surrender. It was probably at the council held in consequence of this
(see ante, note 38), that the fiscal, Leandro de Viana, was appointed
to see after the supply of provisions for the defense of the city. He
issued orders to the alcaldes-mayor of the various provinces, and to
the procurators of the convents, from whose estates much rice and
other effects were received. Viana advised the archbishop to leave
all military matters to the sargentos-mayor of Manila and Cavite,
but the latter refused to do so. See Montero y Vidal, ii, p. 17.
[61] On the twenty-sixth 3,000 Indian archers from the provinces
of Pampanga, Bulacán, and Laguna; but neither these volunteers nor
4,000 others armed with quivers, who joined later were very greatly
feared by the English because of their inexperience in the art of war
and their primitive armor. A contemporary paper gives the following
data: "Report of the men-at-arms whom it has been possible to collect
inside and outside the place, without including the troops or militia:
600 men from the province of Bulacán, in Bancusay; 1,950 Pampangos,
in San Fernando and the barracks of the accountancy; 150 Pampangos in
the palace, in charge of Santa María; 133 men in the archiepiscopal
house, 38 of them with muskets being Tagalogs; 110 men from Meycaoyan
and Bocaue, in the house of Dorado; 153 men from Hagonoy; 150 men
from Bulacán; 60 from Guiguinto; 72 from various villages; total
3,378." See Montero y Vidal, ii, p. 18.
[62] He refused absolutely to accept the freedom offered him by Draper
until he received an order from the archbishop to that effect. See
Sitio y conquista, p. 43.
[63] The Marquis de Ayerbe (Sitio y conquista, p. 48) says that 500
Indians left the plaza de armas in command of the archbishop, ministers
of the Audiencia, and some of the citizens, on the twenty-ninth,
but that they were quickly put to flight by the English fire.
[64] September 30, the Spaniards received a reinforcement of 609
men from Bulacán, as follows: from Paombong, 82 men, under command
of Sebastian Lorenzo; Bocaue, 149 men, under command of Augusto
Percumenla; Calumpit, 16 men, under Juan Panganiban; Malolos, 45 men,
under Anastasio Bautista; Obando, 53 men, under Pedro C. Salvador;
Angat, 79 men, under Nicolás de Aquino; San José, 30 men, under
Nicolás Matías; Polo, 75 men, under Juan Roque; and Bigáa, 80 men,
under Domingo Francisco. See Montero y Vidal, ii, p. 21. On the first
and second of October they were furnished with arrows, spears, and
other weapons (Sitio y conquista, pp. 51, 52).
[65] At dawn of the third of October, a sally was made by 2,000
Pampangos arranged in three columns: the first in command of Francisco
Rodríguez and their valiant leader Manalastas; the second in command
of Santiago Orendaín; and the third, in command of the volunteers
Esclava and Busto. The first reached the church of Santiago, which
they found empty, but were driven thence by the British. The second
bore down upon Ermita, where they were at first successful, but were
speedily driven back by the British, with a loss of 200 men, Orendaín
fleeing at the beginning of the engagement, which is regarded as proof
of his treachery. The third column, which was to have attacked by
the sea side, grew faint hearted and retreated. Many natives, alarmed
because the British had hanged more than sixty Pampangos whom they had
captured, returned to their homes. See Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 22, 23.
[66] The military men who were mainly Americans, counseled surrender,
at the council held by the archbishop on the third of October,
but their advice was overruled by the marquis de Monte-Castro,
the magistrates, the religious, and the merchants. This council,
as is evident from the record by Orendaín, the government secretary,
was called on account of a threatening letter from the British. See
Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 23-25, and note; and post, pp. 206-208.
[67] Some religious were ordered by the marquis de Monte-Castro to lead
some Indians to the foundry to make tools for making the ditch. But
this was not done, in spite of Father Pascual Fernández, of the
Society of Jesus, teacher of mathematics, and the other religious,
having worked with the greatest zeal. See Sitio y conquista, p. 56.
[68] The governor continued to give various orders which were
not obeyed, and the master-of-camp limited himself to ordering the
religious to prevent the Indians from mounting the bastions, on this
account great confusion reigning in the city.
