[2]J. W. Powell, _Exploration of the Colorado River of the West_
(Washington, D.C., 1875), p. 111. Erroneously reported as September
12, 1870.
[3]William R. Palmer, “Pahute Indian Government and Laws,” _Utah
Historical Quarterly_, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 35-52.
[4]The tuna mentioned probably refers to cactus; and the maize and
calabashes to corn and squash. The name, Parrusis, equivalent to
Parrusits, undoubtedly referred to the Virgin River Indians. It
simply means people living on the Par-roos River. Fifty years later,
in 1826, Jedediah Strong Smith, found Indians on the Santa Clara
Creek raising corn and pumpkins. Maurice Sullivan, _The Travels of
Jedediah Smith_ (Santa Ana, California, 1934), pp. 27-28.
[5]Cf. H. S. Auerbach, ed., “Father Escalante’s Journal,” in _Utah
Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XI, pp. 85, 91.
[6]G. H. Heap, _Central Route to the Pacific, Journal of the Expedition
of E. H. Beale and G. H. Heap in 1853_ (Washington, D.C., 1854), p.
99.
[7]Escalante, “Diario,” in _Documents para la historia de Mexico_
(Mexico City), ser. 2, Vol. 1, p. 37.
Cf. also: H. S. Auerbach, “Father Escalante’s Journal, 1776-77” in
_Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XI, pp. 1-142; H. L. Bolton,
“Escalante in Dixie and the Arizona Strip,” _New Mexico Review_
(Santa Fe, 1928), Vol. III, No. 1; H. E. Gregory, “Spanish Entradas
in Kaiparowits Region,” _U. S. Geological Survey Prof. Paper_
(Washington, D.C., 1931), p. 164; W. R. Harris, _The Catholic Church
in Utah_ (Salt Lake City, 1909); Philip Harry, “Brief of Escalante’s
Journal” in _Simpson’s Explorations, 1859_, Appendix R. (Washington,
D.C., 1860), p. 490.
[8]Cf. Auerbach, _loc. cit._, pp. 85-86.
[9]_Ibid._, p. 5.
[10]
H. H. Bancroft, _History of Utah_ (San Francisco, 1884-86), pp. 22,
23.
H. M. Chittenden, _The American Fur Trade of the Far West_ (New
York, 1935), 2 Vols.
Robert Glass Cleland, _From Wilderness to Empire_ (New York, 1944).
H. C. Dale, _The Ashley-Smith Explorations_ (Los Angeles, 1918).
T. E. Farish, _History of Arizona_, (Phoenix, Arizona, 1916).
Albert Gallatin, _Synopsis of Indian Tribes_ (Worcester, Mass.,
1836) map, p. 265.
P. T. Hanna, “California’s Debt to Jedediah Strong Smith,” in
_Touring Topics_ (Los Angeles, California, September
1926).
C. H. Merriam, “Earliest Crossings of the Deserts of Utah and Nevada
to Southern California; Route of Jedediah S. Smith,”
_California Historical Society Quarterly_, 1923, Vol. 2,
pp. 228-237.
J. G. Neihardt, _The Splendid Wayfaring_ (New York, 1920).
Maurice Sullivan, _The Travels of Jedediah Smith_ (Santa Ana,
California, 1934).
A. M. Woodbury, “The Route of Jedediah S. Smith in 1826 from the
Great Salt Lake to the Colorado River,” _Utah Historical
Quarterly_, 1931, 4:35-46.
[11]From letter of Jedediah Strong Smith, Maurice Sullivan, _The Travels
of Jedediah Smith_, pp. 15, 27-28.
[12]C. L. Camp, ed., “The Chronicles of George C. Yount,” _California
Historical Society Quarterly_, 1923.
[13]Cf. Herbert S. Auerbach, “Old Trails, Old Forts, Old Trappers and
Traders,” _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. IX, 1941, pp. 13-63.
[14]Cf. J. C. Fremont, _Narrative of the Exploring Expedition to the
Rocky Mountains_ (New York, 1846).
[15]What is now the Virgin River was called Sulphur Creek by Escalante
in 1776. Jedediah S. Smith named it Adams River, to which he adhered
in letters written on both trips of 1826 and 1827. This upsets the
idea that he named it for Thomas Virgin, a member of his party.
