FREMONT
V
New Year’s Day found them travelling through the desert, over a rough,
sandy road. The next day they reached a field of hot springs, the vapor
from which was visible a long way off. Fremont was growing uneasy. He
had very little idea where he was. There appeared to be no game in the
country, except hares, though occasional signs were seen of sheep and
antelope. His animals had begun to die, and he felt the necessity of
proceeding with great caution. Because of the uncertainty of water for
his animals, he formed the plan of exploring the country in advance
each day, and leaving the main party behind. On January 10, a beautiful
lake, some twenty miles broad, was seen from the top of a ridge, and
they proceeded toward it. On the way herds of mountain-sheep were seen
on the hills. When they came on a little stream about a mile from the
margin of the lake, they found a broad Indian trail following the
shores of the lake to the southward. This was followed for a short
distance, and then ascended a precipice, against which the water dashed
below, and it was very difficult to get the howitzer along this trail.
Mountain-sheep in numbers, and ducks, and some fish were seen, and the
party passed the pyramid which rises out of the lake and gives it its
name. The last of the cattle driven from the Dalles was killed here
for food. On January 15 a few Indians made their appearance about the
camp, and one of them was persuaded to come into it. It was difficult
to communicate with him; but from what he said, it was inferred that at
the end of the lake was a river, which subsequent investigation showed
ran into the lake, which has no outlet. Here, to the great delight of
the white men, the Indians brought in fish to trade. Fremont calls them
salmon trout, and says that they were from two to four feet in length.
They appeared to form the chief food of these Indians, who, Fremont
says, hold the fishery in exclusive possession, and who are different
from the “Digger” Indians so frequently spoken of in crossing the
desert. It appeared that these Indians were in communication either
with the whites or with other Indians knowing the whites, for they
possessed articles of civilized manufacture.
The party now followed up the stream running into Pyramid Lake,
travelling along toward the Sierra Nevada Mountains. They were on an
Indian trail, and hoped soon to find the Buenaventura River, for which
they had been looking. Columns of smoke rising over the country at
intervals made them sure that the Indians were notifying each other
that strangers had come into the country. Their animals were growing
thin and weak; their feet were much worn away by the rocks, and many
of them were lame. Fremont decided, therefore, that he must abandon his
course to the eastward and must cross the mountains into the valley of
the Sacramento River as soon as possible.
Keeping on southward along the mountains, they crossed streams issuing
from them which tempted them to try for a pass; but the heavy snows
which appeared to lie on the mountains induced the leader to keep on
farther southward. January 24 an Indian came into the camp and offered
the strangers a little bag of pine nuts, which they purchased from
him. They also gave him some presents; and as nearly as they could
understand his signs he promised to conduct them to the opening of a
pass of which he knew. From here on they constantly saw Indians, all
of whom traded pine nuts to them, and all were armed with bows and
stone-pointed arrows. The level of the country appeared to be growing
higher, and the snow grew deeper. They put one of their guides on a
horse, but he was evidently unacquainted with the animal, and did not
even know how to guide it. Soon they entered the range, and having left
the desert country, found a country well timbered, and which appeared
to produce considerable game. They climbed to the head of the stream,
passed over a ridge, and saw from the summit a sunlit country where
there was evidently grass. Here the Indians were wearing snow-shoes,
and accompanied the party, running around them, and swiftly and easily
travelling over the snow. They appeared to have no idea of the power
of fire-arms, and thought themselves perfectly safe so long as they
kept out of arm’s reach.
Descending on the head of this next stream, Fremont learned, before
he had gone very far, that this was merely the head of another stream
running eastward into the Great Basin, and that they still had to cross
a great ridge before they could reach Pacific waters.
The Indians here had heard of a party of twelve white men who, two
years before, had ascended the river and crossed to the other side;
but this was done when it was summer-time and there was little or no
snow to oppose the passage; and at present the Indians declared it
could not be done. Nevertheless, they agreed to furnish a guide to
take the whites as far as possible. Provisions were now getting low,
and consisted chiefly of pease, a little flour, some coffee, and a
quantity of sugar. It was on this day, January 29, that the howitzer,
which had been dragged so far, was finally abandoned. On January 31
they continued to climb the mountains among the snow. Indians kept
visiting them in greater and greater numbers, and from all were heard
most discouraging accounts of the possibility of crossing the range.
An old man told them that if they could break through the snow, at the
end of three days they would come upon grass, which would be about six
inches high; and here Fremont decided to attempt the passage and to
try to reach Sutter’s ranch on the Sacramento. Preparations were made,
therefore, to face the cold of the heights, and clothing was repaired
and put in order, and a new guide was engaged, who was also fitted
out with special reference to the hardships likely to be met with.
A dog that had been with them for some little time was killed, and
this, with a few rabbits purchased from the Indians, gave the party a
strengthening meal.
When they started, the snow soon became so deep that it was absolutely
necessary that a road should be broken for the animals. This was done
in systematic fashion, and for several days they advanced by very short
marches, but without meeting any obstacles greater than the depth of
the snow. Sometimes the lack of feed at the end of the day’s march
would render it necessary to send back the animals to feed at some
point on the trail just passed over, where there was good pasture.
Two or three days of this hard work was very discouraging. However,
Fremont’s energy never faltered. He and Carson and Fitzpatrick, on
snow-shoes, went ahead, reconnoitring in all directions and trying to
pick out a good road, and on February 6 they reached a peak from which
they saw the valley of the Sacramento; and Carson recognized various
natural features which he had not seen for fifteen years.
The difficulties of travel for the horses was so great, and the
hillsides so steep, that many of the animals found the greatest
difficulty in getting along themselves and could not carry their
loads. Sledges were made, therefore, on which the men drew the baggage
over the snow; but of course this made progress very slow indeed. The
hunters went out to look for game, but found none.
