Brazil and Peru |

458. _Nephoecetes_ | 1 | Jamaica |

| | |

TROCHILIDÆ. | | |

459. _Grypus_ | 1 | Brazil |

460. _Androdon_ | 1 | Ecuador |

461. _Eutoxeres_ | 2 | Costa Rica to Ecuador|

462. _Glaucis_ | 2 | Panama to Brazil |

463. _Phaethornis_ | 14 | Tropical N. and |

| | S. America |

464. _Pygmornis_ | 8 | Mexico to Guiana and |

| | Brazil |

465. _Threnetes_ | 4 |Costa Rica to Amazonia|

| | and W. Ecuador |

466. _Dolerisca_ | 1 | Venezuela |

467. _Eupetomena_ | 1 | Guiana to Brazil |

468._Sphenoproctus_ 2 | Mexico to Guatemala |

469._Campylopterus_ 9 | Mexico to Amazonia |

470. _Phæochroa_ | 2 | Guatemala to Columbia|

471. _Aphantochroa_| 3 | Ecuador and Brazil |

472. _Urochroa_ | 1 | Ecuador |

473. _Sternoclyta_ | 1 | Venezuela |

474. _Eugenes_ | 2 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

475. _Coeligena_ | 1 | Mexico |

476. _Lamprolæma_ | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala |

477. _Delattria_ | 2 | Guatemala |

478. _Oreopyra_ | 4 |Costa Rica to Chiriqui|

479. _Heliopædica_ | 2 | Mexico and Guatemala |

480. _Topaza_ | 2 | Guiana |

481._Oreotrochilus_| 6 | Ecuador to Peru and |

| | Chili |

482. _Lampornis_ | 7 | Mexico & W. India to |

| | Amazonia |

483. _Eulampis_ | 2 | Lesser Antilles |

484. _Avocettula_ | 1 | Guiana |

485. _Lafresnaya_ | 2 |Venezuela and Columbia|

486. _Doryphora_ | 5 | Costa Rica to Ecuador|

487. _Chalybura_ | 5 |Costa Rica to Columbia|

488. _Heliodoxa_ | 5 |Costa Rica to Venezue.|

| | & Boliv. |

489. _Iolæma_ | 2 | Ecuador to Peru |

490. _Phæolæma_ | 2 | Columbia and Ecuador |

491. _Eugenia_ | 1 | Ecuador |

492. _Aithurus_ | 1 | Jamaica |

493. _Thalurania_ | 10 | Costa Rica to Guiana,|

| | Ecuador and Brazil |

494. _Panoplites_ | 3 | Columbia and Ecuador |

495. _Florisuga_ | 2 | Guatemala to Brazil |

496. _Microchera_ | 2 | Nicaragua to Veragua |

497. _Lophorius_ | 7 | Mexico to Brazil, |

| | Peru, & Bolivia |

498. _Polemistria_ | 2 | Columbia to S. Brazil|

499. _Discura_ | 2 | Brazil |

500. _Gouldia_ | 4 | Costa Rica to Brazil |

| | & Bolivia |

501. Trochilus | 2 | Mexico to Veragua | To Canada and Sitka

502. _Mellisuga_ | 1 | Jamaica to Hayti |

503. _Calypte_ | 3 | Mexico and Cuba |

504. Selasphorus | 7 | Mexico to Veragua | W. & Cen. United

| | | States

505. Atthis | 1 | Mexico and Guatemala | California and

| | | Colorado

506. _Stellula_ | 1 | Mexico |

507. _Calothorax_ | 2 | Mexico |

508. _Acestrura_ | 3 | Venezuela to Ecuador |

| | & Bolivia |

509. _Chætocercus_ | 3 | Venezuela and Ecuador|

510. _Myrtis_ | 2 | Ecuador to Bolivia, |

| | W. of Andes |

511. _Thaumastura_ | 1 | W. Peru |

512. _Rhodopis_ | 2 | W. Peru and Chili |

513. _Doricha_ | 5 | Mexico to Veragua, |

| | Bahamas |

514. _Tilmatura_ | 1 | Guatemala |

515. _Calliphlox_ | 2 | Ecuador and Brazil |

516. _Loddigesia_ | 1 | Peruvian Andes |

517. _Steganura_ | 6 | Venezuela to Ecuador |

| | & Bolivia |

518. _Lesbia_ | 6 | Columbia to Peru |

519. _Cynanthus_ | 2 | Venezuela to Ecuador |

520. _Sparganura_ | 4 | Columbia to Bolivia &|

| | La Plata |

521. _Pterophanes_ | 1 | Columbia to Peru |

522. _Aglæactis_ | 4 | Columbia to Bolivia |

523. _Oxypogon_ | 2 | Venezuela and Columbia |

524. _Oreonympha_ | 1 | Peru |

525._Rhamphomicron_| 6 | Columbia to Bolivia |

526. _Urosticte_ | 2 | Ecuador |

527. _Metallura_ | 6 | Columbia to Bolivia |

528. _Adelomia_ | 4 | Venezuela to Peru & |

| | Bolivia |

529. _Avocettinus_ | 1 | Columbia |

530. _Anthocephala_| 1 | Columbia |

531. _Chrysolampis_| 1 | Venezuela to Brazil |

532._Orthorhynchus_| 2 | Lesser Antilles |

533. _Cephalolepis_| 3 | Brazil |

534. _Clais_ | 1 |Venezuela and Columbia|

535. _Baucis_ | 1 | Mexico to Veragua |

536. _Heliactin_ | 1 | Brazil |

537. _Heliothrix_ | 3 | Guatemala to Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

538. _Schistes_ | 2 | Columbia and Ecuador |

539. _Phlogophilus_| 1 | Ecuador |

540. _Augastes_ | 2 | Brazil |

541. _Petasophora_ | 5 | Mexico to Peru and |

| | Brazil |

542._Chrysobronchus_ 3 | Venezuela to Brazil |

543. _Patagona_ | 1 | Ecuador to Bolivia |

| | and Chili |

544. _Docimastes_ | 1 | Columbia and Ecuador |

545. _Helianthea_ | 7 | Columbia to Bolivia |

546. _Heliotrypha_ | 2 | Columbia and Ecuador |

547. _Heliangelus_ | 6 | Venezuela to Peru |

548. _Diphlogæna_ | 3 | Bolivia |

549. _Clytolæma_ | 2 | E. Ecuador and Brazil|

550. _Bourcieria_ | 5 | Venezuela to Peru |

551. _Lampropygia_ | 4 | Venezuela to Bolivia |

552. _Heliomastes_ | 5 | Mexico to Ecuador & |

| | Venezuela |

553. _Lepidolarynx_| 1 | Brazil |

554. _Calliperidia_| 1 | Central Brazil and |

| | Paraguay |

555. _Eustephanus_ | 3 | Chili, S. Patagonia, |

| | and Juan Fernandez |

| | Island |

556. _Eriocnemis_ | 14 | Venezuela to Ecuador |

557. _Cyanomyia_ | 6 | Mexico to Peru |

558. _Hemistilbon_ | 1 | Mexico |

559. _Leucippus_ | 2 | Peru and Bolivia |

560. _Thaumatias_ | 15 | Mexico to Guiana, |

| | Upr. Amazon, and |

| | Brazil |

561. _Amazilia_ | 14 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Peru |

562. _Saucerottia_ | 7 | Costa Rica to Columb.|

| | & Venezue. |

563. _Eupherusa_ | 3 | Mexico to Veragua |

564. _Chrysuronia_ | 5 | Guatemala to Ecuador |

| | & La Plata |

565. _Eucephala_ | 7 | Venezuela to Guiana |

| | and Brazil |

566. _Panterpe_ | 1 | Costa Rica and |

| | Chiriqui |

567. _Juliamyia_ | 2 | Panama to Ecuador |

568. _Circe_ | 3 | Mexico |

569. _Phæoptila_ | 1 | Mexico |

570. _Damophila_ | 1 | Costa Rica to Ecuador|

571. _Hylocharis_ | 3 | Amazonia and Brazil |

572. _Sapphironia_ | 2 | Columbia and Veragua |

573. _Sporadinus_ | 3 | Cuba, Bahamas, Hayti,|

| | Porto Rico |

574._Chlorostilbon_ 8 | Mexico to Brazil and |

| | La Plata |

575. _Panychlora_ | 3 |Venezuela and Columbia|

576._Smaragdochrysis_ 1 | Brazil |

| | |

PSITTACI. | | |

CONURIDÆ. | | |

577. _Ara_ | 15 | Trop. North and South|

| | America, Cuba, |

| | Jamaica (extinct) |

578. _Rhyncopsitta_| 1 | Mexico |

579._Henicognathus_| 1 | Chili |

580. Conurus | 30 | The whole region | S. & S.E. United

| | | States

581. _Pyrrhura_ | 16 | Costa Rica to |

| | Paraguay & Bolivia |

582._Bolborhynchus_| 7 | Mexico to Peru, |

| | Central Brazil, and|

| | La Plata |

583. _Brotogerys_ | 9 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

| | |

PSITTACIDÆ. | | |

584. _Caica_ | 9 | Mexico to Amazonia |

585. _Chrysotis_ | 32 | All the tropical |

| | sub-regions |

586. _Triclaria_ | 1 | Brazil |

587. _Deroptyus_ | 1 | Guiana and Rio Negro |

588. _Pionus_ | 9 | Costa Rica to Bolivia|

| | and Brazil |

589. _Urochroma_ | 7 | Venezuela to Brazil |

590. _Psittacula_ | 6 | Mexico to W. Ecuador |

| | & Brazil |

| | |

COLUMBÆ. | | |

591. Columba | 18 |Trop. sub-regions with| All regions but

| | Chili and La Plata | Austral.