George C. Yount, as recorded in 1923 by Charles L. Camp, (_loc.
cit._, p. 10), told of entering the Virgin River valley on a trip in
1830, but this is no assurance that it was so named at that early
date. It bore the name of Rio Virgin in 1844 when Fremont passed
over the Spanish Trail and doubtless the name was given between 1827
and 1844. In Fremont’s time, the Muddy River was called “Rio de Los
Angeles,” and the Mountain Meadows “las Vegas de Santa Clara” (the
Meadows of St. Clara).
[16]Fremont, _op. cit._, p. 168.
[17]Cf. Franklin D. Daines, “Separatism in Utah, 1847-1870,” in _Annual
Report of the American Historical Association for the Year 1917_
(Washington, D.C., 1920).
[18]Dale L. Morgan, “The State of Deseret,” _Utah Historical Quarterly_,
Vol. VIII, pp. 67-239.
[19]Cf. Leland H. Creer, _Utah and the Nation_ (Seattle, Washington,
1929); Robert J. Dwyer, _The Gentile Comes to Utah_ (Washington,
D.C., 1941). Andrew L. Neff, _History of Utah_ (Salt Lake City,
1940).
[20]“L.D.S. Journal History,” November 13, 1847 (in files of L.D.S.
Church Historian’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah).
[21]There are many references in Mormon records to Fremont’s report.
Orson Hyde’s letter of April 26, 1845, to Church officials in Nauvoo
mentions obtaining a copy of Fremont’s report and having Stephen A.
Douglas frank it to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo. The _Nauvoo Neighbor_,
September 24, 1845, devoted four and one-half columns of the front
page to discussions of and quotations from this report. The Journal
of William Clayton, secretary to Brigham Young, frequently refers to
Fremont’s report and map. In Volume 11 and 12 of the _Millenial
Star_, Orson Pratt makes a number of references to Fremont’s report.
[22]“Journal History,” September 17, 1849.
[23]“L.D.S. Journal History,” September 20 and October 2, 1849; Cf. W.
A. Chaffant, _Death Valley_ (Stanford University Press, 1939), pp.
17-22; R. G. Cleland, _From Wilderness to Empire_ (New York, 1944),
pp. 249-255; William Lewis Manly, _Death Valley in ’49_ (New York,
1924), pp. 201-203.
[24]Report of the Southern Exploring Expedition submitted to the
Legislative Council of Deseret by Parley P. Pratt, February 9, 1850
(original in L.D.S. Church Historian’s Office).
[25]_Loc. cit._
[26]“Call”—The Mormons were a peculiarly close-knit harmonious group
working cooperatively together. In order to make for efficiency in
the social group, each one was expected to do voluntarily and with
unquestioning obedience the part assigned by the leaders. Thus
individuals were usually “called” to go on missions, to fill an
office, to go as a colonist, to work on the temple or any other
unusual problem. The “call,” at least in the early days, was
practically a command.
[27]“Journal History,” January 17, 1851.
[28]Neff, _History of Utah_, pp. 302-310.
[29]Heap, _Central Route to the Pacific_, p. 95.
[30]_Ibid._, p. 99.
[31]Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, _A Journal of Salt Lake City: Being
a Sketch of the History, Religion and Customs of the Mormons_
(London, 1861), 2 Vols.; Vol. II, p. 363.
[32]The party included J. D. Lee, Chapman Duncan, John Steele, C. Y.
Webb, L. and William Barton, J. and Miles Anderson, B. Jones, Zadock
Judd, R. H. Gillespie, J. H. Dunton.
[33]“L.D.S. Journal History.”
[34]_Deseret News_, August 7, 1852. See also “Journal of Priddy Meeks,”
_Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. X, 1942, p. 187.
[35]“Journal History.”
[36]The missionaries included the following: Rufus C. Allen, Pres.;
Clark Ames, S. F. Atwood, T. D. Brown, clerk, Hyrum Burgess, Prime
T. Coleman, Jacob Hamblin, Elnathan Eldridge, Augustus P. Hardy,
Thales H. Haskell, William Henefer, Ira Hatch, Benjamin Knell,
Samuel Knight, David Lewis, John Lott, John R. Murdock, Robert
Richie, Isaac Riddle, Richard Robinson, Lorenzo W. Roundy, and Amos
G. Thornton.
[37]The original missionaries to the Virgin and Santa Clara Valleys in
1854, as reported in “Journal History,” were: Jacob Hamblin, Samuel
Knight, Ira Hatch, Richard Robinson, Amos G. Thornton, Prime T.
