[1] Apparently correlated with this structure is the curious
thickening of the "prosencephalic median septum" of the cranium as
also of that which divides the "prosencephalic" from the
"mesencephalic chamber," noticed by Sir R. Owen (_Cat. Osteol. Ser.
Mus. Roy. Coll. Surg. England_, i. 287); while the solid horny mass
is further strengthened by a backing of bony props, directed forwards
and meeting its base at right angles. This last singular arrangement
is not perceptible in the skull of any other species examined by the
present writer.
[2] Buffon, as was his manner, enlarges on the cruel injustice done
to these birds by Nature in encumbering them with this deformity,
which he declares must hinder them from getting their food with ease.
The only corroboration his perverted view receives is afforded by the
observed fact that hornbills, in captivity at any rate, never have
any fat about them.
[3] In _The Malay Archipelago_ (i. 213), Wallace describes a nestling
hornbill (_B. bicornis_) which he obtained as "a most curious object,
as large as a pigeon, but without a particle of plumage on any part
of it. It was exceedingly plump and soft, and with a semi-transparent
skin, so that it looked more like a bag of jelly, with head and feet
stuck on, than like a real bird."
HORNBLENDE, an important member of the amphibole group of rock-forming
minerals. The name is an old one of German origin, and was used for any
dark-coloured prismatic crystals from which metals could not be
extracted. It is now applied to the dark-coloured aluminous members of
the monoclinic amphiboles, occupying in this group the same position
that augite occupies in the pyroxene group. The monoclinic crystals are
prismatic in habit with a six-sided cross-section; the angle between the
prism-faces (M), parallel to which there are perfect cleavages, is 55
deg. 49'. The colour (green, brown or black) and the specific gravity
(3.0-3.3) vary with the amount of iron present. The pleochroism is
always strong, and the angle of optical extinction on the plane of
symmetry (x in the figure) varies from 0 deg. to 37 deg. The chemical
composition is expressed by mixtures in varying proportions of the
molecules Ca(Mg, Fe)3(SiO3)4, (Mg, Fe)(Al, Fe)2SiO6 and NaAl(SiO3)2.
Numerous varieties have been distinguished by special names: edenite,
from Edenville in New York, is a pale-coloured aluminous amphibole
containing little iron; pargasite, from Pargas near Abo in Finland, a
green or bluish-green variety; common hornblende includes the
greenish-black and black kinds containing more iron. The dark-coloured
porphyritic crystals of basalts are known as basaltic hornblende.
[Illustration.]
Hornblende occurs as an essential constituent of many kinds of igneous
rocks, such as hornblende-granite, syenite, diorite, hornblende-andesite,
basalt, &c.; and in many crystalline schists, for example, amphibolite
and hornblende-schist which are composed almost entirely of this mineral.
Well-crystallized specimens are met with at many localities, for example:
brilliant black crystals (syntagmatite) with augite and mica in the
sanidine bombs of Monte Somma, Vesuvius; large crystals at Arendal in
Norway, and at several places in the state of New York; isolated crystals
from the basalts of Bohemia. (L. J. S.)
HORN-BOOK, a name originally applied to a sheet containing the letters
of the alphabet, which formed a primer for the use of children. It was
mounted on wood and protected with transparent horn. Sometimes the leaf
was simply pasted against the slice of horn. The wooden frame had a
handle, and it was usually hung at the child's girdle. The sheet, which
in ancient times was of vellum and latterly of paper, contained first a
large cross--the criss-crosse--from which the horn-book was called the
Christ Cross Row, or criss-cross-row. The alphabet in large and small
letters followed. The vowels then formed a line, and their combinations
with the consonants were given in a tabular form. The usual
exorcism--"in the name of the Father and of the Sonne and of the Holy
Ghost, Amen"--followed, then the Lord's Prayer, the whole concluding
with the Roman numerals. The horn-book is mentioned in Shakespeare's
_Love's Labour's Lost_, v. i, where the _ba_, the _a_, _e_, _i_, _o_,
_u_, and the horn, are alluded to by Moth. It is also described by Ben
Jonson--
"The letters may be read, through the horn,
That make the story perfect."
