CLOSING DAYS AND SUMMARY
Huxley's Life in London--Decennial
Periods--Ill-health--Retirement to Eastbourne--Death--Personal
Appearance--Methods of Work--Personal Characteristics--An
Inspirer of Others--His Influence in Science--A Naturalist by
Vocation--His Aspirations.
Huxley's life followed the quiet and even tenor of that of a
professional man of science and letters. The great adventure in it was
his youthful voyage on the _Rattlesnake_. That over, and his choice
made in favour of science as against medicine, he settled down in
London. He married happily and shared in the common joys and sorrows
of domestic life. Advancement came to him steadily, and, although he
was never rich, after the first few years of life in London, his
income was always adequate to his moderate needs. For the greater part
of his working life, he lived actually in London, in the ordinary
style and with the ordinary social enjoyments of a professional man.
His duties in connection with the Royal College of Science and with
the Geological Survey were not arduous but constant; his time was
fully occupied with these, with his scientific and literary work, with
the business of scientific societies, with the occasional obligations
of royal commissions, public boards, and lecturing engagements. The
quiet routine of his life was diversified by many visits to provincial
towns to deliver lectures or addresses, by meetings of the British
Association, by holidays in Switzerland, during which, with Tyndall,
he made special studies of the phenomena of glaciation, and in the
usual Continental resorts, and by several trips to America.
In a rough-and-ready fashion, Huxley's active life may be broken into
a set of decennial periods, each with tolerably distinctive
characters. The first period, roughly from 1850 to 1860, was almost
purely scientific. It was occupied by his voyage, by his transition to
science as a career, his researches into the invertebrate forms of
life, the beginning of his palæontological investigations, and a
comparatively small amount of lecturing and literary work. The second
decennium still found him employed chiefly in research, vertebrate and
extinct forms absorbing most of his attention. He was occupied
actively with teaching, but the dominant feature of the decennium was
his assumption of the Darwinian doctrines. In connection with these
latter, his literary and lecturing work increased greatly, and the
side issues of what was, in itself, purely a scientific controversy
began to lead him into metaphysical and religious studies. The third
period, from 1870 to 1880, was considerably different in character. He
had become the most prominent man in biological science in England, at
a time when biological science was attracting a quite unusual amount
of scientific and public attention. Public honours and public duties,
some of them scientific, others general, began to crowd upon him, and
the time at his disposal for the quiet labours of investigation
became rapidly more limited within this period. He was secretary of
the Royal Society, a member of the London School Board, president of
the British Association, Lord Rector at several universities, member
of many royal commissions, government inspector of fisheries,
president of the Geological Society. In this multitude of duties it
was natural that the bulk of strictly scientific output was limited,
but, on the other hand, his literary output was much larger. Between
1880 and 1890 he had reached the full maturity of a splendid
reputation, and honours and duties pressed thick upon him. For part of
the time he was president of the Royal Society, the most distinguished
position to which a scientific man in England can attain, and he was
held by the general public at least in as high esteem as by his
scientific contemporaries. A small amount of original scientific work
still appeared from his pen, but he was occupied chiefly with more
general contributions to thought.
[Illustration: CARICATURE OF HUXLEY DRAWN BY HIMSELF
Reproduced by permission from _Natural Science_, vol. vii., No. 46]
Throughout his life, Huxley had never been robust. From his youth
upwards he had been troubled by dyspepsia with its usual accompaniment
of occasional fits of severe mental and physical depression. In 1872
he was compelled to take a long holiday in Egypt, and, although he
returned to resume full labour, it is doubtful if from that time
onwards he recovered even the strength normal to him. In 1885, his
ill-health became grave; in the following years he had two attacks of
pleurisy, and symptoms of cardiac mischief became pressing. He
gradually withdrew from his official posts, and, in 1890, retired to
Eastbourne, where he had built himself a house on the Downs. The more
healthy conditions and the comparative leisure he permitted himself
had a good effect, and he was able to write some of his most
brilliant essays and to make a few public appearances: at Oxford in
1893, when he delivered the Romanes lecture; at the meeting of the
British Association in 1894, when he spoke on the vote of thanks to
the President, the Marquis of Salisbury; at the Royal Society in the
same year when he received the recently established "Darwin Medal."
Early in the spring of 1895, he had a prostrating attack of influenza,
and from that time until his death on June 29, 1895, he was an
invalid. He was buried in the Marylebone cemetery at Finchley, to the
north of London.
Huxley was of middle stature and rather slender build. His face, as
Professor Ray Lankester described it, was "grave, black-browed, and
fiercely earnest." His hair, plentiful and worn rather long, was black
until in old age it became silvery white. He wore short side whiskers,
but shaved the rest of his face, leaving fully exposed an obstinate
chin, and mobile lips, grim and resolute in repose, but capable of
relaxation into a smile of almost feminine charm.
