Let us then look for the man, and in his style. The style explains the
work; whilst showing the principal features of the genius, it infers the
rest. When we have once grasped the dominant faculty, we see the whole
artist developed like a flower.
Shakespeare imagines with copiousness and excess; he scatters metaphors
profusely over all he writes; every instant abstract ideas are changed
into images; it is a series of paintings which is unfolded in his mind.
He does not seek them, they come of themselves; they crowd within him,
covering his arguments; they dim with their brightness the pure light of
logic. He does not labor to explain or prove; picture on picture, image
on image, he is forever copying the strange and splendid visions which
are engendered one after another, and are heaped up within him. Compare
to our dull writers this passage, which I take at hazard from a tranquil
dialogue:
"The single and peculiar life is bound,
With all the strength and armor of the mind,
To keep itself from noyance; but much more
That spirit upon whose weal depend and rest
The lives of many. The cease of majesty
Dies not alone; but, like a gulf, doth draw
What's near it with it: it is a massy wheel,
Fix'd on the summit of the highest mount,
To whose huge spokes ten thousand lesser things
Are mortised and adjoin'd; which, when it falls,
Each small annexment, petty consequence,
Attends the boisterous ruin. Never alone
Did the king sigh, but with a general groan."[635]
Here we have three successive images to express the same thought. It is
a whole blossoming; a bough grows from the trunk, from that another,
which is multiplied into numerous fresh branches. Instead of a smooth
road, traced by a regular line of dry and cunningly fixed landmarks, you
enter a wood, crowded with interwoven trees and luxuriant bushes, which
conceal and prevent your progress, which delight and dazzle your eyes by
the magnificence of their verdure and the wealth of their bloom. You are
astonished at first, modern mind that you are, business man, used to the
clear dissertations of classical poetry; you become cross; you think the
author is amusing himself, and that through conceit and bad taste he is
misleading you and himself in his garden thickets. By no means; if he
speaks thus, it is not from choice, but of necessity; metaphor is not
his whim, but the form of his thought. In the height of passion, he
imagines still. When Hamlet, in despair, remembers his father's noble
form, he sees the mythological pictures with which the taste of the age
filled the very streets:
"A station like the herald Mercury
New lighted on a heaven-kissing hill."[636]
This charming vision, in the midst of a bloody invective, proves that
there lurks a painter underneath the poet. Involuntarily and out of
season, he tears off the tragic mask which covered his face; and the
reader discovers, behind the contracted features of this terrible mask,
a graceful and inspired smile which he did not expect to see.
Such an imagination must needs be vehement. Every metaphor is a
convulsion. Whosoever involuntarily and naturally transforms a dry idea
into an image, has his brain on fire; true metaphors are flaming
apparitions, which are like a picture in a flash of lightning. Never, I
think, in any nation of Europe, or in any age of history, has so grand a
passion been seen. Shakespeare's style is a compound of frenzied
expressions. No man has submitted words to such a contortion. Mingled
contrasts, tremendous exaggerations, apostrophes, exclamations; the
whole fury of the ode, confusion of ideas, accumulation of images, the
horrible and the divine, jumbled into the same line; it seems to my
fancy as though he never writes a word without shouting it. "What have I
done?" the queen asks Hamlet. He answers:
"Such an act
That blurs the grace and blush of modesty,
Calls virtue hypocrite, takes off the rose
From the fair forehead of an innocent love,
And sets a blister there, makes marriage-vows
As false as dicers' oaths: O, such a deed
As from the body of contraction plucks
The very soul, and sweet religion makes
A rhapsody of words: Heaven's face doth glow;
Yea, this solidity and compound mass,
With tristful visage, as against the doom,
Is thought-sick at the act."[637]
It is the style of frenzy. Yet I have not given all. The metaphors are
all exaggerated, the ideas all verge on the absurd. All is transformed
and disfigured by the whirlwind of passion. The contagion of the crime,
which he denounces, has marred all nature. He no longer sees anything in
the world but corruption and lying. To vilify the virtuous were little;
he vilifies virtue herself. Inanimate things are sucked into this
whirlpool of grief. The sky's red tint at sunset, the pallid darkness
spread by night over the landscape, become the blush and the pallor of
shame, and the wretched man who speaks and weeps sees the whole world
totter with him in the dimness of despair.
