William Kemp was a comic actor of high reputation. Like Tarlton, whom he
succeeded "as wel in the fauour of her Maiesty as in the opinion and
good thoughts of the generall audience,"[v:1] he usually played the
Clown, and was greatly applauded for his buffoonery, his extemporal
wit,[v:2] and his performance of the Jig.[v:3]
That at one time,--perhaps from about 1589 to 1593 or later--he
belonged to a Company under the management of the celebrated Edward
Alleyn, is proved by the title-page of a drama[vi:1] which will be
afterwards cited. At a subsequent period he was a member of the Company
called the Lord Chamberlain's Servants, who played during summer at the
Globe, and during winter at the Blackfriars. In 1596, while the
last-mentioned house was undergoing considerable repair and enlargement,
a petition was presented to the Privy Council by the principal
inhabitants of the liberty, praying that the work might proceed no
further, and that theatrical exhibitions might be abolished in that
district. A counter petition, which appears to have been successful, was
presented by the Lord Chamberlain's Servants; and, at its commencement,
the names of the chief petitioners are thus arranged:--Thomas Pope,
Richard Burbadge, John Hemings, Augustine Phillips, William Shakespeare,
_William Kempe_, William Slye, and Nicholas Tooley.[vi:2]
When _Romeo and Juliet_ and _Much ado about Nothing_ were originally
brought upon the stage, Kemp acted Peter and Dogberry;[vi:3] and it has
been supposed that in other plays of Shakespeare,--in _The Two Gentlemen
of Verona_, _As you like it_, _Hamlet_, _The Second Part of Henry the
Fourth_, and _The Merchant of Venice_, he performed Launce, Touchstone,
the Grave-digger, Justice Shallow, and Launcelot. On the first
production of Ben Jonson's _Every Man in his Humour_, a character[vii:1]
was assigned to him; and there is good reason to believe that in _Every
Man out of his Humour_, by the same dramatist, he represented Carlo
Buffone.
In 1599 Kemp attracted much attention by dancing the morris from London
to Norwich; and as well to refute the lying ballads put forth concerning
this exploit, as to testify his gratitude for the favours he had
received during his "gambols,"[vii:2] he published in the following year
the curious pamphlet which is now reprinted. A _Nine daies wonder_ was
thus entered in the Stationers' Books:
"22 Aprilis [1600]
"Mr. Linge Entered for his copye vnder the }
handes of Mr. Harsnet & Mr. } vi^d."
Man warden a booke called Kemps }
morris to Norwiche.[vii:3] }
Ben Jonson alludes to this remarkable journey in _Every Man out of his
Humour_, originally acted in 1599, where Carlo Buffone is made to
exclaim "Would I had _one of Kemp's shoes_ to throw after you!"[viii:1]
and again in his _Epigrams_:--
"or which
Did dance the famous morris unto Norwich."[viii:2]
So also William Rowley in the prefatory Address to a very rare tract
called _A Search for Money_, &c., 1609, 4to.:--"Yee haue beene either
eare or eye-witnesses or both to many madde voiages made of late yeares,
both by sea and land, as the trauell to Rome with the returne in
certaine daies, _the wild morrise to Norrige_," &c. And Brathwait in
_Remains after Death_, &c. 1618, 12mo. has the following lines:--
"_Vpon Kempe and his morice, with his Epitaph._
"Welcome from Norwich, Kempe! all ioy to see
Thy safe returne moriscoed lustily.
But out, alasse, how soone's thy morice done!
When Pipe and Taber, all thy friends be gone,
And leaue thee now to dance the second part
With feeble nature, not with nimble Art;
Then all thy triumphs fraught with strains of mirth
Shall be cag'd vp within a chest of earth:
Shall be? they are: th'ast danc'd thee out of breath,
And now must make thy parting dance with death."[viii:3]
Towards the end of a _Nine daies wonder_, Kemp announces his intention
of setting out shortly on a "great journey;"[ix:1] but as no record of
this second feat has come down to us, we may conclude that it was never
accomplished.[ix:2]
The date of his death has not been determined. Malone, in the
uncertainty on this point, could only adduce the following passage of
Dekker's _Guls Horne-booke_, 1609, from which, he says, "it may be
presumed"[ix:3] that Kemp was then deceased: "Tush, tush, Tarleton,
_Kemp_, nor Singer, nor all the litter of fooles that _now_ come
drawling behinde them, neuer plaid the Clownes more naturally then the
arrantest Sot of you all."[ix:4] George Chalmers, however, discovered an
entry in the burial register of St. Saviour's, Southwark--"1603,
November 2d _William Kempe, a man_;"[ix:5] and since the name of Kemp
does not occur in the license granted by King James, 19th May, 1603, to
the Lord Chamberlain's Company (who in consequence of that instrument
were afterwards denominated his Majesty's Servants) there is great
probability that the said entry relates to the comedian, and that he had
been carried off by the plague of that year.
