DISCOVERY AND EARLY DESCRIPTIONS
In the second volume of Collins’s _Account of the English Colony in
New South Wales_ (1802, p. 62), under date ‘November, 1797,’ there
occurs the following account of what was apparently the first platypus
captured by a European:--
“The Kangaroo, the Dog, the Opossum, the Flying Squirrel, the
Kangaroo Rat, a spotted Rat, the common Rat, and the large Fox-bat
(if entitled to a place in this society), made up the whole catalogue
of animals that were known at this time, with the exception which
must now be made of an amphibious animal, of the mole species, one
of which had been lately found on the banks of a lake near the
Hawkesbury. In size it was considerably larger than the land mole.
The eyes were very small. The fore-legs, which were shorter than
the hind, were observed, at the feet, to be provided with four
claws, and a membrane, or web, that spread considerably beyond them,
while the feet of the hind legs were furnished, not only with this
membrane or web, but with four long and sharp claws, that projected
as much beyond the web, as the web projected beyond the claws of the
fore-feet. The tail of this animal was thick, short, and very fat;
but the most extraordinary circumstance observed in its structure
was, its having, instead of the mouth of an animal, the upper and
lower mandibles of a duck. By these it was enabled to supply itself
with food, like that bird, in muddy places, or on the banks of the
lakes, in which its webbed feet enabled it to swim; while on shore
its long and sharp claws were employed in burrowing; nature thus
providing for it in its double or amphibious character. These little
animals had been frequently noticed rising to the surface of the
water, and blowing like the turtle.”
Collins also included an engraving of the animal “from a drawing made
on the spot by Governor Hunter”, which appears on p. 63, with the
following legend:--
“AN AMPHIBIOUS ANIMAL of the MOLE KIND _which Inhabits the Banks
of the fresh water Lagoons in New South Wales--its fore-feet are
evidently their principal assistance in Swimming and their hind
feet having the Claws extending beyond the Web’d part are useful in
burrowing_.”
A reproduction of this engraving is given on Plate 5.
[Illustration: ORNITHORHYNCUS PARADOXUS
Reproduced from the engraving in Collins’ _New South Wales_ (1802).
The inference to be drawn from Collins’ description, read in
conjunction with the reference (under the engraving) to the hind
feet being useful in burrowing, is that the burrowing is done with
the hind feet. If that meaning was intended, Collins was evidently
misled by anatomical probabilities in assuming the function of the
projecting hind-claws for that purpose and ignoring the possibility
of the projecting web of the fore-paws being “palmed” to admit of the
claws being used for burrowing. The actual method of burrowing is
described on pages 112 and 120.
_Plate 5_]
It has not been possible to trace with certainty the subsequent history
of this individual platypus. In the following year (1798), however, a
specimen came into the hands of an English naturalist named Dobson,
and--as already mentioned on page 1--was described by George Shaw.
Shaw’s description was illustrated by two plates--Pl. 385, giving a
view of the whole animal, and Pl. 386, on which are figured three
aspects of the “bill”, and the fore-paw and hind foot. These are the
first published figures. The work in which Shaw’s original description
occurs is not easily accessible to the general reader, which fact is
some justification for quoting the full text. But the surprise of the
zoologist at the novel nature of the animal before him, and his uneasy
doubt whether he is not being deceived by a clever taxidermist’s wiles,
render the description too delightful to be omitted:--
“The animal exhibited on the present plate constitutes a new and
singular genus, which, in the Linnaean arrangement of Quadrupeds,
should be placed in the order _Bruta_, and should stand next to the
genus Myrmecophaga.
“Of all the Mammalia yet known it seems the most extraordinary in
its conformation, exhibiting the perfect resemblance of the beak
of a Duck engrafted on the head of a quadruped. So accurate is the
similitude, that, at first view, it naturally excites the idea of
some deceptive preparation by artificial means: the very epidermis,
proportion, serratures, manner of opening, and other particulars
of the beak of a shoveler, or other broad-billed species of duck,
presenting themselves to the view: nor is it without the most minute
and rigid examination that we can persuade ourselves of its being the
real beak or snout of a quadruped.