It was on February 20 that they camped with the animals that were left,
and with all the material of the camp, on the summit of a pass in the
dividing ridge, about a thousand miles from the Dalles, whence they had
started. The prospects of the descent were not promising. Before them
were rough mountains, among which lay deep fields of snow; but shortly
after they started on their way, they heard the roll of thunder, and
looking toward the valley saw a thunder-storm in progress. As the sky
cleared, they could see a shining line of water leading toward another
broader and larger sheet; and in these they recognized the Sacramento
River and the bay of San Francisco. Yet so frequent had been their
disappointments during their wanderings through the rough mountains
that they hardly dared to believe that they were at last to penetrate
the warm, pleasing country where they should be free from the hardships
and exposure of the last few months. This night they killed a mule for
food, and again the next night. February 23 was their hardest day, for
they were forced to travel along steep and slippery mountainsides,
where moisture, snow, and ice, together with the tough evergreens of
the mountain, made walking difficult and wearisome; but on this night
a storm showered upon them rain and not snow. The men, exhausted by
the labor of travel and by the lack of food, were beginning to lose
strength and courage.
However, now they were constantly descending. The thermometer was just
about freezing, and they had left the Sierras behind. The green grass
was beginning to make its appearance. The river was descending rapidly,
and growing larger. Soon they came to deciduous trees and a warmer
atmosphere. The country was covered with growing plants, and the voices
of singing birds were heard in the summer air. They were still killing
the horses for food.
Fremont now believed that the main difficulties of the road were over,
and leaving Fitzpatrick to follow slowly with the main camp, he started
ahead with a party of eight, intending to reach Mr. Sutter’s house
as soon as possible, and to return with provisions and fresh animals
for the party. Fitzpatrick was left in command of the others, with
instructions to bring on the animals slowly, for all were very weak.
But they were not yet out of their troubles. For much of the way the
river ran through narrow canyons, and the travellers were obliged
to clamber along the mountain side, over a road rough and almost
impassable for their enfeebled live-stock. However, at their camps they
found grass. As they went on they were obliged to leave their animals
behind, and Fremont left his favorite horse, Proveau, which could no
longer keep up. One of the men started back to bring the horse, but did
not return until the second day, when it was apparent that his mind
was deranged. This day Mr. Preuss, who had gone ahead, did not appear
at night, and his absence caused much anxiety. The next day they met
some Indians, and kept on down the river, still continuing their search
for the lost man. They came upon tracks of Indians, little piles of
mussel shells and old fires where they had cooked. On March 4 they came
on an Indian village, where they found houses, and near each one a
store-house of acorns. In the houses were basketfuls of roasted acorns,
and although the Indians had fled, the travellers supplied themselves
with this food, leaving various small articles in payment. In a
village not far below three Indian women were captured. They were much
frightened, but, encouraged by good treatment, offered food. This night
Mr. Preuss came in, very weak from starvation, but not otherwise in bad
condition. He had subsisted on roots, ants, frogs, and had received
some acorns from Indians whom he met.
At the next village Indians were found wearing shirts of civilized
manufacture, and then they came to another and larger village, where
the people were dressed more or less in European clothing. Here was
a man who could speak Spanish, a vaquero in the service of Captain
Sutter, whose fort was but a short distance away. At the fort Fremont
was met by Captain Sutter, who gave him a cordial reception, and
a night of enjoyment of all the luxuries that he had so long been
without. The next day, with fresh horses and provisions, Fremont
hurried back to meet Fitzpatrick, and brought in the rest of the party.
The second division had had a hard time, having lost many animals;
so that of the sixty-seven horses and mules with which they started
to cross the Sierras, only thirty-three reached the valley of the
Sacramento. The beef, the bread, and the salmon, which Fremont brought,
put heart into the starving men, and before long they had reached a
permanent camp not far from Sutter’s fort.
Captain Sutter had come to California from the western part of
Missouri in 1838-39, and had settled in the Sacramento valley on a
large grant of land received from the Mexican Government. Though he
had at first had some trouble with the Indians, he succeeded, by
his judicious treatment, in converting them into a peaceable and
industrious people. They did practically all the work of the ranch, and
were paid in shirts, blankets, and articles of clothing. The soil was
fertile, and its yield ample. Cattle and horses were abundant. He had a
number of mechanics, who made whatever he needed.
The blacksmith of Fremont’s party, desiring to remain in California,
was here discharged, as were also four others of the party. Derosier,
one of the best men in the outfit, the one who a few days before had
gone back after Fremont’s horse, wandered away from the camp and never
returned.
On March 24 the party having recovered from the suffering endured in
crossing the mountains, and being now once more strong, set out to
continue their journey. An ample stock of provisions had been secured,
and a fresh supply of animals, consisting of one hundred and thirty
horses and mules, and about thirty head of cattle, were also secured.
An Indian herder was furnished by Captain Sutter to look after the
stock, a great part of which was absolutely wild. From this point it
was purposed to go south, up the valley of the San Joaquin, to a pass
at its head. Thence they were to move south-eastwardly to reach the
Spanish trail, which led to Santa Fé. Their southward journey was
delightful. Fremont speaks in terms of enthusiasm of the flowers they
met with, of the beautiful groves of oaks, the songs of the birds,
the sweet odors that perfumed the air. Elk and antelope were in great
abundance, and the wild horses were so numerous that the travellers
feared for the safety of the wild stock they were driving with them.
On April 7 they crossed the divide between the headwaters of the San
Joaquin and the Tulé Lakes. The passage brought with it more or less
change in climate and a distinct change in surroundings. Indians were
met with constantly, and most of them seemed well disposed. As they
lowered their altitude, after passing over the divide, the way became
more rough, though the feed for the animals was still good.
Fortunately Fremont’s party was ahead of the annual Santa Fé caravans,
which insured them good grass at the camping places. They had not gone
far before they met parties of Mohave Indians, who seemed friendly
enough; but on the day following, two Spaniards, a man and a lad,
came into camp telling of their party of six having been attacked
by Indians, about eighty miles beyond the encampment. They had with
them about thirty horses, and were suddenly attacked by a party of
Indians, who had previously been in camp and seemed friendly. The horse
guards--the two who had just come into Fremont’s camp--drove their
animals through the attacking party and escaped with their horses,
which they had left about twenty miles behind on coming to Fremont’s
camp. When the white men came to the place where the horses had been
left, it appeared that the animals had been driven off by Indians.
Carson and Godey with the Mexican Fuentes started after them; but in
the evening the Mexican returned, his horse having given out.