HORNBY, SIR GEOFFREY THOMAS PHIPPS (1825-1895), British admiral of the
fleet, son of Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby, the first cousin and
brother-in-law of the 13th earl of Derby, by a daughter of
Lieut.-General Burgoyne, commonly distinguished as "Saratoga" Burgoyne,
was born on the 20th of February 1825. At the age of twelve he was sent
to sea in the flagship of Sir Robert Stopford, with whom he saw the
capture of Acre in November 1840. He afterwards served in the flagship
of Rear-Admiral Josceline Percy at the Cape of Good Hope, was
flag-lieutenant to his father in the Pacific, and came home as a
commander. When the Derby ministry fell in December 1852 young Hornby
was promoted to be captain. Early in 1853 he married, and as the Derby
connexion put him out of favour with the Aberdeen ministry, and
especially with Sir James Graham, the first lord of the Admiralty, he
settled down in Sussex as manager of his father's property. He had no
appointment in the navy till 1858, when he was sent out to China to take
command of the "Tribune" frigate and convey a body of marines to
Vancouver Island, where the dispute with the United States about the
island of San Juan was threatening to become very bitter. As senior
naval officer there Hornby's moderation, temper and tact did much to
smooth over matters, and a temporary arrangement for joint occupation of
the island was concluded. He afterwards commanded the "Neptune" in the
Mediterranean under Sir William Fanshawe Martin, was flag-captain to
Rear-Admiral Dacres in the Channel, was commodore of the squadron on the
west coast of Africa, and, being promoted to rear-admiral in January
1869, commanded the training squadron for a couple of years. He then
commanded the Channel Fleet, and was for two years a junior lord of the
Admiralty. It was early in 1877 that he went out as commander-in-chief
in the Mediterranean, where his skill in manoeuvring the fleet, his
power as a disciplinarian, and the tact and determination with which he
conducted the foreign relations at the time of the Russian advance on
Constantinople, won for him the K. C. B. He returned home in 1880 with
the character of being perhaps the most able commander on the active
list of the navy. His later appointments were to the Royal Naval College
as president, and afterwards to Portsmouth as commander-in-chief. On
hauling down his flag he was appointed G. C. B., and in May 1888 was
promoted to be admiral of the fleet. From 1886 he was principal naval
aide-de-camp to Queen Victoria, and in that capacity, and as an admiral
of the fleet, was appointed on the staff of the German emperor during
his visits to England in 1889 and 1890. He died, after a short illness,
on the 3rd of March 1895. By his wife, who predeceased him, he left
several children, daughters and sons, one of whom, a major in the
artillery, won the Victoria Cross in South Africa in 1900.
His life was written by his daughter, Mrs Fred. Egerton, (1896).
HORNCASTLE, a market-town in the S. Lindsey or Horncastle parliamentary
division of Lincolnshire, England, at the foot of a line of low hills
called the Wolds, at the confluence of the Bain and Waring streams; the
terminus of a branch line of the Great Northern railway, 130 m. N. from
London. Pop. of urban district (1901) 4038. The church of St Mary is
principally Decorated and Perpendicular, with some Early English remains
and an embattled western tower. Queen Elizabeth's grammar school was
founded in 1562. Other buildings are an exchange, a court-house and a
dispensary founded in 1789. The prosperity of the town is chiefly
dependent on agriculture and its well-known horse fairs. Brewing and
malting are carried on, and there is some trade in coal and iron.
Remains have been found here which may indicate the existence of a Roman
village. The manor of Horncastle (Hornecastre) belonged to Queen Edith
in Saxon times and was royal demesne in 1086 and the head of a large
soke. In the reign of Stephen it apparently belonged to Alice de Cundi,
a partisan of the empress Maud, and passing to the crown on her death it
was granted by Henry III. to Gerbald de Escald, from whom it descended
to Ralph de Rhodes, who sold it to Walter Mauclerc, bishop of Carlisle
in 1230. The see of Carlisle retained it till the reign of Edward VI.
when it was granted to Edward, Lord Clinton, but was recovered in the
following reign. In 1230 Henry III. directed the men of Horncastle to
render a reasonable aid to the bishop, who obtained the right to try
felons, hold a court leet and have free warren. An inquisition of 1275
shows that the bishop had then, besides the return of writs, the assize
of bread and ale and waifs and strays in the soke. Horncastle was a
centre of the Lincolnshire rebellion of 1536. Royalist troops occupied
the town in 1643, and were pursued through its streets after the battle
fought at Winceby. It was never a municipal or parliamentary borough,
but during the middle ages it was frequently the residence of the
bishops of Carlisle. Its prosperity has always depended largely on its
fairs, the great horse fair described by George Borrow in _Romany Rye_
being granted to the bishop in 1230 for the octave of St Lawrence,
together with the fair on the feast of St Barnabas. The three other
fairs are apparently of later date.
See George Weir, _Historical and Descriptive Sketches of the Town and
Soke of Horncastle in the County of Lincoln and of Several Places
adjacent_ (London, 1820).
HORN DANCE, a medieval dance, still celebrated during the September
"wakes" at Abbots Bromley, a village on the borders of Needwood Forest,
Staffordshire. Six or seven men, each wearing a deer's skull with
antlers, dance through the streets, pursued by a comrade who bestrides a
mimic horse, and whips the dancers to keep them on the move. The
horn-dance usually takes place on the Monday after Wakes Sunday, which
is the Sunday next after the 4th of September. Originally the dance took
place on a Sunday.
See _Strand Magazine_ for November 1896; also _Folk-lore_, vol. vii.
(1896), p. 381.
HORNE, GEORGE (1730-1792), English divine, was born on the 1st of
November 1730, at Otham near Maidstone, and received his education at
Maidstone school and University College, Oxford. In 1749 he became a
fellow of Magdalen, of which college he was elected president in 1768.