“The body is depressed, and has some resemblance to that of an Otter
in miniature: it is covered with a very thick, soft, and beaver-like
fur, and is of a moderately dark brown above, and of a subferruginous
white beneath. The head is flattish, and rather small than large:
the mouth or snout, as before observed, so exactly resembles that
of some broad-billed species of duck that it might be mistaken for
such: round the base is a flat, circular membrane, somewhat deeper
or wider below than above; viz. below near the fifth of an inch, and
above about an eighth. The tail is flat, furry like the body, rather
short, and obtuse, with an almost bifid termination: it is broader
at the base, and gradually lessens to the tip, and is about three
inches in length: its colour is similar to that of the body. The
length of the whole animal from the tip of the beak to that of the
tail is thirteen inches: of the beak an inch and a half. The legs
are very short, terminating in a broad web, which on the fore-feet
extends to a considerable distance beyond the claws; but on the hind
feet reaches no farther than the roots of the claws. On the fore-feet
are five claws, straight, strong, and sharp-pointed: the two exterior
ones somewhat shorter than the three middle ones. On the hind feet
are six claws, longer and more inclining to a curved form than those
on the fore-feet: the exterior toe and claw are considerably shorter
than the four middle ones: the interior or sixth is seated much
higher up than the rest, and resembles a strong, sharp spur. All the
legs are hairy above: the fore-feet are naked both above and below;
but the hind feet are hairy above, and naked below. The internal
edges of the under mandible, (which is narrower than the upper) are
serrated or channelled with numerous striae, as in a duck’s bill. The
nostrils are small and round, and are situated about a quarter of an
inch from the tip of the bill, and are about an eighth of an inch
distant from each other. There is no appearance of teeth: the palate
is removed, but seems to have resembled that of a duck: the tongue
also is wanting in the specimen. The ears or auditory foramina are
placed about half an inch beyond the eyes; they appear like a pair
of oval holes of the eighth of an inch in diameter, there being no
external ear. On the upper part of the head, on each side, a little
beyond the beak, are situated two smallish, oval, white spots; in
the lower part of each of which are imbedded the eyes, or at least
the parts allotted to the animal for some kind of vision; for from
the thickness of the fur and the smallness of the organs they seem
to have been but obscurely calculated for distinct vision, and are
probably like those of Moles, and some other animals of that tribe;
or perhaps even subcutaneous; the whole apparent diameter of the
cavity in which they were placed not exceeding the tenth of an inch.
[Illustration: MALE PLATYPUS FLOATING.
Of the upper surface, the only portions wholly submerged are the root
and tip of the tail.
_Plate 5_]
“When we consider the general form of this animal, and particularly
its bill and webbed feet, we shall readily perceive that it must be
a resident in watery situations; that it has the habits of digging
or burrowing in the banks of rivers, or under ground; and that its
food consists of aquatic plants and animals. This is all that can at
present be reasonably guessed at: future observations, made in its
native regions, will, it is hoped, afford us more ample information,
and will make us fully acquainted with the natural history of an
animal which differs so widely from all other quadrupeds, and which
verifies in so striking a manner the observation of Buffon; viz.
that whatever was possible for Nature to produce has actually been
produced.
“On a subject so extraordinary as the present, a degree of scepticism
is not only pardonable, but laudable; and I ought perhaps to
acknowledge that I almost doubt the testimony of my own eyes with
respect to the structure of this animal’s beak; yet must confess that
I can perceive no appearance of any deceptive preparation; and the
edges of the rictus, the insertion, &c., when tried by the test of
maceration in water, so as to render every part completely moveable
seem perfectly natural; nor can the most accurate examination of
expert anatomists discover any deception in this particular.
“The Platypus is a native of Australasia or New Holland, and is at
present in the possession of Mr. Dobson, so much distinguished by his
exquisite manner of preparing specimens of vegetable anatomy.”
Two years later Shaw repeated this description in his _General Zoology_
(1800, Vol. 1, pp. 228-232), with the following remarks as preface:--
“Of this most extraordinary genus the first description appeared
in the _Naturalist’s Miscellany_; but as the individual there
described was the only one which had been seen, it was impossible
not to entertain some distant doubts as to the genuine nature of the
animal, and to surmise, that, though in appearance perfectly natural,
there might still have been practised some arts of deception in
its structure. I, therefore, hesitated as to admitting it into the
present History of Quadrupeds. Two more specimens, however, having
been very lately sent over from New Holland, by Governor Hunter, to
Sir Joseph Banks, the suspicions before mentioned are now completely
dissipated.”