“In the afternoon of the next day a warwhoop was heard, such as Indians
make when returning from a victorious enterprise, and soon Carson and
Godey appeared, driving before them a band of horses, recognized by
Fuentes to be part of those they had lost. Two bloody scalps, dangling
from the end of Godey’s gun, announced that they had overtaken the
Indians as well as the horses. They informed us that after Fuentes
left them, from the failure of his horse, they continued the pursuit
alone, and toward nightfall entered the mountains, into which the trail
led. After sunset the moon gave light, and they followed the trail by
moonshine until late in the night, when it entered a narrow defile
and was difficult to follow. Afraid of losing it in the darkness of
the defile, they tied up their horses, struck no fire, and lay down
to sleep in silence and in darkness. Here they lay from midnight till
morning. At daylight they resumed the pursuit, and about sunrise
discovered the horses, and immediately dismounting and tying up their
own, they crept cautiously to a rising ground which intervened, from
the crest of which they perceived the encampment of four lodges close
by. They proceeded quietly, and had got within thirty or forty yards
of their object when a movement among the horses disclosed them to
the Indians. Giving the war shout, they instantly charged into the
camp, regardless of the number which the four lodges would imply. The
Indians received them with a flight of arrows shot from their long
bows, one of which passed through Godey’s shirt collar, barely missing
the neck. Our men fired their rifles upon a steady aim, and rushed in.
Two Indians were stretched on the ground, fatally pierced with bullets;
the rest fled, except a lad that was captured. The scalps of the fallen
were instantly stripped off; but in the process, one of them, who had
two balls through his body, sprung to his feet, the blood streaming
from his skinned head, and uttering a hideous howl. An old squaw,
possibly his mother, stopped and looked back from the mountain-side
she was climbing, threatening and lamenting. The frightful spectacle
appalled the stout hearts of our men; but they did what humanity
required, and quickly terminated the agonies of the gory savage. They
were now masters of the camp, which was a pretty little recess in the
mountain, with a fine spring, and apparently safe from all invasion.
Great preparations had been made to feast a large party, for it was a
very proper place for a rendezvous, and for the celebration of such
orgies as robbers of the desert would delight in. Several of the best
horses had been killed, skinned and cut up, for the Indians, living
in mountains and only coming into the plains to rob and murder, make
no other use of horses than to eat them. Large earthen vessels were
on the fire, boiling and stewing the horse beef, and several baskets
containing fifty or sixty pairs of moccasins indicated the presence or
expectation of a considerable party. They released the boy, who had
given strong evidence of the stoicism or something else of the savage
character, by commencing his breakfast upon a horse’s head as soon as
he found he was not to be killed, but only tied as a prisoner. Their
object accomplished, our men gathered up all the surviving horses,
fifteen in number, returned upon their trail, and rejoined us at our
camp in the afternoon of the same day. They rode about one hundred
miles in the pursuit and return, and all in thirty hours. The time,
place, object and numbers considered, this expedition of Carson and
Godey may be considered among the boldest and most disinterested which
the annals of western adventure, so full of daring deeds, can present.
Two men, in a savage desert, pursue day and night an unknown body of
Indians into the defiles of an unknown mountain, attack them on sight
without counting numbers, and defeat them in an instant--and for
what? To punish the robbers of the desert, and to avenge the wrongs
of Mexicans whom they did not know. I repeat, it was Carson and Godey
who did this--the former an American, born in the Boonslick county of
Missouri; the latter a Frenchman, born in St. Louis--and both trained
to western enterprise from early life.”
A little later the party came to the place where the Mexicans had been
attacked. There were found the two men of the party, both killed by
arrows; but of the women there was no trace, they having evidently
been carried away. Journeying onward, making short marches, and some
that were very long, they kept on along the Spanish trail. May 4--the
longest journey of all, between fifty and sixty miles without any
water--the skeletons of horses were constantly seen along the trail.
“Hourly expecting to find water, we continued to press on, until toward
midnight, when, after a hard and uninterrupted march of sixteen hours,
our wild mules began running ahead, and in a mile or two we came to
a bold running stream--so keen is the sense of that animal, in these
desert regions, in scenting at a distance this necessary of life.”
The next day was spent in camp, that the animals might rest and feed.
Indians were about them constantly, and apparently tried to steal their
horses. They were very bold and insolent, but the whites bore it all,
being unwilling to be drawn into a fight. These were the same people
who had murdered the Mexicans; they were barefooted and nearly naked;
the men were armed with bows and arrows, each carrying a quiver of
thirty or forty shafts. The arrow-heads were made of clear, translucent
stone, and Fremont says, “Shot from their long bows are almost as
effective as a gun shot.” A chief came into camp, and declared his
confidence in himself and his people, and his belief that they could
destroy the white men, merely on the ground that they were many while
the whites were few. The Indians were seen hunting lizards, which they
dragged from a hole by means of a long stick hooked at the end. The
next day they followed the party, and promptly picked up every animal
that was left behind to rest and feed. That night one of the best men,
Tabeau, was killed by an Indian, having been shot with arrows not far
from the camp. These Indians did not appear after this day. A day or
two later the party met Joe Walker, the trapper, who now became guide
for the expedition. With him were eight Americans, who, having started
with the Spanish caravan, had heard that a party of white men were
ahead, and had left the caravan and overtaken the explorers. On the way
they had an encounter with the Diggers that had troubled Fremont, and
killed two of them.
May 23, they reached Sevier River, a tributary of the lake of the same
name. Here they were obliged to ferry themselves across in boats made
of bundles of rushes tied together and bound to poles. Here, too,
Badeau, a good man, was killed by accident; he dragged toward him a gun
by the muzzle and the gun was discharged. Not far beyond they reached
Utah Lake, which Fremont imagined to be the southern end of Great Salt
Lake. He was much puzzled, however, that the northern end of the lake
should be a saturated solution of salt, while the southern end was
fresh. It does not appear to have occurred to him that these were two
different bodies of water.
Having crossed the mountains to the valley of White River, he reached,
on the 3d of June, what he calls the winter fort, a trading post
belonging to Mr. A. Roubideau, on the principal fork of the Uintah
River. On the 7th, they found themselves on the verge of Brown’s Hole,
a name well known to all old-timers in the West, and thirty years ago
one of the greatest game countries in the world. Here mountain-sheep
were found, and some killed. Two or three days later, buffalo were
killed; and we may imagine the delight with which the travellers found
themselves once more back on the range where fat cow was to be had.