As a preacher he early attained great popularity, and was, albeit
unjustly, accused of Methodism. His reputation was helped by several
clever if somewhat wrong-headed publications, including a satirical
pamphlet entitled _The Theology and Philosophy of Cicero's Somnium
Scipionis_ (1751), a defence of the Hutchinsonians in _A Fair, Candid
and Impartial State of the Case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr
Hutchinson_ (1753), and critiques upon William Law (1758) and Benjamin
Kennicott (1760). In 1771 he published his well-known _Commentary on the
Psalms_. a series of expositions based on the Messianic idea. In 1776
he was chosen vice-chancellor of his university; in 1781 he was made
dean of Canterbury, and in 1790 was raised to the see of Norwich. He
died at Bath on the 17th of January 1792.
His collected _Works_ were published with a Memoir by William Jones in
1799.
HORNE, RICHARD HENRY, or HENGIST (1803-1884), English poet and critic,
was born in London on New Year's Day 1803. He was intended for the army,
and entered at Sandhurst, but receiving no commission, he left his
country and joined the Mexican navy. He served in the war against Spain,
and underwent many adventures. Returning to England, he became a
journalist, and in 1836-1837 edited _The Monthly Repository_. In 1837 he
published two tragedies, _Cosmo de Medici_ and _The Death of Marlowe_,
and in 1841 a _History of Napoleon_. The book, however, by which he
lives is his epic of _Orion_, which appeared in 1843. It was published
originally at a farthing, was widely read, and passed through many
editions. In the next year he set forth a volume of critical essays
called _A New Spirit of the Age_, in which he was assisted by Elizabeth
Barrett (Mrs Browning), with whom, from 1839 to her marriage in 1846, he
conducted a voluminous correspondence. In 1852 he went to Australia in
company with William Howitt, and did not return to England until 1869.
He received a Civil List pension in 1874, and died at Margate on the
13th of March 1884. Horne possessed extraordinary versatility, but,
except in the case of _Orion_, he never attained to a very high degree
of distinction. That poem, indeed, has much of the quality of fine
poetry; it is earnest, vivid and alive with spirit. But Horne early
drove his talent too hard, and continued to write when he had little
left to say. In criticism he had insight and quickness. He was one of
the first to appreciate Keats and Tennyson, and he gave valuable
encouragement to Mrs Browning when she was still Miss Elizabeth Barrett.
HORNE, THOMAS HARTWELL (1780-1862), English theologian and
bibliographer, was born in London on the 20th of October 1780, and was
educated at Christ's Hospital, with S. T. Coleridge as an elder
contemporary. On leaving school he became clerk to a barrister, but
showed a keen taste for authorship. As early as 1800 he published _A
Brief View of the Necessity and Truth of the Christian Revelation_,
which was followed by several minor works on very varied subjects. In
1814, having been appointed librarian of the Surrey Institution, he
issued his _Introduction to the Study of Bibliography_. This was
followed in 1818 by his long matured work, the _Introduction to the
Critical Study of the Holy Scriptures_, which rapidly attained
popularity, and secured for its author widespread fame and an honorary
M.A. degree from Aberdeen. In 1819 he received ordination from William
Howley, bishop of London, and after holding two smaller livings was
appointed rector of the united parishes of St Edmund the King and
Martyr, and St Nicolas Acons in London. On the breaking up of the Surrey
Institution in 1823, he was appointed (1824) senior assistant librarian
in the department of printed books in the British Museum. After the
project of making a classified catalogue had been abandoned, he took
part in the preparation of the alphabetical one, and his connexion with
the museum continued until within a few months of his death on the 27th
of January 1862.
Horne's works exceed forty in number. The _Introduction_, edited by
John Ayre and S. P. Tregelles, reached a 12th edition in 1869; but,
owing to subsequent advances in biblical scholarship, it fell into
disuse.
HORNELL, a city of Steuben county, New York, U.S.A., on the Canisteo
river, 90 m. S.E. of Buffalo. Pop. (1890) 10,996; (1900) 11,918, of whom
1230 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 13,617. Hornell is served by the
Erie and the Pittsburg, Shawmut & Northern railways; the latter connects
at Wayland (20 m. distant by rail) with the Delaware, Lackawanna &
Western railroad. In the city are St Ann's Academy, the St James Mercy
Hospital, the Steuben Sanitarium, a public library, and a county
court-house--terms of the county court being held here as well as in
Bath (pop. in 1905, 3695), the county-seat, and in Corning. Hornell has
extensive car shops of the Erie railroad, and among its manufactures
are silk goods (silk gloves being a specially important product), sash,
doors and blinds, leather, furniture, shoes, white-goods, wire-fences,
foundry and machine shop products, electric motors, and brick and tile.
The value of the factory product in 1905 was $3,162,677, an increase of
30.1% since 1900. The first settlement here was made in 1790, within the
district of Erwin (then in Ontario county); after 1796 it was a part of
Canisteo township, and the settlement itself was known as Upper Canisteo
until 1820, when a new township was formed and named Hornellsville in
honour of Judge George Hornell (d. 1813). The village of Hornellsville
was incorporated in 1852, and in 1888 was chartered as a city; and by
act of the state legislature the name was changed to Hornell in 1906.