It is clear from this that up to 1800 only three specimens had come
under Shaw’s notice. Whether from the words “as the individual there
described was the only one which has been seen” we are justified in
concluding that this individual was identical with that mentioned by
Collins, is another matter; but it seems at least probable. Little is
known of the subsequent history of the skin which served as the type
for Shaw’s description, but it was ultimately presented by Latham to
the British Museum, where it is now preserved. Mr. Oldfield Thomas
writes:--
“I have lying in front of me the original type skin of Shaw’s
_Platypus anatinus_, but I am afraid I can give you practically
no details of its history more than is printed in my Catalogue of
Mammalia.
“It is an immature male with the spurs cut off (No. 110c of Gray’s
List of Mammalia in the British Museum, 1843) 343 millimetres in
extreme length. There were no registers in those days.”
Mr. Tom Iredale has directed attention to the fact that Hunter, besides
the specimens which he had forwarded to London, also sent to Newcastle
a platypus which reached the Literary and Philosophical Society of
that city in 1798, together with a wombat, probably the first to reach
England. These two animals were described by Bewick in an addendum
to the fourth and all subsequent editions of his _General History of
Quadrupeds_. I have not seen the fourth edition, but quote from the
seventh (1820, p. 524):--
“We are favoured by the Literary and Philosophical Society of
Newcastle upon Tyne, with the figures and descriptions of two very
rare animals, sent to them from New South Wales, by James Hunter,
Esq. governor of that settlement.... The other seems to be an animal
_sui generis_; it appears to possess a threefold nature, that of a
fish, a bird, and a quadruped, and is related to nothing that we
have hitherto seen: we shall not attempt to arrange it in any of the
usual modes of classification, but content ourselves with giving
the description of both these curious animals as they have been
transmitted to us.”
On p. 528 appears a woodcut of the platypus with a legend--“An
Amphibious Animal”--and the following description:--
“is found in freshwater lakes, and is about the size of a small
Cat; it chiefly frequents the banks of the lakes; its bill is very
similar to that of a Duck, and it probably feeds in muddy places in
the same way; its eyes are very small; it has four short legs; the
fore-legs are shorter than those of the hind, and their webs spread
considerably beyond the claws, which enables it to swim with great
ease; the hind legs are also webbed, and the claws are long and
sharp. They are frequently seen on the surface of the water, where
they blow like a turtle: their tail is thick, short, and very fat.
“The natives say they sometimes see them of a very large size.”
Bewick made no attempt to name the animal, and it appears in his index
simply as “An Amphibious Animal of New South Wales.”
The first four specimens sent to England were in the form of dried
skins. Home (1802, p. 69), writing after he had received specimens
(in spirit) of the integumentary flap which surrounds the base of the
muzzle, uses the following words:--
“In dried specimens that have been brought to England, the flap has
been contracted in drying, and stands up perpendicularly. This,
however, is now ascertained not to be its natural situation.”
As Home received from Banks the material which he described, it is
reasonably certain that he refers to the two individuals sent by
Hunter. One of these was sent to Blumenbach at Göttingen, who records
(1800, p. 206) that he has received a stuffed specimen from “the Hon.
Baronet Banks,” the first that had been sent from England to the
Continent. This individual he described as _Ornithorhynchus paradoxus_.
Weidemann, who also described the platypus in 1800 (as _Dermipus
anatinus_), apparently had no specimen, and merely gave a German
version of Shaw’s description with an indifferent copy of his figure.
Blumenbach (1801, p. 724) published an extract from a letter from Banks
in which he stated that he now had a couple of spirit specimens, and
gave a short description of them. These specimens formed the basis
of the first anatomical description by Home (1802). The official
correspondence in the _Historical Records of New South Wales_ shows
that one of these was sent by Governor King, who succeeded Hunter.
King writes to Banks on 28 September, 1800:--“I send you by the
hands of Capt. Kent, who is nephew to Governor Hunter, and commands
the _Buffalo_, which he takes home with him, a cask in which is a
water-mole ... (_Historical Records of N.S.W._, IV., p. 205), which
I hope will all get safe, particularly the mole, which you desired.”
In due course Kent writes from on board the _Buffalo_ in Portsmouth
harbour, on 1 July, 1801:--“The keg containing the water-mole and other
articles in spirits ... I have still on board” (_loc. cit._, p. 427).
