[Frontispiece: Jefferson Davis]
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE CONFEDERATE GOVERNMENT.
BY JEFFERSON DAVIS.
VOLUME II
NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,
1, 3, AND 5 BOND STREET.
1881.
COPYRIGHT BY
JEFFERSON DAVIS,
1881.
CONTENTS.
PART IV.--(Continued).
_THE WAR._
CHAPTER XV.
Review of 1861.--Summary of Hostile Acts of United States
Government.--Fuller Details of some of them.--Third Session of
Provisional Congress.--Message.--Subjugation of the Southern States
intended.--Obstinacy of the Enemy.--Insensibility of the North as
to the Crisis.--Vast Preparation of the Enemy.--Embargo and
Blockade.--Indiscriminate War waged.--Action of Confederate
Congress.--Confiscation Act of United States Congress.--Declared
Object of the War.--Powers of United States Government.--
Forfeitures inflicted.--Due Process of Law, how interpreted.--"Who
pleads the Constitution?"--Wanton Destruction of Private Property
unlawful--Adams on Terms of the Treaty of Ghent.--Sectional
Hatred.--Order of President Lincoln to Army Officers in Regard to
Slaves.--"Educating the People."--Fremont's Proclamation.--
Proclamation of General T. W. Sherman.--Proclamation of General
Halleck and others.--Letters of Marque.--Our Privateers.--Officers
tried for Piracy.--Retaliatory Orders.--Discussion in the British
House of Lords.--Recognition as a Belligerent of the Confederacy.--
Exchange of Prisoners.--Theory of the United States.--Views of
McClellan.--Revolutionary Conduct of United States Government.--
Extent of the War at the Close of 1861.--Victories of the Year.--
New Branches of Manufactures.--Election of Confederate States
President.--Posterity may ask the Cause of such Hostile Actions.--
Answer.
CHAPTER XVI.
Military Arrangements of the Enemy.--Marshall and Garfield.--
Fishing Creek.--Crittenden's Report.--Fort Henry; its Surrender.--
Fort Donelson; its Position.--Assaults.--Surrender.--Losses.
CHAPTER XVII.
Results of the Surrender of Forts Henry and Donelson.--Retreat from
Bowling Green.--Criticism on General A. S. Johnston.--Change of
Plan necessary.--Evacuation of Nashville.--Generals Floyd and
Pillow.--My Letter to General Johnston.--His Reply.--My Answer.--
Defense of General Johnston.--Battle of Elkhorn.--Topography of
Shiloh.
CHAPTER XVIII.
General Buell's March.--Object of General Johnston.--His Force.--
Advance from Corinth.-Line of Battle.--Telegram.--The Time of the
Battle of Shiloh.--Results of the First Day's Battle.--One
Encampment not taken.--Effects.--Reports on this Failure.--Death
of General Johnston.--Remarks.
CHAPTER XIX.
Retirement of the Army.--Remnants of Grant's Army.--Its
Reënforcements.--Strength of our Army.--Strength of Grant's Army.--
Reorganization.--Corinth.--Advance of General Halleck.--Siege of
Corinth.--Evacuation.--Retreat to Tupelo.--General Beauregard
retires.-General Bragg in Command.--Positions on the Mississippi
River occupied by the Enemy.--New Madrid.--Island No. 10.--Fort
Pillow.--Memphis.--Attack at Hatteras Inlet.--Expedition of the
Enemy to Port Royal.--Expeditions from Port Royal.--System of Coast
Defenses adopted by us.--Fort Pulaski.
CHAPTER XX.
Advance of General McClellan toward Centreville; his Report.--Our
Forces ordered to the Peninsula.--Situation at Yorktown.--Siege by
General McCellan.--General Johnston assigned to Command; his
Recommendation.--Attack on General Magruder at Yorktown.--Movements
of McClellan.--The Virginia.--General Johnston retires.--Delay at
Norfolk.--Before Williamsburg.--Remark of Hancock.--Retreat up the
Peninsula.--Sub-terra Shells used.-Evacuation of Norfolk.--Its
Occupation by the Enemy.
CHAPTER XXI.
A New Phase to our Military Problem.--General Johnston's Position.--
Defenses of James River.--Attack on Fort Drury.--Johnston crosses
the Chickahominy.--Position of McClellan.--Position of McDowell.--
Strength of Opposing Forces.--Jackson's Expedition down the
Shenandoah Valley.--Panic at Washington and the North.--Movements
to intercept Jackson.--His Rapid Movements.--Repulses Fremont.--
Advance of Shields.--Fall of Ashby.--Port Republic, Battle of.--
Results of this Campaign.
CHAPTER XXII.
Condition of Affairs.--Plan of General Johnston.--The Field of
Battle at Seven Pines.--The Battle.--General Johnston wounded.--
Advance of General Sumner.--Conflict on the Right.--Delay of
General Huger.--Reports of the Enemy.--Losses.--Strength of
Forces.--General Lee in Command.
CHAPTER XXIII.
The Enemy's Position.--His Intention.--The Plan of Operations.--
Movements of General Jackson.--Daring and Fortitude of Lee.--
Offensive-Defensive Policy.--General Stuart's Movement.--Order of
Attack.--Critical Position of McClellan.--Order of Mr. Lincoln
creating the Army of Virginia.--Arrival of Jackson.--Position of
the Enemy.--Diversion of General Longstreet.--The Enemy forced back
south of the Chickahominy.--Abandonment of the Railroad.