See G. H. McMaster, _History of the Settlement of Steuben County_
(Bath, New York, 1849).
HORNEMANN, FREDERICK (fl. 1796-1800), German traveller in Africa, was
born at Hildesheim. He was a young man when, early in 1796, he offered
his services to the African Association of London as an explorer in
Africa. By the association he was sent to Gottingen University to study
Arabic and otherwise prepare for an expedition into the unknown regions
of North Africa from the east. In September 1797 he arrived in Egypt,
where he continued his studies. On the invasion of the country by the
French he was confined in the citadel of Cairo, to preserve him from the
fanaticism of the populace. Liberated by the French, he received the
patronage of Bonaparte. On the 5th of September 1798 he joined a caravan
returning to the Maghrib from Mecca, attaching himself to a party of
Fezzan merchants who accompanied the pilgrims. As an avowed Christian
would not have been permitted to join the caravan Hornemann assumed the
character of a young mameluke trading to Fezzan. He then spoke, but
indifferently, both Arabic and Turkish, and he was accompanied as
servant and interpreter by Joseph Freudenburg, a German convert to
Islam, who had thrice made the pilgrimage to Mecca. Travelling by way of
the oases of Siwa and Aujila, a "black rocky desert" was traversed to
Temissa in Fezzan. Murzuk was reached on the 17th of November 1798. Here
Hornemann lived till June 1799, going thence to the city of Tripoli,
whence in August of the same year he despatched his journals to London.
He then returned to Murzuk. Nothing further is known with certainty
concerning him or his companion. In Murzuk Hornemann had collected a
great deal of trustworthy information concerning the peoples and
countries of the western Sahara and central Sudan, and when he left
Tripoli it was his intention to go direct to the Hausa country, which
region he was the first European definitely to locate. "If I do not
perish in my undertaking," he wrote in his journal, "I hope in five
years I shall be able to make the Society better acquainted with the
people of whom I have given this short description." The British consul
at Tripoli heard from a source believed to be trustworthy that about
June 1803 Jusef (Hornemann's Mahommedan name) was at Casna, i.e.
Katsena, in Northern Nigeria, "in good health and highly respected as a
marabout." A report reached Murzuk in 1819 that the traveller had gone
to "Noofy" (Nupe), and had died there. Hornemann was the first European
in modern times to traverse the north-eastern Sahara, and up to 1910 no
other explorer had followed his route across the Jebel-es-Suda from
Aujila to Temissa.
The original text of Hornemann's journal, which was written in German,
was printed at Weimar in 1801; an English translation, _Travels from
Cairo to Mourzouk_, &c., with maps and dissertations by Major James
Rennell, appeared in London in 1802. A French translation of the
English work, made by order of the First Consul, and augmented with
notes and a memoir on the Egyptian oases by L. Langles, was published
in Paris in the following year. The French version is the most
valuable of the three. Consult also the _Proceedings of the African
Association_ (1810), and the Geog. Jnl. Nov. 1906.
HORNER, FRANCIS (1778-1817), British economist, was born at Edinburgh on
the 12th of August 1778. After passing through the usual courses at the
high school and university of his native city, he devoted five years,
the first two in England, to comprehensive but desultory study, and in
1800 was called to the Scottish bar. Desirous, however, of a wider
sphere, Horner removed to London in 1802, and occupied the interval
that elapsed before his admission to the English bar in 1807 with
researches in law, philosophy and political economy. In February 1806 he
became one of the commissioners for adjusting the claims against the
nawab of Arcot, and in November entered parliament as member for St
Ives. Next year he sat. for Wendover, and in 1812 for St Mawes, in the
patronage of the marquis of Buckingham. In 1811, when Lord Grenville was
organizing a prospective ministry, Horner had the offer, which he
refused, of a treasury secretaryship. He had resolved not to accept
office till he could afford to live out of office; and his professional
income, on which he depended, was at no time proportionate to his
abilities. His labours at last began to tell upon a constitution never
robust, and in October 1816 his physicians ordered him to Italy, where,
however, he sank under his malady. He died at Pisa, on the 8th of
February 1817. He was buried at Leghorn, and a marble statue by Chantrey
was erected to his memory in Westminster Abbey.
Without the advantages of rank, or wealth, or even of genius, Francis
Horner rose to a high position of public influence and private esteem.
His special field was political economy. Master of that subject, and
exercising a sort of moral as well as intellectual influence over the
House of Commons he, by his nervous and earnest rather than eloquent
style of speaking, could fix its attention for hours on such dry topics
as finance, and coinage, and currency. As chairman of the parliamentary
committee for investigating the depreciation of bank-notes, for which he
moved in 1810, he extended and confirmed his fame as a political
economist by his share in the famous _Bullion Report_. It was chiefly
through his efforts that the paper-issue of the English banks was
checked, and gold and silver reinstated in their true position as
circulating media; and his views on free trade and commerce have been
generally accepted at their really high value. Horner was one of the
promoters of the _Edinburgh Review_ in 1802. His articles in the early
numbers of that publication, chiefly on political economy, form his only
literary legacy.