From here they went north into the Three Parks, travelling in pleasant
weather through a country well watered, where grass and wood were to
be had, and where buffalo, antelope, and elk were hardly ever out of
sight. On June 14, they were in New Park, now called North Park, going
southward up the Platte River. They soon came upon parties of Arapahoes
and Sioux, and the camp was full of Indians. On June 22 they crossed
the mountains and found themselves on the headwaters of the Arkansas.
A day or two later they were present at a fight which took place
between Utes and Arapahoes. The Ute women urged the white men to take
part in the fight; but they felt that it was no concern of theirs, and
were quite uneasy lest they themselves should be attacked. They kept
travelling, and before night had put fifteen miles between themselves
and the Indian village, and fortified themselves. They were now
travelling rapidly down the Arkansas, meeting Indians constantly. Among
these were a large village of Pawnees, who received the white men “with
unfriendly rudeness and characteristic insolence which they never fail
to display whenever they find an occasion for doing so with impunity.”
The Pawnees, indeed, seem always subject to the animadversion of the
early traveller.
The party journeyed down the Arkansas for nearly three hundred miles,
and on the last day of July, 1844, reached the little town of Kansas,
on the Missouri. Fremont’s second journey was over.
INDEX
Abert, Col., 434.
Adair, 78.
Alberta, 254.
Alexander, Henry, 13, _et seq._
Amahami, 285.
American Fur Company, 398, 424.
Annahways, 155, 156.
Annian, Straits of, 58, 83.
Antelope, curiosity of, 235.
Apaches, 88, 337, 339.
Arapahoes, 170.
Arikara, 152, 154, 158, 161, 163, 204, 359.
Arkansas R., 237.
Ashley, 420.
Assiniboia, 254.
Assiniboine R., 199.
Assiniboines, 49, 53, 71, 155, 163, 254, 262, 266, 287.
Astor, John Jacob, 298, 301, 391.
Astoria, 297, 298, 368.
Athabasca, Lake, 54-55.
Athabascans, 54.
Atséna, 170.
B
Baker’s Bay, 303.
Bannock Indians, 390.
Bastonnais, 55.
Bay of the Holy Spirit, 237.
Bayou Salade, 380.
Bear killing, 31.
Bear R., 389.
Beaver Indians, 102, 107, 109.
Beaver Lake, 44, 45, 53.
Beaverhead, 175, 202.
Beer Springs, 420.
Behring’s Isle, 78.
Beliefs of Indians, 129.
Bent, Charles, 418.
Bent’s Fort, 375, 378, 430.
Big Horn R., 202.
Big Sioux R., 68, 145, 206.
Big White, 205.
Birch Creek, 200.
Bissonette, Joseph, 405.
Black Hills, 151.
Black Mountains, 147, 151, 155.
Black Shoe Indians, 157.
Blackfeet, 160, 168, 178, 202, 254, 289, 292, 320.
Blackfoot Indians, 369.
Blond children, 284.
Bloods, 291.
Blueberry Creek, 295.
Bois Percé, 262.
Boisais R., 389.
Bonak Indians, 390.
“Boston Men,” 55.
Bostonnais, 55.
Bounty on scalps, 339.
Bridger, Jas., 361, 404.
British Columbia, 254.
Brown’s Hole, 384, 385.
Brulés, 148.
Buenaventura R., 430, 436.
Buffalo, decoying, 51.
Buffalo, old range of, 422.
C
Câche-à-la-Poudre R., 418.
Caiguas, 337.
California and Oregon Trail, 9.
Calumet birds, 153.
Calumet Bluff, 146.
Canadian R., 343, 347.
Cannon Ball R., 153.
Canoe Island, 126.
Cape Disappointment, 370.
Caribou Island, 42.
Carrabou, 81.
Carson, Kit, 362, 395.
Carver, Jonathan, 57, _et seq._, 140, 213.
Cass Lake, 222.
Caws, 374.
Cayuse, 366.
Cedar Island, 149.
Cedar Lake, 43, 289.
Chaboneau, 173, 174, 177, 196, 202.
Chagouemig, 36.
Chequamegon, 37.
Cherokees, 353.
Cheyennes, 43, 143, 146, 155, 158, 205, 262, 285, 292.
Chickasaws, 353.
Chihuahua, 247, 248, 347.
Chimney Rock, 360.
Chinook, 188, 304, 367, 390.
Chipewyans, 54, 88, 90, 103, 130.
Chippewa, 224.
Choctaws, 353.
Chopunnish, 179, 196.
Chouteau, Cyprian, 395.
Christineaux, 42, 53.
Churchill R., 54.
Cimarron R., 334.
Clear R., 219.
Clearwater R., 290.
Cœur d’Alene Indians, 371.
Cœur d’Alene R., 318.
Colter’s Hell, 204.
Comancheros, 354.
Comanches, 240, 344.
Commerce of the Prairies, 6, 332.
Converse with the spirits, 72.
Coppermine R., 86, 116.
“Cordelle,” 169.
Coues, Dr. Elliott, 10, 222, 243, 251, 254, 297.
Council Grove, 333.
_Coureurs des bois_, 12, 13.
Court House Rock, 360.
Cox, Ross, 301.
Cowelisk R., 186.
Creeks, 353.
Crees, 42, 71, 101, 103, 123, 155, 254, 262, 266.
Cumberland House, 44, 45, 53, 289.
Cypress R., 287.
D
Dakota, 49.
Dalles, 367.
Dancing, 160.
Dearborn R., 174, 199.
Deer Mountain, 104, 108.
Des Chutes R., 428.
Detroit, 23, 27, 35, 36, 77.
Digger Indians, 389.
Dog Plains, 62.
Dog-rib, 88, 89.
Dogden Buttes, 282.
Dry Fork, 169.
Duluth, 37.
E
El Paso del Norte, 247, 347.
Elk R., 329.
Eskimo, 92, 93, 94, 97.
F
Falls of St. Anthony, 63, 215, 224.
Falls of St. Marie, 76.
Fargo, 262.
Farnham, Thos. J., 371.
Fishing, 20, 21.