Two scenes of two early dramas, which exhibit Kemp _in propria persona_,
must necessarily form a portion of the present essay. _The Retvrne from
Pernassvs: Or The Scourge of Simony. Publiquely acted by the Students in
Saint Johns Colledge in Cambridge_, 1606,[x:1] 4to. furnishes the first
extract:
"Act 4. Scen. 5. [3.]
_[Enter] Burbage [and] Kempe._
"_Bur._ Now, Will Kempe, if we can intertaine these schollers at a
low rate, it wil be well; they haue oftentimes a good conceite in a
part.
"_Kempe._ Its true indeed, honest Dick; but the slaues are somewhat
proud, and, besides, it is a good sport, in a part to see them
neuer speake in their walke but at the end of the stage, iust as
though in walking with a fellow we should neuer speake but at a
stile, a gate, or a ditch, where a man can go no further. I was
once at a Comedie in Cambridge, and there I saw a parasite make
faces and mouths of all sorts on this fashion.
"_Bur._ A little teaching will mend these faults, and it may bee,
besides, they will be able to pen a part.
"_Kemp._ Few of the vniuersity pen plaies well; they smell too
much of that writer Ouid, and that writer Metamorphosis,[xi:1] and
talke too much of Proserpina and Juppiter. Why, heres our fellow
Shakespeare puts them all downe, I,[xi:2] and Ben Jonson too. O
that Ben Jonson is a pestilent fellow! he brought vp Horace giuing
the Poets a pill,[xi:3] but our fellow Shakespeare hath giuen him a
purge that made him beray his credit.
"_Bur._ Its a shrewd fellow indeed. I wonder these schollers stay
so long; they appointed to be here presently that we might try
them: oh, here they come.
[_Enter Philomusus and Studioso._]
"_Stud._ Take heart, these lets[xi:4] our clouded thoughts refine;
The sun shines brightest when it gins decline.
"_Bur._ M[aster] Phil. and M. Stud., God saue you.
"_Kemp._ M. Pil. and M. Otioso, well met.
"_Phil._ The same to you, good M. Burbage. What, M. Kempe, how doth
the Emperour of Germany?
"_Stud._ God saue you, M. Kempe; welcome, M. Kempe, from dancing
the morrice ouer the Alpes.[xi:5]
"_Kemp._ Well, you merry knaues, you may come to the honor of it
one day: is it not better to make a foole of the world as I haue
done, then to be fooled of the world as you schollers are? But be
merry, my lads: you haue happened vpon the most excellent vocation
in the world for money; they come North and South to bring it to
our playhouse; and for honours, who of more report then Dick
Burbage and Will Kempe? he is not counted a Gentleman that knowes
not Dick Burbage and Wil Kempe; there's not a country wench that
can dance Sellengers Round[xii:1] but can talke of Dick Burbage and
Will Kempe.
"_Phil._ Indeed, M. Kempe, you are very famous, but that is as well
for workes in print as your part in kue.
"_Kempe._ You are at Cambridge still with sice kue,[xii:2] and be
lusty humorous poets; you must vntrusle:[xii:3] I road this my last
circuit purposely, because I would be iudge of your actions.
"_Bur._ M. Stud., I pray you take some part in this booke, and act
it, that I may see what will fit you best. I thinke your voice
would serue for Hieronimo:[xii:4] obserue how I act it, and then
imitate mee.
"_Stud._ 'Who call[s] Hieronomo from his naked bed,
And,' &c.
"_Bur._ You will do well after a while.