Coleman, Benjamin Knell, Thales Haskell, Robert Dixon, Isaac Riddle,
Robert Ritchie, David Tullis. Probably several others should be
added to this list: Rufus Allen, A. P. Hardy, Nephi Johnson, William
Henefer, Ira Hatch and perhaps others.
[38]“Journal History,” letter of Richard Robinson, July 13, 1854.
[39]Neff, _op. cit._, pp. 290-292.
[40]Cf. Juanita Brooks, ed., “Diary of Thales Haskell,” _Utah Historical
Quarterly_, Vol. XII, No. 1 and 2, pp. 70-98.
[41]Remy and Brenchley, _op. cit._, Vol. II, p. 388.
[42]Neff, _op. cit._, p. 291.
[43]_Ibid._, p. 292.
[44]Original MS in possession of Lovina A. J. Farnsworth, Kanab, Utah.
[45]Interview at Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.
[46]James G. Bleak, “Annals of the Southern Utah Mission” (Ms. in files
of Utah State Historical Society).
[47]“Journal History,” October 7, 1861.
[48]The scouting party included Apostles George Albert Smith and Erastus
Snow, Dr. James M. Whitmore, Horace S. Eldridge, Robert J. Golding
and Isaac Stewart.
[49]Joseph Black, “Journal,” in possession of his son, Peter Black,
Delta, Utah.
[50]Interview with E. C. Behunin by J. W. Thornton at Zion Canyon.
Interview with Ezra Stevens, at Mt. Carmel, Utah, August 14, 1933.
Interview with Peter Munk, at Manti, Utah, September 1, 1933.
[51]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (copy in the files of the Utah State
Historical Society, Salt Lake City, Utah).
[52]John Langston, “History of John Langston” (Ms. in files of Utah
State Historical Society).
[53]The settlers of Rockville included the following; beginning at west
end on south side of street, Elijah Newman, a wheelwright from
Parowan who had operated sawmills in Parowan Canyon and was well
acquainted with Cedar Mountain; Mr. Frauschum, a jeweler from Provo;
Mr. Scoggins, an Englishman; John C. Hall, a self-educated man from
Salt Lake City; George Staples, farmer from Lehi; Albert and Edward
Huber from France; Thomas Hall, a tinker from Salt Lake City; Joe
and Jim McFate, farmers; Jacob E. and James P. Terry; and Mr.
Coombs. On the north side of street beginning at west end, Samuel A.
Kenner, doctor and journalist; Henry Jennings from Provo; William H.
Carpenter, broom-maker; Hyrum and Ezra Strong, farmers; Henry Stocks
from England, ironmonger by trade, who made the first molasses mill
rollers in southern Utah and brought the mill to Rockville; William
Ashton (“picked on” by the boys); William Crawford from Draper; John
Langston from Draper; Daniel Q. Dennett, fifer in Mormon Battalion;
Tom Flanigan, who sold out to William L. Draper a month later; and
Asa York, carpenter; on land to the north; James Green stayed one
summer. (Interview with James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August
14, 1933).
[54]In the fall of 1862 the following came to Shunesburg: the mother of
young Hyrum Stevens and his three brothers, Amos, Ezra and Charles;
two uncles, Henry and Barney Stevens, each with two families; Albert
Petty with two families, and John J. Allred. Charlie Klapper soon
left and Albert and George Petty and Hardin Whitlock moved over to
Springdale during the winter of 1862-63. In the fall of 1863 came
James Thaxton and Samuel K. Gifford, a chairmaker.
[55]The first settlers of Springdale included: Isaac Behunin and sons,
Albert Petty, George Petty, William Black and three sons, William,
George and Joseph; Robert Brown, Newman Brown, Hardin (Howard?)
Whitlock, Hyrum Morris, C. G. Averet, Mr. Powell, Mr. Davis, Mr.
Norton and Joseph Millett.
[56]James G. Black, _loc. cit._
[57]Neff, _op. cit._, p. 908.
[58]There is a difference of opinion as to the location of the cabin. O.
D. Gifford placed it about ⅙ mile above the lodge, on a flat since
washed away by the river. E. C. Behunin, after an absence of 57
years, placed it near the forks of the road that lead to the lodge
and swimming pool. He was evidently mistaken, for his description of
the location of his father’s farm seems to indicate that Gifford’s
location is correct. He was certain that the old river meander just
north of the lodge (now artificially filled in) was not there in the
early days, but the physical evidences before straightening the
river and building the permanent road definitely indicate that it
was. Heap’s farm, which he says was separated from his father’s by
the river, was above this meander. James H. Jennings, who owned the
place afterward, says that Behunin was mistaken. (Interview with
James Jennings at Rockville, Utah, August 15, 1933).