Fishing Falls of Columbia, 422.
Fitzpatrick (of the Broken Hand), 405, 416.
Flatheads, 293, 319, 327.
Floyd, Charles, 145, 206.
Fols Avoin, 210.
Fond du Lac, 37.
Fontaine qui bouit, 416.
Fort: Bent’s, 375, 378, 430;
Bourbon, 43, 289;
Bridger, 384, 420;
Clatsop, 190;
Chipewyan, 85, 86, 101, 108;
Cumberland House, 44, 45, 53, 289;
Dauphin, 44;
David Crockett, 384, 388;
des Prairies, 44, 53;
El Puebla, 378;
George (Astoria), 298, 299, 327;
Hall, 389, 418, 420, 427;
John, 404;
Mandan, 156;
Michilimackinac, 16;
Nippewen, 44;
Okanagan, 371;
Pike’s, 217;
Rocky Mountain House, 290, 297, 328;
St. Vrain’s, 402, 416;
Vancouver, 367, 392;
Vermillion, 289;
William, 298;
William (Bent’s), 375, 378, 395, 418;
York, 249.
Fowler, Jacob, 10.
Fox R., 61.
Foxes, 61, 209.
Frazer R., 98.
Fremont, John C., 393.
Fremont’s Peak, 410.
Fur trade in 1785, 86.
G
Gallatin R., 174.
Gama’s Land, 78.
Garces, 10.
Gass, Sergeant, 201.
Gens des Terres, 40.
Godey, 445.
Goshen’s Hole, 404.
Grand Forks, 261, 271.
Grand Pawnees, 414.
Grand Portage, 42, 55, 67, 71, 255, 290.
Grand R., 230, 423.
Grape Creek, 240.
Gray-haired children, 284.
Great Basin, 438.
Great Falls (of Missouri R.), 172.
Great Kettle Falls, 327.
Great Narrows, 193.
Great Rapids (of the Saskatchewan), 43.
Great Salt Lake, 426, 449.
Green R., 408, 419.
Gregg, Josiah, 332.
Gros Ventres, 168.
Gros Ventres of the Prairie, 170, 199, 293.
H
Hair Hills, 259, 265, 288.
Hairdressing, method of, 79.
Hare, 88.
Henry, Alexander, 56.
Henry, Alexander, the Younger, 154, 222, 253.
Henry, William, 56, 298.
_Heterodon platyrhinos_, 78.
Hidatsa, 155.
Hill of the Little People, 145.
Horse Creek, 404.
Horses, catching wild, 235.
Horses encourage indolence, 274.
Hudson’s Bay Company, 86, 271, 280, 289, 301.
Hunt, W. P., 299, 303.
Huts (of Eskimo), 94.
I
Ile de Maurepas, 42.
Independence Rock, 360, 407.
Indian tribes: Amahami, 285;
Annahways, 155, 156;
Apaches, 88, 337, 339;
Arapahoes, 170;
Arikara, 152, 154, 158, 161, 163, 359;
Assiniboines, 49, 53, 71, 155, 163, 168, 254, 262, 266, 287;
Atséna, 170;
Bannock Indians, 390;
Beaver, 102, 107, 109;
Blackfeet, 160, 168, 178, 202, 254, 289;
Blackfoot Indians, 369;
Black Shoe Indians, 157;
Bloods, 291;
Bonak Indians, 390;
Brulés, 148;
Caiguas, 337;
Caws, 374;
Cayuse, 356;
Cherokees, 353;
Cheyennes, 43, 143, 146, 155, 205, 262, 285, 292;
Chickasaws, 353;
Chinook, 188, 304, 369, 390;
Chipewyans, 54, 88, 90, 103, 130;
Chippewa, 224;
Choctaws, 353;
Chopunnish, 179, 196;
Christineaux, 42, 53;
Cœur d’Alene Indians, 371;
Comanches, 240, 344;
Creeks, 353;
Crees, 42, 71, 101, 123, 155, 254, 262;
Dakota, 49;
Digger Indians, 389;
Dog-Rib, 88;
Eskimo, 90-97;
Flatheads, 293, 319, 327;
Fols Avoin, 210;
Gens des Terres, 40;
Grand Pawnees, 414;
Gros Ventres of the Prairie, 170, 199, 293;
Hare, 88;
Hidatsa, 155;
Kans, 232;
Kansas, 373;
Kauzaus Indians, 373;
Killamucks, 188;
Killistinaux, 42;
Killistinoes, 42;
Kiowas, 240, 344;
Kinistineaux, 42;
Kite, 143, 147;
Knisteneaux, 102;
Kutenais, 295;
Loucheux, 97;
Mahaha, 157;
Menominees, 210, 221;
Mindawarcarton, 148;
Minneconjous, 148;
Minnetari, 155, 156;
Minnetari of Fort de Prairie, 170, 199;
Minnewakaton, 148;
Missourias, 141, 144, 145;
Mohave Indians, 444;
Nascud Denee, 127;
Navajos, 88;
Nez Percés, 179, 180, 194, 313, 326;
Ogallalas, 148, 150, 360;
Ojibwa, 215, 257;
Omaha, 144;
Osages, 141, 207, 225, 227, 235;
Osinipoilles, 49;
Otoes, 141, 144, 145;
Pahkees, 178;
Pah-utes, 421;
Pawnawnees, 68;
Pawnee, 68, 142-44, 158, 208, 227-238;
Pawnee Picts, 357;
Peigan, 178, 291;
Pierced-nose, 179, 313;
Poncas, 148;
Puants, 209;
Red Knife, 88, 90;
Rees, 152, 153, 205;
Ricaras, 156;
Rocky Mountain, 107;
Root Diggers, 421;
Sac, 208;
Sacs and Foxes, 209, 225;
Santees, 148;
Sarsi, 291, 292;
Saulteurs, 262;
Sauteurs, 209, 223;
Schian, 285;
Seminoles, 353;
Sharha, 158;
Shoshoni, 155, 175, 178, 180, 326;
Sioux, 49, 62, 63, _et passim_;
Sissetons, 148, 221;
Sistasoone, 148;
Slave, 89;
Snake Indians, 385, 424;
Sokulks, 181;
Soulier, 285;
Soulier Noir, 157, 283;
Spokanes, 313;
Staitan, 143;
Suhtai, 143;
Swampy Crees, 43;
Teton Indians, 149, 204;
Tetons of the Burned Woods--Minnakenozzo, Saone, 148;
Tushepaw Indians, 179;
Utes, 450;
Walla Wallas, 194, 312, 320, 326, 366;
Wahpatones, 148;
Wahpatoota, 148;
Wattasoons, 157;
Winnebagoes, 60, 209, 225;
Witapat, 144;
Yanktonnaies, 148;
Yankton Sioux, 146, 148, 152, 221;
Yanktons of the Plains, 148;
Yellow Knives, 88;
Yutas, 337.