592. Zenaidura | 2 | Mexico to Veragua | Nearctic

593. Chamæpelia | 6 | Mexico to Brazil and | S. Nearctic

| | Bolivia |

594. _Columbula_ | 2 | Brazil and La Plata |

| | to Chili |

595. _Scardafella_ | 2 | Guatemala and Brazil |

596. _Zenaida_ | 10 | Antilles and S. |

| | America to Chili |

| | and La Plata |

597. Melopelia | 2 | Mexico to Chili | South & West

| | | Nearctic

598. _Peristera_ | 4 | Mexico to Brazil |

599. _Metriopelia_ | 2 | W. America from |

| | Ecuador to Chili |

600. _Gymnopelia_ | 1 | West Peru and Bolivia|

601. _Leptoptila_ | 11 | Tropical sub-regions |

602. _Geotrygon_ | 14 | Tropical sub-regions |

603. _Starnoenas_ | 1 | Cuba |

| | |

GALLINÆ. | | |

TETRAONIDÆ. | | |

604. _Odontophorus_| 17 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

605. _Dendrortyx_ | 3 | Mexico to Costa Rica |

606. Cyrtonyx | 3 | Mexico to Guatemala | S. Central United

| | | States

607. Ortyx | 5 | Mexico to Costa Rica,| Nearctic to Canada

| | Cuba |

608. _Eupsychortyx_| 5 | Mexico to Columbia |

| | and Guiana |

(Callipepla | 2 | Mexico) | California

| | |

PHASIANIDÆ. | | |

609. Meleagris | 2 | Mexico and Honduras | Nearctic

| | |

CRACIDÆ. | | |

610. _Crax_ | 8 | Mexico to Venezuela &|

| | S. Brazil |

611. _Nothocrax_ | 1 | Guiana and Upper |

| | Amazon |

612. _Pauxi_ | 1 | Guiana and Venezuela |

613. _Mitua_ | 2 | Guiana to Peru |

614. _Stegnolæma_ | 1 | Columbia and Ecuador |

615. _Penelope_ | 13 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

616. _Penelopina_ | 1 | Guatemala |

617. _Pipile_ | 3 | Venezuela to Brazil |

| | and Peru |

618. Aburria | 1 | Columbia |

619. _Chamæpetes_ | 2 | Costa Rica to Peru |

620. _Ortalida_ | 18 | Trop. North and South| New Mexico

| | America |

621. _Oreophasis_ | 1 | Guatemala |

| | |

TINAMIDÆ. | | |

622. _Tinamus_ | 7 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

623. _Nothocercus_ | 3 |Costa Rica to Venezue.|

| | & Ecuador |

624. _Crypturus_ | 16 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

625. _Rhynchotus_ | 2 | Brazil to Bolivia and|

| | La Plata |

626. _Nothoprocta_ | 4 | Ecuador to Bolivia |

| | and Chili |

627. _Nothura_ | 4 | Brazil to Bolivia and|

| | La Plata |

628. _Taoniscus_ | 1 | Brazil and Paraguay |

629. _Calodromas_ | 1 | La Plata |

630. _Tinamotis_ | 1 | Andes of Peru and |

| | Bolivia |

| | |

OPISTHOCOMI. | | |

OPISTHOCOMIDÆ | | |

631. _Opisthocomus_| 1 | Guiana and Lower |

| | Amazon |

| | |

ACCIPITRES. | | |

VULTURIDÆ. | | |

(CATHARTINÆ.) | | |

632._Sarcorhamphus_| 2 | The Andes and S. of |

| | 41° S. Lat. |

633. _Cathartes_ | 1 | Mexico to 20° S. Lat.|

634. Catharista | 1 | Mexico to 40° S. Lat.| S. United States

635. Pseudogryphis | 3 | Mexico to Falkland | United States

| | Ids., Cuba, Jamaica|

| | |

FALCONIDÆ. | | |

636. Polyborus | 2 | The whole region | California and

| | | Florida

637. _Ibycter_ | 8 | Guatemala to Terra |

| | del Fuego |

638. Circus | 3 | Nearly the whole | Almost cosmopolite

| | region |

639. _Micrastur_ | 7 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

640. _Geranospiza_ | 2 | Trop. North and South|

| | America |

641. Antenor | 1 | Mexico to Chili and | California and Texas

| | La Plata |

642. Astur | 2 | Trop. N. and S. | Almost cosmopolite

| | America |

643. Accipiter | 9 | The whole region | Almost cosmopolite

644._Heterospizias_| 1 | Trop. S. America, |

| | E. of Andes |

645. Tachytriorchis| 2 | Mexico to Paraguay | California

646. Buteo | 9 | Mexico to Patagonia | Almost cosmopolite

647. _Buteola_ | 1 | Veragua to Amazonia |

648. Asturina | 7 | Mexico to Bolivia and| S.E. United States

| | La Plata |

649. _Busarellus_ | 1 | Brazil and Guiana |

650. _Buteogallus_ | 1 | Columbia and Guiana |

651. _Urubutinga_ | 12 | Mexico to Brazil and |

| | Bolivia |

652._Harpyhaliæetus_ 1 | Veragua to Chili & |

| | N. Patagonia |

653. _Morphnus_ | 1 | Panama to Amazonia |

654. _Thrasaëtus_ | 1 | Mexico to Bolivia and|

| | Paraguay |

655. Lophotriorchis| 1 | Bogota | Indo-Malaya

656. _Spiziastur_ | 1 | Guatemala to Brazil |

657. Spizaëtus | 4 | Mexico to Paraguay | Africa, India, Malaya

658._Herpetotheres_| 1 | S. Mexico to Bolivia |

| | & Paraguay |

659. Nauclerus | 1 | Mexico to Brazil | S. United States

660. _Rostrhamus_ | 3 | Antilles to Brazil | Florida

| | and Peru |

661. _Leptodon_ | 4 | Central America to S.|

| | Brazil and Bolivia |

662. Elanus | 1 | Mexico to Chili | Califor., Old World

| | | trop.

663. _Gampsonyx_ | 1 | Trinidad to Brazil |

664. _Harpagus_ | 3 | Central America to |

| | Brazil & Peru |

665. _Ictinia_ | 2 | Mexico to Brazil | South United States

666. _Spiziapteryx_| 1 | La Plata |

667. Falco | 3 | The whole region | Almost cosmopolite

668. Cerchneis | 3 | The whole region | Almost cosmopolite

| | |

PANDIONIDÆ. | | |

669. Pandion | 1 | The whole region | Cosmopolite

| | |

STRIGIDÆ. | | |

670. Glaucidium | 6 | The whole region | W. United Sts.,

| | | Palæarc.

671. Micrathene | 1 | Mexico | Arizona, New Mexico

672. Pholeoptynx | 1 | The whole region | N. W. America & Texas

673. Bubo | 1 | The whole region | All regions but

| | | Austral.

674. Scops | 6 | Mexico to Brazil and | Almost cosmopolite

| | La Plata |

675. _Gymnoglaux_ | 2 | West India Islands |

676. _Lophostrix_ | 2 | Guatemala to Lower |

| | Amazon |

677. Syrnium | 3 | Mexico to Patagonia | All regions but

| | | Austral.

678. _Ciccaba_ | 10 | Mexico to Peru and |

| | Paraguay |

679. _Nyctalatinus_| 1 | Columbia |

680. _Pulsatrix_ | 2 | Guatemala to Brazil |

| | and Peru |

681. Asio | 2 | The whole region | All regions but

| | | Austral.

682. _Nyctalops_ | 1 | Cuba and Mexico to |

| | Brazil |

683. _Pseudoscops_ | 1 | Jamaica |

(Nyctale | 1 | Mexico) | N. Temperate genus

684. Strix | 2 | The whole region | Almost cosmopolite

_Peculiar or very Characteristic Genera of Wading and Swimming Birds._

| | |

GRALLÆ. | | |

RALLIDÆ. | | |

Aramides | 23 | The whole region | Nearctic

_Heliornis_ | 1 | Tropical America |

| | |

SCOLOPACIDÆ. | | |

Eureunetes | 3 | The whole region | Nearctic

| | |

CHIONIDIDÆ. | | |

Chionis | 2 | Sts. of Magellan, | Kerguelen's Island

| | Falkland Ids. |

| | |

THINOCORIDÆ. | | |

_Attagis_ | 4 | Andes to Fuegia and |

| | Falkland Islands |

_Thinocoris_ | 2 | Peru, Chili, and |

| | La Plata |

| | |

CHARADRIIDÆ. | | |

_Phægornis_ | 1 | Temperate S. America |

_Oreophilus_ | 1 | Temperate S. America |

_Pluvianellus_ | 1 | Temperate S. America |

_Aphriza_ | 1 |W. coast of S. America| W. coast of

| | | N. America

| | |

CARIAMIDÆ. | | |

_Cariama_ | 2 |S. Brazil and La Plata|

| | |

ARAMIDÆ. | | |

_Aramus_ | 5 | Mexico and Cuba to |

| | Brazil |

| | |

PSOPHIIDÆ. | | |

_Psophia_ | 6 | Equatorial S. America|

| | |

EURYPYGIDÆ. | | |

_Eurypyga_ | 2 | Tropical America |

| | |

ARDEIDÆ. | | |

_Tigrisoma_ | 3 | The whole region |

_Cancroma_ | 1 | Tropical S. America |

| | |

PALAMEDEIDÆ. | | |

_Palamedea_ | 1 | Equatorial America |

_Chauna_ | 2 | Columbia, Brazil, and|

| | La Plata |

| | |

ANSERES. | | |

ANATIDÆ. | | |

_Cairina_ | 1 | Tropical S. America |

_Merganetta_ | 3 | Andes |

_Micropterus_ | 1 | Temperate S. America |

| | |

SPHENISCIDÆ. | | |

Eudyptes | 6 | Temperate S. America| Antarctic shores

Aptenodytes | 2 | Falkland Islands | Antarctic shores

| | |

STRUTHIONES. | | |

STRUTHIONIDÆ. | | |

685. _Rhea_ | 3 | S. Temperate America |

{114}CHAPTER XV.

THE NEARCTIC REGION.

This region consists almost wholly of Temperate North America as defined by

physical geographers. In area it is about equal to the Neotropical region.

It possesses a vast mountain range traversing its entire length from north

to south, comparable with, and in fact a continuation of, the Andes,--and a

smaller range near the east coast, equally comparable with the mountains of

Brazil and Guiana. These mountains supply its great river-system of the

Mississippi, second only to that of the Amazon; and in its vast group of

fresh-water lakes or inland seas, it possesses a feature unmatched by any

other region, except perhaps by the Ethiopian. It possesses every variety

of climate between arctic and tropical; extensive forests and vast

prairies; a greatly varied surface and a rich and beautiful flora. But

these great advantages are somewhat neutralized by other physical features.

It extends far towards the north, and there it reaches its greatest width;

while in its southern and warmest portion it suddenly narrows. The northern

mass of land causes its isothermal lines to bend southwards; and its winter

temperature especially, is far lower than at corresponding latitudes in

Europe. This diminishes the available area for supporting animal life; the

amount and character of which must be, to a great extent, determined by the

nature of the least favourable part of the year. Again, owing to the

position of its mountain ranges and the direction of prevalent winds, a

large extent of its interior, east of the Rocky Mountains, is bare and

arid, and often almost desert; while the most favoured districts,--those

east of the Mississippi and west of the Sierra Nevada, bear but a small

proportion to its whole area. Again, we know that at a very recent period

geologically, it was subjected to a very severe Glacial epoch, which

wrapped a full half of it in a mantle of ice, and exterminated a large

number of animals which previously inhabited it. Taking all this into

account, we need not be surprised to find the Nearctic region somewhat less

rich and varied in its forms of life than the Palæarctic or the Australian

regions, with which alone it can fairly be compared. The wonder rather is

that it should be so little inferior to them in this respect, and that it

should possess such a variety of groups, and such a multitude of forms, in

every class of animals.