"_Kemp._ Now for you, me thinkes you should belong to my tuition,
and your face me thinkes would be good for a foolish Mayre or a
foolish iustice of peace. Marke me.[xii:5] 'Forasmuch as there be
two states of a common wealth, the one of peace, the other of
tranquility; two states of warre, the one of discord, the other of
dissention; two states of an incorporation, the one of the
Aldermen, the other of the Brethren; two states of magistrates, the
one of gouerning, the other of bearing rule; now, as I said euen
now, for a good thing cannot be said too often, Vertue is the
shooing-horne of iustice, that is, vertue is the shooing-horne of
doing well, that is, vertue is the shooing-horne of doing iustly,
it behooueth mee and is my part to commend this shooing-horne vnto
you. I hope this word shooing-horne doth not offend any of you, my
worshipfull brethren, for you, beeing the worshipfull headsmen of
the towne, know well what the horne meaneth. Now therefore I am
determined not onely to teach but also to instruct, not onely the
ignorant but also the simple, not onely what is their duty towards
their betters, but also what is their dutye towards their
superiours.' Come, let me see how you can doe; sit downe in the
chaire.
"_Phil._ 'Forasmuch as there be,' &c.
"_Kemp._ Thou wilt do well in time, if thou wilt be ruled by thy
betters, that is by my selfe, and such graue Aldermen of the
playhouse as I am.
"_Bur._ I like your face and the proportion of your body for
Richard the 3; I pray, M. Phil., let me see you act a little of it.
"_Phil._ 'Now is the winter of our discontent
Made glorious summer by the sonne of Yorke.'
"_Bur._ Very well, I assure you. Well, M. Phil. and M. Stud., wee
see what ability you are of: I pray walke with vs to our fellows,
and weele agree presently.
"_Phil._ We will follow you straight, M. Burbage.
"_Kempe._ Its good manners to follow vs, Maister Phil. and Maister
Otioso.
[_Exeunt Burbage and Kempe._]"[xiii:1]
The other drama in which Kemp personally figures is of great rarity,
and has escaped the notice of those writers who have touched on his
biography. It was the joint work of Day, William Rowley, and
Wilkins;[xiv:1] and is entitled _The Travailes of The three English
Brothers. Sir Thomas, Sir Anthony, Mr. Robert Shirley. As it is now
play'd by her Maiesties Seruants_, 1607,[xiv:2] 4to. Sir Anthony Shirley
having been sent to Italy as ambassador from the Sophy, the following
scene is supposed to take place at Venice.
"_Enter seruant._
"_Ser._ Sir, heres an Englishman[xiv:3] desires accesse to you.
"_Sir Ant._ An Englishman? whats his name?
"_Ser._ He calls himselfe Kempe.
"_Sir Ant._ Kemp! bid him come in. [_Exit Seruant_]. _Enter Kempe._
Welcome, honest Will; and how doth all thy fellowes in England?
"_Kemp._ Why, like good fellowes, when they haue no money, liue
vpon credit.
"_Sir Ant._ And what good new Plays haue you?
"_Kemp._ Many idle toyes; but the old play that Adam and Eue[xiv:4]
acted in bare action vnder the figge tree drawes most of the
Gentlemen.
"_Sir Ant._ Jesting, Will.
"_Kemp._ In good earnest it doth, sir.
"_S. Ant._ I partly credit thee; but what Playe[s] of note haue
you?
"_Kemp._ Many of name, some of note; especially one, the name was
called _Englands Ioy_;[xv:1] Marry, hee was no Poet that wrote it,
he drew more Connies in a purse-nette, then euer were taken at any
draught about London.
"_[Re]Enter Seruant._
"_Seru._ Sir, heres an Italian Harlaken come to offer a play to
your Lord-ship.
"_Sir Ant._ We willingly accept it. [_Exit Seruant._] Heark, Kempe:
Because I like thy iesture and thy mirth,
Let me request thee play a part with them.
"[_Enter Harlaken and Wife._]
"_Kem._ I am somewhat hard of study, and like your honor, but if
they well inuent any extemporall meriment, ile put out the small
sacke of witte I ha' left in venture with them.
"_S. Ant._ They shall not deny 't. Signior Harlaken, he is content.
I pray thee question him. _Whisper._
"_Kemp._ Now, Signior, how many are you in companie?
"_Harl._ None but my wife and my selfe, sir.
"_Kemp._ Your wife! why, hearke you; wil your wife do tricks in
publike?
"_Harl._ My wife can play.