Isle a la crosse, Lake, 54.
Isle de Carre Boeuf, 88.
Isle of St. Joseph, 76.
Isles du Castor, 29.
J
Jackson’s Hole, 362.
James R., 148.
Japon, 78.
Jedso, 78.
Jefferson, President, 139, 210.
Jefferson R., 174, 176, 201.
Jessaume, 154.
John Day R., 428.
Jornada del Muerto, 347.
Judith R., 170.
K
Kans, 232.
Kansas R., 148, 207, 231.
Kaskaskia, 242, 331.
Kauzaus Indians, 373.
Keewatin, 254.
Killamucks, 188.
Killistinaux, 42.
Killistinoes, 42.
“King George Men,” 55.
Kinistineaux, 42.
Kiowa Calendar, 346.
Kiowas, 240, 344.
Kite Indians, 143, 147.
Kitkahahk Village, 207.
Klamath Lake, 430, 434.
Knife R., 157.
Knisteneaux, 102.
Kooyah R., 423.
Kutenai Park, 295.
Kutenai Plains, 295.
Kutenais, 295.
L
La Charette, 206.
La Chaudière, 321.
Lachine, 14, 15.
La Cloche, 16.
La Crosse, 213.
Lake (or Lac):
a la Pluie, 42, 67;
Arabuthcow, 54, 55;
Athabasca, 54, 55;
Beaver, 44, 45, 53;
Cass, 222;
Cedar, 43, 289;
Dauphin, 44;
de Bourbon, 43, 67, 289;
Des Chats, 15;
Great Salt, 426, 449;
Isle a la Crosse, 54;
Klamath, 430, 434;
La Sang Sue, 222;
Leech, 222;
of the Crees, 42;
of the Hills, 85, 102;
of the Woods, 42, 55, 67, 255;
Ottawa, 66;
Pepin, 62;
Pyramid, 436;
Rainy, 106, 324;
Red, 260;
St. Louis, 15;
Salt, 55;
Slave, 87, 101, 329;
Sturgeon, 287;
Summer, 434;
Temiscamingue, 40;
Tlamath, 430;
Tulé, 444;
Upper Red Cedar, 222;
Utah, 449;
Winnebago, 60;
Winipegon, 42, 67;
Winnipeg, 255, 289.
Laramie R., 404.
L’Arbre Croche, 12, 29.
La Rivière qui Court, 148.
La Roche Jaune, 165.
Le Borgne, 205.
Le Boulet R., 153.
Lee, John, 398.
Lewis and Clark, 6, 8, 138, _et seq._
Lewis R., 180, 181, 194.
Little Bear R., 382.
Little Missouri, 153, 155.
Little Sandy R., 408.
Little Snake R., 382.
Lodge Pole Creek, 404.
Long--_Voyages and Travels_, 259.
Loucheux, 97.
Louisiana Purchase, 5, 59, 138, 145.
Loup Fork R., 148, 259.
M
Mackenzie, Alexander, 84, _et. seq._
Mackenzie, Donald, 303.
Mackenzie reaches Pacific Ocean, 132.
Macubah, 132.
Madison R., 174, 202.
Mahaha, 157.
Maison du Chien, 282.
Mandans, 153, _et seq._
Manitoba, 254.
Maria’s R., 199.
Marquette, Father, 17.
Massacre at Michilimackinac, 23.
Mattawa R., 15.
Matthews, 155.
Maxwell, L., 395.
McDougal, Duncan, 298.
McLaughlin, Dr. J., 367.
Medicine Bow Mountains, 418.
Medicine Lodge R., 291.
Meeting the Shoshoni, 175.
Menominees, 210, 221.
Messorie, 65, 68, 83.
Michilimackinac, 16, 20, 22, 27, 38, 39, 56.
Michipicoten, 39-41, 277.
Milk R., 169.
Mindawarcarton, 148.
Minnavavana, 17.
Minneconjous, 148.
Minnesota R., 64.
Minnetari, 155, 156.
Minnetari of Fort de Prairie, 170, 199.
Minnewakaton, 148.
Missisaki R., 16.
Missouri R., 17.
Missourias, 141, 144, 145.
Mohave Indians, 444.
Mt. Hood, 429.
Mt. Rainier, 429.
Mt. St. Helens, 429.
Mouse R., 282.
Musselshell R., 169.
Mustangs, 350.
N
Nanibojou, 41.
Nascud Denee, 127.
Natchitoches, 249.
Naudowessie (of the Plains), 62, 63, 67.
Navajos, 88.
Nebraska, 397.
Nelson R., 65.
New Park, 450.
Nez Percés, 313, 326, 179, 180, 194.
Nicollet, Joseph, 145.
Niobrara, R., 148.
Nootka, 304.
North Park (Colo.), 380.
Northwest Fur Company, 86, 154, 222, 298, 302.
O
Ogallalas, 148, 150, 360.
Ojibwa, 215, 257.
Okinagan, 323, 327.
Okinagan R., 323.
Omaha Indians, 144.
Ontario R., 254.
Ontonagan R., 37-38.
Ordway, Sergeant, 198.
Oregon, 391.
Oregon R., 65, 83, 394.
Origin story (of Mandans), 159.
Osage R., 228.
Osages, 141, 144, 207, 225, 227-235.
Osinipoilles, 49, 50, 53.
Otoes, 141, 144, 145.
Ottawa R., 15.
Ottigaumies, 61, 80.
Ottowaw Lakes, 66.
Ouisconsin (or Ouisconsing) R., 61, 209.
Oxen, wild, 49.
P
Pacific Fur Company, 299.