CHAPTER XXIV.
Retreat of the Enemy.--Pursuit and Battle.-Night.--Further Retreat
of the Enemy.--Progress of General Jackson.--The Enemy at Frazier's
Farm.--Position of General Holmes.--Advance of General Longstreet.--
Remarkable Features of the Battle.--Malvern Hill.--Our Position.--The
Attack.--Expedition of General Stuart.--Destruction of the Enemy's
Stores.--Assaults on the Enemy.--Retreat to Westover on the James.--
Siege of Richmond raised.--Number of Prisoners taken.--Strength of our
Forces.--Strength of our Forces at Seven Pines and after.--Strength of
the Enemy.
CHAPTER XXV.
Forced Emancipation.--Purposes of the United States Government at
the Commencement of 1862.--Subjugation or Extermination.--The
Willing Aid of United States Congress.--Attempt to legislate the
Subversion of our Social Institutions.--Could adopt any Measure
Self-Defense would justify.--Slavery the Cause of all Troubles,
therefore must be removed.--Statements of President Lincoln's
Inaugural.--Declaration of Sumner.--Abolition Legislation.--The
Power based on Necessity.--Its Formula.--The System of Legislation
devised.--Confiscation.--How permitted by the Law of Nations.--
Views of Wheaton; of J. Q. Adams; of Secretary Marcy; of
Chief-Justice Marshall.--Nature of Confiscation and Proceedings.--
Compared with the Acts of the United States Congress.--Provisions of
the Acts.--Five Thousand Millions of Property involved.--Another
Feature of the Act.--Confiscates Property within Reach.--Procedure
against Persons.--Held us as Enemies and Traitors.--Attacked us
with the Instruments of War and Penalties of Municipal Law.--
Emancipation to be secured.--Remarks of President Lincoln on signing
the Bill.--Remarks of Mr. Adams compared.--Another Alarming
Usurpation of Congress.--Argument for it.--No Limit to the
War-Power of Congress; how maintained.--The Act to emancipate Slaves
in the District of Columbia.--Compensation promised.--Remarks of
President Lincoln.--The Right of Property violated.--Words of the
Constitution.--The Act to prohibit Slavery in the Territories.-The
Act making an Additional Article of War.-All Officers forbidden to
return Fugitives.--Words of the Constitution.--The Powers of the
Constitution unchanged in Peace or War.--The Discharge of Fugitives
commanded in the Confiscation Act.--Words of the Constitution.
CHAPTER XXVI.
Forced Emancipation concluded.--Emancipation Acts of President
Lincoln.--Emancipation with Compensation proposed to Border
States.--Reasons urged for it.--Its Unconstitutionality.--Order of
General Hunter.--Revoked by President Lincoln.--Reasons.--"The
Pressure" on him.--One Cause of our Secession.--The Time to throw
off the Mask at Hand.--The Necessity that justified the President
and Congress also justified Secession.--Men united in Defense of
Liberty called Traitors.--Conference of President Lincoln with
Senators and Representatives of Border States.--Remarks of Mr.
Lincoln.--Reply of Senators and Representatives.--Failure of the
Proposition.--Three Hundred Thousand more Men called for.--
Declarations of the Antislavery Press.--Truth of our Apprehensions.--
Reply of President Lincoln.--Another Call for Men.--Further
Declarations of the Antislavery Press.--The Watchword adopted.--
Memorial of So-called Christians to the President.--Reply of
President Lincoln.--Issue of the Preliminary Proclamation of
Emancipation.--Issue of the Final Proclamation.--The Military
Necessity asserted.--The Consummation verbally reached.--Words of
the Declaration of Independence.--Declarations by the United States
Government of what it intended to do.--True Nature of the Party
unveiled.--Declarations of President Lincoln.--Vindication of the
Sagacity of the Southern People.--His Declarations to European
Cabinets.--Object of these Declarations.--Trick of the Fugitive
Thief.--The Boast of Mr. Lincoln calmly considered.
CHAPTER XXVII.
Naval Affairs.--Organization of the Navy Department.--Two Classes
of Vessels.--Experiments for Floating Batteries and Rams.--The
Norfolk Navy-Yard.--Abandonment by the Enemy.--The Merrimac
Frigate made an Ironclad.--Officers.--Trial-Trip.--Fleet of the
Enemy.--Captain Buchanan.--Resolves to attack the Enemy.--Sinks
the Cumberland.--Burns the Congress.--Wounded.--Executive Officer
Jones takes Command.--Retires for the Night.--Appearance of the
Monitor.--The Virginia attacks her.--She retires to Shoal Water.--
Refuses to come out.--Cheers of English Man-of-war.--Importance of
the Navy-Yard.--Order of General Johnston to evacuate.--Stores
saved.--The Virginia burned.--Harbor Defenses at Wilmington.--
Harbor Defenses at Charleston.--Fights in the Harbor.--Defenses of
Savannah.--Mobile Harbor and Capture of its Defenses.--The System
of Torpedoes adopted.--Statement of the Enemy.--Sub-terra Shells
placed in James River.--How made.--Used in Charleston Harbor; in
Roanoke River; in Mobile Harbor.--The Tecumseh, how destroyed.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Naval Affairs (continued).--Importance of New Orleans.--Attack
feared from up the River.--Preparations for Defense.--Strength of
the Forts.--Other Defenses.-The General Plan.--Ironclads.--
Raft-Fleet of the Enemy.--Bombardment of the Forts commenced.--
Advance of the Fleet.--Its Passage of the Forts.--Batteries below
the City.--Darkness of the Night.--Evacuation of the City by
General Lovell on Appearance of the Enemy.--Address of General
Duncan to Soldiers in the Forts.--Refusal to surrender.--Meeting of
the Garrison of Fort Jackson.--The Forts surrendered.--Ironclad
Louisiana destroyed.--The Tugs and Steamers.--The Governor Moore.--
The Enemy's Ship Varuna sunk.--The McRae.--The State of the City
and its Defenses considered.--Public Indignation.--Its Victims.--
Efforts made for its Defense by the Navy Department.--The
Construction of the Mississippi.