[Illustration: NEARCTIC REGION]

{115}_Zoological characteristics of the Nearctic Region._--Temperate North

America possesses representatives of 26 families of Mammalia, 48 of Birds,

18 of Reptiles, 11 of Amphibia, and 18 of Fresh-water Fish. The first three

numbers are considerably less than the corresponding numbers for the

Palæarctic region, while the last two are greater--in the case of fishes

materially so, a circumstance readily explained by the wonderful group of

fresh-water lakes and the noble southward-flowing river system of the

Mississippi, to which the Palæarctic region has nothing comparable. But

although somewhat deficient in the total number of its families, this

region possesses its full proportion of peculiar and characteristic family

and generic forms. No less than 13 families or sub-families of Vertebrata

are confined to it, or just enter the adjacent Neotropical region. These

are,--three of mammalia, Antilocaprinæ, Saccomyidæ and Haploodontidæ; one

of birds, Chamæidæ; one of reptiles, Chirotidæ; two of amphibia, Sirenidæ

and Amphiumidæ; and the remaining six of fresh-water fishes. The number of

peculiar or characteristic genera is perhaps more important for our

purpose; and these are very considerable, as the following enumeration will

show.

_Mammalia._--Of the family of moles (Talpidæ) we have 3 peculiar genera:

_Condylura_, _Scapanus_, and _Scalops_, as well as the remarkable

_Urotrichus_, found only in California and Japan. In the weasel family

(Mustelidæ) we have _Latax_, a peculiar kind of otter; _Taxidea_, allied to

the badgers; and one of the {116}remarkable and characteristic skunks is

separated by Dr. J. E. Gray as a genus--_Spilogale_. In the American family

Procyonidæ, a peculiar genus (_Bassaris_) is found in California and Texas,

extending south along the mountains of Mexico and Guatemala. _Eumetopias_,

and _Halicyon_, are seals confined to the west coast of North America. The

Bovidæ, or hollow-horned ruminants, contain three peculiar forms;

_Antilocapra_, the remarkable prong-buck of the Rocky Mountains;

_Aplocerus_, a goat-like antelope; and _Ovibos_, the musk-sheep, confined

to Arctic America and Greenland. Among the Rodents are many peculiar

genera: _Neotoma_, _Sigmodon_, and _Fiber_, belong to the Muridæ, or rats;

_Jaculus_ to the Dipodidæ, or jerboas. The very distinct family

_Saccomyidæ_, or pouched rats, which have peculiar cheek pouches, or a kind

of outer hairy mouth, consists of five genera all confined to this region,

with one of doubtful affinities in Trinidad and Central America. In the

squirrel family (Sciuridæ), _Cynomys_, the prairie-dogs, are peculiar; and

_Tamias_, the ground squirrel, is very characteristic, though found also in

North Asia. _Haploodon_, or sewellels, consisting of two species, forms a

distinct family; and _Erethizon_ is a peculiar form of tree porcupine

(Cercolabidæ). True mice and rats of the genus _Mus_ are not indigenous to

North America, their place being supplied by a distinct genus

(_Hesperomys_), confined to the American continent.

_Birds._--The genera of birds absolutely peculiar to the Nearctic region

are not very numerous, because, there being no boundary but one of climate

between it and the Neotropical region, most of its characteristic forms

enter a short distance within the limits we are obliged to concede to the

latter. Owing also to the severe winter-climate of a large part of the

region (which we know is a comparatively recent phenomenon), a large

proportion of its birds migrate southwards, to pass the winter in the

West-Indian islands or Mexico, some going as far as Guatemala, and a few

even to Venezuela.

In our chapter on extinct animals, we have shown, that there is good reason

for believing that the existing union of North and South America is a quite

recent occurrence; and that the {117}separation was effected by an arm of

the sea across what is now Nicaragua, with perhaps another at Panama. This

would leave Mexico and Guatemala joined to North America, and forming part

of the Nearctic region, although no doubt containing many Neotropical

forms, which they had received during earlier continental periods; and

these countries might at other times have been made insular by a strait at

the isthmus of Tehuantepec, and have then developed some peculiar species.

The latest climatal changes have tended to restrict these Neotropical forms

to those parts where the climate is really tropical; and thus Mexico has

attained its present strongly marked Neotropical character, although

deficient in many of the most important groups of that region.

In view of these recent changes, it seems proper not to draw any decided

line between the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, but rather to apply, in

the case of each genus, a test which will show whether it was probably

derived at a comparatively recent date from one region or the other. The

test referred to, is the existence of peculiar species of the genus, in

what are undoubtedly portions of ancient North or South America. If, for

example, all the species of a genus occur in North America, some, or even

all, of them, migrating into the Neotropical region in winter, while there

are _no peculiar Neotropical species_, then we must class that genus as

strictly Nearctic; for if it were Neotropical it would certainly have

developed _some_ peculiar resident forms. Again, even if there should be

one or two resident species peculiar to that part of Central America north

of the ancient dividing strait, with an equal or greater number of species

ranging over a large part of Temperate North America, the genus must still

be considered Nearctic. Examples of the former case, are _Helminthophaga_

and _Myiodioctes_, belonging to the Mniotiltidæ, or wood-warblers, which

range over _all_ Temperate North America to Canada, where _all_ the species

are found, but in each case one of the species is found in South America,

probably as a winter migrant. Of the latter, are _Ammodramus_ and _Junco_

(genera of finches), which range over the whole United States, but each

have one peculiar species in Guatemala. These {118}may be claimed as

exclusively Nearctic genera, on the ground that Guatemala was recently

Nearctic; and is now really a transition territory, of which the lowlands

have been invaded and taken exclusive possession of by a Neotropical fauna,

while the highlands are still (in part at least) occupied by Nearctic

forms.

In his article on "Birds," in the new edition of the "Encyclopædia

Britannica" (now publishing), Professor Newton points out, that the number

of _peculiar genera_ of Nearctic birds is much less than in each of the

various sub-divisions of the Neotropical region; and that the total number

of genera is also less, while the bulk of them are common either to the

Neotropical or Palæarctic regions. This is undoubtedly the case if any

fixed geographical boundary is taken; and it would thus seem that the

"Nearctic" should, in birds, form a sub-region only. But, if we define

"Nearctic genera" as above indicated, we find a considerable amount of

speciality, as the following list will show. The names not italicised are

those which are represented in Mexico or Guatemala by peculiar species:--

LIST OF TYPICAL NEARCTIC GENERA OF LAND BIRDS.

1. _Oreoscoptes_

2. _Harporhynchus_

3. _Sialia_

4. _Chamæa_

5. _Catherpes_

6. _Salpinctus_

7. _Psaltriparus_

8. _Auriparus_

9. _Gymnokitta_

10. _Picicorvus_

11. _Mniotilta_

12. _Oporornis_

13. _Icteria_

14. _Helmintherus_

15. _Helminthophaga_

16. _Myiodioctes_

17. _Phænopepla_

18. _Xanthocephalus_

19. _Scolecophagus_

20. Pipilo

21. Junco

22. _Melospiza_

23. Spizella

24. _Passerculus_

25. _Pooecetes_

26. Ammodromus

27. _Cyanospiza_

28. _Pyrrhuloxia_

29. _Calamospiza_

30. Chondestes

31. _Centronyx_

32. _Neocorys_

33. _Empidias_

34. _Sphyrapicus_

35. _Hylatomus_

36. _Trochilus_

37. _Atthis_

38. _Ectopistes_

39. _Centrocercus_

40. _Pediocætes_

41. _Cupidonia_

? Ortyx

42. _Oreortyx_

43. _Lophortyx_

44. Callipepla

45. Cyrtonyx

46. Meleagris

47. _Micrathene_

The above are all groups which are either wholly Nearctic or typically so,

but entering more or less into the debatable ground of the Neotropical

region; though none possess any peculiar species in the ancient Neotropical

land south of Nicaragua. But we have, besides these, a number of genera

which we are {119}accustomed to consider as typically European, or

Palæarctic, having representatives in North America; although in many cases

it would be more correct to say that they are Nearctic genera, represented

in Europe, since America possesses more species than Europe or North Asia.

The following is a list of genera which have as much right to be considered

typically Nearctic as Palæarctic:--

1. Regulus

2. Certhia

3. Sitta

4. Parus

5. Lophophanes

6. Lanius

7. Perisoreus

8. Pica

9. Corvus

10. _Ampelis_

11. Loxia

12. Pinicola

13. Linota

14. _Passerelia_

15. _Leucosticte_

16. _Euspiza_

17. _Plectrophanes_

18. Tetrao

19. Lagopus

20. _Nyctala_

21. _Archibuteo_

22. Haliæetus

The seven genera italicized have a decided preponderance of Nearctic

species, and have every right to be considered typically Nearctic; while

the remainder are so well represented by peculiar species, that it is quite

possible many of them may have originated here, rather than in the

Palæarctic region, all alike being quite foreign to the Neotropical.

On the whole, then, we have 47 in the first and 7 in the second table,

making 54 genera which we may fairly class as typically Nearctic, out of a

total of 168 genera of land-birds, or nearly one-third of the whole. This

is an amount of peculiarity which is comparable with that of either of the

less isolated regions; and, combined with the more marked and more

exclusively peculiar forms in the other orders of vertebrates, fully

establishes Temperate North America as a region, distinct alike from the

Neotropical and the Palæarctic.

_Reptiles._--Although temperate climates are always comparatively poor in

reptiles, a considerable number of genera are peculiar to the Nearctic

region. Of snakes, there are, _Conophis_, _Chilomeniscus_, _Pituophis_, and

_Ischnognathus_, belonging to the Colubridæ; _Farancia_, and _Dimodes_,

Homalopsidæ; _Lichanotus_, one of the Pythonidæ; _Cenchris_,

_Crotalophorus_, _Uropsophorus_, and _Crotalus_, belonging to the Crotalidæ

or rattlesnakes.

Of Lizards, _Chirotes_, forming a peculiar family; _Ophisaurus_, {120}the

curious glass-snake, belonging to the Zonuridæ; with _Phrynosoma_ (commonly

called horned toads), _Callisaurus_, _Uta_, _Euphryne_, _Uma_, and

_Holbrookia_, genera of Iguanidæ.

Testudinidæ, or Tortoises, show a great development of the genus _Emys_;

with _Aromochelys_ and _Chelydra_ as peculiar genera.