He was a very hard worker and took little exercise. Professor Howes
describes a typical day as occupied by lecture and laboratory work at
the College of Science until his hurried luncheon; then a cab-drive to
the Home Office for his work as Inspector of Fisheries; then a cab
home for an hour's work before dinner, and the evening after dinner
spent in literary work or scientific reading. While at work, his whole
attention was engrossed, and he disliked being disturbed. This
abstraction of his attention is illustrated humorously by a story told
by one of his demonstrators. Huxley was engaged in the investigations
required for his book on the Crayfish, and his demonstrator came in to
ask a question about a codfish. "Codfish?" said Huxley; "that's a
vertebrate, isn't it? Ask me in a fortnight and I'll consider it."
While at work he smoked almost continuously, and from time to time he
took a little relaxation, for the strains of a fiddle were
occasionally heard from his room. Indeed he was devoted to music,
regarding it as one of the highest of the æsthetic pleasures. He tells
us himself:
"When I was a boy, I was very fond of music, and I am so now; and
it so happened that I had the opportunity of hearing much good
music. Among other things, I had abundant opportunities of
hearing that great old master, Sebastian Bach. I remember
perfectly well--although I knew nothing about music then, and, I
may add, know nothing whatever about it now--the intense
satisfaction and delight which I had in listening, by the hour
together, to Bach's fugues. It is a pleasure which remains with
me, I am glad to think; but, of late years, I have tried to find
out the why and wherefore, and it has often occurred to me that
the pleasure derived from musical compositions of this kind is
essentially of the same nature as that which is derived from
pursuits which are commonly regarded as purely intellectual. I
mean, that the source of pleasure is exactly the same as in most
of my problems in morphology--that you have the theme in one of
the old masters' works followed out in all its endless
variations, always appearing and always reminding you of unity in
variety."
He had a hot temper, and did not readily brook opposition, especially
when that seemed to him to be the result of stupidity or of prejudice
rather than of reason, and his own reason was of a very clear,
decided, and exact order. He had little sympathy with vacillation of
any kind, whether it arose from mere infirmity of purpose or from the
temperament which delights in balancing opposing considerations. He
said on one occasion:
"A great lawyer-statesman and philosopher of a former age--I mean
Francis Bacon--said that truth came out of error much more
rapidly than out of confusion. There is a wonderful truth in that
saying. Next to being right in this world, the best of all things
is to be clearly and definitely wrong, because you will come out
somewhere. If you go buzzing about between right and wrong,
vibrating and fluctuating, you come out nowhere; but if you are
absolutely and thoroughly and persistently wrong, you must, some
of these days, have the extreme good fortune of knocking your
head against a fact, and that sets you all straight again. So I
will not trouble myself as to whether I may be right or wrong in
what I am about to say, but at any rate I hope to be clear and
definite; and then you will be able to judge for yourselves
whether, in following out the train of thought I have to
introduce, you knock your heads against facts or not."
The particular suggestions to which these remarks were the
characteristic introduction related to definite problems of education,
that is to say, to questions upon which some action was urgent. It was
in all cases of life, in science or affairs, that Huxley was resolute
for clear ideas and definite courses of conduct. As a matter of fact,
no one ever took greater care to satisfy himself as best he could as
to what was right and what was wrong; but where action rather than
reflection was needed, then his principle was to act, and to know
definitely and clearly why you acted and for what you acted. In
matters of opinion, on the other hand, he was all for not coming to a
definite opinion when the facts obtainable did not justify such an
opinion. In thought, agnosticism, the refusal to accept any ideas or
principles except on sufficient evidence; in action, positivism, to
act promptly in definite and known directions for definite and known
objects: these were his principles.
Another aspect of the same trait of character, he shewed in an address
to medical students at a distribution of prizes. After congratulating
the victors he confessed to "an undercurrent of sympathy for those who
have not been successful, for those valiant knights who have been
overthrown in their tourney, and have not made their appearance in
public." After recounting an early failure of his own, he proceeded:
"I said to myself, 'Never mind; what's the next thing to be
done?' And I found that policy of 'never minding' and going on to
the next thing to be done, to be the most important of all
policies in the conduct of practical life. It does not matter how
many tumbles you have in this life, so long as you do not get
dirty when you tumble; it is only the people who have to stop to
be washed and made clean, who must necessarily lose the race. You
learn that which is of inestimable importance--that there are a
great many people in the world who are just as clever as you are.
You learn to put your trust, by and by, in an economy and
frugality of the exercise of your powers both moral and
intellectual; and you very soon find out, if you have not found
it out before, that patience and tenacity of purpose are worth
more than twice their weight of cleverness."
All Huxley's work was marked by a quality which may be called
conscientiousness or thoroughness. Looking through his memoirs,
written many years ago, the subjects of which have since been handled
and rehandled by other writers with new knowledge and with new methods
at their disposal, one is struck that all the observations he made
have stood their ground. With new facts new generalisations have often
been reached, and some of the positions occupied by Huxley have been
turned. But what he saw and described had not to be redescribed; the
citations he made from the older authorities were always so chosen as
to contain the exact gist of the writers. These qualities, admirable
in scientific work, became at once admirable and terrible in his
controversial writings. His own exactness made him ruthless in
exposing any inexactness in his adversaries, and there were few
disputants who left an argument with Huxley in an undamaged condition.