CHAPTER XXIX.
Naval Affairs (continued).--Farragut demands the Surrender of New
Orleans.--Reply of the Mayor.--United States Flag hoisted.--Advent
of General Butler.--Barbarities.--Antecedents of the People.--
Galveston.--Its Surrender demanded.--The Reply.--Another visit of
the Enemy's Fleet.--The Port occupied.--Appointment of General
Magruder.--Recapture of the Port.--Capture of the Harriet Lane.--
Report of General Magruder.--Position and Importance of Sabine
Pass.--Fleet of the Enemy.--Repulse by Forty-four Irishmen.--
Vessels captured.--Naval Destitution of the Confederacy at first.--
Terror of Gunboats on the Western Rivers.--Their Capture.--The most
Illustrious Example.--The Indianola.--Her Capture.--The Ram
Arkansas.--Descent of the Yazoo River.--Report of her Commander.--
Runs through the Enemy's Fleet.--Description of the Vessel.--Attack
on Baton Rouge.--Address of General Breckinridge.--Burning of the
Arkansas.
CHAPTER XXX.
Naval Affairs (continued).--Necessity of a Navy.--Raphael Semmes.--
The Sumter.--Difficulties in creating a Navy.--The Sumter at Sea.--
Alarm.--Her Captures.--James D. Bullock.--Laird's Speech in the
House of Commons.--The Alabama.--Semmes takes Command.--The Vessel
and Crew.--Goes to Sea.--Banks's Expedition.--Magruder at
Galveston.--The Steamer Hattaras Sunk.--The Alabama not a Pirate.--
An Aspinwall Steamer ransomed.--Other Captures.--Prizes burned.--
At Cherbourg.--Fight with the Kearsarge.--Rescue of the Men.--
Demand of the United States Government for the Surrender of the
Drowning Men.--Reply of the British Government.--Sailing of the
Oreto.--Detained at Nassau.--Captain Maffit.--The Ship Half
Equipped.--Arrives at Mobile.--Runs the Blockade.--Her Cruise.--
Capture and Cruise of the Clarence.--The Captures of the Florida.--
Captain C. M. Morris.--The Florida at Bahia.--Seized by the
Wachusett.--Brought to Virginia and sunk.--Correspondence.--The
Georgia.--Cruises and Captures.--The Shenandoah.--Cruises and
Captures.--The Atlanta.--The Tallahassee.--The Edith.
CHAPTER XXXI.
Naval Affairs (concluded).--Excitement in the Northern States on the
Appearance of our Cruisers.--Failure of the Enemy to protect their
Commerce.--Appeal to Europe not to help the So-called "Pirates."--
Seeks Iron-plated Vessels in England.--Statement of Lord Russell.--
What is the Duty of Neutrals?--Position taken by President
Washington.--Letter of Mr. Jefferson.--Contracts sought by United
States Government.--Our Cruisers went to Sea unarmed.--Mr. Adams
asserts that British Neutrality was violated.--Reply of Lord
Russell.--Rejoinder of Mr. Seward.--Duty of Neutrals relative to
Warlike Stores.--Views of Wheaton; of Kent.--Charge of the Lord
Chief Baron in the Alexandra Case.--Action of the Confederate
Government sustained.--Antecedents of the United States
Government.--The Colonial Commissions.--Build and equip Ships in
Europe.--Captain Conyngham's Captures.--Made Prisoner.--
Retaliation.--Numbers of Captures.--Recognition of Greece.--
Recognition of South American Cruisers.--Chief Act of Hostility
charged on Great Britain by the United States Government.--The
Queen's Proclamation: its Effect.--Cause of the United States
Charges.--Never called us Belligerents.--Why not?--Adopts a
Fiction. The Reason.--Why denounce our Cruisers as "Pirates"?--
Opinion of Justice Greer.--Burning of Prizes.--Laws of Maritime
War.--Cause of the Geneva Conference.--Statement of American
Claims.--Allowance.--Indirect Damages of our Cruisers.--Ships
transferred to British Registers.--Decline of American Tonnage.--
Decline of Export of Breadstuffs.--Advance of Insurance.
CHAPTER XXXII.
