[1] In Barros, _Dec. II._ book x. c. 7, there is a curious detail of
the revenue and expenditure of the kingdom of Ormuz, which would seem
to exhibit the former as not more than L100,000.
[2] The attack on Kishm was notable in that one of the two Englishmen
killed there was the great navigator Baffin.
[3] _Colonial Series, E. Indies_, by Sainsbury, vol. iii. _passim_,
especially see pp. 296 and 329.
[4] "Reddle or Red Ochre from the Forest of Dean in Gloucestershire
is very little inferior to the Sort brought from the Island of Ormuz
in the Persian Gulph and so much valued and used by our Painters
under the name of Indian Red" (Sir John Hill, _Theophrastus's History
of Stones_, London, 1774).
HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742), Swedish statesman, was born at
Vuorentaka in Finland on the 6th of April 1664, of a noble but indigent
family. After completing his studies at Abo, he entered the army and
served for several years in the Netherlands, in Hungary under Prince
Eugene, and in Flanders under Waldeck (1690-1695). He stood high in the
favour of the young Charles XII. and was one of his foremost generals in
the earlier part of the great Northern War. In 1704 he was entrusted
with his first diplomatic mission, the deposition of Augustus II. of
Poland and the election of Stanislaus I., a mission which he
accomplished with distinguished ability but absolute unscrupulousness.
Shortly afterwards he was besieged by Augustus in Warsaw and compelled
to surrender. In 1705 he was made a senator, in 1706 a count and in 1707
governor of Charles XII.'s nephew, the young duke Charles Frederick of
Holstein-Gottorp. In 1710 he succeeded Nils Gyldenstolpe as prime
minister. Transferred to the central point of the administration, he had
ample opportunity of regarding with other eyes the situation of the
kingdom, and in consequence of his remonstrances he fell rapidly in the
favour of Charles XII. Both in 1710 and 1713 Horn was in favour of
summoning the estates, but when in 1714 the diet adopted an
anti-monarchical attitude, he gravely warned and ultimately dissolved
it. In Charles XII.'s later years Horn had little to do with the
administration. After the death of Charles XII. (1718) it was Horn who
persuaded the princess Ulrica Leonora to relinquish her hereditary
claims and submit to be _elected_ queen of Sweden. He protested against
the queen's autocratic behaviour, and resigned both the premiership and
his senatorship. He was elected _landtmarskalk_ at the diet of 1720, and
contributed, on the resignation of Ulrica Leonora, to the election of
Frederick of Hesse as king of Sweden, whose first act was to restore to
him the office of prime minister. For the next eighteen years he so
absolutely controlled both the foreign and the domestic affairs of
Sweden that the period between 1720 and 1738 has well been called the
Horn period. His services to his country were indeed inestimable. His
strong hand kept the inevitable strife of the parliamentary factions
within due limits, and it was entirely owing to his provident care that
Sweden so rapidly recovered from the wretched condition in which the
wars of Charles XII. had plunged her. In his foreign policy Horn was
extremely wary and cautious, yet without compromising either the
independence or the self-respect of his country. He was, however, the
promoter of a new principle of administration which in later days proved
very dangerous to Sweden under ministers less capable than he was. This
was to increase the influence of the diet and its secret committees in
the solution of purely diplomatic questions, which should have been left
entirely to the executive, thus weakening the central government and at
the same time facilitating the interference of foreign Powers in
Sweden's domestic affairs. Not till 1731 was there any appearance of
opposition in the diet to Horn's "system"; but Horn, piqued by the
growing coolness of the king, the same year offered his resignation,
which was not accepted. In 1734, however, the opposition was bold enough
to denounce his neutrality on the occasion of the war of the Polish
Succession, when Stanislaus I. again appeared upon the scene as a
candidate for the Polish throne; but Horn was still strong enough to
prevent a rupture with Russia. Henceforth he was bitterly but unjustly
accused of want of patriotism, and in 1738 was compelled at last to
retire before the impetuous onslaught of the triumphant young Hat party.
For the rest of his life he lived in retirement at his estate at
Ekebyholm, where he died on the 17th of April 1742. Horn in many
respects greatly resembled his contemporary Walpole. The peculiar
situation of Sweden, and the circumstances of his time, made his policy
necessarily opportunist, but it was an opportunism based on excellent
common sense.
See V. E. Svedelius, _Arvid Bernard Horn_ (Stockholm, 1879); R. N.
Bain, _Gustavus III._, vol. i. (London, 1894), and _Charles XII._
(1895); C. F. Horn, _A. B. Horn: hans lefnad_ (Stockholm, 1852).
(R. N. B.)
HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT OF (1518-1568), a man of illustrious
descent and great possessions in the Netherlands, became in succession
under Charles V. and Philip II. stadtholder of Gelderland, admiral of
Flanders and knight of the Golden Fleece. In 1559 he commanded the
stately fleet which conveyed Philip II. from the Netherlands to Spain,
and he remained at the Spanish court till 1563. On his return he placed
himself with the prince of Orange and Count Egmont at the head of the
party which opposed the policy of Cardinal Granvella. When Granvella
retired the three great nobles continued to resist the introduction of
the Spanish Inquisition and of Spanish despotic rule into the
Netherlands. But though Philip appeared for a time to give way, he had
made up his mind to visit the opponents of his policy with ruthless
punishment. The regent, Margaret, duchess of Parma, was replaced by the
duke of Alva, who entered the Netherlands at the head of a veteran army
and at once began to crush all opposition with a merciless hand. Orange
fled from the country, but Egmont and Horn, despite his warning, decided
to remain and face the storm. They were both seized, tried and condemned
as traitors, and were executed on the 5th of June 1568 in the great
square before the town hall at Brussels.
See biographical notices in A. J. van der Aa, _Biographisch
Woordenboek der Nederlanden_ (Haarlem, 1851-1879); J. Kok,
_Vaderlandsch Woordenboek_ (Amsterdam, 1785-1799); also bibliography
to chaps. vi. vii. and xix. in _Cambridge Modern History_, vol. iii.
pp. 798-809 (1904).
HORN, English hero of romance. _King Horn_ is a heroic poem or gest of
1546 lines dating from the 13th century. Murry (or Allof), king of
Sudenne[1] (Surrey and Sussex?) is slain by Saracen pirates who turn his
son Horn adrift with twelve other children. The boat drifts to
Westernesse[2] (Cornwall?), where the children are received by King
Aylmer (Aethelmaer). Presently Horn is denounced by one of his
companions as the lover of the king's daughter Rymenhild (Rimel) and is
banished, taking with him a ring, the gift of his bride and a talisman
against danger. In Ireland, under the name of Godmod, he serves for
seven years, and slays in battle the Saracens who had killed his father.
Learning that Rymenhild is to be married against her will to King Mody,
he returns to Westernesse disguised as a palmer, and makes himself known
to the bride by dropping the ring into the cup she offers him, with the
words "Drink to Horn of Horn." He then reconquers his father's kingdom
and marries Rymenhild.
The other versions of the story, which are founded on a common
tradition, but are not immediately dependent on one another, are: (1)
the longer French romance of _Horn et Rimenhild_ by "mestre Thomas,"
describing more complex social conditions than those of the English
poem; (2) a slightly shorter Middle English poem, _Horn Childe and
Maiden Rimnild_; (3) the Scottish ballad of "Hind Horn;" (4) a prose
romance founded on the French _Horn_, entitled _Pontus et Sidoine_
(Lyons, 1480, Eng. trans. pr. by Wynkyn de Worde, 1511; German trans.
Augsburg, 1483).
There is a marked resemblance between the story of Horn and the legend
of Havelok the Dane, and it is interesting to note how closely Richard
of Ely followed the Horn tradition in the 12th century _De gestis
Herewardi Saxonis_. Hereward also loves an Irish princess, flees to
Ireland, and returns in time for the bridal feast, where he is presented
with a cup by the princess. The orphaned prince who recovers his
father's kingdom and avenges his murder, and the maid or wife who waits
years for an absent lover or husband, and is rescued on the eve of a
forced marriage, are common characters in romance. The second of these
motives, with almost identical incidents, occurs in the legend of Henry
the Lion, duke of Brunswick; it is the subject of ballads in Swedish,
Danish, German, Bohemian, &c., and of a _Historia_ by Hans Sachs, though
some magic elements are added; it also occurs in the ballad of _Der edle
Moringer_ (14th century), well known in Sir Walter Scott's translation;
in the story of Torello in the _Decameron_ of Boccaccio (10th day, 9th
tale); and with some variation in the Russian tale of Dobrynya and
Nastasya.
_King Horn_ was re-edited for the Early English Text Soc. by G. H.
McKnight in 1901; _Horn et Rimenhild_ was edited with the English
versions for the Bannatyne Club by F. Michel (Paris, 1845); _Horn
Childe and Maiden Rimnild_ in J. Ritson's _Metrical Romances_, vol.
iii.; and "Hind Horn" in F. J. Child's _English and Scottish_
_Popular Ballads_ (vol. i., 1882), with an introductory note on
similar legends. See also H. L. Ward, _Catalogue of Romances_, vol.
i., where the relation between Havelok and Horn is discussed; _Hist.
litt. de la France_ (vol. xxii., 1852); W. Soderhjelm, _Sur l'identite
du Thomas auteur de Tristan et du Thomas auteur de Horn_ (_Romania_,
xv., 1886); T. Wissmann, "King Horn" (1876) and "Das Lied von King
Horn" (1881) in Nos. 16 and 45 of _Quellen und Forschungen zur Spr.
und Culturgesch. d. german. Volker_ (Strassburg and London); _Reinfrid
von Braunschweig_, a version of the legend of Henry the Lion, edited
by K. Bartsch (Stuttgart, 1871); and a further bibliography in O.
Hartenstein, _Studien zur Hornsage_ (Heidelberg, 1902).