Pahkees, 178.
Pah-utes, 421.
Panbian Mts., 262.
Panbian R., 272, 277.
Pangman, Peter, 290, 292.
Pangman’s Tree, 290.
Park R., 258.
Parker, Samuel, 356.
Pasquayah R., 43.
Pawnawnees, 68.
Pawnees, 68, 142, 144, 158, 208, 227-235, 238.
Pawnee Picts, 357.
Peace Point, 102.
Peace R., 55, 102-103, 107, 121, 136.
Peigan, 178, 291.
Pembina Mts., 262.
Pembina R., 298.
Pemmican, 100.
Pepin, Lake, 62.
Petit Corbeau, 216.
Pierced-nose Indians, 179, 313.
Pike, Zebulon M., 141, 207, 331, 393.
Pike’s Flag Raising, 233.
Pike’s Fort, 217.
Pioneers, character of, 11.
Platte R., 143, 148, 206.
Pompey’s Pillar, 203.
Poncas, 148.
Pond, Peter, 43-44.
Pontiac, 35, 77.
Porcupine R., 167.
Portage de Lisle, 255.
Portage La Prairie, 254, 256.
Prairie des Chiens, La, 62, 65, 210, 224.
Prairie Hen R., 419.
Preuss, Charles, 395.
Pryor, Sergeant, 146, 198, 202, 203.
Puants, 209.
Puget Sound, 58.
Purgatory R., 237.
Pyramid Lake, 436.
R
Rainy Lake, 106, 324.
Red Deer R., 291.
Red Knife Indians, 88, 90.
Red Lake, 260.
Red Mountain, 65.
Red R. (Canadian), 240, 241, 245.
Red Wing, 224.
Rees, 152, 153, 205.
Republican R., 207.
Reynards, 209.
Ricaras, 156.
Riding Mountain, 254.
Rio Grande, 245.
Rio Grande del Norte, 242, 330.
Risen Moose, 215.
Rivers:
Arkansas, 237;
Assiniboine, 199;
Bear, 389;
Big Sioux, 68;
Birch, 200;
Blueberry, 295;
Boisais, 389;
Buenaventura, 430, 436;
Câche à la Poudre, 418;
Canadian, 343, 347;
Cannon Ball, 153;
Cimarron, 334;
Clear, 219;
Clearwater, 290;
Cœur d’Alene, 318;
Coppermine, 86, 116;
Cowelisk, 186;
Cypress, 287;
Dearborn, 174, 199;
de Bourbon, 43, 65;
Des Chutes, 428;
Dry Fork, 169;
Elk, 329;
Fontaine qui bouit, 416;
Fox, 61;
Frazer, 98;
Gallatin, 174;
Grand, 230, 423;
Grape, 240;
Green, 408, 419;
Horse, 404;
James, 148;
Jefferson, 174, 176, 201;
John Day, 428;
Judith, 170;
Kansas, 148, 207, 231, 396;
Knife, 157;
Laramie, 404;
La Rivière qui Court, 148;
La Roche Jaune, 165;
Le Boulet, 153;
Lewis, 180, 194;
Little Bear, 382;
Little Missouri, 153, 155;
Little Sandy, 408;
Little Snake, 382;
Lodge Pole, 404;
Loup, 148, 259;
Madison, 174, 202;
Maria’s, 199;
Mattawa, 15;
Medicine Lodge, 291;
Messorie, 65, 68, 83;
Milk, 169;
Minnesota, 64;
Missisaki, 16;
Missouri, 17, _et passim_;
Mouse, 282;
Musselshell, 169;
Nelson, 65;
Niobrara, 148;
of the West, 65, 83;
of Souls, 237;
Okinagan, 323;
Ontonagan, 37, 38;
Oregon, 65, 83, 394;
Osage, 228;
Ottawa, 15;
Ouisconsin (or Ouisconsing), 61, 209;
Panbian, 272, 277;
Pasquayah, 43;
Peace, 55, 102, 121, 136;
Pembina, 298;
Platte, 240;
Porcupine, 167;
Prairie Hen, 419;
Purgatory, 237;
Red (Canadian), 240, 241, 245;
Republican, 207;
Rio del Nord, 61;
Rio Grande, 245;
Rio Grande del Norte, 242, 330;
Rivière aux Chutes, 428;
Rocky Mountain, 328;
Running Water, 148;
Sacramento, 437, 440;
St. Croix, 62, 67;
St. Fee, 61;
St. Frances, 63, 64;
St. Maurice, 40;
St. Peter’s, 224, 262;
St. Pierre, 64, 65;
Saskatchewan, 17, 43, 289;
Salmon, 365, 422;
Schian, 262;
Sevier, 449;
Snake, 389, 428;
Solomon, 231;
Spokane, 327;
Sweetwater, 407, 419;
Uintah, 449;
Walla Walla, 194, 312, 321;
White, 234, 449;
Whitestone, 145;
Winnipic, 255;
Wisconsin, 61;
Wisdom, 201;
Yampah, 423;
Yellowstone, 165, 198, 201;
York, 65;
Yukon, 98;
Road of War, 67.
Robinson, Dr., 227, 235.
Robinson, “Uncle Jack,” 384.
Rock Mountain Indians, 107.
Rocky Mountain Ho., 290, 297, 328.
Rocky Mountain R., 328.
Root Diggers, 421.
Running Water R., 148.
S
Sac, 208.
Sackett’s Harbor, 252.
Sacramento R., 437, 440.
Sacs and Foxes, 209, 225.
St. Anne’s, 15.
St. Augustine, founded, 3.
St. Croix R., 62, 67.
St. Maurice R., 40.
St. Peter’s, 216.
St. Peter’s R., 224, 262.
St. Pierre R., 64, 65.
St. Vrain’s Fort, 402, 416.
Salmon R., 365, 422.
Salt Lake, 55.
San Francisco Bay, 440.
San Joaquin R., 444.
Sans Oreille, 228.
Santa Fé, 6, 7, 207, 242, 331.
Santees, 148.
Sarsi, 291, 292.
Saskatchewan (Province), 254.
Saskatchewan R., 17, 43, 44, 289.
Saukies, (town of), 61.
Sault de Sainte-Marie, 20, 36, 39, 42, 77.