Attempts of the United States Government to overthrow States.--
Military Governor of Tennessee appointed.--Object.--Arrests and
Imprisonments.--Measures attempted.--Oath required of Voters.--A
Convention to amend the State Constitution.--Results.--Attempt in
Louisiana.--Martial Law.--Barbarities inflicted.--Invitation of
Plantations.--Order of General Butler, No. 28.--Execution of
Mumford.--Judicial System set up.--Civil Affairs to be administered
by Military Authority.--Order of President Lincoln for a Provisional
Court.--A Military Court sustained by the Army.--Words of the
Constitution.--"Necessity," the reason given for the Power to create
the Court.--This Doctrine fatal to the Constitution; involves its
Subversion.--Cause of our Withdrawal from the Union.--Fundamental
Principles unchanged by Force.--The Contest is not over; the Strife
not ended.--When the War closed, who were the Victors?--Let the
Verdict of Mankind decide.
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Further Attempts of the United States Government to overthrow
States.--Election of Members of Congress under the Military Governor
of Louisiana.--The Voters required to take an Oath to support the
United States Government.--The State Law violated.--Proposition to
hold a State Convention; postponed.--The President's Plan for making
a Union State out of a Fragment of a Confederate State.--His
Proclamation.--The Oath required.--Message.--"The War-Power our
Main Reliance."--Not a Feature of the Republican Government in the
Plan.--What are the True Principles?--The Declaration of
Independence asserts them.--Who had a Right to institute a
Government for Louisiana?--Its People only.--Under what Principles
could the Government of the United States do it?--As an Invader to
subjugate.--Effrontery and Wickedness of the Administration.--It
enforces a Fiction.--Attempt to make Falsehood as good as Truth.--
Proclamation for an Election of State Officers.--Proclamation for a
State Convention.--The Monster Crime against the Liberties of
Mankind.--Proceedings in Arkansas.--Novel Method adopted to amend
the State Constitution.--Perversion of Republican Principles in
Virginia.--Proceedings to create the State of West Virginia.--A
Falsehood by Act of Congress.--Proceedings considered under
Fundamental Principles.--These Acts sustained by the United States
Government.--Assertion of Thaddeus Stevens.--East Virginia
Government.--Such Acts caused Entire Subversion of States.--Mere
Fictions thus constituted.
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Address to the Army of Eastern Virginia by the President.--Army of
General Pope.--Position of McClellan.--Advance of General
Jackson.--Atrocious Orders of General Pope.--Letter of McClellan on
the Conduct of the War.--Letter of the President to General Lee.--
Battle of Cedar Run.--Results of the Engagement.--Reënforcements to
the Enemy.--Second Battle of Manassas.--Capture of Manassas
Junction.--Captured Stores.--The Old Battle-Field.--Advance of
General Longstreet.--Attack on him.--Attack on General Jackson.--
Darkness of the Night.--Battle at Ox Hill.--Losses of the Enemy.
CHAPTER XXXV.
Return of the Enemy to Washington.--War transferred to the
Frontier.--Condition of Maryland.--Crossing the Potomac.--
Evacuation of Martinsburg.--Advance into Maryland.--Large Force of
the Enemy.--Resistance at Boonesboro.--Surrender of Harper's
Ferry.--Our Forces reach Sharpsburg.--Letter of the President to
General Lee.--Address of General Lee to the People.--Position of
our Forces at Sharpsburg.--Battle of Sharpsburg.--Our Strength.--
Forces withdrawn.--Casualties.
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Efforts of the Enemy to obtain our Cotton.--Demands of European
Manufacturers.--Thousands of Operatives resorting to the
Poor-Rates.--Complaint of her Majesty's Secretary of State.--Letter
of Mr. Seward.--Promise to open all the Channels of Commerce.--
Series of measures adopted by the United States.--Act of Congress.--
Its Provisions.--Its Operation.--Unconstitutional Measures.--
President Lincoln an Accomplice.--Not authorized by a State of
War.--Case before Chief-Justice Taney.--His Decision.--Expeditions
sent by the United States Government to seize Localities.--An Act
providing for the Appointment of Special Agents to seize Abandoned or
Captured Property.--The Views of General Grant.--Weakening his
Strength One Third.--Our Country divided into Districts, and Federal
Agents Appointed.--Continued to the Close of the War.
CHAPTER XXXVII.
The Enemy crosses the Potomac and concentrates at Warrenton.--
Advances upon Fredericksburg.--Its Position.--Our Forces.--The
Enemy crosses the Rappahannock.--Attack on General Jackson.--The
Main Attack.--Repulse of the Enemy on the Right.--Assaults on the
Left.--The Enemy's Columns broke and fled.--Recross the River.--
Casualties.--Position during the Winter.--The Enemy again crosses
the Rappahannock.--Also crosses at Kelly's Ford.--Converging toward
Chancellorsville, to the Rear of our Position.--Inactivity on our
Front.--Our Forces concentrate near Chancellorsville and encounter
the Enemy.--Position of the Enemy.--Attempt to turn his Right.--
The Enemy surprised and driven in the Darkness.--Jackson fired upon
and wounded.--Stuart in Command.--Battle renewed.--Fredericksburg
reoccupied.--Attack on the Heights.--Repulse of the Enemy.--The
Enemy withdraws in the Night.--Our Strength.--Losses.--Death of
General Jackson.--Another Account.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
Relations with Foreign Nations.--The Public Questions.--Ministers
abroad.--Usages of Intercourse between Nations.--Our Action.--
Mistake of European Nations; they follow the Example of England and
France.--Different Conditions of the Belligerents.--Injury to the
Confederacy with a Single Exception.--These Agreements remained
inoperative.--Extent of the Pretended Blockade.--Remonstrances
against its Recognition.--Sinking Vessels to block up Harbors.--
Every Proscription of Maritime Law violated by the United States
Government.--Protest.--Addition made to the Law by Great Britain.--
Policy pursued favorable to our Enemies.--Instances.--Mediation
proposed by France to Great Britain, and Russian Letter of French
Minister.--Reply of Great Britain.--Reply of Russia.--Letter to
French Minister at Washington.--Various Offensive Actions of the
British Government.--Encouraging to the United States.--Hollow
Profession of Neutrality.