"_Kemp._ The honest woman, I make no question; but how if we cast a
whores part or a courtisan?
"_Harl._ Oh, my wife is excellent at that; she's practisd it euer
since I married her, tis her onely practise.
"_Kemp._ But, by your leaue, and she were my wife, I had rather
keepe her out of practise a great deale.
"_Sir Anth._ Yet since tis the custome of the countrie,
Prithe make one, conclude vpon the proiect:
We neither looke for Schollership nor Arte,
But harmlesse mirth, for thats thy vsuall part.
"_Kemp._ You shall finde me no turne-coate. _[Exit Sir Anth.]_ But
the proiect, come; and then to casting of the parts.
"_Harl._ Marry, sir, first we will haue an old Pantaloune.
"_Kemp._ Some iealous Coxcombe.
"_Harl._ Right, and that part will I play.
"_Kemp._ The iealous Cox-combe?
"_Harl._ I ha plaid that part euer since--
"_Kemp._ Your wife plaid the Curtizan.
"_Harl._ True, and a great while afore: then I must haue a peasant
to my man, and he must keepe my wife.
"_Kemp._ Your man, and a peasant, keepe your wife! I haue knowne a
Gentleman keepe a peasants wife, but 'tis not vsuall for a peasant
to keepe his maisters wife.
"_Harl._ O, 'tis common in our countrey.
"_Kem._ And ile maintaine the custome of the country. _Offer to
kisse his wife._
"_Harl._ What do you meane, sir?
"_Kemp._ Why, to rehearse my part on your wiues lips: we are
fellowes, and amongst friends and fellowes, you knowe, all things
are common.
"_Harl._ But shee shall bee no common thing, if I can keepe her
seuerall: then, sir, wee must haue an Amorado that must make me
Cornuto.
"_Kemp._ Oh, for loue sake let me play that part!
"_Harl._ No, yee must play my mans part, and keepe my wife.
"_Kemp._ Right; and who so fit to make a man a Cuckold, as hee that
keepes his wife?
"_Harl._ You shall not play that part.
"_Kemp._ What say you to my boy?
"_Harl._ I, he may play it, and you will.
"_Kemp._ But he cannot make you iealous enough?
"_Harl._ Tush, I warrant you, I can be iealous for nothing.
"_Kemp._ You should not be a true Italian else.
"_Harl._ Then we must haue a Magnifico that must take vp the matter
betwixt me and my wife.
"_Kemp._ Any thing of yours, but Ile take vp nothing of your wiues.
"_Harl._ I wish not you should: but come, now am I your Maister.
"_Kemp._ Right, and I your seruant.
"_Harl._ Lead the way then.
"_Kemp._ No, I ha more manners then so: in our countrie 'tis the
custome of the Maister to go In-before his wife, and the man to
follow the maister.
"_Harl._ In--
"_Kemp._ To his Mistresse.
"_Harl._ Yee are in the right--
"_Kemp._ Way to Cuck-holds-hauen; Saint Luke bee your speede!
_Exeunt._"[xvii:1]
When, in the former of these scenes, Kemp is said to be "famous for
_workes_ in print," I understand the ironical compliment as an allusion
to his _Nine daies wonder_ only; for I feel assured that all the other
pieces which I now proceed to notice, have been erroneously attributed
to his pen.
_A Dvtifvl Invective, Against the moste haynous Treasons of Ballard and
Babington: with other their Adherents, latelie executed. Together with
the horrible attempts and actions of the Q. of Scottes: and the Sentence
pronounced against her at Fodderingay. Newlie compiled and set foorth,
in English verse: For a Newyeares gifte to all loyall English subiects,
by W. Kempe. Imprinted at London by Richard Jones, dwelling at the signe
of the Rose and crowne, neere Holborne bridge_, 1587. 4to. (four leaves)
is assigned to our comedian in Ritson's _Bibl. Poet._, Collier's _Hist.
of Engl. Dram. Poet._[xviii:1] &c., &c. The writer calls it "the first
fruites of his labour," and dedicates it "To the right honorable my very
good Lord, George Barne, L. Maior of the Cittie of London." It opens
thus:
"What madnes hath so mazd mens minds, that they cannot forsee
The wretched ends of catiues vile, which work by treacherie,
To ouerthrowe the blessed state of happie common wealth,
Or to depriue their soueraigne prince of her long wished health.