_Amphibia._--In this class the Nearctic region is very rich, possessing

representatives of nine of the families, of which two are peculiar to the

region, and there are no less than fifteen peculiar genera. _Siren_ forms

the family Sirenidæ; _Menobranchus_ belongs to the Proteidæ; _Amphiuma_ is

the only representative of the Amphiumidæ; there are nine peculiar genera

of Salamandridæ. Among the tail-less batrachians (frogs and toads) we have

_Scaphiopus_, belonging to the Alytidæ; _Pseudacris_ to the Hylidæ; and

_Acris_ to the Polypedatidæ.

_Fresh-water Fishes._--The Nearctic region possesses no less than five

peculiar family types, and twenty-four peculiar genera of this class. The

families are Aphredoderidæ, consisting of a single species found in the

Eastern States; Percopsidæ, founded on a species peculiar to Lake Superior;

Heteropygii, containing two genera peculiar to the Eastern States;

Hyodontidæ and Amiidæ, each consisting of a single species. The genera are

as follows: _Paralabrax_, found in California; _Huro_, peculiar to Lake

Huron; _Pileoma_, _Boleosoma_, _Bryttus_ and _Pomotis_ in the Eastern

States--all belonging to the perch family. _Hypodelus_ and _Noturus_,

belonging to the Siluridæ. _Thaleichthys_, one of the Salmonidæ peculiar to

the Columbia river. _Moxostoma_, _Pimephales_, _Hyborhynchus_,

_Rhinichthys_, in the Eastern States; _Ericymba_, _Exoglossum_,

_Leucosomus_, and _Carpiodes_, more widely distributed; _Cochlognathus_, in

Texas; _Mylaphorodon_ and _Orthodon_, in California; _Meda_, in the river

Gila; and _Acrochilus_, in the Columbia river--all belonging to the

Cyprinidæ. _Scaphirhynchus_, found only in the Mississippi and its

tributaries, belongs to the sturgeon family (Accipenseridæ).

_Summary of Nearctic Vertebrata._--The Nearctic region possesses 24

peculiar genera of mammalia, 49 of birds, 21 of reptiles, and 29 of

fresh-water fishes, making 123 in all. Of these 70 are mammals and

land-birds, out of a total of 242 {121}genera of these groups, a proportion

of about two-sevenths. This is the smallest proportion of peculiar genera

we have found in any of the regions; but many of the genera are of such

isolated and exceptional forms that they constitute separate families, so

that we have no less than 12 families of vertebrata confined to the region.

The Palæarctic region has only 3 peculiar families, and even the Oriental

region only 12; so that, judged by this test, the Nearctic region is

remarkably well characterized. We must also remember that, owing to the

migration of many of its peculiar forms during the Glacial period, it has

recently lost some of its speciality; and we should therefore give some

weight to the many characteristic groups it possesses, which, though not

quite peculiar to it, form important features in its fauna, and help to

separate it from the other regions with which it has been thought to be

closely allied. It is thus well distinguished from the Palæarctic region by

its Procyonidæ, or racoons, _Hesperomys_, or vesper mice, and _Didelphys_,

or opossums, among Mammalia; by its Vireonidæ, or greenlets, Mniotiltidæ,

or wood-warblers, Icteridæ, or hang-nests, Tyrannidæ, or tyrant shrikes,

and Trochilidæ, or humming-birds, among birds, families which, extending to

its extreme northern limits must be held to be as truly characteristic of

it as of the Neotropical region; by its Teidæ, Iguanidæ, and _Cinosternum_,

among reptiles; and by its Siluridæ, and Lepidosteidæ, among fishes. From

the Neotropical region it is still more clearly separated, by its numerous

insectivora; by its bears; its Old World forms of ruminants; its beaver;

its numerous _Arvicolæ_, or voles; its _Sciuropterus_, or flying squirrels;

_Tamias_, or ground-squirrels; and _Lagomys_, or marmots, among mammals;

its numerous Paridæ, or tits, and Tetraonidæ, or grouse, among birds; its

Trionychidæ among reptiles; its Proteidæ, and Salamandridæ, among Amphibia;

and its Gasterosteidæ, Atherinidæ, Esocidæ, Umbridæ, Accipenseridæ, and

Polydontidæ, among fishes.

These characteristic features, taken in conjunction with the absolutely

peculiar groups before enumerated, demonstrate that the Nearctic region

cannot with propriety be combined with {122}any other. Though not very

rich, and having many disadvantages of climate and of physical condition,

it is yet sufficiently well characterized in its zoological features to

rank as one of the well-marked primary divisions of the earth's surface.

There is one other consideration bearing on this question which should not

be lost sight of. In establishing our regions we have depended wholly upon

their _now_ possessing a sufficient number and variety of animal forms, and

a fair proportion of peculiar types; but when the validity of our

conclusion on these grounds is disputed, we may supplement the evidence by

an appeal to the past history of the region in question. In this case we

find a remarkable support to our views. During the whole Tertiary period,

North America was, zoologically, far more strongly contrasted with South

America than it is now; while, during the same long series of ages, it was

always clearly separated from the Eastern hemisphere or the Palæarctic

region by the exclusive possession of important families and numerous

genera of Mammalia, as shown by our summary of its extinct fauna in Chapter

VII. Not only may we claim North America as now forming one of the great

zoological regions, but as having continued to be one ever since the Eocene

period.

_Insects._

In describing the Palæarctic and Neotropical regions, many of the

peculiarities of the insect-fauna of this region have been incidentally

referred to; and as a tolerably full account of the distribution of the

several families is given in the Fourth Part of our work (Chapter XXI.), we

shall treat the subject very briefly here.

_Lepidoptera._--The butterflies of the Nearctic region have lately been

studied with much assiduity, and we are now able to form some idea of their

nature and extent. Nearly 500 species belonging to about 100 genera have

been described; showing that the region, which a few years ago was thought

to be very poor in species of butterflies, is really much richer than

Europe, and probably about as rich as the more extensive Palæarctic region.

There is, however, very little speciality in the {123}forms. A considerable

number of Neotropical types enter the southern States; but there are hardly

any peculiar genera, except one of the Lycænidæ and perhaps a few among the

Hesperidæ, The most conspicuous feature of the region is its fine group of

Papilios, belonging to types (_P. turnus_ and _P. troilus_) which are

characteristically Nearctic. It is also as rich as the Palæarctic region in

some genera which we are accustomed to consider as pre-eminently European;

such as _Argynnis_, _Melitæa_, _Grapta_, _Chionabas_, and a few others.

Still, we must acknowledge, that if we formed our conclusions from the

butterflies alone, we could hardly separate the Nearctic from the

Palæarctic region. This identity probably dates from the Miocene period;

for when our existing arctic regions supported a luxuriant vegetation,

butterflies would have been plentiful; and as the cold came on, these would

move southwards both in America and Europe, and, owing to the long

continuance of the generic types of insects, would remain little modified

till now.

_Coleoptera._--Only a few indications can be given of the peculiarities of

the Nearctic coleoptera. In Cicindelidæ the region possesses, besides the

cosmopolite _Cicindela_, four other genera, two of which--_Amblychile_ and

_Omus_--are peculiar to the West Coast and the Rocky Mountains. Of Carabidæ

it possesses _Dicælus_, _Pasimachus_, _Eurytrichus_, _Sphæroderus_,

_Pinacodera_, and a number of smaller genera, altogether peculiar to it;

_Helluomorpha_, _Galerita_, _Callida_, and _Tetragonoderus_, in common with

South America; and a large number of characteristic European forms.

The Lucanidæ are all of European types. The region is poor in Cetoniidæ,

but has representatives of the South American _Euphoria_, as well as of

four European genera. Of Buprestidæ it has the South American _Actenodes_;

a single species of the Ethiopian and Eastern _Belionota_, in California;

and about a dozen other genera of European and wide distribution.

Among Longicorns it possesses fifty-nine peculiar genera, representatives

of five Neotropical, and thirteen Palæarctic genera; as well as many of

wider distribution. _Prionus_ is the chief representative of the Prionidæ;

_Leptura_ and _Crossidius_ of the {124}Cerambycidæ; _Leptostylus_,

_Liopus_, _Graphidurus_, and _Tetraopes_, of the Lamiidæ, the latter genus

being confined to the region.

_Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca._

The land-shells of temperate North America almost all belong to the

Inoperculate or Pulmoniferous division; the Operculata being represented

only by a few species of _Helicina_ and _Truncatella_, chiefly in the

Southern States. According to Mr. Binney's recent "Catalogue of the

Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of North America," the fauna consists of

the following genera:--_Glandina_ (6 sp.); _Macrocyclis_ (5 sp.); _Zonites_

(37 sp.); _Vitrina_ (4 sp.); _Limax_ (5 sp.); _Arion_ (3 sp.); _Ariolimax_

(3 sp.); _Prophysaon_ (1 sp.); _Binneia_ (1 sp.); _Hemiphillia_ (1 sp.);

_Patula_ (16 sp.); _Helix_ (80); _Holospira_ (2 sp.); _Cylindrella_ (2

sp.); _Macroceramus_ (2 sp.); _Bulimulus_ (8 sp.); _Cionella_ (2 sp.);

_Stenogyra_ (4 sp.); _Pupa_ (19 sp.); _Strophia_ (1 sp.); _Vertigo_ (6

sp.); _Liguus_ (1 sp.); _Orthalicus_ (2 sp.); _Punctum_ (1 sp.); _Succinea_

(26 sp.); _Tebennophorus_ (1 sp.); _Pallifera_ (1 sp.); _Veronicella_ (2

sp.).

All the larger genera range over the whole region, but the following have a

more restricted distribution; _Macrocyclis_ has only one species in the

East, the rest being Californian or Central; _Ariolimax_, _Prophysaon_,

_Binneia_, and _Hemiphillia_, are confined to the Western sub-region. Lower

California has affinities with Mexico, 18 species being peculiar to it, of

which two are true _Bulimi_, a genus unknown in other parts of the region.

The Central or Rocky Mountain sub-region is chiefly characterised by six

peculiar species of _Patula_. The Eastern sub-region is by far the richest,

nine-tenths of the whole number of species being found in it. The Alleghany

Mountains form the richest portion of this sub-region, possessing nearly

half the total number of species, and at least 24 species found nowhere

else. The southern States have also several peculiar species, but they are

not so productive as the Alleghanies. The Canadian sub-region possesses 32

species, of which nearly half are northern forms more or less common to the

whole Arctic regions, and several of this character have spread southwards

all {125}over the United States. Species of _Vitrina_, _Zonites_, _Pupa_,

and _Succinea_, are found in Greenland; and Eastern Palæarctic species of

_Vitrina_, _Patula_, and _Pupa_ occur in Alaska. More than 30 species of

shells living in the Eastern States, are found fossil in the Post-Pliocene

deposits of the Ohio and Mississippi.