CHAPTER XXXIX.
Advance of General E. K. Smith.--Advance of General Bragg.--Retreat
of General Buell to Louisville.--Battle at Perryville, Kentucky.--
General Morgan at Hartsville.--Advance of General Rosecrans.--
Battle of Murfreesboro.--General Van Dorn and General Price.--
Battle at Iuka.--General Van Dorn.--Battle of Corinth.--General
Little.--Captures at Holly Springs.--Retreat of Grant to Memphis.--
Operations against Vicksburg.--The Canal.--Concentration.--Raid of
Grierson.--Attack near Port Gibson.--Orders of General Johnston.--
Reply of General Pemberton.--Baker's Creek.--Big Black Bridge.--
Retreat to Vicksburg.--Siege.--Surrender.--Losses.--Surrender of
Port Hudson.--Some Movements for its Relief.
CHAPTER XL.
Inactivity in Tennessee.--Capture of Colburn's Expedition.--Capture
of Streight's Expedition.--Advance of Rosecrans to Bridgeport.--
Burnside in East Tennessee.--Our Force at Chattanooga.--Movement
against Burnside.--The Enemy moves on our Rear near Ringgold.--
Battle at Chickamauga.--Strength and Distribution of our Forces.--
The enemy withdraws.--Captures.--Losses.--The Enemy evacuates
Passes of Lookout Mountain.--His Trains captured.--Failure of
General Bragg to pursue.--Reënforcements to the Enemy, and Grant to
command.--His Description of the Situation.--Movements of the
Enemy.--Conflict at Chattanooga.
CHAPTER XLI.
Movement to draw forth the Enemy.--Advance to Culpeper
Court-House.--Cavalry Engagement at Beverly's and Kelly's Fords.--
Movement against Winchester.--Milroy's Force captured.--
Prisoners.--The Enemy retires along the Potomac.--Maryland
entered.--Advance into Pennsylvania.--The Enemy driven back toward
Gettysburg.--Position of the Respective Forces.--Battle at
Gettysburg.--The Army Retires.--Prisoners.--The Potomac swollen.--
No Interruption by the Enemy.--Strength of our Force.--Strength of
the Enemy.--The Campaign closed.--Observations.--Kelly's Ford.--
Attempt to surprise our Army.--System of Breastworks.--Prisoners.
CHAPTER XLII.
Subjugation of the States of Tennessee, Louisiana, Arkansas, and
Virginia.--Object of a State Government; its Powers are "Just
Powers"; how exercised; its Duty; necessarily sovereign; its Entire
Order; how founded; how destroyed.--The Crime against Constitutional
Liberty.--What is the Government of the United States?--It partakes
of the Nature of a Limited Partnership; its Peaceful Objects.--
Distinction between the Governments of the States and that of the
United States.--Secession.--The Government of the United States
invades the State; refuses to recognize its Government; thus denies
the Fundamental Principle of Popular Liberty.--Founded a New State
Government based on the Sovereignty of the United States
Government.--Annihilation of Unalienable Rights.--Qualification of
Voters fixed by Military Power.--Condition of the Voter's Oath.--
Who was the Sovereign in Tennessee?--Case of Louisiana.--
Registration of Voters.--None allowed to register who could not or
would not take a Certain Oath; its Conditions.--Election of State
Officers.--Part of the State Constitution declared void.--All done
under the Military Force of the United States Government.
CHAPTER XLIII.
Subjugation of the Border States, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.--
A Military Force invades Maryland and occupies Baltimore.--Martial
Law declared.--A Military Order.--Banishment from the State.--
Civil Government of the State suspended.--Unalienable Rights of the
Citizens invaded.--Arrests of Citizens commenced.--Number.--Case
of John Merryman.--Opinion of Chief-Justice Taney.--Newspapers
seized.--Houses searched for Arms.--Order of Commanding General to
Marshals to put Test to Voters.--The Governor appeals to the
President.--His Reply.--Voters imprisoned.--Statement of the
Governor.--Result of the Election.--State Constitutional
Convention.--Emancipation hardly carried.--First Open _Measures_ in
Kentucky.--Interference at the State Election by the United States
Government.--Voters excluded.--Martial Law declared.--Soldiers
keeping the Polls.--The Vote.--Statement of the Governor.--Attempt
to enroll Able-bodied Negroes.--The Governor visits Washington.--
The Result.--Arrests, Imprisonment, and Exile of Citizens.--
Suspension of the Writ of _Habeas Corpus_ by President Lincoln.--
Interference with the State Election.--Order to the Sheriffs.--
Proclamation of the Governor.--Enlistment of Slaves.--Emancipation
by Constitutional Amendment.--Violent _Measures_ in Missouri.--The
Governor calls out the Militia.--His Words.--The Plea of the
Invader.--"The Authority of the United States is Paramount," said
President Lincoln.--Bravery of the Governor.--Words of the
Commanding General.--Troops poured into the State.--Proceedings of
the State Convention.--Numberless Usurpations.--Provisional
Governor.-Emancipation Ordinance passed.