The consciousness which he had of his own careful methods, added to a
natural pugnacity, gave him an intellectual courage of a very high
order. As he knew himself to have made sure of his premisses, he did
not care whither his conclusions might lead him, against whatsoever
established doctrine or accepted axiom.
There was, however, a strong spice of natural combativeness in his
nature, the direct result of his native and highly trained critical
faculty. He tells us that in the pre-Darwinian days he was accustomed
to defend the fixity of species in the company of evolutionists and in
the presence of the orthodox to attack the same doctrine. Later in
life, when evolution had become fashionable, and the principles of
Darwinism were being elevated into a new dogmatism, he was as ready to
criticise the loose adherents of his own views as he had been to
expose the weakness of the conventional dogmatists.
Perhaps the most striking feature of Huxley's work as a whole was its
infectious nature. His vigorous and decided personality was reflected
on all the subjects to which he gave attention, and in the same
fashion as his presence infected persons with a personal enthusiasm so
his writings stimulated readers to efforts along the same lines. His
great influence is clear in the number and distinction of the
biologists who came under his personal care, and in the great army of
writers and thinkers who have been inspired by his views and methods
on general questions. His position as an actual contributor to science
has to a certain extent been lost sight of for two reasons. In the
first place, his effect on the world as an expositor of the scientific
method in its general application to life has overshadowed his exact
work; in the second place, his exact work itself has been partly lost
sight of in the new discoveries and advances to which it gave rise. It
is therefore necessary to reiterate that, apart from all his other
successes, he had made for himself an extremely distinguished position
in the annals of exact science. Sir Michael Foster and Prof. Ray
Lankester, in their preface to the collected edition of his scientific
memoirs, make a just claim for him. These memoirs, they wrote, show
that, "apart from the influence exerted by his popular writings, the
progress of biology during the present century was largely due to
labours of his of which the general public knew nothing, and that he
was in some respects the most original and most fertile in discovery
of all his fellow workers in the same branch of science."
There can be little question that it was no accident that determined
the direction of Huxley's career. He was a naturalist by inborn
vocation. The contrast between a natural bent and an acquired habit of
life was well seen in the case of Huxley and Macgillivray, his
companion on the _Rattlesnake_. The former was appointed as a surgeon,
and it was no part of his duties to busy himself with the creatures of
the sea; and yet his observations on them made a series of real
contributions to biological science and laid the sure foundation of a
world-wide and enduring reputation. The latter was the son of a
naturalist, a naturalist by profession, and appointed to the
expedition as its official naturalist; and yet he made only a few
observations and a limited collection of curiosities, and even his
exiguous place in the annals of zoölogy is the accidental result of
his companionship with Huxley. The special natural endowments which
Huxley brought to the study of zoölogy were, in the first place, a
faculty for the patient and assiduous observation of facts; in the
second, a swift power of discriminating between the essential and the
accessory among facts; in the third, the constructive ability to
arrange these essentials in wide generalisations which we call laws or
principles and which, within the limits necessarily set by inductive
principles, are the starting-point for new deductions. These were the
faculties which he brought to his science, but there were added to
them two personal characteristics without which they would not have
taken him far. They were impelled by a driving force which
distinguishes the successful man from the muddler and without which
the finest mental powers are as useless as a complicated machine
disconnected from its driving-wheel. They were directed by a lofty and
disinterested enthusiasm, without which the most talented man is a
mere self-seeker, useless or dangerous to society. The faculties and
qualities which made Huxley great as a zoölogist were practically
those which he applied to the general questions of biological theory,
to the problems of education and of society, and to philosophy and
metaphysics. A comparison between his sane and forcible handling of
questions that lay outside the special province to which the greater
part of his life was devoted, with the dubious and involved treatment
given such questions by the professional politicians to whom the
English races tend to entrust their destinies, is a useful comment on
that value of science as discipline to which Huxley so strenuously
called attention.
There can be no better way of ending this sketch of Huxley's life and
work than by quoting his own account of the objects to which he had
devoted himself consciously. These were:
"To promote the increase of natural knowledge and to forward the
application of scientific methods of investigation to all the
problems of life to the best of my ability, in the conviction
which has grown with my growth and strengthened with my strength,
that there is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind except
veracity of thought and of action, and the resolute facing of the
world as it is when the garment of make-believe by which pious
hands have hidden its uglier features is stripped off.
"It is with this intent that I have subordinated any reasonable
or unreasonable ambition for scientific fame which I may have
permitted myself to entertain to other ends; to the
popularisation of science; to the development and organisation of
scientific education; to the endless series of battles and
skirmishes over evolution; and to untiring opposition to that
ecclesiastical spirit, that clericalism, which in England, as
everywhere else, and to whatever denomination it may belong, is
the deadly enemy of science.
