[1] See _Report from the Select Committee on the Hop Industry_
(London, 1908).
[2] _Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc_., 1899.
[3] J. Percival, "The Hop and its English Varieties," _Jour. Roy.
Agric. Soc._, 1901.
[4] _Six Years' Experiments on Hop Manuring_ (London, 1901).
HOPE, ANTHONY, the pen-name of ANTHONY HOPE HAWKINS (1863- ), British
novelist, who was born on the 9th of February 1863, the second son of
the Rev. E. C. Hawkins, Vicar of St Bride's, Fleet Street, London. He
was educated at Marlborough and Balliol College, Oxford, where he was
president of the Union Society, and graduated with first classes in
Moderations and Final Schools. He was called to the bar at the Middle
Temple in 1877. He soon began contributing stories and sketches to the
_St James's Gazette_, and in 1890 published his first novel, _A Man of
Mark_. This was followed by _Father Stafford_ (1891), _Mr Witt's Widow_
(1892), _Change of Air_ and _Sport Royal and Other Stories_ (1893). By
this time he had attracted by his vivacious talent the attention of
editors and readers; but it was not till the following year that he
attained a great popular success with the publication (May 1894) of _The
Prisoner of Zenda_. This was followed a few weeks later by _The Dolly
Dialogues_ (previously published in separate instalments in the
_Westminster Gazette_). Both books became parents of a numerous progeny.
_The Prisoner of Zenda_, owing something to the _Prince Otto_ of R. L.
Stevenson, established a fashion for what was christened, after its
fictitious locality, "Ruritanian romance"; while the _Dolly Dialogues_,
inspired possibly by "Gyp" and other French dialogue writers, was the
forerunner of a whole school of epigrammatic drawing-room comedy. _The
Prisoner of Zenda_, with Mr Alexander as "Rupert Rassendyll," enjoyed a
further success in a dramatized form at the St James's Theatre, which
did still more to popularize the author's fame. In 1894 also appeared
_The God in the Car_, a novel suggested by the ambiguous influence on
English society of Cecil Rhodes's career; and _Half a Hero_, a
complementary study of Australian politics. The same year saw further
the publication of _The Indiscretion of the Duchess_, in the style of
the _Dolly Dialogues_, and of another collection of stories named (after
the first) _The Secret of Wardale Court_. In 1895 Mr Hawkins published
_Count Antonio_, and contributed to _Dialogues of the Day_, edited by Mr
Oswald Crawfurd. _Comedies of Courtship_ and _The Heart of the Princess
Osra_ followed in 1896; _Phroso_ in 1897; _Simon Dale_ and _Rupert of
Hentzau_ (sequel of the _Prisoner of Zenda_) 1898; and _The King's
Mirror_, a Ruritanian romance with an infusion of serious psychological
interest, 1899. The author was advancing from his light comedy and
gallant romantic inventions to the graver kind of fiction of which _The
God in the Car_ had been an earlier essay. _Quisante_, published in
1900, was a study of English society face to face with a political
genius of an alien type. _Tristram of Blent_ (1901) embodied an ethical
study of family pride. _The Intrusions of Peggy_ reflected the effects
on society of recent financial fashions. In 1904 he published _Double
Harness_, and in 1905 _A Servant of the Public_, two novels of modern
society, containing somewhat cynical pictures of the condition of
marriage. With increasing gravity the novelist sacrificed some of the
charm of his earlier irresponsible gaiety and buoyancy; but his art
retained its wit and urbanity while it gained in grip of the social
conditions of contemporary life. He wrote two plays, _The Adventure of
Lady Ursula_ (1898) and _Pilkerton's Peerage_ (1902), and his later
novels include _The Great Miss Driver_ (1908) and _Second String_
(1909). Mr Hawkins's attractive and cultured style and command of plot
give him a high place among the modern writers of English fiction. In
1903 he married Miss Elizabeth Somerville Sheldon of New York.
HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831), English art-collector, and author of
_Anastasius_, born in London about 1770, was the eldest son of John Hope
of Amsterdam, and was descended from a branch of an old Scottish family
who for several generations were extensive merchants in London and
Amsterdam. About the age of eighteen he started on a tour through
various parts of Europe, Asia and Africa, where he interested himself
especially in architecture and sculpture, making a large collection of
the principal objects which attracted his attention. On his return to
London about 1796 he purchased a house in Duchess Street, Cavendish
Square, which he fitted up in a very elaborate style, from drawings made
by himself. In 1807 he published sketches of his furniture, accompanied
by letterpress, in a folio volume, entitled _Household Furniture and
Interior Decoration_, which had considerable influence in effecting a
change in the upholstery and interior decoration of houses,
notwithstanding that Byron had referred scornfully to him as
"House-furnisher withal, one Thomas hight." Hope's furniture designs
were in that pseudo-classical manner which is generally called "English
Empire." It was sometimes extravagant, and often heavy, but was much
more restrained than the wilder and later flights of Sheraton in this
style. At the best, however, it was a not very inspiring mixture of
Egyptian and Roman motives. In 1809 he published the _Costumes of the
Ancients_, and in 1812 _Designs of Modern Costumes_, works which display
a large amount of antiquarian research. He was also, as his father had
been--the elder Hope's country house near Haarlem was crowded with fine
pictures--a munificent patron of the highest forms of art, and both at
his London house and his country seat at Deepdene near Dorking he formed
large collections of paintings, sculpture and antiques. Deepdene in his
day became a famous resort of men of letters as well as of people of
fashion, and among the luxuries suggested by his fine taste was a
miniature library in several languages in each bedroom. Thorvaldsen, the
Danish sculptor, was indebted to him for the early recognition of his
talents, and he also gave frequent employment to Chantrey and
Flaxman--it was to his order that the latter illustrated Dante. In 1819
he published anonymously his novel _Anastasius, or Memoirs of a Modern
Greek, written at the close of the 18th century_, a work which, chiefly
on account of the novel character of its subject, caused a great
sensation. It was at first generally attributed to Lord Byron, who told
Lady Blessington that he wept bitterly on reading it because he had not
written it and Hope had. But, though remarkable for the acquaintance it
displays with Eastern life, and distinguished by considerable
imaginative vigour and much graphic and picturesque description, its
paradoxes are not so striking as those of Lord Byron; and,
notwithstanding some eloquent and forcible passages, the only reason
which warranted its ascription to him was the general type of character
to which its hero belonged. Hope died on the 3rd of February 1831. He
was the author of two works published posthumously--the _Origin and
Prospects of Man_ (1831), in which his speculations diverged widely from
the usual orthodox opinions, and an _Historical Essay on Architecture_
(1835), an elaborate description of the architecture of the middle ages,
illustrated by drawings made by himself in Italy and Germany. He is
commonly known in literature as "Anastasius" Hope. He married (1806)
Louisa de la Poer Beresford, daughter of Lord Decies, archbishop of
Tuam.
HOPEDALE, a township of Worcester county, Massachusetts, U.S.A.; pop.
(1905; state census) 2048; (1910) 2188. It is served by the Milford &
Uxbridge (electric) street railway, and (for freight) by the Grafton &
Upton railway. The town lies in the "dale" between Milford and Mendon,
and is cut from N.W. to S.E. by the Mill river, which furnishes good
water power at its falls. The principal manufactures are textiles,
boots and shoes, and, of most importance, cotton machinery. The great
cotton machinery factories here are owned by the Draper Company.
Hopedale has a public park on the site of the Ballou homestead, with a
bronze statue of Adin Ballou; a memorial church erected by George A. and
Eben S. Draper; the Bancroft Memorial Library, given by Joseph B.
Bancroft in memory of his wife; and a marble drinking fountain with
statuary by Waldo Story, the gift of Susan Preston Draper, General W. F.
Draper's wife. The village is remarkable for the comfortable cottages of
the workers.
The history of Hopedale centres round the Rev. Adin Ballou (1803-1890),
a distant relative of Hosea Ballou;[1] he left, in succession, the
ministry of the Christian Connexion (1823) and that of the Universalist
Church (1831), because of his restorationist views. In 1831 he became
pastor of an independent church in Mendon. An ardent exponent of
temperance, the anti-slavery movement, woman's rights, the peace cause
and Christian non-resistance (even through the Civil War), and of
"Practical Christian Socialism," it was in the interests of the last
cause that he founded Hopedale, or "Fraternal Community No. 1," in
Milford, in April 1842, the first compact of the community having been
drawn up in January 1841. Thirty persons joined with him, and lived in a
single house on a poor farm of 258 acres, purchased in June 1841. Ballou
was for several years the president of the community, which was run on
the plan that all should have an equal voice as to the use of property,
in spite of the fact that there was individual holding of property. The
community, however, owned the instruments of production, with the single
exception of the important patent rights held by Ebenezer D. Draper. The
result was bickerings between those who were joint stockholders and
those whose only profit came from their manual labour. In a short time
the control of the community came into the hands of its richest members,
E. D. Draper and his brother, George Draper (1817-1887), who owned
three-fourths of the joint stock. In 1856 there was a total deficit of
about $12,000. The Draper brothers bought up the joint stock of the
community at par and paid its debts, and the community soon ceased to
exist save as a religious society. After George Draper's death the
control of the mills passed to his sons. These included General William
Franklin Draper (1842-1910), a Republican representative in Congress in
1892-1897 and U.S. ambassador to Italy in 1897-1900, and Eben Sumner
Draper (b. 1858), lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts in 1906-1908 and
governor in 1909-1911. In 1867 the community was merged with Hopedale
parish, a Unitarian organization. Hopedale was separated from Milford
and incorporated as a township in 1886.
See Adin Ballou's _History of Milford_ (Boston, 1882), his _History of
the Hopedale Community_, edited by William S. Heywood (Lowell, 1897),
his _Biography_ by the same editor (Lowell, 1896) and his _Practical
and Christian Socialism_ (Hopedale, 1854); George L. Carey, "Adin
Ballou and the Hopedale Community" (in the _New World_, vol. vii.,
1898); Lewis G. Wilson, "Hopedale and Its Founder" (in _The New
England Magazine_, vol. x., 1891); and William F. Draper,
_Recollections of a Varied Career_ (Boston, 1908).