CHAPTER XLIV.
Subjugation of the Northern States.--Humiliating Spectacle of New
York.--"Ringing of a Little Bell."--Seizure and Imprisonment of
Citizens.--Number seized.--Paper Safeguards of Liberty.--Other
Safeguards.--Suspension of the Writ of _Habeas Corpus_ absolutely
forbidden with One Exception.--How done.--Not able to authorize
another.--Abundant Protective Provisions in New York, but all
failed.--Case of Pierce Butler.--Arrest of Secretary Cameron.--The
President assumes the Responsibility of the Crime.--No Heed given to
the Writ of _Habeas Corpus_ issued by the Court.--The Governor
passive.--Words of Justice Nelson--Prison overflowing.--How
relieved.--Oath required of Applicants for Relief.--Oath declined
by some.--Reasons.--Order forbidding the Employment of Counsel by
Prisoners.--Victims in almost Every Northern State.--Defeat at the
Elections.--Result.--Suit for Damages commenced.--Congress
interferes to protect the Guilty.--State Courts subjugated.--How
suspend _Habeas Corpus_.--Congress violates the Constitution.--What
was New York?--Writ suspended throughout the United States.-What is
"Loyalty"?--Military Domination.--Correspondence between General
Dix and Governor Seymour.--Seizure of Newspapers.--Governor orders
Arrest of Offenders.--Interference with the State Election.--Vote
of the Soldiers.--State Agents arrested.--Provost-Marshals
appointed in Every Northern State.--Their Duties.--Sustained by
Force.--Trials by Military Commission.--Trials at Washington.--
Assassination of the President.--Trial of Henry Wirz.--Efforts to
implicate the Author.--Investigation of a Committee of Congress as
to Complicity in the Assassination.--Arrest, Trial, and Banishment
of Clement C. Vallandigham.--Assertions of Governor Seymour on the
Case.
CHAPTER XLV.
Inactivity of the Army of Northern Virginia.--Expeditions of Custer,
Kilpatrick, and Dahlgren for the Destruction of Railroads, the
Burning of Richmond, and Killing the Officers of the Government.--
Repelled by Government Clerks.--Papers on Dahlgren's Body.--Repulse
of Butler's Raid from Bermuda Hundred.--Advance of Sheridan repulsed
at Richmond.--Stuart resists Sheridan.--Stuart's Death.--Remarks
on Grant's Plan of Campaign.--Movement of General Butler.--Drury's
Bluff.--Battle there.--Campaign of Grant in Virginia.
CHAPTER XLVI.
General Grant assumes Command in Virginia.--Positions of the
Armies.--Plans of Campaign open to Grant's Choice.--The Rapidan
crossed.--Battle of the Wilderness.--Danger of Lee.--The Enemy
driven back.--Flank Attack.--Longstreet wounded.--Result of the
Contest.--Rapid Flank Movement of Grant.--Another Contest.--
Grant's Reënforcements.--Hanover Junction.--The Enemy moves in
Direction of Bowling Green.--Crosses the Pamunkey.--Battle at Cold
Harbor.--Frightful Slaughter.--The Enemy's Soldiers decline to
renew the Assault when ordered.--Loss.--Asks Truce to bury the
Dead.--Strength of Respective Armies.--General Pemberton.--The
Enemy crosses the James.--Siege of Petersburg begun.
CHAPTER XLVII.
Situation in the Shenandoah Valley.--March of General Early.--The
Object.--At Lynchburg.--Staunton.--His Force.--Enters Maryland.--
Attack at Monocacy.--Approach to Washington.--The Works.--
Recrosses the Potomac.--Battle at Kernstown.--Captures.--Outrages
of the Enemy.--Statement of General Early.--Retaliation on
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.--Battle near Winchester.--Sheridan's
Force routed.--Attack subsequently renewed with New Forces.--
Incapacity of our Opponent.--Early falls back.--The Enemy
retires.--Early advances.--Report of a Committee of Citizens on
Losses by Sheridan's Orders.--Battle at Cedar Creek.--Losses,
Subsequent Movements, and Captures.--The Red River Campaign.--
Repulse and Retreat of General Banks.--Capture of Fort Pillow.
CHAPTER XLVIII.