_Fresh-water Shells._--North America surpasses every other part of the

globe in the number and variety of its fresh-water mollusca, both univalve

and bivalve. The numbers up to 1866 were as follows:--Melaniadæ, 380

species; Paludinidæ, 58 species; Cycladidæ, 44 species; and Unionidæ, 552

species. The last family had, however, increased to 832 species in 1874,

according to Dr. Isaac Lea, who has made them his special study; but it is

probable that many of these are such as would be considered varieties by

most conchologists. Many of the species of _Unio_ are very large, of varied

forms, and rich internal colouring, and the group forms a prominent feature

of the Nearctic fauna. By far the larger proportion of the fresh-water

shells inhabit the Eastern or Alleghany sub-region; and their great

development is a powerful argument against any recent extensive submergence

beneath the ocean of the lowlands of North America.

_The Nearctic Sub-regions._

The sub-divisions of the Nearctic region, although pretty clearly indicated

by physical features and peculiarities of climate and vegetation, are by no

means so strongly marked out in their zoology as we might expect. The same

genera, as a rule, extend over the whole region; while the species of the

several sub-regions are in most cases different. Even the vast range of the

Rocky Mountains has not been an effectual barrier against this wide

dispersal of the same forms of life; and although some important groups are

limited by it, these are exceptions to the rule. Even now, we find fertile

valleys and plateaus of moderate elevation, penetrating the range on either

side; and both to the north and south there are passes which can be freely

traversed by most animals during the summer. Previous to the glacial epoch

there was probably a warm period, when every part of the range supported an

abundant and varied {126}fauna, which, when the cold period arrived, would

descend to the lowlands, and people the country to the east, west, and

south, with similar forms of life.

The first, and most important sub-division we can make, consists of the

Eastern United States, extending across the Mississippi and the more

fertile prairies, to about the 100°th. meridian of west longitude, where

the arid and almost desert country commences. Southwards, the boundary

bends towards the coast, near the line of the Brazos or Colorado rivers. To

the north the limits are undefined; but as a considerable number of species

and genera occur in the United States but not in Canada, it will be

convenient to draw the line somewhere near the boundary of the two

countries, except that the district between lakes Huron and Ontario, and

probably Nova Scotia, may be included in the present sub-region. As far

west as the Mississippi, this was originally a vast forest country; and it

is still well wooded, and clothed with a varied and luxuriant vegetation.

The next, or Central sub-region, consists of the dry, elevated, and often

arid district of the Rocky Mountains, with its great plateaus, and the

barren plains of its eastern slope; extending northwards to near the

commencement of the great forests north of the Saskatchewan, and southward

to the Rio Grande del Norte, the Gulf of California, and to Cape St. Lucas,

as shown on our maps. This sub-region is of an essentially desert

character, although the higher valleys of the Rocky Mountains are often

well wooded, and in these are found some northern and some western types.

The third, or Californian sub-region, is small, but very luxuriant,

occupying the comparatively narrow strip of country between the Sierra

Nevada and the Pacific. To the north it may include Vancouver's Island and

the southern part of British Columbia, while to the south it extends to the

head of the Gulf of California.

The fourth division, comprises the remainder of North America; and is a

country of pine forests, and of barren wastes towards the Arctic Ocean. It

has fewer peculiar species to characterise it than any other, but it

possesses several characteristic arctic {127}forms, while many of those

peculiar to the south are absent; so that it is a very convenient, if it

should not be considered an altogether natural, sub-region.

We will now give an outline of the most important zoological features of

each of these divisions, taking them in the order in which they are

arranged in the Fourth Part of this work. California comes first, as it has

some tropical forms not found elsewhere, and thus forms a transition from

the Neotropical region.

_I. The Western or Californian Sub-region._

This small district possesses a fruitful soil and a highly favourable

climate, and is, in proportion to its extent, perhaps the richest portion

of the continent, both zoologically and botanically. Its winters are far

milder than those of the Eastern States in corresponding latitudes; and

this, perhaps, has enabled it to support several tropical forms which give

a special character to its fauna. It is here only, in the whole region,

that bats of the families Phyllostomidæ and Noctilionidæ, and a serpent of

the tropical family, Pythonidæ, are found, as well as several Neotropical

forms of birds and reptiles.

_Mammalia._--The following genera are not found in any other part of the

Nearctic region. _Macrotus_ (Phyllostomidæ), one species in California;

_Antrozous_ (Vespertilionidæ), one species on the West Coast; _Urotrichus_

(Talpidæ) one species in British Columbia; sub-genus _Nesorex_ (Soricidæ),

one species in Oregon; _Bassaris_ (Procyonidæ), California; _Enhydra_

(Mustelidæ), Pacific Coast; _Morunga_ (Phocidæ), California; _Haploodon_

(Haploodontidæ) a rat-like animal, allied to the beavers and marmots, and

constituting a peculiar family found only in California and British

Columbia. The following characteristic Nearctic forms also extend into this

sub-region:--_Taxidea_, _Procyon_, _Didelphys_, _Sciuropterus_, _Tamias_,

_Spermophilus_, _Dipodomys_, _Perognathus_, _Jaculus_.

_Birds._--Few genera of birds are quite peculiar to this sub-region, since

most of the Western forms extend into the central district, yet it has a

few. _Glaucidium_, a genus of Owls, is confined {128}(in the Nearctic

region) to California; _Chamæa_, a singular form allied to the wrens, and

forming a distinct family, is quite peculiar; _Geococcyx_, a Neotropical

form of cuckoo, extends to California and Southern Texas. The following

genera are very characteristic of the sub-region, and some of them almost

confined to it: _Myiadestes_ (Sylviidæ); _Psaltriparus_ (Paridæ);

_Cyanocitta_, _Picicorvus_ (Corvidæ); _Hesperiphona_, _Peucæa_,

_Chondestes_ (Fringillidæ); _Selasphorus_, _Atthis_ (Trochilidæ);

_Columba_, _Melopelia_ (Columbidæ); _Oreortyx_ (Tetraonidæ).

_Reptiles._--The following genera are not found in any other part of the

Nearctic region: _Charina_ (Tortricidæ); _Lichanotus_ (Pythonidæ);

_Gerrhonotus_ (Zonuridæ); _Phyllodactylus_ (Geckotidæ); _Anolius_ and

_Tropidolepis_ (Iguanidæ). _Sceloporus_ (Iguanidæ) is only found elsewhere

in Florida. All the larger North American groups of lizards and snakes are

also represented here; but in tortoises it is deficient, owing to the

absence of lakes and large rivers.

_Amphibia._--California possesses two genera of Salamandridæ, _Aneides_ and

_Heredia_, which do not extend to the other sub-regions.

_Fresh-water Fish._--There are two or three peculiar genera of Cyprinidæ,

but the sub-region is comparatively poor in this group.

_Plate XVIII. Illustrative of the Zoology of California and the Rocky

Mountains._--We have chosen for the subject of this illustration, the

peculiar Birds of the Western mountains. The two birds in the foreground

are a species of grouse (_Pediocætes Columbianus_), entirely confined to

this sub-region; while the only other species of the genus is found in the

prairies north and west of Wisconsin, so that the group is peculiar to

northern and western America. The crested birds in the middle of the

picture (_Oreortyx picta_), are partridges, belonging to the American

sub-family Odontophorinæ. This is the only species of the genus which is

confined to California and Oregon. The bird at the top is the blue crow

(_Gymnokitta cyanocephala_), confined to the Rocky Mountains and Sierra

Nevada from New Mexico and Arizona northwards, and more properly belonging

to the Central sub-region. It is allied to the European nutcracker; but

according to the American ornithologist, Dr. Coues, has also resemblances

to the jays, and certainly forms a distinct genus. The grizzly bear (_Ursus

ferox_) in the background, is one of the characteristic animals of the

Californian highlands.

Plate XVIII.

[Illustration]

SCENE IN CALIFORNIA, WITH SOME CHARACTERISTIC BIRDS.

{129}_II. The Central, or Rocky Mountain Sub-region._

This extensive district is, for the greater part of its extent, from 2,000

to 5,000 feet above the sea, and is excessively arid; and, except in the

immediate vicinity of streams and on some of the higher slopes of the

mountains, is almost wholly treeless. Its zoology is therefore peculiar.

Many of the most characteristic genera and families of the Eastern States

are absent; while a number of curious desert and alpine forms give it a

character of its own, and render it very interesting to the naturalist.

_Mammalia._--The remarkable prong-horned antelope (_Antilocapra_), the

mountain goat (_Aplocerus_), the mountain sheep or bighorn (_Ovis

montana_), and the prairie-dog (_Cynomys_), one of the Rodentia, are

peculiar to this sub-region; while the family of the Saccomyidæ, or pouched

rats, is represented by many forms and is very characteristic. Here is also

the chief home of the bison. The glutton (_Gulo_) and marmot (_Lagomys_)

enter it from the north; while it has the racoon (_Procyon_), flying

squirrel (_Sciuropterus_), ground squirrel (_Tamias_), pouched marmot

(_Spermophilus_) and jumping mouse (_Jaculus_) in common with the countries

east or west of it.

_Plate XIX. Illustrative of the Zoology of the Central Plains or

Prairies._--We here introduce four of the most characteristic mammalia of

the great American plains or prairies, three of them being types confined

to North America. The graceful animals on the left are the prong-horned

antelopes (_Antilocapra americana_), whose small horns, though hollow like

those of the antelopes, are shed annually like those of the deer. To the

right we have the prairie-dogs of the trappers (_Cynomys ludovicianus_)

which, as will be easily seen, are rodents, and allied to the marmots of

the European Alps. Their burrows are numerous on the prairies, and the

manner in which they perch {130}themselves on little mounds and gaze on

intruders, is noticed by all travellers. On the left, in the foreground, is

one of the extraordinary pouched rats of America (_Geomys bursarius_).

These are burrowing animals, feeding on roots; and the mouth is, as it

were, double, the outer portion very wide and hairy, behind which is the

small inner mouth. Its use may be to keep out the earth from the mouth

while the animal is gnawing roots. A mouth so constructed is found in no

other animals but in these North American rats. In the distance is a herd

of bisons (_Bison americanus_), the typical beast of the prairies.