"In striving for the attainment of these objects, I have been
but one among many, and I shall be well content to be remembered,
or even not remembered, as such. Circumstances, among which I am
proud to reckon the devoted kindness of many friends, have led to
my occupation of various prominent positions, among which the
presidency of the Royal Society is the highest. It would be mock
modesty on my part, with these and other scientific honours which
have been bestowed upon me, to pretend that I have not succeeded
in the career which I have followed, rather because I was driven
into it than of my own free will; but I am afraid I should not
count even these things as marks of success if I could not hope
that I had not somewhat helped that movement of opinion which has
been called the New Reformation."
INDEX
A
Adams, 209
Admiralty, 14, 48, 49
Agassiz, 68, 91, 99
Age of the earth, 84, 85
Agnosticism, 239, 241-243, 279
Ahriman, 265
Alchemists, 256, 257
Alternation of generations, 53, 54
Ameghino, 141
America, 70
American addresses, 71
American fossils, 75
American monkeys, 163
Amphibia, 143
Amphioxus, 22, 134
Anatomy of man and ape, 161
Anchitherium, 70, 74, 76
Animal kingdom, old views of, 35
Animals and plants, 97
Anthracosaurus, 69
Anthropomorphism, 250
Anthropoid apes, 149-153
"Ape and Tiger" methods, 265
Appendicularia, 56, 57
Apprenticeship in medicine, 183
Archæopteryx, 136
Archetype of molluscs, 58, 59, 61
Archetype of Vertebrata, Articulata, and Radiata, 62
Arctogoea, 140
Argyll, Duke of, 248
Aristotle, 100, 259
Arnold, Matthew, 185
Articulata of Cuvier, 38
Ascaris, egg of, 176
Ascidians, 55-57, 96
Australia and South America, land connection, 141
Authority, 175, 231, 232, 241
Authority and investigation, 179
Authority and knowledge, 104, 105
Axioms, 240
B
Bach, Sebastian, 278
Balfour, F.M., 135
Barrier Reef of Australia, 20
Basi-cranium of vertebrates, 132
_Beagle_, voyage of, 28
Beelzebub, 238
Belief, duty of, 238, 239
Belief, nature of scientific, 228
Beneden, van, 59, 176
Berkeley, Bishop, 218, 221, 224
Berkeley, quotation from, 221
Bible, 189, 192, 194, 213, 235, 237, 244, 245, 247, 248, 250, 253, 254, 259
Bible and geology, 80
Bibliolatry, 235, 246
Bimana, 164
Biology and medical education, 184
Birds, ancestry of, 69
Birds, classification of, 135
Birmingham, 185
Bishop, 175
Bishop Berkeley, 218, 221, 224
Bishop of Norwich, 33
Bishop of Oxford, _see_ Wilberforce
Boards for elementary education, 188
Bojanus, 173
Bones of horse, 71, 72
Bones, cartilage, and membrane, 134
Books, value of, 175
Booth, "General," 213
Bourbon, 246
Brahma, 272
Brain of man and apes, 120, 145, 146, 162, 163
Brain and mind, 220, 221
Brain-weights, 164
Breathing, 168
Breeding, selective, 127
Brehm, 153
British Association, 68, 120, 125, 274
Brooks, Professor W.K., 94
Buckland, Professor, 80, 234
Buddhists, 1, 272
Buffon, 15, 90
Burnett, Sir William, 11, 46
Busk, George, 49
C
Cabanis, 228
Cæsar, 265
Cana, miracle at, 257
Cape York, 25
Carinates, 137
Carlyle, Thomas, 111
Cartesian axiom, 222
Cartilage bones, 134
Cartilaginous skulls, 134
Catastrophism in geology, 80, 249
Catholicism, 123, 214, 247
Cells, 52, 53
Cephalous molluscs, 58, 59
Chalk, 266
_Challenger_ expedition, 15
Chalmers, Dr. Thomas, 80
Chambers, R., 62
Chamisso, 53, 56
Chance, 229
Change in universe, 249
Charing Cross Hospital, 8, 9
Chaucer, 213
Chemistry and alchemy, 257
Chess, life compared with, 169
Children, education of, 189
Chimpanzees, 149, 163
Chondrocranium, 134
Christianity and evolution, 122
Christian civilisation and authority, 232
Chronology of the Bible, 247
Church of England, 111, 112
Church, the, and science, 236
Classical education, 185, 210
Classification of birds, 135
Classification by Cuvier, 38
Classification by Linnæus, 38
Classification of mammals, 142
Classification of man, 146
Classification by old authors, 37
Classification of vertebrates, 143
Clergy as critics of science, 236
Clericalism, 239, 284
Clodd, E., 90, 127
Coelenterata, 42, 96
Coelomata, 43, 44