Assignment of General J. E. Johnston to the Command of the Army of
Tennessee.--Condition of his Army.--An Offensive Campaign
suggested.--Proposed Objects to be accomplished.--General
Johnston's Plans.--Advance of Sherman.--The Strength of the
Confederate Position.--General Johnston expects General Sherman to
give Battle at Dalton.--The Enemy's Flank Movement via Snake Creek
Gap to Resaca.--Johnston falls back to Resaca.--Further Retreat to
Adairsville.--General Johnston's Reasons.--Retreat to Cassville.--
Projected Engagement at Kingston frustrated.--Retreat beyond the
Etowah River.--Strong Position at Alatoona abandoned.--Nature of
the Country between Marietta and Dallas.--Engagements at New Hope
Church.--Army takes Position at Kenesaw.--Senator Hill's Letter.--
Death of Lieutenant-General Polk.--Battle at Kenesaw Mountain.--
Retreat beyond the Chattahoochee.--Results reviewed.--Popular
Demand for Removal of General Johnston.--Reluctance to remove him.--
Reasons for Removal.--Assignment of General J. B. Hood to the
Command.--He assumes the Offensive.--Battle of Peach-tree Creek.--
Death of General W. H. T. Walker.--Sherman's Movement to
Jonesboro.--Defeat of Hardee.--Evacuation of Atlanta.--Sherman's
Inhuman Order.--Visit to Georgia.--Suggested Operations.--Want of
coöperation by the Governor of Georgia.--Conference with Generals
Beauregard, Hardee, and Cobb, at Augusta.--Departure from Original
Plan.--General Hood's Movement against the Enemy's Communications.--
Partial Successes.--Withdrawal of the Army to Gadsden and Movement
against Thomas.--Sherman burns Atlanta and begins his March to the
Sea.--Vandalism.--Direction of his Advance.--General Wheeler's
Opposition.--His Valuable Service.--Sherman reaches Savannah.--
General Hardee's Command.--The Defenses of the City.--Assault and
Capture of Fort McAlister.--The Results.--Hardee evacuates Savannah.
CHAPTER XLIX.
Exchange of Prisoners.--Signification of the Word "loyal."--Who is
the Sovereign?--Words of President Lincoln.--The Issue for which we
fought.--Position of the United States Government.--Letters of
Marque granted by us.--Officers and Crew First Prisoners of the
Enemy.--Convicted as "Pirates."--My Letter to President Lincoln.--
How received.--Act of Congress relating to Prisoners.--Exchanges,
how made.-Answer of General Grant.--Request of United States
Congress.--Result.--Commissioners sent.--Agreement.--Disputed
Points.--Exchange arranged.--Order to pillage issued.--General
Pope's Order.--Proceedings.--Letter of General Lee relative to
Barbarities.--Answer of General Halleck.--Case of Mumford.--Effect
of Threatened Retaliation.--Mission of Vice-President Stephens.--A
Failure.--Excess of Prisoners.--Paroled Men.--Proposition made by
us.--No Answer.--Another Arrangement.--Stopped by General Grant.--
His words, "Put the Matter offensively."--Exchange of Slaves.--
Proposition of Lee to Grant.--Reply of Grant.--Further Reply.--His
Dispatch to General Butler.--Another Proposition made by us.--No
Answer.--Proposition relative to Sick and Wounded.--Some
exchanged.--The Worst Cases asked for to be photographed.--
Proposition as to Medicines.--No Answer.--A Final Effort.--
Deputation of Prisoners sent to Washington.--A Failure.--
Correspondence between Ould and Butler.--Order of Grant.--Report of
Butler.--Responsibility of Grant for Andersonville.--Barbarities of
the United States Government.--Treatment of our Men in Northern
Prisons.--Deaths on Each Side.
CHAPTER L.
Subjugation the Object of the Government of the United States.--The
only Terms of Peace offered to us.--Rejection of all Proposals.--
Efforts of the Enemy.--Appearance of Jacques and Gilmore at
Richmond.--Proposals.--Answer.--Commissioners sent to Canada.--
The Object.--Proceedings.--Note of President Lincoln.--Permission
to visit Richmond granted to Francis P. Blair.--Statement of my
Interview with him.--My Letter to him.--Response of President
Lincoln.--Three Persons sent by me to an Informal Conference.--
Their Report.--Remarks of Judge Campbell.--Oath of President
Lincoln.--The Provision of the Constitution and his Proclamation
compared.--Reserved Powers spoken of in the Constitution.--What are
they, and where do they exist?--Terms of Surrender offered to our
Soldiers.
CHAPTER LI.
General Sherman leaves Savannah.--His March impeded.--Difficulty In
collecting Troops to oppose him.--The Line of the Salkehatchie.--
Route of the Enemy's Advance.--Evacuation of Columbia.--Its
Surrender by the Mayor.--Burning the City.--Sherman responsible.--
Evacuation of Charleston.--The Confederate Forces in North
Carolina.--General Johnston's Estimate.--General Johnston assigned
to the Command.--The Enemy's Advance from Columbia to Fayetteville,
North Carolina.--"Foraging Parties."--Sherman's Threat and
Hampton's Reply.--Description of Federal "Treasure-Seekers" by
Sherman's Aide-de-Camp.--Failure of Johnston's Projected Attack at
Fayetteville.--Affair at Kinston.--Cavalry Exploits.--General
Johnston withdraws to Smithfield.--Encounter at Averysboro.--
Battles of Bentonville.--Union of Sherman's and Schofield's
Forces.--Johnston's Retreat to Raleigh.
CHAPTER LII.
Siege of Petersburg.--Violent Assault upon our Position.--A Cavalry
Expedition.--Contest near Ream's Station.--The City invested with
Earthworks.--Position of the Forces.--The Mine exploded, and an
Assault made.--Attacks on our Lines.--Object of the Enemy.--Our
Strength.--Assault on Fort Fisher.--Evacuation of Wilmington.--
Purpose of Grant's Campaign.--Lee's Conference with the
President.--Plans.--Sortie against Fort Steadman.--Movements of
Grant farther to Lee's right.--Army retires from Petersburg.--The
Capitulation.--Letters of Lee.