Hamlet, it will be said, is half-mad; this explains the vehemence of his
expressions. The truth is that Hamlet, here, is Shakespeare. Be the
situation terrible or peaceful, whether he is engaged on an invective or
a conversation, the style is excessive throughout. Shakespeare never
sees things tranquilly. All the powers of his mind are concentrated in
the present image or idea. He is buried and absorbed in it. With such a
genius, we are on the brink of an abyss; the eddying water dashes in
headlong, swallowing up whatever objects it meets, and only bringing
them to light transformed and mutilated. We pause stupefied before these
convulsive metaphors, which might have been written by a fevered hand in
a night's delirium, which gather a pageful of ideas and pictures in half
a sentence, which scorch the eyes they would enlighten. Words lose their
meaning; constructions are put out of joint; paradoxes of style,
apparently false expressions, which a man might occasionally venture
upon with diffidence in the transport of his rapture, become the
ordinary language. Shakespeare dazzles, repels, terrifies, disgusts,
oppresses; his verses are a piercing and sublime song, pitched in too
high a key, above the reach of our organs, which offends our ears, of
which our mind alone can divine the justice and beauty.
Yet this is little; for that singular force of concentration is
redoubled by the suddenness of the dash which calls it into existence.
In Shakespeare there is no preparation, no adaptation, no development,
no care to make himself understood. Like a too fiery and powerful horse,
he bounds, but cannot run. He bridges in a couple of words an enormous
interval; is at the two poles in a single instant. The reader vainly
looks for the intermediate track; dazed by these prodigious leaps, he
wonders by what miracle the poet has entered upon a new idea the very
moment when he quitted the last, seeing perhaps between the two images a
long scale of transitions, which we mount with difficulty step by step,
but which he has spanned in a stride. Shakespeare flies, we creep. Hence
comes a style made up of conceits, bold images, shattered in an instant
by others still bolder, barely indicated ideas completed by others far
removed, no visible connection, but a visible incoherence; at every step
we halt, the track failing; and there, far above us, lo, stands the
poet, and we find that we have ventured in his footsteps, through a
craggy land, full of precipices, which he threads as if it were a
straightforward road, but on which our greatest efforts barely carry us
along.
What will you think, further, if we observe that these vehement
expressions, so natural in their up-welling, instead of following one
after the other, slowly and with effort, are hurled out by hundreds,
with an impetuous ease and abundance, like the bubbling waves from a
welling spring, which are heaped together, rise one above another, and
find nowhere room enough to spread and exhaust themselves? You may find
in "Romeo and Juliet" a score of examples of this inexhaustible
inspiration. The two lovers pile up an infinite mass of metaphors,
impassioned exaggerations, clenches, contorted phrases, amorous
extravagances. Their language is like the trill of nightingales.
Shakespeare's wits, Mercutio, Beatrice, Rosalind, his clowns, buffoons,
sparkle with far-fetched jokes, which rattle out like a volley of
musketry. There is none of them but provides enough play on words to
stock a whole theatre. Lear's curses, or Queen Margaret's, would suffice
for all the madmen in an asylum, or all the oppressed of the earth. The
sonnets are a delirium of ideas and images, labored at with an obstinacy
enough to make a man giddy. His first poem, "Venus and Adonis," is the
sensual ecstasy of a Correggio, insatiable and excited. This exuberant
fecundity intensifies qualities already in excess, and multiplies a
hundred-fold the luxuriance of metaphor, the incoherence of style, and
the unbridled vehemence of expression.[638]
All that I have said may be compressed into a few words. Objects were
taken into his mind organized and complete; they pass into ours
disjointed, decomposed, fragmentarily. He thought in the lump, we think
piecemeal; hence his style and our style--two languages not to be
reconciled. We, for our part, writers and reasoners, can note precisely
by a word each isolated fraction of an idea, and represent the due order
of its parts by the due order of our expressions. We advance gradually;
we follow the filiations, refer continually to the roots, try and treat
our words as numbers, our sentences as equations; we employ but general
terms, which every mind can understand, and regular constructions, into
which any mind can enter; we attain justness and clearness, not life.
Shakespeare lets justness and clearness look out for themselves, and
attains life. From amidst his' complex conception and his colored
semi-vision, he grasps a fragment, a quivering fibre, and shows it; it
is for you, from this fragment, to divine the rest. He, behind the word,
has a whole picture, an attitude, a long argument abridged, a mass of
swarming ideas; you know them, these abbreviative, condensive words:
these are they which we launch out amidst the fire of invention, in a
fit of passion--words of slang or of fashion, which appeal to local
memory or individual experience;[639] little desultory and incorrect
phrases, which, by their irregularity, express the suddenness and the
breaks of the inner sensation; trivial words, exaggerated figures.[640]
There is a gesture beneath each, a quick contraction of the brows, a
curl of laughing lips, a clown's trick, an unhinging of the whole
machine. None of them mark ideas, all suggest images; each is the
extremity and issue of a complete mimic action; none is the expression
and definition of a partial and limited idea. This is why Shakespeare is
strange and powerful, obscure and creative, beyond all the poets of his
or any other age; the most immoderate of all violators of language, the
most marvellous of all creators of souls, the farthest removed from
regular logic and classical reason, the one most capable of exciting in
us a world of forms and of placing living beings before us.