Commissions, royal, 195, 204
Common sense and metaphysics, 218
Common sense and science, 209
Conduct and religion, 261
Congo, 149
Conscience, 269
Conscientiousness, 280
Consciousness, 220, 224
Contemporaneity, geological, 79
Continuity of nature, 255
Cookery in schools, 190
Cope, Professor, 69, 94
Corals of Barrier Reef, 20
"Corybantic Christianity," 215
Cosmic process, 268, 270, 271
Cosmogony of the Hebrews, 244, 246
Cosmos, 229, 263, 265, 267, 272
Cowper-Temple Clause, 188
Crayfish, 158, 173, 277
Creation, 139, 246, 252
Creator, the, 250
Credibility of authority, 232
Criticism, Biblical, 194
Criticism of life, 185
Croonian lectures, 65, 129
Ctenophora, 42
Culture and science, 185, 186
Curriculum of medical education, 184
Cuttle-fish, 58
Cuvier, 6, 38, 115, 132, 133, 136, 209, 211
D
Darwin, Charles, 27-29, 60, 61, 68, chapters viii. and ix., 138, 147,
166, 229, 242
Darwin medal, 108
Darwin, voyage of, 27, 28
Darwin, Erasmus, 90
Darwinism, 103, 104, 106, 123
Darwinism, Huxley's late and early opinions on, 106-109
Darwinism and Lamarckism, 94
"Days" of creation, 251, 252
De la Beche, Sir Henry, 63, 64
Deluge, the, 235
Descartes, 219, 240, 243
Design, argument from, 230
Despotism and the Bible, 245
Devonian fishes, 68
Deuteronomy, 245
Dinosaurs and the ancestry of birds, 69
Diprotodonts, 142
Dissection in laboratories, 181
Divine will and science, 233
_Doctrine of the Deluge_, 235
Dogma and literature in the Bible, 254
Doliolum, 56
Domestic economy, 190
Doubt, duty of, 232, 239, 269
Drawing for children, 193
Dredging, 22
Drill for children, 189
Durckheim, Strauss, 173
E
Earth, age of, 84, 85
Eastbourne, 277
Ecclesiasticism, 235, 239
Echidna, 156
Economy, domestic, 190
Edinburgh, 174
_Edinburgh Review_, 115, 116
Education, classical, 185, 210
Education of children, 170
Education, elementary, 187, 188
Education, general, 184
Education, liberal, 169, 186, 210
Education, medical, 181
Education and religion, 188
Education, scientific, 168
Education of teachers, 195
Education, university, 195
Eggs of Mammalia, 156
Egypt, 276
Ejects, 221
Elementary education, 188
Elementary lessons in physiology, 172
Embryology and zoölogy, 177
Embryology of brain and skull, 130-133
Embryology of Mammals, 156, 157
Embryology of man, 159
Embryos, marine, 176
Embryos of vertebrates, 157
Endostyle of Ascidians, 56
England in eighteenth century, 239
English Bible, 245
English men of letters, 218
English philosophers, 218
Eohippus, 78
_Erdkunde_, 170, 171
Error, 243
Established church and Education, 189
Ether, 219
Ethics and evolution, 263
Ethical process, 265
Eutheria, 142
Evidence, limitations of, 231
Evidence for miraculous, 258
Evil, 268, 269, 271
Evolution, 60, 62, 63, 108, 110, 122, 168, 248
Evolution and Christianity, 122
Evolution of Cosmos, 250-253
Evolution not an explanation of Cosmos, 229
Evolution and Darwinism, 94
Evolution before Darwin, 91, 93, 100
Evolution, Darwin's contribution to, 93, 104
Evolution and ethics, 263
Evolution of horse, 73
Evolution and natural selection, 124-127
Evolution and pain, 268
Evolution, philosophy of, 272
Evolution and palæontology, 86, 87
Evolution and Theism, 244
Evolutionist, 281
Exposition, Huxley's method of, 208
F
Faith, agnostic, 243
Falkenstein, 153
Fayrer, Sir Joseph, 10, 11
Feet of anthropoids, 164
Fertility of artificial breeds, 127
Fiddle, 278
_Fisgard_, H.M.S., 46
Fish, fossil, 68
Fisheries, Inspector of, 277
Flower, Sir William, 146
Forbes, Edward, 47, 63
Foreign languages, 196, 213
_Forms of Animal Life_, 178
Fossils, 67, 68
Fossils, chronological arrangement of, 87
Fossils and evolution, 87
Foundation membranes of Medusæ, 40-43
Foster, Sir Michael, 47, 64, 180, 283
Freedom of the Press, 240
Freedom of thought, 231, 233
French, 213
French Revolution, 111
French translations, 216
Fullerian Professor, 64
Function, changes in, 230
G
Galileo, 247
Gallinaceous birds, 139
Gambit, 169
Game of life, 170
Garden, as an instance of interference with cosmic process, 267
Garnier, 151
Gasteropoda, 58
Gegenbauer, 59