We can find no record of the other spirit specimen sent about this
time, but it is probable that this also was sent by King. A pencil
note in Banks’s handwriting records that two animals were received.
A further spirit specimen is that of which Home (1802, p. 356)
writes:--“... had I not been favoured by Sir Joseph Banks with a
specimen of the paradoxus, brought from New South Wales by Mr.
Belmain.” Balmain came out as assistant surgeon with the First Fleet,
succeeded John White as head surgeon in 1796, and returned to England
on leave by the _Albion_, arriving in March, 1802. A box of specimens
was placed by King in his personal charge for delivery to Banks
(_Historical Records of N.S.W._, IV, pp. 514-5).
It is of interest to note in passing that King uses the name
‘water-mole’ in the letter quoted above, but in a later letter to Banks
(dated 5th June, 1802) writes:--“I do not recollect what things I sent
by the Buffalo besides the duckbill....” (_loc. cit._, p. 784). These
are the first mentions noted of the two names which were in vernacular
use for many decades.
The first account of the habits of the platypus is that given to Home
by Hunter. Home writes (1802, p. 67):--
“Governor Hunter, who has lately returned from New South Wales, where
he had opportunities of seeing them alive, has favoured me with the
following particulars respecting them.
“The _Ornithorhynchus_ is only found in freshwater lakes, of
which there are many in the interior parts of the country, some
three-quarters of a mile long, and several hundred yards broad.
This animal does not swim upon the surface of the water, but comes
up occasionally to breathe, which it does in the same manner as the
turtle. The natives sit upon the banks, with small wooden spears,
and watch them every time they come to the surface, till they get
a proper opportunity of striking them. This they do with much
dexterity; and frequently succeed in catching them in this way.
“Governor Hunter saw a native watch one for above an hour before he
attempted to spear it, which he did through the neck and fore leg;
when on shore, it used its claws with so much force, that they were
obliged to confine it between two pieces of board, while they were
cutting off the barbs of the spear, to disengage it. When let loose,
it ran upon the ground with as much activity as a land tortoise;
which is faster than the structure of its fore-feet would have led us
to believe. It inhabits the banks of the lakes, and is supposed to
feed in the muddy places which surround them; but the particular kind
of food on which it subsists, is not known.”
As the second volume of Collins’s _New South Wales_ was not published
until 1802--by which time Home’s paper had appeared, and a copy had
been sent by him to Collins--the author was able to include a further
account of the platypus (1802, pp. 321-8), abstracted from Home.
Hunter’s account forms the basis of most statements concerning the
economy of the animal which appear in European works on natural history
during the next three decades. Since the first discovery was made ‘on
the banks of a lake near the Hawkesbury,’ the platypus is invariably
described as a dweller on the banks of lakes, and its more customary
habitat in rivers is not mentioned. Mr. Henry Selkirk, who has a
long-standing familiarity with the Hawkesbury district, informs me that
he thinks it probable that the lake mentioned as the site of the first
discovery is one of several lagoons close to the town of Richmond. He
himself, as a boy, made his first acquaintance with the platypus in
those waters.
These meagre particulars are all that I have been able to gather
concerning the discovery of the platypus. In view of the interest which
it excited in Europe, and of the keen demand for specimens that must
have followed immediately upon the first description, it is rather
remarkable that contemporary journals and official documents should be
so barren of reference to it. White and Tench, who would surely have
told us more had they been in the colony at the time, had unfortunately
returned to England before the discovery. Hunter, to whom we owe the
first drawing of the animal, as well as the first description of its
habits, appears to have taken his recall very much to heart. Little is
known of his subsequent history, and he made no effort to continue his
journal over the period of years which included the first finding of
the platypus.
It is certain, however, that there was a brisk traffic in specimens.
When the great controversy as to the zoological position of the
platypus, and its method of reproduction, began in the second decade
of the nineteenth century, most European museums were in possession
of material. Much of this was, doubtless, brought back by the various
French scientific expeditions of which mention is made hereafter;
but a great deal must have passed through English hands, and records
of this may be presumed to exist somewhere. They have not, however,
been revealed, and the only other contemporary account which I can
find is in Barrington’s _History of New South Wales_ (1804), which is
substantially reproduced, without acknowledgment, from Home.