Saulteurs, 262.
Sauteurs, 209, 223.
Schian R., 262.
Schians, 285.
Scott’s Bluffs, 360.
Seminoles, 353.
Sepulcher Rock, 193.
Sevier R., 449.
Sharha, 158.
Shining Mountains, 64, 69.
Shoshoni, 155, 175, 178, 180, 326.
Side Hill Calf, 200.
Sierra Nevada Mts., 436.
Sign Language, 284.
Sioux, 49, 61, 62, _et passim_.
Sissetons, 148, 221.
Sistasoone, 148.
Slave Indians, 89.
Slave Lake, 87, 101, 329.
Snake Indians, 385, 424.
Snake R., 389, 428.
Soda Springs, 421.
Sokulks, 181.
Solomon R., 231.
Soulier, 285.
Soulier Noir, 157, 283.
South Pass, 408.
South Platte R., 240.
Spokane, 319.
Spokane House, 320.
Spokane R., 327.
Spokanes, 313.
Staitan, 143.
Staked Plains, 348.
Standing Rock, 152.
Standing Rock Agency, 152.
Stone Idol Creek, 152.
Stony, or Rocky, Mountains, 55.
Straits of Annian, 58, 83.
Sturgeon Lake, 287.
Suhtai, 143.
Summer Lake, 434.
Surgery, 104.
Sutter, Capt., 442.
Swampy Crees, 43.
Sweetwater R., 407, 419.
T
Tanner, 280.
Taos, 7, 330, 395.
Temiscamingue Lake, 40.
Terre Blanche, 293.
Teton Indians, 149, 204.
Tetons of the Burned Woods, 148.
Minnakenozzo.
Saone.
“The River of the West,” 388.
Thompson, David, 222.
Thousand Lakes, 64.
Three Forks of the Missouri, 174.
Three Parks, 450.
Three Tetons, 410.
Tlamath Lake, 430.
Tongue R., 278.
Tonquin, fate of, 304.
Townsend, Dr. J. K., 368, 390.
Trading Post, _see_ Fort.
_Tripe de roche_, 41.
Tulé Lake, 444.
Tushepaw Indians, 179.
Twisted Hair, 195.
U
Uintah R., 449.
Umfreville, 5.
Upper Red Cedar Lake, 222.
Utah Lake, 449.
V
Vera Cruz, 332.
Vérendrye, 17, 43, 59, 289.
W
Wacon-teebe, 63.
Wahpatones, 148.
Wahpatoota, 148.
Walla Walla R., 194, 312, 321.
Walla Wallas, 194, 312, 320, 326, 366.
Wappatoo, 185, 191.
Warrior Societies, 147.
Washington, (State of), 291.
Wattasoons, 157.
West Road R., 126.
White Bear Island, 199.
White Goose, 215.
White R., 423, 449.
Whitestone R., 145.
Whitman, Dr. Marcus, 356, 361.
Wilkinson, Gen. James, 207, 211, 223, 226.
Wilkinson, Lt., 227, 235.
Willard, Sergeant, 201.
Wind River Mountains, 408.
Winnebago, Lake, 60.
Winnebagoes, 60, 61, 209, 225.
Winnipic R., 255.
Wisconsin R., 61.
Wisdom R., 201.
Witapat, 144.
Wolf Calf, 200.
Wolf pits, 282.
Wolves attacking horses, 324.
Wolves, rabid, 260.
Wood R., 141.
Y
Yampah R., 423.
Yankton Sioux, 146, 148, 152, 221.
Yanktonnaies, 148.
Yanktons of the Plains, 148.
Yellow Knives, 88.
Yellowstone Park, 204.
Yellowstone R., 165, 198, 201, 202.
Yeso, 78.
York R., 65.
Yukon R., 98.
Yutas, 337.
Trails of the Pathfinders
By GEORGE BIRD GRINNELL
Illustrated. $1.50 net. Postpaid $1.65
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
ALEXANDER HENRY
JONATHAN CARVER
ALEXANDER MACKENZIE
LEWIS AND CLARK
ZEBULON M. PIKE
ALEXANDER HENRY (THE YOUNGER)
ROSS COX
THE COMMERCE OF THE PRAIRIES
SAMUEL PARKER
THOMAS J. FARNHAM
FREMONT
One of the most stirring and inspiring chapters in the history of our
country is made up of the picturesque, straightforward narratives of
their adventures, told by the heroic men of action, explorers, hunters,
and trappers, who first travelled through the unknown regions and among
hostile Indians. Mr. Grinnell gives a number of the most exciting and
important of these stories, told almost entirely in the words of the
explorer himself, and they form a work of unrivalled interest to old
and young.
READY SHORTLY
Zebulon M. Pike
Edited by MARY GAY HUMPHREYS
Illustrated. About $1.50 net. Postage extra
The thrilling account of Pike’s explorations told chiefly in his own
words.
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS, NEW YORK
The Boy’s Catlin
My Life Among the Indians
Edited with Biographical Introduction by MARY GAY HUMPHREYS
Illustrated from Catlin’s Drawings. $1.50 net
“As interesting a story of Indians as was ever written and has the
merit of being true.”--_New York Sun._
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The Boy’s Drake
By EDWIN M. BACON
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“Much of the story is told in the words of old records, and interesting
old maps and pictures make it still more valuable.”--_The Bookman._
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By EDWIN M. BACON
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BY NOAH BROOKS
First Across the Continent
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The Boy Settlers
A STORY OF EARLY TIMES IN KANSAS
Illustrated. $1.25
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region was the Far West. The boys have great sport killing buffaloes
and some trouble about Indian uprisings.”--_The Independent._
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The Adventures of James Capen Adams
Mountaineer and Grizzly Bear Hunter of California
By THEODORE H. HITTELL
Illustrated. $1.50 net. Postpaid $1.65
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The narrative is given just as it first appeared in the simple, direct
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The Grizzly Bear
By WILLIAM H. WRIGHT
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“Full of the atmosphere of the big game woods and vibrant with hazards
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“The very spirit of the grizzly is in subtle fashion brought near us.
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The Black Bear
By WILLIAM H. WRIGHT
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* * * * * *
Transcriber’s note:
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not
changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unpaired
quotation marks were retained.
Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.
Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.