Genesis, 234, 248, 250, 251, 252
Geographical distribution, 137-141
Geological addresses, 79, 80
Geological club, 234
Geological contemporaneity, 79
Geological history, 249
Geological Society of London, 70, 78, 80, 86
Geological time, 84, 85
Geology and the Bible, 80
Geology and catastrophism, 80, 81
Geology compared with biology, 82
Geology, history of, 234
German, 213
Gibbons, 149
Girls, education of, 190
Glacial acetic acid, 176
Gladstone, W.E., 248, 250, 251, 263
Goethe, 99, 130, 132
Goethe, quotations from, 130
Gold, transmutation of, 256
Goodness, 269, 273
Gorilla, 87, 149, 161
Gospels, 254
Gosse, P.H., 118
Government, 239
Greek, 213;
in education, 186
Greek ethics, 269
Groos, Prof., 154
H
Haeckel, Prof. E., 91, 136
Hands of Anthropoids, 164
Haslar Hospital, 11, 12
Heathorn, Miss H.A., 19
Hebrew Cosmogony, 246
Hebrew Morality, 259
Hebrew Scriptures, 250
Heine, 261
Henle and Meissner, reports of, 182
Hercules, 246
Hertwig, 134
Hindustan, 269
Hipparion, 74-76
Hippocampus minor, 162, 163
Histological methods, 177
Hobbes, 218
Home office, 277
Homo, classification of, 160
Homology in organs of Medusæ, 123
Homotaxis in geology, 80
Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton, 47, 98, 101
Horse, 68-78, 174
Hospitals in London, 181
Howes, Professor G.B., 173, 174, 207, 277
Humboldt, 92
Hume, David, 217, 218, 223, 240, 255, 256
Hume, David, quotations from, 223, 241, 256
Humour, 209
Hunterian Professor, 129
Hutton, James, 81, 249
Huxley, birth, 2;
parents, 2, 3;
school, 4;
apprenticed to medicine, 5;
enters Charing Cross Hospital, 8;
first original paper, 9;
graduates at London University, 10;
becomes M.R.C.S., 11;
appointed to Haslar Hospital, 11;
appointed to _Rattlesnake_, 12;
meets his future wife at Sydney, 19;
first paper to Royal Society, 33;
Royal medals, 34;
becomes F.R.S., 47;
leaves naval service, 48;
appointed to Geological Survey and School of Mines, 63;
becomes Fullerian Professor, 64;
marriage, 64;
examiner, 65;
Croonian lecturer, 66;
visits America, 70;
becomes Secretary and President of Geological Society, 78;
accepts Darwinism, 101;
receives Darwin medal, 108;
becomes Hunterian Professor,129;
starts laboratory courses at South Kensington, 180;
becomes candidate for London School Board, 189;
serves on Royal Commissions,196, 204;
becomes member of Her Majesty's Privy Council, 205;
marriage, 274;
ill-health and retirement, 276;
death, 277;
personal appearance, 277
Huxley's layer in root-sheath of hairs, 10
Hydra, 50
Hypothesis as to History of Nature, 248, 249
I
Ichthyopsida, 143
Idealism, 220, 224
Ideals and culture, 186
Indian speculation, 269
Individuality of animals, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55
Infallibility, 123, 236
Inspiration, 246, 247, 253, 254
Instincts, 154
Intellect, 243
Intermediate and linear types, 87
_International Scientific Series_, 173
_Invertebrata, Manual of_, 175
Ionia, 169
Israel, 245
J
Jermyn Street lectures to working men, 207
Johnson, Samuel, 219
Judaism and science, 246
Justice, 265, 269, 271, 273
K
Kant, 84, 242, 262
Karma, 269
Kelvin, Lord, 84
Knowledge and authority, 104, 105
Kölliker, 49, 59
Kowalevsky, 57
L
Laboratory work, 177, 179, 180
Labyrinthodonts, 69
Lamarck, 90, 91, 97
Lamarckism and Darwinism, 94, 97
Languages, modern, 6, 7
Lankester, Professor E. Ray, 57, 60, 94, 180, 277, 282
Larvæ, 158
Latin, 186, 213
Law-courts and evidence, 231
Lawrence, Sir W., 144
Lectures at the School of Mines, 180
Lemurs, 163
Leutemann, 153
Leverrier, 209
Leviticus, 245
Liberal education, 228
Life, origin of, 227, 228
Limbs of Man and Gorilla, 162
Linear and intermediate types, 87
Linnæan Society of London, 33, 49, 115, 138, 145
Linnæus, 38, 234
Literary culture, 186
_Literary Gazette_, 48
Literary style, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215
Literature, the Bible as, 254
Liverpool, 169
Living bodies, nature of, 228
Locke, 224
Lockyer, Sir Norman, 211
London, medical education in, 181
London, school board of, 189
Loyola, 262
Loxomma, 69
Lucas, Mr., 113