See _Memoirs and Correspondence of Francis Horner, M.P._, published by
his brother (see below) in 1843. Also the _Edinburgh_ and _Quarterly
Reviews_ for the same year; and _Blackwood's Magazine_, vol. i.
HORNER, LEONARD (1785-1864), Scottish geologist, brother of Francis
Horner (above), was born in Edinburgh on the 17th of January 1785. His
father, John Horner, was a linen merchant in Edinburgh, and Leonard, the
third and youngest son, entered the university of Edinburgh in 1799.
There in the course of the next four years he studied chemistry and
mineralogy, and gained a love of geology from Playfair's _Illustrations
of the Huttonian Theory_. At the age of nineteen he became a partner in
a branch of his father's business, and went to London. In 1808 he joined
the newly formed Geological Society and two years later was elected one
of the secretaries. Throughout his long life he was ardently devoted to
the welfare of the society; he was elected president in 1846 and again
in 1860. In 1811 he read his first paper "On the Mineralogy of the
Malvern Hills" (_Trans. Geol. Soc._ vol. i.) and subsequently
communicated other papers on the "Brine-springs at Droitwich," and the
"Geology of the S.W. part of Somersetshire." He was elected F.R.S. in
1813. In 1815 he returned to Edinburgh to take personal superintendence
of his business, and while there (1821) he was instrumental in founding
the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of mechanics, and he
was one of the founders of the Edinburgh Academy. In 1827 he was invited
to London to become warden of the London University, an office which he
held for four years; he then resided at Bonn for two years and pursued
the study of minerals and rocks, communicating to the Geological Society
on his return a paper on the "Geology of the Environs of Bonn," and
another "On the Quantity of Solid Matter suspended in the Water of the
Rhine." In 1833 he was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire
into the employment of children in the factories of Great Britain, and
he was subsequently selected as one of the inspectors. In later years he
devoted much attention to the geological history of the alluvial lands
of Egypt; and in 1843 he published his _Life_ of his brother Francis. He
died in London on the 5th of March 1864.
See _Memoir of Leonard Horner_, by Katherine M. Lyell (1890)
(privately printed).
HORNES, MORITZ (1815-1868), Austrian palaeontologist, was born in Vienna
on the 14th of July 1815. He was educated in the university and
graduated Ph.D. He then became assistant in the Vienna mineralogical
museum. He was distinguished for his researches on the Tertiary mollusca
of the Vienna Basin, and on the Triassic mollusca of Alpine regions.
Most of his memoirs were published in the _Jahrbuch der K. K. geol.
Reichsanstalt_. In 1864 he introduced the term Neogene to include
Miocene and Pliocene, as these formations are not always to be clearly
separated: the fauna of the lower division being subtropical and
gradually giving place in the upper division to Mediterranean forms. He
died in Vienna on the 4th of November 1868. His son Dr Rudolf Hornes (b.
1850), professor of geology and palaeontology in the university of Graz,
has also carried on researches among the Tertiary mollusca, and is
author of _Elemente der Palaeontologie_ (1884).
HORNFELS (a German word meaning hornstone), the group designation for a
series of rocks which have been baked and indurated by the heat of
intrusive granitic masses and have been rendered massive, hard,
splintery, and in some cases exceedingly tough and durable. Most
hornfelses are fine-grained, and while the original rocks (such as
sandstone, shale and slate, limestone and diabase) may have been more or
less fissile owing to the presence of bedding or cleavage planes, this
structure is effaced or rendered inoperative in the hornfels. Though
they may show banding, due to bedding, &c., they break across this as
readily as along it; in fact they tend to separate into cubical
fragments rather than into thin plates. The commonest hornfelses (the
"biotite hornfelses") are dark-brown to black with a somewhat velvety
lustre owing to the abundance of small crystals of shining black mica.
The "lime hornfelses" are often white, yellow, pale-green, brown and
other colours. Green and dark-green are the prevalent tints of the
hornfelses produced by the alteration of igneous rocks. Although for the
most part the constituent grains are too small to be determined by the
unaided eye, there are often larger crystals of garnet or andalusite
scattered through the fine matrix, and these may become very prominent
on the weathered faces of the rock.
The structure of the hornfelses is very characteristic. Very rarely do
any of the minerals show crystalline form, but the small grains fit
closely together like the fragments of a mosaic; they are usually of
nearly equal dimensions and from the resemblance to rough pavement work
this has been called _pflaster_ structure or pavement structure. Each
mineral may also enclose particles of the others; in the quartz, for
example, small crystals of graphite, biotite, iron oxides, sillimanite
or felspar may appear in great numbers. Often the whole of the grains
are rendered semi-opaque in this way. The minutest crystals may show
traces of crystalline outlines; undoubtedly they are of new formation
and have originated _in situ_. This leads us to believe that the whole
rock has been recrystallized at a high temperature and in the solid
state, so that there was little freedom for the mineral molecules to
build up well-individualized crystals. The regeneration of the rock has
been sufficient to efface most of the original structures and to replace
the former minerals more or less completely by new ones. But
crystallization has been hampered by the solid condition of the mass and
the new minerals are formless and have been unable to reject impurities,
but have grown around them.