[69] As the British troops debouched into the square of the palace,
their column could have been annihilated by the batteries of the fort
of Santiago, but the archbishop did not permit them to fire, as he
feared the vengeance of the English general. See Montero y Vidal,
ii, p. 28.
[70] At the Parián gate, the resistance was but slight. Seventeen
of the British were killed there, and but five of the Spaniards. See
Sitio y conquista, p. 61.
[71] The archbishop promised the conquerors 1,000,000 pesos for the
expenses of their squadron if they were exempted from the sack.
[72] Ferrando (iv, p. 631) says: "Finally the killing ceased, but the
sack continued contrary to the previous agreement, without the lewdness
of the soldiers pardoning either the honor of the married women or
the virginity of girls, who were everywhere the victims of their
brutal appetites.... According to old histories, many young women,
who had taken refuge during the danger, at the beaterio of Santa Rosa
of this city of Manila, were violated. The venerable mother Paula,
foundress and directress of said institution, asserted that not one
of the girl boarders and collegiates of the house had been violated
by the brutal soldiery."
"There also entered the plaza de armas on this day [October 5],
five hundred marines, dressed, armed, and uniformed like the regular
English troops, who committed all kinds of excesses in the convents,
churches, and houses." A MS. by Alfonso Rodriguez de Ovalle entitled
Sitio de Manila (written in 1763), cited by Marquis de Ayerbe, p. 60.
[73] Evidently Lieutenant Hardwick.
[74] The following account of the assault is taken from Le Gentil,
ii, pp. 252-255:
"Archbishop Roxo was a capable man for the good management of
finances. He was clever in business and very zealous for the
service of the king. But he did not understand anything of military
affairs. Consequently, the factions which were formed, and which he
was unable to resist, were the cause of his not capitulating in time,
and those factions caused the misfortune of Manila.
"It would be difficult to form an idea of the embarrassment in which
this prelate found himself, and of the consternation of the entire
village. I have been assured that the name of Arandia, that man whom
the friars had, two years previously, dubbed a heretic, and toward
whom they had been so hostile that no one could be found who would
take charge of his funeral oration, was heard pronounced several
times. 'If Arandia were living,' said one, several times during the
siege. It was perceived then that they lacked a man to direct. Several
times the archbishop wished to capitulate, but he was prevented. Don
Andres Roxo has assured me very emphatically, that had the archbishop
been alone, and had he not been besieged on one side by the auditors,
and on the other by the friars, he would not have waited until the
English had mounted to the assault. It was in fine a notorious fact
at the time of my stay in Manila, that the fiscal and especially an
auditor, who has died since my departure, were the cause of Roxo not
capitulating in time. Many councils, indeed, were held, but nothing
was determined there. These councils, besides, were very illy made up;
for, if the military men were excused from it, what good could come
from appealing from the auditors there, who knew nothing in this line,
and from fanatic friars. The latter made use of Mother Paula, whom
they pretended had had visions of St. Francis. They carried the news of
those visions to the archbishop, and did what they could to support him
in the flattering idea that St. Francis would work a miracle in favor
of the inhabitants of Manila and that one would see him on the breach,
with his cord in his hand, defending and sustaining the assault, as
he had formerly repulsed the Chinese, who, so they said at Manila,
had risen against this city to the number of more than twenty thousand.
"While the English were pressing Manila, the auditors were besieging
the archbishop, and prevented any one from approaching to speak with
him. Monsieur Fayette, more experienced than the other officers,
seeing the evident danger which was threatening the city, tried,
in spite of the difficulty in penetrating thither, into the presence
of the archbishop, to leap the barrier. Auditor ---- was performing
constant guard duty in the anti-chamber. It was impossible for Monsieur
Fayette to get nearer. He told the auditor what brought him. The latter
sent him back very roughly, giving him to understand that he was an
ignoramus in the trade; that the governor was better informed than he;
that the ministers of the king, who were there to assist the governor
by their counsels, knew all that was to be done. 'Do you take us,'
said he in wrath, 'do you take us for traitors to our fatherland? Do
we not know our obligations?'
"Monsieur Fayette retired. That same afternoon, the archbishop desired
to go in person to view the breach (a fact that has been attested to
me) but Auditor ---- and the fiscal prevented him. They did not wish,
they said, to have his most illustrious Lordship expose himself to so
evident a danger. It is true that, since they were near his person in
order to assist him with their counsels, it would have been necessary
for the two auditors to have accompanied him in his visit.