CHAPTER LIII.
General Lee advises the Evacuation of Richmond.--Withdrawal of the
Troops. The Naval Force.--The Conflagration in Richmond.--Telegram
of Lee to the President.--The Evacuation complete.--The Charge of
the Removal of Supplies intended for Lee's Army.--The Facts.--
Arrangement with General Lee.--Proclamation.--Reports of Scouts.
CHAPTER LIV.
Invitation of General Johnston to a Conference.--Its Object.--Its
Result.--Provisions on the Line of Retreat.--Notice of President
Lincoln's Assassination.--Correspondence between Johnston and
Sherman.--Terms of the Convention.--Approved by the Confederate
Government.--Rejected by the United States Government.--
Instructions to General Johnston.--Disobeyed.--Statements of
General Johnston.--His Surrender.--Movements of the President
South.--His Plans.--Order of General E. E. Smith to his Soldiers.--
Surrender.--Numbers paroled.--The President overtakes his Family.--
His Capture.--Taken to Hampton Roads, and imprisoned in Fortress
Monroe.
CHAPTER LV.
Number of the Enemy's Forces in the War.--Number of the Enemy's
Troops from Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee.--Cruel
Conduct of the War.--Statements in 1862.--Statements in 1863.--
Emancipation Proclamation.--Statements in 1864.--General Hunter's
Proceedings near Lynchburg.--Cruelties in Sherman's March through
South Carolina.
CHAPTER LVI.
Final Subjugation of the Confederate States.--Result of the
Contest.--A Simple Process of Restoration.--Rejected by the United
States Government.--A Forced Union.--The President's Proclamation
examined.--The Guarantee, not to destroy.--Provisional Governors.--
Their Duties.--Voters.--First Movement made in Virginia.--
Government set up.--Proceedings.--Action of So-called Legislature.--
Constitutional Amendment.--Case of Dr. Watson.--Civil Rights Bill.--
Storm brewing.--Congress refuses to admit Senators and Representatives
to Seats.--Committee on "Reconstruction."--Freedmen's Bureau.--Report
of Committee.--Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution.--Extent of
Ratification.--Another Step taken by Congress.--Military Commanders
appointed over Confederate States, with Unlimited Powers.--
Reconstruction by the Bayonet.--Course of Proceedings required.--Two
Governments for Each State.--Major-Generals appointed.--Further Acts
of Congress.--Proceedings commenced by the Major-General at Richmond.--
Civil Governor appointed.--Military Districts and Sub-districts.--
Registration.--So-called State Convention.--So-called Legislature.--Its
Action.--Measures required by Congress for the Enfranchisement of
Negroes adopted by the So-called Legislature.--Assertion of Senator
Garret Davis.--State represented in Congress.
CHAPTER LVII.
Final Subjugation of the Confederate States (continued).--Slaves
declared free by Military Commanders in North Carolina.--Provisional
Governor.--Convention.--Military Commander.--Governor-elect turned
out.--His Protest.--Members of Congress admitted.--Proceedings in
South Carolina.--Arrest of Judge Aldrich.--Military Reversal of
Sentence of the Court.--Post Commanders.--Jurors.--Proceedings in
Georgia.--President's Plan.--Plan of Congress enforced.--Other
Events.--Proceedings in Florida.--Rival Conventions.--Plan of
Congress enforced.--Proceedings in Alabama.--Suspension of Bishop
Wilmer by the Military Commander.--Military Authority.--Action of
Congress.--Proceedings in Mississippi.--Constitutionality of the
Act of Congress before the Supreme Court.--Remarks of Chief-Justice
Chase.--Military Arrests.--Removals.--The Chief-Justice of the
State resigns.--The So-called Constitution rejected.--Ames
appointed Governor.--Proceedings in Louisiana.--Plan of Congress
enforced.--Other Measures.--Arkansas.--Texas.--Opinion of the
United States Attorney-General on Military Commanders.--Consequences
that followed the Measures of Congress.--Increase in State Debts.--
Increase in Frauds and Crimes.--Examples.--Investigating Committees
of Congress.--The Unalienable Rights of Man.--The Sovereignty of
the People and the Supremacy of Law gone.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Jefferson Davis
General Braxton Bragg
Davis House, at Richmond
Lieutenant-General T. J. Jackson
Members of The Confederate Cabinet
Lieutenant-General James Longstreet
General Wade Hampton
General J. E. Johnston
General John B. Hood
Lieutenant-General William J. Hardee
MAPS.
Battle-Field of Fort Donelson
Map used by the Confederate Generals at Shiloh
Battle of Shiloh
Port Hudson
Yorktown and Williamsburg
Operations in Northern Virginia
Operations around Richmond and Petersburg
Battle of Fredericksburg
Operations in Mississippi
Operations in Kentucky and Tennessee
Battle-Field of Chickamauga
Battle of Gettysburg
Operations in Georgia and Tennessee
Fort Fisher
Petersburg
Retreat from Richmond and Petersburg
Operations in Georgia and South Carolina
PART IV--(Continued).
THE WAR.