Slates, shales and clays yield biotite hornfelses in which the most
conspicuous mineral is black mica, in small scales which under the
microscope are transparent and have a dark reddish-brown colour and
strong dichroism. There is also quartz, and often a considerable amount
of felspar, while graphite, tourmaline and iron oxides frequently occur
in lesser quantity. In these biotite hornfelses the minerals, which
consist of aluminium silicates, are commonly found; they are usually
andalusite and sillimanite, but kyanite appears also in hornfelses,
especially in those which have a schistose character. The andalusite may
be pink and is then often pleochroic in thin sections, or it may be
white with the cross-shaped dark enclosures of the matrix which are
characteristic of chiastolite. Sillimanite usually forms exceedingly
minute needles embedded in quartz. In the rocks of this group cordierite
also occurs, not rarely, and may have the outlines of imperfect
hexagonal prisms which are divided up into six sectors when seen in
polarized light. In biotite hornfelses a faint striping may indicate the
original bedding of the unaltered rock and corresponds to small changes
in the nature of the sediment deposited. More commonly there is a
distinct spotting, visible on the surfaces of the hand specimens. The
spots are round or elliptical, and may be paler or darker than the rest
of the rock. In some cases they are rich in graphite or carbonaceous
matters; in others they are full of brown mica; some spots consist of
rather coarser grains of quartz than occur in the matrix. The frequency
with which this feature reappears in the less altered slates and
hornfelses is rather remarkable, especially as it seems certain that the
spots are not always of the same nature or origin. "Tourmaline
hornfelses" are found sometimes near the margins of tourmaline granites;
they are black with small needles of schorl which under the microscope
are dark brown and richly pleochroic. As the tourmaline contains boron
there must have been some permeation of vapours from the granite into
the sediments. Rocks of this group are often seen in the Cornish
tin-mining districts, especially near the lodes.
A second great group of hornfelses are the calc-silicate-hornfelses
which arise from the thermal alteration of impure limestones. The purer
beds recrystallize as marbles, but where there has been originally an
admixture of sand or clay lime-bearing silicates are formed, such as
diopside, epidote, garnet, sphene, vesuvianite, scapolite; with these
phlogopite, various felspars, pyrites, quartz and actinolite often
occur. These rocks are fine-grained, and though often banded are tough
and much harder than the original limestones. They are excessively
variable in their mineralogical composition, and very often alternate in
thin seams with biotite hornfels and indurated quartzites. When perfused
with boric and fluoric vapours from the granite they may contain much
axinite, fluorite and datolite, but the aluminous silicates (andalusite,
&c.) are absent from these rocks.
From diabases, basalts, andesites and other igneous rocks a third type
of hornfels is produced. They consist essentially of felspar with
hornblende (generally of brown colour) and pale pyroxene. Sphene,
biotite and iron oxides are the other common constituents, but these
rocks show much variety of composition and structure. Where the original
mass was decomposed and contained calcite, zeolites, chlorite and other
secondary minerals either in veins or in cavities, there are usually
rounded areas or irregular streaks containing a suite of new minerals,
which may resemble those of the calc silicate hornfelses above
described. The original porphyritic, fluidal, vesicular or fragmental
structures of the igneous rock are clearly visible in the less advanced
stages of hornfelsing, but become less evident as the alteration
progresses.
In some districts hornfelsed rocks occur which have acquired a schistose
structure through shearing, and these form transitions to schists and
gneisses which contain the same minerals as the hornfelses, but have a
schistose instead of a hornfels structure. Among these may be mentioned
cordierite and sillimanite gneisses, andalusite and kyanite mica
schists, and those schistose calc silicate rocks which are known as
cipolins. That these are sediments which have undergone thermal
alteration is generally admitted, but the exact conditions under which
they were formed is not always clear. The essential features of
hornfelsing are ascribed to the action of heat, pressure and permeating
vapours, regenerating a rock mass without the production of fusion (at
least on a large scale). It has been argued, however, that often there
is extensive chemical change owing to the introduction of matter from
the granite into the rocks surrounding it. The formation of new felspar
in the hornfelses is pointed out as evidence of this. While this
"felspathization" may have occurred in a few localities, it seems
conspicuously absent from others. Most authorities at the present time
regard the changes as being purely of a physical and not of a chemical
nature. (J. S. F.)
HORNING, LETTERS OF, a term in Scots law. Originally in Scotland
imprisonment for debt was enforceable only in certain cases, but a
custom gradually grew up of taking the debtor's oath to pay. If the
debtor broke his oath, he became liable to the discipline of the Church.
The civil power, further, stepped in to aid the ecclesiastical, and
denounced him as a rebel, imprisoning his person and confiscating his
goods. The method declaring a person a rebel was by giving three blasts
on a horn and publicly proclaiming the fact; hence the expression, "put
to the horn." The subsequent process, the warrant directing a
messenger-at-arms to charge the debtor to pay or perform in terms of the
letters, was called "letters of horning." This system of execution was
simplified by an act of 1837 (Personal Diligence Act), and execution is
now usually by diligence (see EXECUTION).