"Don Andres Roxo has shown me a copy of one of the letters written
to the king by this prelate, when he was near death, in which he
gave his Majesty an account of his conduct, and asked his pardon
for the errors which he had committed. When speaking of the matter
that we have just seen concerning the visit to the breach, he says
'Would to God that a cannon ball had then shortened my days.'
"Next morning bout six o'clock, the same officer (Monsieur Fayette)
returned to make a second attempt. He succeeded finally in getting
quite into the apartment of the archbishop, but it was after he had
deceived and thrown the watchful auditor off his guard. It was then
too late to deliberate. A messenger announced that the enemy were at
the breach, in possession of the bastion of the foundry.
"The English were divided into three columns. The one which was to
mount the breach was preceded by thirty volunteers and pioneers who
were the first to mount, but who probably well knew that they would
find but very little or no opposition.
"The breach was scarcely practicable, and these volunteers had some
difficulty in mounting. Arrived at the bastion, they saw no one to
dispute the ground with them. They cried out to their comrades that
they had found no obstacles, and in fact, the few people that had been
stationed on the bastion had become affrighted, and had fled in both
directions along the wall. Some even threw themselves down from the
walls. The column seeing that these volunteers met no resistance on
the bastion, bravely mounted the breach, and took the bastion. The
volunteers went to the royal gate, where they found a feeble guard,
who, frightened, had taken refuge under an altar of the Virgin which
was in the guardhouse, and before which all the guard were wont to
recite the rosary night and morning. The guard thought that they
were safe from all danger, but the English, having few scruples,
massacred them. They opened the gates to the rest of the troops,
who were only Sepoys, who composed the second column. Thus was Manila
taken by assault."
[75] Anda's baptismal record which is published by Montero y Vidal, ii,
appendix, pp. 606, 607, shows that he was baptized in the church of San
Esteban Protomártir in the village of Subijana de Alava on October 23,
1709. His burial (ut supra, p. 608) is noted in the burial book of
the Manila cathedral under date of October 31, 1776. He was buried
by the famous archbishop, Basilio Sancho de Santa Justa y Rufina,
who was, like Anda, a fighter. See also VOL. XVII, pp. 297, 298.
[76] Law clxxx is as follows: "In some of our Audiencias of the
Indias, it has happened, and it might happen, that the auditors of it
may be absent, and only one auditor remain. We declare in such case
that the Audiencia is to be conserved and continued with only one
auditor." [Felipe III, San Lorenzo, August 14, 1620.] For law lviii,
see VOL. XVII, pp. 313, 314.
[77] All the religious orders but the Jesuits proved loyal and
assisted with money and actual force. The latter maintained most
cordial relations with the enemy. In the summary exposition which was
sent to the pope regarding this matter, it was shown that they preached
against the government, and that their provincial had illicit relations
with Draper during the occupancy of Manila. This was partly the reason
for their expulsion by Cárlos III. In the archives at Simancas, legajo
288 of "Gracia y justicia," exists a document charging the Jesuits
as traitors for their action during the war with the British. See
Montero y Vidal, ii, p. 36, and note. See the letter, post, in which
the Jesuits charge the archbishop with direct treason. The following
items from British magazines are instructive and may partly explain
the Jesuit letter.
"Letters from France advise that his Catholic Majesty will be no
great loser by our taking the Manilas, as the whole of that trade
was in the hands of the Jesuits. A proposal was made to the late
King of Spain, to put a stop to that trade, it being a loss to both
his Majesty and the Spanish nation; but the Jesuit had art enough to
prevent its taking effect." (Scots Magazine, 1763, p. 235.)
"London, Nov. 3. They write from Cadiz, that the treasure belonging
to the Jesuits at Manilla, lately confiscated by orders of the court,
was said to amount to near 20,000,000 pieces of eight, exclusive of
jewels, diamonds, and church-plate." (Scots Magazine, 1763, p. 605.)
"London, Sept. 24. According to letters from Madrid, three eighths of
the treasure drawn from the commerce carried on between Manilla and
Acapulco, had centred among the Spanish Jesuits, amounting annually
to eight millions of dollars." (Scots Magazine, 1767, p. 494.)