Luther, 262
Lyell, Sir Charles, 81, 91, 98, 144, 234, 249
Lyonet, 173
M
MacGillivray, John, 16, 17, 282
MacGillivray, William, 16, 100
Macmillan and Co., 171
Magna Charta, the Bible as, 245
Mammalia, classification of, 142
Man and the Apes, 155
Man, classification of, 146
Man and Gorilla, 161
Man, origin of, 144
_Man and the Apes_, 165
_Man's Place in Nature_, 147, 148
Manes and Manicheism, 265
Mantle of molluscs, 58
_Manual of the Anatomy of Invertebrated Animals_, 175
_Manual of the Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals_, 175
Marine embryos, 176
Marmosets, 163
Marriage, 19, 274
Marsh, Professor, 70-78
Marsupials, 141
Mason, Sir Josiah, 185
Materialism, 217, 220, 222, 225, 227
Matter and ideas, 224
Matter, nature of, 219-221
Matthew, Patrick, 100
Mauritius, 18
Medical education, 167, 181, 184
Medical students, 181, 279
Medusæ, 33, 39, 40, 41, 42, 96, 123
Membrane bones, 134
Mental capacity of apes, 152
Mercy, 265
Mertens, 56
Mesohippus, 77
Metals, transmutation of, 257
Metaphysics, 241
Metaphysics and science, 217
Metatheria, 142
Methods in histology, 177
Microscope, 32, 176
Microtomes, 177
Milton, 213
Mind and body, 220
Mind, growth of, 210
Miohippus, 76
Miracles, 246, 254-259
Missionary spirit, 262
Mitral valve, 175
Mivart, Dr. St. George, 246-248
Modern spirit, 241
Modification of species, 92
Mollusca, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 96
Morality and religion, 237, 238
Morality of Stoics, 238
Morley, John, 217, 260
Mosaic Deluge, 235
Moseley, Professor H.N., 15
Mucous layer of germ, 43
Müller, Johannes, 6, 37, 56
Music, 278
N
Naples, International Zoölogical Station at, 176
Naturalism, 226
Natural selection, 94, 99, 100, 103, 105, 124-127
Nature, continuity of, 255
Nature, history of, 248
Nature, state of, 266
_Nature_, 211
_Naval Architecture and Timber_, 100
Nebular hypothesis, 230
Newman, Cardinal, 240
New Testament, 253, 254
Nirvana, 272
Noah's Deluge, 235
Notochord, 134
Notogoea, 140
O
Oken, 130, 132, 133
Old Testament, 90
Omar, 272
Optimism, 270
Orangs, 149
Order of nature, 255, 258
Organic _versus_ Inorganic, 229
Organon, 242
Origin of species, 89, 95, 101, 102, 110
_Origin of Species_, reviews of, 113, 114, 115, 146
Ormuzd, 265
Ornithology, 136
Ornithorhynchus, 156
Ornithoscelida, 69
Orohippus, 77
Orthodoxy, 246
Owen, Sir Richard, 65, 66, 115, 118-121, 131, 133, 136, 145, 146, 162
Oxford, 120, 125, 263, 264
Oxford, Bishop of, _see_ Wilberforce
P
Pain, 268, 270, 271
Palæontology and evolution, 68, 86
Palæotherium, 74
Paley, 230
Pascal, 122
Payment of teachers by results, 195
Pelagic life, 30, 31
Pelvis of man and gorilla, 161
Pentateuch, 234, 244
Pessimism, 270
Phillips, Professor, 69
_Philosophic Zoölogique_, 97, 98
Philosophy, Huxley's advice on, 218
Phosphorescence, 55
Physical education, 189
Physical geography, 170
_Physics_ of Aristotle, 100
_Physiography_, 171
Physiology, 172
Pigafetta, 149
Pigmies, 149
_Pioneers of Evolution_, 127
Plankton, 30, 31
Plato's Archetypes, 59
Plato's philosophy, 224
Pliohippus, 76
"Portuguese man-of-war," 41, 50
Possibilities in logic, 258
Poulton, Professor E.B., 109, 127
Prayer, efficacy of, 258
Priestley, Joseph, 239
Primers of science, 171
Primitive groove, 135
_Principles of Geology_, 234
Professional education, 183
Protestantism, 123, 233, 235, 236
Protestant churches and knowledge, 247
Protestants and the Bible, 247
Protohippus, 74
Protoplasm, 52, 228
Prototheria, 142
Psychology, 227
Pterodactyls, 69
Pteropods, 56
Pyrosoma, 55
Q
_Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science_, 49
_Quarterly Review_, 115, 116, 117
R
Rabbinical maxim of inspiration, 247
Radiata of Cuvier, 38
Rathke, 65
Ratites, 137
_Rattlesnake_, H.M.S., 13, 20, 21, 46, 282
Reade lecture, 146
Reason, age of, 239
Reformation, New, 284
Reformation, Protestant, 122, 233
Religion in education, 188, 191
Religion and morality, 237, 238
Religion and science, 120, 259
Religion, teaching, 191
Results, payment by, 195
Retina and light, 219
Revelation, 260
Revolution, French, 111