_Birds._--This sub-region has many peculiar forms of birds, both residents,

and migrants from the south or north. Among the peculiar resident species

we may probably reckon a dipper, (_Cinclus_); _Salpinctes_, one of the

wrens; _Poospiza_, _Calamospiza_, genera of finches; _Picicorvus_,

_Gymnokitta_, genera of the crow family; _Centrocercus_ and _Pediocætes_,

genera of grouse. As winter migrants from the north it has _Leucosticte_

and _Plectrophanes_, genera of finches; _Perisoreus_, a genus of the crow

family; _Picoides_, the Arctic woodpecker; and _Lagopus_, ptarmigan. Its

summer migrants, many of which may be resident in the warmer districts, are

more numerous. Such are, _Oreoscoptes_, a genus of thrushes;

_Campylorhynchus_ and _Catherpes_, wrens; _Paroides_, one of the tits;

_Phænopepla_, allied to the waxwing; _Embernagra_ and _Spermophila_, genera

of finches; _Pyrocephalus_, one of the tyrant shrikes; _Callipepla_ and

_Cyrtonyx_, American partridges. Besides these, the more widely spread

genera, _Harporhynchus_, _Lophophanes_, _Carpodacus_, _Spizella_, and

_Cyanocitta_, are characteristic of the central district, and two genera of

humming-birds--_Atthis_ and _Selasphorus_--only occur here and in

California. Prof. Baird notes 40 genera of birds which are represented by

distinct allied species in the western, central, and eastern divisions of

the United States, corresponding to our sub-regions.

Plate XIX.

[Illustration]

THE AMERICAN PRAIRIES, WITH CHARACTERISTIC MAMMALIA.

{131}It is a curious fact that the birds of this sub-region should extend

across the Gulf of California, and that Cape St. Lucas, at the southern

extremity of the peninsula, should be decidedly more "Central" than

"Californian" in its ornithology. Prof. Baird says, that its fauna is

almost identical with that of the Gila River, and has hardly any relation

to that of Upper California. It possesses a considerable number (about

twenty) of peculiar species of birds, but all belong to genera

characteristic of the present sub-region; and there is no resemblance to

the birds of Mazatlan, just across the gulf in the Neotropical region.

_Reptiles, Amphibia, and Fishes._--A large number of snakes and lizards

inhabit this sub-region, but they have not yet been classified with

sufficient precision to enable us to make much use of them. Among lizards,

Iguanidæ, Geckotidæ, Scincidæ, and Zonuridæ, appear to be numerous; and

many new genera of doubtful value have been described. Among snakes,

Calamariidæ, Colubridæ, and Crotalidæ are represented. Among Amphibia,

_Siredon_, one of the Proteidæ, is peculiar. The rivers and lakes of the

Great Central Basin, and the Colorado River, contain many peculiar forms of

Cyprinidæ.

_III. The Eastern or Alleghany Sub-region._

This sub-region contains examples of all that is most characteristic of

Nearctic zoology. It is for the most part an undulating or mountainous

forest-clad country, with a warm or temperate climate, but somewhat extreme

in character, and everywhere abounding in animal and vegetable life. To the

west, across the Mississippi, the country becomes more open, gradually

rises, becomes much drier, and at length merges into the arid plains of the

central sub-region. To the south, in Georgia, Florida, and Louisiana, a

sub-tropical climate prevails, and winter is almost unknown. To the north,

in Michigan and New England, the winters are very severe, and streams and

lakes are frozen for months together. These different climates, however,

produce little effect on the forms of animal life; the species to some

extent change as we go from north to south, but the same types everywhere

prevail. This portion of the United States, having been longest inhabited

by Europeans, has been more thoroughly explored than other parts of North

America; and to this more complete knowledge its superior zoological

richness {132}may be to some extent due; but there can be little doubt that

it is also positively, and not merely relatively, more productive in varied

forms of animal life than either of the other sub-regions.

_Mammalia._--There seems to be only one genus absolutely peculiar to this

sub-region--the very remarkable _Condylura_, or star-nosed mole, only found

from Pennsylvania to Nova Scotia, and as far as about 94° west longitude.

It also has opossums (_Didelphys_) in common with California, and three out

of four species of _Scalops_, a genus of moles; as well as the skunk

(_Mephitis_), American badger (_Taxidea_), racoon (_Procyon_), pouched rat

(_Geomys_), beaver rat (_Fiber_), jumping mouse (_Jaculus_), tree porcupine

(_Erethizon_), and other characteristic Nearctic forms.

_Birds._--The birds of this sub-region have been carefully studied by

American naturalists, and many interesting facts ascertained as to their

distribution and migrations. About 120 species of birds are peculiar to the

east coast of the United States, but only about 30 of these are residents

all the year round in any part of it; the bird population being essentially

a migratory one, coming from the north in winter and the south in summer.

The largest number of species seems to be congregated in the district of

the Alleghany mountains. A considerable proportion of the passerine birds

winter in Central America and the West Indian Islands, and go to the Middle

States or Canada to breed; so that even the luxuriant Southern States do

not possess many birds which may be called permanent residents. Thus, in

East Pennsylvania there are only 52, and in the district of Columbia 54

species, found all the year round, out of about 130 which breed in these

localities; very much below the number which permanently reside in Great

Britain.

This sub-region is well characterised by its almost exclusive possession of

_Ectopistes_, the celebrated passenger pigeon, whose enormous flocks and

breeding places have been so often described; and _Cupidonia_, a remarkable

genus of grouse. The only Nearctic parrot, _Conurus carolinensis_, is found

in the Southern States; as well as _Crotophaga_, a South American genus

usually associated with the cuckoos. _Helmintherus_ and {133}_Oporornis_,

genera of wood-warblers, may be considered to be peculiar to this

sub-region, since in each case only one of the two species migrates as far

as Central America; while two other genera of the same family, _Siurus_ and

_Setophaga_, as well as the finch genus, _Euspiza_, do not extend to either

of the western sub-regions. _Parus_, a genus of tits, comes into the

district from the north; _Otocorys_, an alpine lark, and _Coturniculus_, an

American finch, from the west; and such characteristic Nearctic genera as

_Antrostomus_ (the whip-poor-will goatsuckers); _Helminthophaga_,

_Dendræca_, and _Myiodioctes_ (wood-warblers); _Vireo_ (greenlets);

_Dolichonyx_ (rice-bird); _Quiscalus_ (troupial); _Meleagris_ (turkey); and

_Ortyx_ (American partridge), are wide-spread and abundant. In Mr. J. A.

Allen's elaborate and interesting paper on the birds of eastern North

America, he enumerates 32 species which breed only in the more temperate

portions of this province, and may therefore be considered to be especially

characteristic of it. These belong to the following genera:--_Turdus_,

_Galeoscoptes_, _Harporhynchus_, _Sialia_, _Dendræca_, _Wilsonia_,

_Pyranga_, _Vireo_, _Lanivireo_, _Lophophanes_, _Coturniculus_,

_Ammodromus_, _Spizella_, _Euspiza_, _Hedymeles_, _Cyanospiza_, _Pipilo_,

_Cardinalis_, _Icterus_, _Corvus_, _Centurus_, _Melanerpes_, _Antrostomus_,

_Coccyzus_, _Ortyx_, and _Cupidonia_.

_Reptiles._--In this class the Eastern States are rich, possessing many

peculiar forms not found in other parts of the region. Among snakes it has

the genera _Farancia_ and _Dimodes_ belonging to the fresh-water snakes

(Homalopsidæ); the South American genus _Elaps_; and 3 genera of

rattlesnakes, _Cenchris_, _Crotalophorus_, and _Crotalus_. The following

genera of snakes are said to occur in the State of New York:--_Coluber_,

_Tropidonotus_, _Leptophis_, _Calamaria_, _Heterodon_, _Trigonocephalus_,

_Crotalus_, _Psammophis_, _Helicops_, _Rhinostoma_, _Pituophis_, and

_Elaps_.

Among lizards, _Chirotes_, forming a peculiar family of Amphisbenians,

inhabits Missouri and Mexico; while the remarkable glass-snake,

_Ophisaurus_, belonging to the family Zonuridæ, is peculiar to the Southern

States; and the South American _Sphærodactylus_, one of the gecko family,

reaches Florida. Other genera which extend as far north as the State of New

{134}York are, _Scincus_, _Tropidolepis_, _Plestiodon_, _Lygosoma_,

_Ameiva_, and _Phrynosoma_.

Tortoises, especially the fresh-water kind, are very abundant; and the

genera _Aromochelys_, _Chelydra_, _Terrapene_, and _Trionyx_, are nearly,

if not quite, confined to this division of the region.

_Amphibia._--Almost all the remarkable forms of Urodela, or tailed

batrachians, peculiar to the region are found here only; such as _Siren_

and _Pseudobranchus_, constituting the family Sirenidæ; _Menobranchus_,

allied to the _Proteus_ of Europe; _Amphiuma_, an eel-like creature with

four rudimentary feet, constituting the family Amphiumidæ; _Notopthalmus_,

_Desmognathus_, and _Menopoma_, belonging to the Salamandridæ; together

with several other genera of wider range. Of Anura, or tail-less

batrachians, there are no peculiar genera, but the Neotropical genus of

toads, _Engystoma_, extends as far as South Carolina.

_Fishes._--Owing to its possession of the Mississippi and the great lakes,

almost all the peculiar forms of North American fishes are confined to this

sub-region. Such are _Perca_, _Pileoma_, _Huro_, _Bryttus_, and _Pomotis_

(Percidæ); the families Aphredoderidæ and Percopsidæ; several genera of

Cyprinodontidæ and Cyprinidæ; and the family Polydontidæ.

_Islands of the Alleghany Sub-region._

_The Bermudas._--These islands, situated in the Atlantic, about 700 miles

from the coast of Carolina, are chiefly interesting for the proof they

afford of the power of a great variety of birds to cross so wide an extent

of ocean. There are only 6 or 8 species of birds which are permanent

residents on the islands, all common North American species; while no less

than 140 species have been recorded as visiting them. Most of these are

stragglers, many only noticed once; others appear frequently and in great

numbers, but very few, perhaps not a dozen, come every year, and can be

considered regular migrants. The permanent residents are, a greenlet

(_Vireo noveboracensis)_, the catbird (_Galeoscoptes carolinensis_), the

blue bird (_Sialia sialis_), the cardinal (_Cardinalis virginianus_), the

American crow (_Corvus {135}americanus_), and the ground dove (_Chamæpelia

passerina_). The most regular visitants are a kingfisher (_Ceryle alcyon_),

the wood-wagtail (_Siurus noveboracensis_), the rice-bird (_Dolichonyx

oryzivorus_), and a moorhen (_Gallinula galeata_). Besides the American

species, four European birds have been taken at the Bermudas: _Saxicola

oenanthe_, _Alauda arvensis_ (perhaps introduced), _Crex pratensis_, and

_Scolopax gallinago_.

A common American lizard, _Plestiodon longirostris_, is the only land

reptile found on the islands.