[78] This letter is published by Malo de Luque, v, pp. 268, 269; Mas,
i, p. 142; and Montero y Vidal, ii, appendix, p. 579.
[79] Published in Malo de Luque, v, pp. 269-276; Mas, i, pp. 142-146;
and Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 580-583.
[80] Law lvii is as follows: "We order that in the absence of viceroy
or president, so that he cannot govern, our royal Audiencias succeed
to the government, and that the government reside in them, as it could
in the viceroy or president when they performed those duties. The
senior auditor shall be president, and he alone shall make and enact
all the measures belonging to and annexed to the president. And if
the president should be captain-general, the senior auditor shall
also exercise that office until his successor is appointed by us, or
until one is sent who shall have powers to act as such by our orders,
unless the opposite or contrary is ordered in some Audiencias by the
laws of this book." [Felipe II, Toledo, May 25, 1596, ordinance 43,
concerning Audiencias; Felipe IV, Madrid, April 8, 1629; and in this
Recopilación.]
[81] This testimony, which is given by Mas, i, pp. 139-141, and
Montero y Vidal, Historia, ii, appendix, pp. 577-579, notes that
Anda was appointed by the archbishop, in his capacity of governor
and captain-general, as lieutenant governor and captain-general of
the islands, in due form, sealed with the arms of the archbishop
and countersigned by Ramón Orendain, chief government secretary,
on October 1. On the same day he was appointed visitor general, by
the royal Audiencia, of all the provinces of the islands, the royal
provision therefor being despatched with the royal seal registered by
Andres José Rojo, lieutenant of the grand chancellor, and countersigned
by Juan de Monroy, assembly secretary. He was received in his official
capacity in the province of Bulacan, and when, on the fifth, news was
received of the assault and capture of Manila by the British, upon him
devolved the duties of the royal Audiencia, and of the governor and
captain-general. The treasurer Nicolás de Echauz Beaumont was ordered
to move the moneys in his charge into the interior. Accordingly he
went to the province of Laguna, but for greater security was ordered
to go later to Pampanga.
[82] Montero y Vidal's version reads "loyalty to the king, ... and
defense of these provinces, without giving or allowing terms for
their foreign subjection to the slightest degree"--a better reading.
[83] Anda left Manila with but 500 pesos. See Sitio y conquista, p. 80.
[84] Montero y Vidal reads "what is not allowed."
[85] This passport reads as follows: "This is to certify that
Don Simon de Anda y Salazar, minister of his Catholic Majesty,
has my permission to come with all safety to this city. This order
is directed to each one to whom it pertains, so that he may allow
him to pass, in accordance with its contents. Guillermo Drapert,
commander-in-chief. General barracks, October 25, 1762. I retain
the original in my possession, in order that it may run no risk
[of being destroyed or lost]. Your Lordship may come without the
slightest fear. The Archbishop."
[86] This date is easily explained by the fact that the British used
the calendar of India, which was one day in advance of that of the
Spanish in the Philippines.
[87] An edict issued by Anda on October 26, 1762, after protesting
against British occupation, orders the alcaldes-mayor to pay no heed
to despatches or orders issued by the archbishop, either in his own
name or that of the British. The bearers of such despatches are to
be arrested.
[88] On September 24, the British leaders had issued their first
manifesto for the native populations, reassuring the natives that
no harm would be done them and that they would be allowed freedom of
worship if they did not aid the Spaniards. See Ingleses en Filipinas
(MS.), pp. 80, 81; and Sitio y conquista, pp. 39, 40.
[89] Published by Montero y Vidal, in his Historia, ii, appendix,
pp. 587-589. It is dated October 28 in this version, and is signed by
Juan Monroy and Ramon de Orendaín, in addition to the archbishop. It
is also contained in another MS. belonging to Edward E. Ayer, where
it is dated October 28.
[90] The "Filipino" carried according to a contemporaneous account,
two and one-half millions of pesos fuertes. See Ferrando, iv, p. 624.
[91] Dawson Drake took over the command of Manila October 10, 1762. See
Sitio y conquista, p. 69.