HORNPIPE, originally the name of an instrument no longer in existence,
and now the name of an English national dance. The sailors' hornpipe,
although the most common, is by no means the only form of the dance, for
there is a pretty tune known as the "College Hornpipe," and other
specimens of a similar kind might be cited. The composition of hornpipes
flourished chiefly in the 18th century, and even Handel did not disdain
to use the characteristic rhythm. The hornpipe may be written in 3/2 or
in common time, and is always of a lively nature.
HORNSEY, a municipal borough in the Hornsey parliamentary division of
Middlesex, England, suburban to London, 6 m. N. of St Paul's Cathedral,
on the Great Northern railway. Pop. (1891) 44,523; (1901) 72,056. It is
chiefly occupied by small residences of the working classes. The manor,
called in the 13th century _Haringee_ (a name which survives as
Harringay), belonged from an early date to the see of London, the
bishops having a seat here. In 1387 the duke of Gloucester, uncle of
Richard II., assembled in Hornsey Park the forces by the display of
which he compelled the king to dismiss his minister de la Pole, earl of
Suffolk; and in 1483 the park was the scene of the ceremonious reception
of Edward V., under the charge of Richard, duke of Gloucester, by Edmund
Shaw, lord mayor of London. The parish church of St Mary, Hornsey,
retains its Perpendicular tower (c. 1500) and a number of interesting
monuments. Finsbury Park, of 120 acres, and other smaller public
grounds, are within the borough. Hornsey was incorporated in 1903 under
a mayor, 10 aldermen and 30 councillors. Area, 2875 acres.
HOROWITZ, ISAIAH (c. 1555-c. 1630), Jewish rabbi and mystic, was born at
Prague, and died at Safed, then the home of Jewish Kabbala. His largest
work is called _Shelah_ (abbreviated from the initials of the full title
_Shene luhoth ha-berit_, "Two Tables of the Covenant"). This is a
compilation of ritual, ethics and mysticism, and had a profound
influence on Jewish life. It has been often reprinted, especially in an
abbreviated form.
For an account of the Jewish mystics at Safed see S. Schecter,
_Studies in Judaism_, series ii. (1908).
HORREUM, the Latin word for a magazine or storehouse for the storage of
grain and other produce of the earth, and occasionally for that of
agricultural implements. The storehouses of Rome were of the most
extensive character, there being no fewer than 290 public horrea at the
time of Constantine. They were used for the storage of food and
merchandize of all kinds, being part of the great Roman system of
providing food for the population, and they were supplied constantly
with corn and other provisions from Africa, Spain and elsewhere.
HORROCKS, JEREMIAH (1619-1641), English astronomer, was born in 1619 at
Toxteth Park, near Liverpool. His family was poor, and the register of
Emmanuel College, Cambridge, testifies to his entry as sizar on the 18th
of May 1632. Isolated in his scientific tastes, and painfully straitened
in means, he pursued amid innumerable difficulties his purpose of
self-education. His university career lasted three years, and on its
termination he became a tutor at Toxteth, devoting to astronomical
observations his brief intervals of leisure. In 1636 he met with a
congenial spirit in William Crabtree, a draper of Broughton, near
Manchester; and encouraged by his advice he exchanged the guidance of
Philipp von Lansberg, a pretentious but inaccurate Belgian astronomer,
for that of Kepler. He now set himself to the revision of the Rudolphine
Tables (published by Kepler in 1627), and in the progress of his task
became convinced that a transit of Venus overlooked by Kepler would
nevertheless occur on the 24th of November (O.S.) 1639. He was at this
time curate of Hoole, near Preston, having recently taken orders in the
Church of England, although, according to the received accounts, he had
not attained the canonical age. The 24th of November falling on a
Sunday, his clerical duties threatened fatally to clash with his
astronomical observations; he was, however, released just in time to
witness the punctual verification of his forecast, and carefully noted
the progress of the phenomenon during half an hour before sunset (3.15
to 3.45). This transit of Venus is remarkable as the first ever
observed, that of 1631 predicted by Kepler having been invisible in
western Europe. Notwithstanding the rude character of the apparatus at
his disposal, Horrocks was enabled by his observation of it to introduce
some important corrections into the elements of the planet's orbit, and
to reduce to its exact value the received estimate of its apparent
diameter.
After a year spent at Hoole, he returned to Toxteth, and there, on the
eve of a long-promised visit to his friend Crabtree, he died, on the 3rd
of January 1641, when only in his twenty-second year. To the inventive
activity of the discoverer he had already united the patient skill of
the observer and the practical sagacity of the experimentalist. Before
he was twenty he had afforded a specimen of his powers by an important
contribution to the lunar theory. He first brought the revolutions of
our satellite within the domain of Kepler's laws, pointing out that her
apparent irregularities could be completely accounted for by supposing
her to move in an ellipse with a variable eccentricity and directly
rotatory major axis, of which the earth occupied one focus. These
precise conditions were afterwards demonstrated by Newton to follow
necessarily from the law of gravitation.