If feare of God and of his lawes were clearlie out of minde,
If feare of death (by Princes lawes) might not their dueties binde,
If vtter ruine of the Realme, and spoile of guiltlesse blood,
Might not suffice to stay the rage of traitors cruell moode,
Yet might they well consider howe treasons come to nought,
But alwaies worke their ouerthrowe by whom they first were wrought,"
&c.
Towards the end, the loyalty of the author becomes so extravagant, that
in a prayer for Queen Elizabeth, he exclaims:--
"Prolong her daies we pray thee, Lord, and if it be thy will,
Let vs not ouerliue her raigne, but let vs haue her still!"
As the comedian expressly declares that the _Nine daies wonder_ was the
"first Pamphlet that euer Will Kemp offred to the Presse,"[xix:1] there
can be no doubt that this _Dvtiful Invective_ was written by some other
individual of the name; perhaps by the William Kempe who published in
the following year a book entitled _The Education of Children in
learning_, and who is supposed to have been a schoolmaster at
Plymouth.[xix:2]
During the earlier period of the English stage, after the play was
concluded, the audience were commonly entertained by a _Jig_. As no
piece of that kind is extant, we are unable to ascertain its nature with
precision; but it appears to have been a ludicrous metrical composition,
either spoken or sung by the Clown, and occasionally accompanied by
dancing and playing on the pipe and tabor. More persons than one were
sometimes employed in a jig; and there is reason to believe that the
performance was of considerable length, occupying even the space of an
hour.[xx:1] The following entries are given verbatim from the
Stationers' Books:
"28 December [1591]
"Thomas Gosson Entred for his copie vnder thand }
of M^r Watkins, the Thirde and last } vi^d."
parte of Kempes Iigge, soe yt }
apperteyne not to anie other."[xx:2] }
"11^do die Maii [1595]
"William Blackwall Enterd for his copie vnder M^r warden }
Binges hande, a ballad, of M^r }
Kempes Newe Jigge of the } vi^d."
Kitchen stuffe woman.[xx:3] }
"21 October [1595]
"Tho. Gosson Entred for his copie vnder thande of }
the Wardenes, a Ballad }
called Kemps J[xxi:1] newe Jygge } vi^d."
betwixt a souldior and a Miser }
and Sym the clown.[xxi:2] }
These entries are quoted (imperfectly) by several antiquarian writers
who have enumerated the comedian's "works;" but his own express
declaration, which has already[xxi:3] removed the _Dvtiful Invective_
from the list, can only be evaded, in the present case, by weakly
arguing--that he did not consider a Jig as a _pamphlet_, or that the
preceding entries relate to pieces which had been conveyed to the
printer without his permission. My belief is that the Jigs in question
were composed by regular dramatists, and that they were called "Kemp's"
merely because he had rendered them popular by his acting, and probably
by flashes of extemporal wit. He tells us that he had "spent his life in
mad Jigges[xxi:4]"; and to one of those many entertainments Marston
alludes in _The Scovrge of Villanie_, 1599:
"Praise but Orchestra and the skipping Art,
You shall commaund him; faith, you haue his hart
Even capring in your fist. A hall, a hall,
Roome for the spheres! the orbes celestiall
Will daunce _Kempes Jigge_."[xxii:1]
I may also remark, that, if Kemp had been a practised jig-maker, he
would hardly have required the assistance of a friend to furnish him
with verses for the _Nine daies wonder_.[xxii:2]
_A most pleasant and merie new Comedie, Intituled, A Knacke to knowe a
Knaue. Newlie set foorth, as it hath sundrie tymes bene played by Ed.
Allen and his Companie. With Kemps applauded Merrimentes of the men of
Goteham, in receiuing the King into Goteham_, was printed in 1594, 4to.,
having been entered in the Stationers' Books[xxii:3] to Rich. Jones, 7th
January of the preceding year. The accounts of Henslowe shew that it was
performed, not as a new piece, 10th June, 1592[xxii:4]; and there is no
doubt that it was originally produced several years before that date.
The name of its author has not been ascertained. That portion of it
which the title-page distinguishes as "Kemps applauded Merrimentes of
the men of Goteham" is comprehended in the following scene:
_"Enter mad men of Goteham, to wit, a Miller, a Cobler, and a
Smith._
"_Miller._ Now let vs constult among our selues how to misbehaue
our selues to the Kings worship, Iesus blesse him! and when he
comes, to deliuer him this peticion. I think the Smith were best to
do it, for hees a wise man.