[92] Other things demanded in the petition of the natives were: the
return of the tribute that had been collected; the removal of the
schoolmaster and the church fiscal; the removal of the alcalde-mayor
of the province; permanence of office for the then master-of-camp of
the province (Ferrando, iv, p. 660).
[93] The Marquis de Ayerbe says (Sitio y conquista, pp. 91-93)
that nine hundred Sangleys conspired against Anda at Guagua, who in
connivance with those of Manila, numbered more than 5,000. Anda was
informed of the conspiracy by a native. By his promptness of action,
he attacked and defeated the entrenched Sangleys, capturing from them
nine barrels of powder, many guns, and nine thousand pesos.
[94] In the Museo-Biblioteca de Ultramar, Madrid, there is a tastefully
carved plate of some hard Philippine wood, on which are three separate
inscriptions, also carved in the wood. This plate was set up by Anda on
the gate of the village of Sesmoan in the province of Pampanga. When
the walls were destroyed, this plate was preserved in the house of
the parish priest and was later (1857) sent to Manila where it was
preserved in the Audiencia building (June 1, 1858), as a memorial of
the signal services of Anda.
[95] Published by Malo de Luque, v, pp. 278-281; Mas, i, pp. 167,
168; and Montero y Vidal, ii, pp, 590, 591.
[96] The provincial and all the fathers of the college of Santa Cruz
were imprisoned on mere suspicion; and the same was done with the
prior of the Augustinian convent. All the religious and students of
Santo Tomás were imprisoned, and charged with urging the soldiers
to desert. The British took advantage of this to search the convents
and carry off what they wished. See Sitio y conquista, pp. 75, 76.
[97] Bernardo Pazuengos was born at Garnica in the diocese of
Calahorra, May 22, 1706. He was admitted into the Jesuit order,
October 9, 1720, and went to the Philippines in 1732, where he taught
philosophy and theology at Manila. Returning to Spain as procurator,
he went to Mexico in 1754. In 1764 (sic, in Sommervogel, but this
date must be an error, as he is provincial in 1763), he was made
provincial of the Philippines. See Sommervogel, vi, cols. 413, 414.
[98] When Villacorta was arrested, the English promised to liberate
him if Anda would retire from Pampanga to some other province (Martinez
de Zúñiga, p. 648).
[99] Published in Malo de Luque, v, pp. 290-292; Mas, i, pp. 170-172;
and Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 593, 594.
[100] The library of Mr. Edward E. Ayer, of Chicago contains a
series of manuscripts bound into one document, and entitled: "Papers
apropos of the representation of the royal Audiencia and the posts
of governor and captain general having devolved upon Sr. Don Simon
de Anda y Salasar; and the measures taken by him as such during the
invasion of the English at that capital." From a paper accompanying
this MS. we translate as follows: "In the 63 useful sheets of which it
is composed, it contains original testimonies of those appointments,
acts, measures, and autograph orders, dictated and directed by Anda to
all the authorities of those islands in order that he might keep the
country obedient and under the dominion of his Majesty, during the
war sustained against the English in 1762 and the following years,
in which the English gained control of Manila and Cavite, until they
were expelled and said places recovered by the Spaniards; with the
original replies and testimonies of obedience and respect, which were
given to Anda as such captain general by the prelates, alcaldes-mayor,
provincial chiefs, reverend fathers of the religious orders, and all
the natives of the country; evidence of the offers made him; replies
of the said Anda to them; and other details interesting on account
of their text, and the form and originality which they show." These
are the originals, or contemporaneous copies thereof, and cover the
years 1762-1764. Lack of space forbids the use of any of them here.
[101] A German lay brother and Santiago de Orendaín went completely
over to the English. They burned many summer residences in the suburbs,
and caused all the prisoners to swear allegiance to the British,
although many failed to keep this forced oath. See Sitio y conquista,
pp. 73, 74.
[102] Among the prisoners taken by the enemy were the king of Joló and
his son Israel, who bore themselves like brave men, and more honorably
than some of the Spaniards who fought there. When the British forces
left, the king of Joló also fled in a ship of the English East India
Company. See Sitio y conquista, pp. 90, 130.
[103] Published in part in Malo de Luque, v, pp. 293-310; Mas, i,
pp. 172-181; and Montero y Vidal, ii, pp. 594-602. The most interesting
part, that reproduced above, is omitted by each of these writers.