In his speculations as to the physical cause of the celestial motions,
his mind, though not wholly emancipated from the tyranny of gratuitous
assumptions, was working steadily towards the light. He clearly
perceived the significant analogy between terrestrial gravity and the
force exerted in the solar system, and by the ingenious device of a
circular pendulum illustrated the composite character of the planetary
movements. He also reduced the solar parallax to 14" (less than a
quarter of Kepler's estimate), corrected the sun's semi-diameter to 15'
45", recommended decimal notation, and was the first to make tidal
observations.
Only a remnant of the papers left by Horrocks was preserved by the
care of William Crabtree. After his death (which occurred soon after
that of his friend) these were purchased by Dr Worthington, of
Cambridge; and from his hands the treatise _Venus in sole visa_ passed
into those of Hevelius, and was published by him in 1662 with his own
observations on a transit of Mercury. The remaining fragments were,
under the directions of the Royal Society, reduced by Dr Wallis to a
compact form, with the heading _Astronomia Kepleriana defensa et
promota_, and published with numerous extracts from the letters of
Horrocks to Crabtree, and a sketch of the author's life, in a volume
entitled _Jeremiae Horroccii opera posthuma_ (London, 1672). A memoir
of his life by the Rev. Arundell Blount Whatton, prefixed to a
translation of the _Venus in sole visa_, appeared at London in 1859.
For additional particulars, see J. E. Bailey's _Palatine Note-Book_,
ii. 253, iii. 17; Bailey's "Writings of Horrocks and Crabtree" (from
_Notes and Queries_, Dec. 2, 1882); _Notes and Queries_, 3rd series,
vol. v., 5th series, vols. ii., iv.; Martin's _Biographia
philosophica_, p. 271 (1764); R. Brickel, _Transits of Venus,
1639-1874_ (Preston, 1874); _Astronomical Register_, xii. 293;
Hevelii, _Mercurius in sole visus_, pp. 116-140; S. Rigaud's
_Correspondence of Scientific Men_; Th. Birch, _History of the Royal
Society_, i. 386, 395, 470; Sir E. Sherburne's _Sphere of M.
Manilius_, p. 92 (1675); Sir J. A. Picton's _Memorials of Liverpool_,
ii. 561; M. Gregson's _Fragments relative to the Duchy of Lancaster_,
p. 166 (1817); _Liverpool Repository_, i. 570 (1826); _Phil. Trans.
Abridged_, ii. 12 (1809); C. Hutton's _Phil. and Math. Dictionary_
(1815); _Penny Cyclopaedia_ (De Morgan); _Nature_, viii. 117, 137; J.
B. J. Delambre, _Hist. de l'astronomie moderne_, ii. 495; _Hist. de
l'astronomie au XVIII^e siecle_, pp. 28, 61, 74; W. Whewell, _Hist. of
the Inductive Sciences_, i. 331; R. Grant, _Hist. of Physical
Astronomy_, pp. 420, 545; J. Madler, _Geschichte der Himmelskunde_, i.
275; M. Marie, _Hist. des Sciences_, iv. 168, vi. 90; J. C. Houzeau,
_Bibl. Astr._ ii. 167. (A. M. C.)
HORROCKS, JOHN (1768-1804), British cotton manufacturer, was born at
Edgeworth, near Bolton, in 1768. His father was the owner of a small
quarry, and John Horrocks spent his early days in dressing and polishing
millstones. The Lancashire cotton industry was then in its infancy, but
Horrocks was greatly impressed with its future possibilities, and he
managed to obtain a few spinning-frames which he erected in a corner of
his father's offices. For a time he combined cotton-spinning on a very
small scale with stone-working, but finally devoted himself entirely to
cotton-spinning, working the frames with his own hands, and travelling
through the Lancashire manufacturing districts to sell the yarn. His
goods obtained a reputation for quality, and his customers increased so
rapidly that in 1791 he removed to Preston, where he began to
manufacture cotton shirtings and long-cloths in addition to spinning the
cotton yarn. By taking full advantage of the machinery invented for
manufacturing textiles, and by rigidly maintaining the quality of his
goods, Horrocks rapidly developed his business, and with the aid of the
capital of a local banker, whom he took into partnership, erected within
a year of his arrival in Preston his first large mill, securing shortly
afterwards from the East India Company a monopoly of the manufacture of
cottons and muslins for the Indian market. The demand for Horrocks's
goods continued to increase, and to cope with the additional work he
took first an elder brother and in 1801 a Mr Whitehead and a Mr Miller
into partnership, the title of the firm being altered to Horrockses,
Miller & Co. In 1802 he entered parliament as tory member for Preston.
He died in London in 1804 of brain-fever resulting from over-work.
HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as _hors_,
_hros_, _ros_; cf. the Ger. _ross_), a name properly restricted to the
domesticated horse (_Equus caballus_) and its wild or half-wild
representatives, but in a zoological sense used as a general term for
all the members of the family Equidae.