[59]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.
[60]Interview with O. D. Gifford at Springdale, Utah, September 6, 1925.
[61]Interview at Hurricane, Utah, August 26, 1933.
[62]For a detailed account of this experiment, cf. Edward J. Allen, _The
Second United Order Among the Mormons_ (New York, 1936).
[63]Interview with B. A. Riggs, near Kanab, Utah, August 11, 1931.
[64]Interview with Mrs. Mary Jane Stout at Hurricane, Utah, August 25,
1933.
[65]Creer, _Utah and the Nation_, 151.
[66]Juanita Brooks, “The Journal of Thales Haskell,” _Utah Historical
Quarterly_, Vol. XII, pp. 69-98.
[67]_Loc. cit._, p. 81, 95, 96.
[68]Juanita Brooks, ed., “Indian Relations on the Mormon Frontier,”
_Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. XII, January-April, 1944, p. 42.
[69]These included William J. Jolley, Henry B. M. Jolley, Silas Hoyt and
Henry Gardner.
[70]Charles L. Walker, “Journal” (Copy in the files of the Utah State
Historical Society).
[71]In files of the Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[72]Letter of J. M. Higbee to W. H. Dame, July 10, 1866. Adjutant
General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[73]Report of expedition by Franklin B. Woolley for James Andrus,
September 18, 1866, at St. George, to Brigadier General Erastus
Snow, Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[74]Order No. 16, November 29, 1866, by General Erastus Snow, Adjutant
General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[75]Copy of the journal of a scouting expedition against marauding
Navajo Indians, February 25 to March 12, 1869 by Edwin G. Woolley,
Adjutant, filed in Adjutant General’s Office, Salt Lake City, Utah.
[76]Cf. J. W. Powell, ed., _The Colorado River_ (Washington, D.C.,
1875), pp. 128-132.
[77]James Little. ed., _Autobiography of Jacob Hamblin_ (Salt Lake City,
1909), p. 106. (Hamblin erroneously dates the peace trip 1871.)
[78]Little, _op. cit._, p. 110.
[79]_Ibid._, p. 119.
[80]“Journal History,” Letter dated April 5, 1870.
[81]These included, in addition to Levi Stewart, Moses M. Farnsworth,
Allan Frost, Edward A. Noble, John Rider, John Morgan, William
Thompson, Edward Cooke, Caleb D. Brinton, Mr. Burt, and families.
[82]Letter from A. Milton Musser, September 10, 1870, published in
_Deseret News_, and collated in “L.D.S. Journal History.”
[83]Interview at Kanab, Utah, October 21, 1933.
[84]“The Life of Levi Stewart,” biographical sketch by his
granddaughter, Margery Browne Cottam (copy in files of A. M.
Woodbury).
[85]F. S. Dellenbaugh, _A Canyon Voyage_ (New York, 1908), pp. 166-167.
[86]Fredonia—Suggested by Erastus Snow, allegedly from “free” and “dona”
(Spanish for lady or woman), thus, “free woman.” Actually, the name
is simply a variant of “freedom,” invented shortly after 1800 by a
certain Dr. Charles Mitchell, according to George R. Stewart, _Names
on the Land_ (New York, 1945), p. 173.
[87]Kumen Jones, “First settlement of San Juan County, Utah,” _Utah
Historical Quarterly_, Vol. II, No. 1 (January, 1929).
[88]“Journal of Josephine Catherine Chatterly Wood,” _Utah Historical
Quarterly_, Vol. X, pp. 128-136.
[89]Mark A. Pendleton, “The Orderville United Order of Zion” and Emma
Carroll Seegmiller, “Personal Memories of the United Order of
Orderville,” _Utah Historical Quarterly_, Vol. VII, 1939.
[90]Powell, _op. cit._, p. 110.
[91]_Ibid._, p. 111.
[92]Herbert E. Gregory, ed., “Diary of A. H. Thompson,” _Utah Historical
Quarterly_, Vol. IX, 1939, pp. 89, 92.
[93]“Cougar Hunting on the Rim of the Grand Canyon,” _The Outlook_
(London, England, October 4, 1913), pp. 259-266.
[94]Letter of Frederick Vining Fisher to the writer, September 22, 1933.
[95]Memorandum of Horace M. Albright, August 4, 1933, in files of A. M.
Woodbury.