_IV. The Sub-Arctic or Canadian Sub-region._

This sub-region serves to connect together the other three, since they all

merge gradually into it; while to the north it passes into the circumpolar

zone which is common to the Palæarctic and Nearctic regions. The greater

portion of it is an extensive forest-district, mostly of coniferæ; and

where these cease towards the north, barren wastes extend to the polar

ocean. It possesses several northern or arctic forms of Mammalia, such as

the glutton, lemming, reindeer, and elk, which barely enter the more

southern sub-regions; as well as the polar bear and arctic fox; but it also

has some peculiar forms, and many of the most characteristic Nearctic

types. The remarkable musk-sheep (_Ovibos_) is confined to this sub-region,

ranging over a considerable extent of country north of the forests, as well

as Greenland. It has been extinct in Europe and Asia since the

Post-pliocene epoch. Such purely Nearctic genera as _Procyon_, _Latax_,

_Erethizon_, _Jaculus_, _Fiber_, _Thomomys_, and _Hesperomys_, abound, many

of them ranging to the shores of Hudson's Bay and the barren wastes of

northern Labrador. Others, such as _Blarina_, _Condylura_, and _Mephitis_,

are found only in Nova Scotia and various parts of Canada. About 20 species

of Mammalia seem to be peculiar to this sub-region.

_Plate XX. Illustrating the Zoology of Canada._--We have here a group of

Mammalia characteristic of Canada and the colder parts of the United

States. Conspicuous in the foreground is the skunk (_Mephitis mephitica_),

belonging to a genus of the weasel family found only in America. This

animal is {136}celebrated for its power of ejecting a terribly offensive

liquid, the odour of which is almost intolerable. The skunks are nocturnal

animals, and are generally marked, as in the species represented, with

conspicuous bands and patches of white. This enables them to be easily seen

at night, and thus serves to warn larger animals not to attack them. To the

left is the curious little jumping mouse (_Jaculus hudsonius_), the

American representative of the Palæarctic jerboa. Climbing up a tree on the

left is the tree porcupine (_Erethizon dorsatus_), belonging to the family

Cercolabidæ, which represents, on the American continent, the porcupines of

the Old World. In the background is the elk or moose (_Alces americanus_),

perhaps identical with the European elk, and the most striking inhabitant

of the northern forests of America, as the bison is of the prairies.

_Birds._--Although the Canadian sub-region possesses very few resident

birds, the numbers which breed in it are perhaps greater than in the other

sub-regions, because a large number of circumpolar species are found here

exclusively. From a comparison of Mr. Allen's tables it appears, that more

than 200 species are regular migrants to Canada in the breeding season, and

nearly half of these are land-birds. Among them are to be found a

considerable number of genera of the American families Tyrannidæ and

Mniotiltidæ, as well as the American genera _Sialia_, _Progne_, _Vireo_,

_Cistothorus_, _Junco_, _Pipilo_, _Zonotrichia_, _Spizella_, _Melospiza_,

_Molothrus_, _Agelæus_, _Cyanura_, _Sphyrapicus_, and many others; so that

the ornithology of these northern regions is still mainly Nearctic in

character. Besides these, it has such specially northern forms as _Surnia_

(Strigidæ); _Picoides_ (Picidæ); _Pinicola_ (Fringillidæ); as well as

_Leucosticte_, _Plectrophanes_, _Perisoreus_, and _Lagopus_, which extend

further south, especially in the middle sub-region. No less than 212

species of birds have been collected in the new United States territory of

Alaska (formerly Russian America), where a humming-bird (_Selasphorus

rufus_) breeds. The great majority of these are typically American,

including such forms as _Colaptes_, _Helminthophaga_, _Siurus_, _Dendræca_,

_Myiodioctes_, _Passerculus_, _Zonotrichia_, _Junco_, _Spizella_,

_Melospizpa_, _Passerella_, _Scoleophagas_, _Pediocetes_, and _Bonasa_;

together with many northern birds common to both continents. Yet a few

Palæarctic forms, not known in other parts of the sub-region, appear here.

These are _Budytes flava_, _Phylloscopus kennicottii_, and _Pyrrhula

coccinea_, all belonging to genera not occurring elsewhere in North

America. Considering the proximity of the district to North-east Asia, and

the high probability that there was an actual land connection at, and south

of, Behring's Straits, in late Tertiary times, it is somewhat remarkable

that the admixture of Palæarctic and Nearctic groups is not greater than it

is. The Palæarctic element, however, forms so small apportion of the whole

fauna, that it may be satisfactorily accounted for by the establishment of

immigrants since the Glacial period. The great interest felt by

ornithologists in the discovery of the three genera above-named, with a

wren allied to a European species, is an indication that the faunas even of

the northern parts of the Nearctic and Palæarctic regions are, as regards

birds, radically distinct. It may be mentioned that the birds of the

Aleutian Isles are also, so far as known, almost wholly Nearctic. The

number of land-birds known from Alaska is 77; and from the Aleutian Isles

16 species, all of which, except one, are North American.

Plate XX.

[Illustration]

A CANADIAN FOREST, WITH CHARACTERISTIC MAMMALIA.

{137}_Reptiles._--These are comparatively few and unimportant. There are

however five snakes and three tortoises which are limited to Canada proper;

while further north there are only Amphibia, represented by frogs and

toads, and a salamander of the genus _Plethodon_.

_Fishes._--Most of the groups of fresh-water fish of the Nearctic region

are represented here, especially those of the perch, salmon, and pike

families; but there seem to be few or no peculiar genera.

_Insects._--These are far less numerous than in the more temperate

districts, but are still tolerably abundant. In Canada there are 53 species

of butterflies, viz., Papilionidæ, 4; Pieridæ, 2; Nymphalidæ, 21; Satyridæ,

3; Lycænidæ 16, and Hesperidæ 7. Most of these are, no doubt, found chiefly

in the southern parts of Canada. That Coleoptera are pretty numerous is

shown, by more than 800 species having been collected on the {138}shores of

Lake Superior; 177 being Geodephaga and 39 Longicorns.

_Greenland._--This great arctic island must be considered as belonging to

the Nearctic region, since of its six land mammals, three are exclusively

American (_Myodes torquatus_, _Lepus glacialis_, and _Ovibos moschatus_),

while the other three (_Vulpes lagopus_, _Ursus maritimus_, and _Rangifer

tarandus_) are circumpolar. Only fourteen land-birds are either resident

in, or regular migrants to the country; and of these two are European

(_Haliæetus albicilla_, and _Falco peregrinus_), while three are American

(_Anthus ludovicianus_, _Zonotrichia leucophrys_, and _Lagopus rupestris_),

the rest being arctic species common to both continents. The waders and

aquatics (49 in number) are nearly equally divided between both continents;

but the land-birds which visit Greenland as stragglers are mostly American.

Yet although the Nearctic element somewhat preponderates, Greenland really

belongs to that circumpolar debateable land, which is common to the two

North Temperate regions.

_Concluding remarks._--We have already discussed pretty fully, though

somewhat incidentally, the status and relations of the Nearctic region;

first in our chapter on Zoological regions, then in our review of extinct

faunas, and lastly in the earlier part of this chapter. It will not

therefore be necessary to go further into the question here; but we shall,

in our next chapter, give a brief summary of the general conclusions we

have reached as to the past history and mutual zoological relations of all

the great divisions of the earth.

{139}TABLES OF DISTRIBUTION.

In drawing up these tables, showing the distribution of various classes of

animals in the Nearctic region, the following sources of information have

been chiefly relied on, in addition to the general treatises, monographs,

and catalogues used in the compilation of the 4th Part of this work.

_Mammalia._--Professor Baird's Catalogue; Allen's List of the Bats; Mr.

Lord's List for British Columbia; Brown, for Greenland; Packard for

Labrador.

_Birds._--Baird, Cassin, and Allen's Lists for United States; Richardson's

Fauna Boreali Americana; Jones, for Bermudas; and papers by Brown, Coues,

Lord, Packard, Dall, and Professor Newton.

{140}TABLE I.

_FAMILIES OF ANIMALS INHABITING THE NEARCTIC REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show the families which are peculiar to the region.

Names inclosed thus (......) show families which barely enter the region,

and are not considered properly to belong to it.

Numbers correspond to the series of numbers to the families in Part IV.

---------------------+-------------------+-------------------------------

| Sub-regions |

| 1=California. |

Order and Family | 2=Rocky Mntns. | Range beyond the Region.

| 3=Alleghanies. |

| 4=Canada. |

---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

| 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. |

---------------------+----+----+----+----+-------------------------------

| | | | |

12. Vespertilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

21. Talpidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

22. Soricidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | The Eastern Hemisphere, excl.

| | | | |

23. Felidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but the Australian

28. Canidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but the Australian

29. Mustelidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but the Australian

30. Procyonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

32. Ursidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic, Oriental

33. Otariidæ | -- | | | -- | N. and S. temperate zones

35. Phocidæ | -- | | | -- | N. and S. temperate zones

| | | | |

36 to 41. | | | | | Oceanic

| | | | |

50. Cervidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Ethiopian and

52. Bovidæ | -- | -- | | -- |Palæarctic, Ethiopian, Oriental

| | | | |

55. Muridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

57. Dipodidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic, Ethiopian

59. _Saccomyidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Mexican sub-region

60. Castoridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

61. Sciuridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

62. _Haploodontidæ_ | -- | | | |

66. Cercolabidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

69. Lagomyidæ | | -- | | -- | Palæarctic

70. Leporidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

| | | | |

76. Didelphyidæ | -- | | -- | | Neotropical

| | | | |

1. Turdidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

2. Sylviidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

5. Cinclidæ | | -- | | -- | Palæarctic, Oriental, Andes

6. Troglodytidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

7. _Chamæidæ_ | -- | | | |

8. Certhiidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic, Oriental,

9. Sittidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic, Oriental,

10. Paridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | The Eastern Hemisphere

19. Laniidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | The Eastern Hemisphere

20. Corvidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

27. Mniotiltidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

28. Vireonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

29. Ampelidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- |Palæarctic, Antilles, Guatemala

30. Hirundinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

31. Icteridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

32. Tanagridæ | | -- | -- | | Neotropical

33. Fringillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

37. Alaudidæ | | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Neotropical

38. Motacillidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

39. Tyrannidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

| | | | |

51. Picidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

58. Cuculidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Almost cosmopolite

67. Alcedinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

73. Caprimulgidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

74. Cypselidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

75. Trochilidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical

| | | | |

| | | | |

84. Columbidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

87. Tetraonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

88. Phasianidæ | | -- | -- | | Palæarctic, Oriental,

| | | | |

94. Vulturidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

96. Falconidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

97. Pandionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

98. Strigidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

99. Rallidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

100. Scolopacidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

105. Charadriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

107. Gruidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Neotropical

113. Ardeidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

114. Plataleidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

| | | | |

118. Anatidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

119. Laridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

120. Procellariidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

121. Pelecanidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

124. Podicipidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

125. Alcidæ | -- | | | -- | North temperate and arctic

| | | | |

5. Calamariidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All the regions

7. Colubridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

24. Crotalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Neotropical, Palæarctic,

| | | | |

27. _Chirotidæ_ | | -- | -- | | Mexico

32. Teidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Neotropical

34. Zonuridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

45. Scincidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Almost cosmopolite

49. Geckotidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Almost cosmopolite

50. Iguanidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Neotropical

| | | | |

| | | | |

57. Testudinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All continents but Australian

| | | | |

2. _Sirenidæ_ | | | -- | |

4. _Amphiumidæ_ | | | -- | |

6. Salamandridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Andes, Palæarctic

| | | | |

10. Bufonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All continents but Australia

15. Alytidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Oriental

17. Hylidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Ethiopian

19. Ranidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Almost cosmopolite

| | | | |

1. Gasterosteidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

3. Percidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

4. _Aphredoderidæ_ | | | -- | |

12. Scienidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All regions but Australian

37. Atherinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

| | | | |

59. Siluridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm regions

65. Salmonidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic, New Zealand

66. _Percopsidæ_ | | | | -- |

70. Esocidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

71. Umbridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

73. Cyprinodontidæ | -- | -- | -- | | All regions but Australian

74. _Heteropygii_ | | | -- | |

75. Cyprinidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Not in S. America or Australia

77. _Hyodontidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |

| | | | |

93. _Amiidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |

95. _Lepidosteidæ_ | -- | -- | -- | -- |

96. Accipenseridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Palæarctic

| | | | |

1. Danaidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | All warm regions

2. Satyridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

8. Nymphalidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

9. Libytheidæ | | -- | -- | | Not in Australia

12. Erycinidæ | -- | -- | -- | | Neotropical

13. Lycænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

14. Pieridæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

15. Papilionidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

16. Hesperidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

| | | | |

17. Zygænidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

22. Ægeriidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Not in Australia

23. Sphingidæ | -- | -- | -- | -- | Cosmopolite

{145}TABLE II.

_LIST OF GENERA OF TERRESTRIAL MAMMALIA AND BIRDS INHABITING THE NEARCTIC

REGION._

EXPLANATION.

Names in _italics_ show genera peculiar to the region.

Names enclosed thus (...) indicate genera which barely enter the region,

and are not considered properly to belong to it.

Genera properly belonging to the region are numbered consecutively.

_MAMMALIA._

-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------

Order, Family, and | No. of| Range within | Range beyond

Genus. |Species| the Region. | the Region.

-------------------+-------+----------------------+----------------------

| | |

CHIROPTERA. | | |

PHYLLOSTOMIDÆ. | | |

1. Macrotus | 1 | California Mexico, |

| | Antilles |

| | |

VESPERTILIONIDÆ. | | |

2. Scotophilus | 5 | Universal, to Hudson's| Neotr., Orient.,

| | Bay | Austral.

3. Vespertilio | 6 | Universal, to Hudson's| Cosmopolite.

| | Bay |

4. Nycticejus | 1 | South and East | India, Tropical

| | | Africa, temperate

| | | S. America

5. Lasiurus | 3 | Temp. N. Amer. to | Tropical America

| | Nova Scotia |

6. _Synotus_ | 2 |S. E. and Central States

7. _Autrozous_ | 1 | W. Coast |

| | |

NOCTILIONIDÆ. | | |

8. Nyctinomus | 1 | Cal. and S. Central |Neotropical, Oriental,

| | Sub-region | S. Palæarctic

| | |

INSECTIVORA. | | |

TALPIDÆ. | | |

9. _Condylura_ | 1 | Eastern N. America |

10. _Scapanus_ | 2 | New York to San |

| | Francisco |

11. _Scalops_ | 3 | S. of Great Lakes & |

| | Brit. Columb. |

12. Urotrichus | 1 | British Columbia | Japan

| | |

SORICIDÆ. | | |

13. Sorex | 16 | The whole region | Palæarc., Ethiop.,

| | | Orien.

14. Neosorex | 1 | Vancouver's Island |

| | (a sub-genus) |

15. Blarina | 7 | Canada to Mexico |

| | (a sub-genus) |

| | |

CARNIVORA. | | |

FELIDÆ. | | |

16. Felis | 5 | S. of 55° N. Latitude | All regs. but

| | | Australian

17. Lynx | 3 | S. of 56° N. Latitude | Palæarctic

| | |

CANIDÆ. | | |

18. Lupus | 6 | All N. America | Palæarctic, Oriental

19. Vulpes | 6 | N. America to Arctic | Palæarc., Ethiop.,

| | Ocean and Greenland | Orient.

| | |

MUSTELIDÆ. | | |

20. Martes | 2 | Pennsylvania to | Palæarctic, Oriental

| | Paget's Sound |

21. Mustela | 11 | All N. America | Peru, Palæarctic,

| | | Ethiopian, Oriental

22. Gulo | 1 | Rocky Mountains and | N. Palæarctic

| | Canada |

23. _Latax_ | 2 | United States and |

| | Canada |

24. Enhydris | 1 | Pacific coast |W. coast of S. America

25. _Taxidea_ | 2 |Arkansas to 58° N. Lat.|

26. Mephitis | 6 | United States and | Neotropical

| | Canada |

| | |

PROCYONIDÆ. | | |

27. Procyon | 2 | Texas to Canada, | Neotropical

| | California |

28. Bassaris | 1 | California and Texas | Guatemala and Mexico

| | |

URSIDÆ. | | |

29. Ursus | 3 | N. America and | Palæarctic, Oriental

| | Greenland |

| | |

OTARIIDÆ. | | |

30. Callorhinus | 1 | Behring's Straits | Kamschatka

31. Zalophus | 1 | S. California to | Japan

| | N. Pacific |

_Eumetopias_ | 1 | California to |

| | Behring's Straits |

| | |

TRICHECHIDÆ. | | |

32. Trichechus | 1 | Arctic Ocean to 66° N.| Palæarctic

| | Lat. in N. America |

PHOCIDÆ. | | |

33. Callocephalus | 1 | Greenland | Palæarctic

34. Pagomys | 1 | N. Atlantic and | Japan

| | N. Pacific |

35. Pagophilus | 1 | N. Atlantic and | Palæarctic

| | N. Pacific |

36. _Halicyon_ | 1 | N. W. coast of America|

37. Phoca | 1 | Northern Coast | Palæarctic

38. Halichoerus | 1 | Greenland | Palæarctic

39. Morunga | 1 | California | S. temperate shores

40. Cystophora | | Greenland | N. Atlantic

| | |

UNGULATA. | | |

SUIDÆ. | | |

41. Dicotyles | 1 | Texas to Red River, | Neotropical

| | Arkansas |

| | |

CERVIDÆ. | | |

42. Alces | 1 | N. E. United States & | N. Palæarctic

| | Canada |

43. Rangifer | 2 | Maine to Arctic Ocean | Arctic zone

| | & Greenl. |

44. Cervus | 6 | N. America to 57° N. | Neotr., Palæarc.,

| | Lat. | Orien.

| | |

BOVIDÆ. | | |

45. Bison | 1 | Between Missouri & | E. Europe

| | Rocky Mtns. |

46. _Antilocapra_ | 1 | Central plains from |

| | Rio Grande to |

| | British Columbia |

47. _Aplocerus_ | 1 | Northern Rocky |

| | Mountains |

48. Capra | 1 | Upper Missouri and | Palæarctic

| | Rocky Mountains |

| | northwards |

49. _Ovibos_ | 1 | Arctic America and |

| | Greenland |

| | |

RODENTIA. | | |

MURIDÆ. | | |

50. Reithrodon | 5 | N. America to Lat. | Neotropical

| | 39° N. |

51. Hesperomys | 16 | Temperate N. America | Neotropical

52. _Neotoma_ | 7 | Temperate N. America |

53. _Sigmodon_ | 2 | S. and S. E. States |

54. Arvicola | 27 | Texas and California | Palæarctic

| | to Hudson's Bay |

55. Myodes | 3 | N. United States to | N. Palæarctic

| | Arctic Reg. and |

| | Greenland |

56. _Fiber_ | 1 | All N. America | Mexico

| | |

DIPODIDÆ. | | |

57. _Jaculus_ | 1 | Pennsylvania to Canada|

| | and California |

| | |

SACCOMYIDÆ. | | |

58. _Dipodomys_ | 5 | New Mexico to Columbia|

| | River and Carolina |

59. _Perognathus_ | 6 | New Mexico to British |

| | Columbia |

60. _Thomomys_ | 2 | Upper Missouri to |

| | Hudson's Bay |

61. _Geomys_ | 5 | New Mexico to Alabama |

| | and Nebraska |

62. _Saccomys_ | 1 | N. America |

| | |

CASTORIDÆ. | | |

63. Castor | 1 | N. Mexico to Labrador | Palæarctic

| | |

SCIURIDÆ | | |

64. Sciurus | 18 | N. America to Labrador| All regs. but

| | | Australian

65. Sciuropterus | 4 | California & E. States| Palæarctic, Oriental

| | northwds. |

66. Tamias | 4 | Mexico and Virginia | Mexico, N. Asia

| | to Canada |

67. Spermophilus | 15 | N., W., & Central | Palæarctic

| | N. America |

68. _Cynomys_ | 2 | Rio Grande to Missouri|

| | (Central) |

69. Arctomys | 4 | Virginia and Nebraska,| N. Palæarctic

| | northws. |

| | |

HAPLOODONTIDÆ. | | |

70. _Haploodon_ | 2 | California and British|

| | Columbia |

| | |

CERCOLABIDÆ | | |

71. _Erethizon_ | 2 |Pennsylvania to Canada,|

| | & Pacific coast |

LAGOMYIDÆ. | | |

72. Lagomys | 1 | Rocky Mountains, 42° | Palæarctic

| | to 60° N. Lat. |

| | |

LEPORIDÆ. | | |

73. Lepus | 15 | All N. America to | All regs. but

| | Greenland | Australian

| | |

MARSUPIALIA. | | |

DIDELPHYIDÆ. | | |

74. Didelphys | 2 | From Hudson's River & | Neotropical

| | Lower California, |

| | southward |

_BIRDS._

The Geographical Distribution of Animals, Volume 2 With a study of the relations of living and extinct faunas as elucidating the past changes of the Earth's surface · 第 9 / 18 章