Richardson, Sir John, 12
Rights of man, 245
Robertson, Charles, 179
Rolleston, Professor, 152, 153, 266
Romanes, Professor, 152, 153, 263
Romanes lecture, 263
Rome, 247
Roscoe, Professor, 171
Rosse, Earl of, 34
Royal College of Science, 176, 180, 204, 274, 277
Royal College of Surgeons, 11, 129, 132
Royal Commissions, 204, 274
Royal Institution, 49, 52, 62, 64
Royal Society, 33, 34, 47, 49, 53, 58, 108, 129, 276
Rutherford, Professor, 180
S
Salisbury, Marquis of, 125
"Sally," the chimpanzee, 153
Salps, 50, 53, 54, 55, 96
Salt, Dr., 5
Sauropsida, 143
Saururæ, 136
Savages, 23, 24, 165
Sawyer, Bob, 184
Scepticism, 240
Schematic mollusc, 60
School boards, 188, 189
School of Mines, 180
Schwann, 52
Science and Art Department, 195
Science and culture, 185
Science and Judaism, 246
Science and medical education, 184
Science and metaphysics, 217
Science and religion, 259
_Science and the Christian Tradition_, 248
_Science and the Hebrew Tradition_, 248
Science primers, 171
Scientific education, 168
Sclater, P.L., 138, 139, 142
Scottish universities, 167
Scriptures, 246
Section-cutting, 177
Secular education, 191, 194
Sedgwick, Professor Adam, 80, 115
Segmentation of eggs, 157
Segmentation of skull, 133
Selection and education, 190
Selective breeding, 103
Semite, ethics of, 269
Septuagint, 251
Serous layer of germ, 43
Sheldonian theatre, 264
Singing for children, 193
_Skepsis, thätige_, of Goethe, 99
Skull of vertebrates, 65, 129, 130, 131, 132
Socrates, 243
Southern hemisphere, former land in, 141
Speaking, public, 208
Species, 92, 98, 106, 107, 108, 125, 126, 127
Specialists as teachers, 182
Spencer, Herbert, 91, 94, 123
Sponges, 42
Spontaneity of living matter, 228
Stanley, Captain Owen, 12, 13
State of nature, 266
Stevenson, R.L., quotation from, 174
Stewart, Professor Balfour, 171
Stoic morality, 192, 238
Stoics, 238, 269, 272
Struggle for existence, 93, 94, 95, 104, 266, 267, 271
Style, analysis of, 211, 212
Suarez, Father, 214
Substance of mind and matter, 223
Supernaturalism, 226
Superstition, 242
Survival of the fittest, 93, 94, 104
Suspensoria of jaws, 133
Switzerland, 275
Sydney, 19, 32
Synoptic Gospels, 254
T
Tapirs, 78
Teachers, education of, 195
Teeth of anthropoids, 149
Teeth of the horse, 73
Teleology, 230
Temper, 278
Theism and evolution, 244
Theology, 259
Theology in education, 191
Theoretical work in medical education, 184
Thomas, Oldfield, 142
Thomson, Sir W., now Lord Kelvin, _q.v._
Thread-cells of Medusæ, 41
Time required for evolution, 84, 85
_Times_, the London, 66, 108, 113
Todd and Bowman's _Cyclopædia of Anatomy_, 49
Toronto, University of, 48
Tow-net material, 31
Transmigration, 269
Transmutation of species, 99
_Treatise on Human Nature_, 240
Tree of evolution, 35
Tyndall, Professor John, 47, 48, 275
Types, 36, 96, 166
Types for laboratory dissection, 178, 180, 181
Types, intermediate and linear, 165
U
Uniformitarianism in geology, 81, 240
University education, 195
University of London, 65
University of Toronto, 48
V
Variation in anatomy, 166
Verification, method of, 179
Vertebræ, structure of, 131
Vertebral theory of the skull, 129-132
Vertebrata, 128
Vertebrata, ancestors of, 57
Vertebrata, classification of, 43
Vertebrata, embryos of, 157
_Vestiges of Creation_, 63, 97
Vivisection, 205
Voltaire, 260
Von Baer, 37, 43, 62, 96
Voyage of _Beagle_, 28
Voyage of _Challenger_, 15
Voyage of _Rattlesnake_, 20, 21
W
Wallace, Alfred Russel, 95, 101, 271
Weight of brains, 164
Weismann, Professor A., 94
Wells, W.C., 100
_Westminster Review_, 107, 114
Wharton Jones, Dr., 9, 37
Whewell, 115
Wilberforce, Samuel, Bishop of Oxford, 115, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121
Willey, Arthur, 57
Wine miracle at Cana, 257
Wollaston, 98
Words, use of, 213, 214
Workmen, lectures to, 207
Y
York, Archbishop of, 234
Z
Zoölogical Society, 138
Zoölogical science and laboratories, 177
Zoölogist, Huxley as a, 283
Zoölogy, 173
Zoöphytes, 40
The Story of the Nations.
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