"_Cobler._ Naighbor, he shall not doe it as long as Jefferay the
Translater is Maior of the towne.
"_Smith._ And why, I pray? because I would haue put you from the
Mace?
"_Miller._ [_Cobler._] No, not for that, but because he is no good
fellow, nor he will not spend his pot for companie.
"_Smith._ Why, sir, there was a god of our occupation; and I charge
you by vertue of his godhed to let me deliuer the petition.
"_Cob._ But soft you; your God was a Cuckold, and his Godhead was
the horne; and thats the Armes of the Godhead you call vpon. Go,
you are put down with your occupation; and now I wil not grace you
so much as to deliuer the petition for you.
"_Smith._ What, dispraise our trade?
"_Cob._ Nay, neighbour, be not angrie, for Ile stand to nothing
onlie but this.
"_Smith._ But what? bear witnesse a giues me the But, and I am not
willing to shoot. Cobler, I will talke with you: nay, my bellowes,
my coletrough, and my water shall enter armes with you for our
trade. O neighbour, I can not beare it, nor I wil not beare it.
"_Mil._ Heare you, neighbour; I pray conswade yourself and be not
wilful, and let the Cobler deliuer it; you shal see him mar all.
"_Smith._ At your request I will commit my selfe to you, and lay
myselfe open to you lyke an Oyster.
"_Mil._ Ile tell him what you say. Heare you, naighbor: we haue
constulted to let you deliuer the petition; doe it wisely for the
credite of the towne.
"_Cob._ Let me alone; for the Kings Carminger was here, he sayes
the King will be here anon.
"_Smith._ But heark, by the Mas he comes.
"_Enter the King, Dunston, and Perin._
"_King._ How now, Perin, who haue we here?
"_Cob._ We the townes men of Goteham,
Hearing your Grace would come this way,
Did thinke it good for you to stay--
But hear you, neighbours, bid somebody ring the bels--
And we are come to you alone,
To deliuer our petition.
"_Kin._ What is it, Perin? I pray thee reade.
"_Per._ Nothing but to haue a license to brew strong Ale thrise a
week, and he that comes to Goteham and will not spende a penie on a
pot of Ale if he be a drie, that he may fast.
"_Kin._ Well, sirs, we grant your petition.
"_Cob._ We humblie thanke your royall Maiesty.
"_King._ Come, Dunston, lets away. _Exeunt omnes._"[xxiv:1]
Like the pieces already noticed, "Kemps applauded Merrimentes of the
men of Goteham" have been inserted in the catalogue of his
"works."[xxiv:2] But surely the words of the title-page mean nothing
more than 'merriments in which Kemp had been applauded;' and since it is
not easy to imagine that the scene, as preserved in the printed copy,
could have been received with any unusual degree of approbation even by
the rudest audience, the probability is, that he enlivened his
part,[xxv:1] not only by his ever-welcome buffoonery, but also by sundry
speeches of extemporal humour: see a passage in _The Travailes of The
three English Brothers_, cited at p. xv. There can be no doubt that Kemp
figured in other "merrimentes" besides those "of the men of Goteham,"
though they have not descended to our times: "But," says Nash to Gabriel
Harvey, "by the meanes of his [Greene's] death thou art depriued of the
remedie in lawe which thou intendedst to haue had against him for
calling thy Father Ropemaker. Mas, thats true, what Action will it
beare? _Nihil pro nihilo_, none in law; what it will doe vpon the stage
I cannot tell, for there a man maye make action besides his part, when
he hath nothing at all to say: and if there, it is but a clownish action
that it will beare; for what can bee made of a Ropemaker more than a
Clowne? Will Kempe, I mistrust it will fall to thy lot for a _merriment_
one of these dayes." _Strange Newes, Of the intercepting certaine
Letters_, &c. 1592.[xxv:2]
I have only to add, that the present edition of the _Nine daies wonder_
exhibits faithfully the text of the original 4to, which is preserved in
the Bodleian Library,[xxvi:1] and which Gifford declared to be "a great
curiosity, and, as a rude picture of national manners, extremely well
worth reprinting."[xxvi:2]