[1] Among them especially A. R. Wallace, _Geogr. Distr. Animals_, ii
275.
[2] The young of this species has the throat yellow.
[3] W. A. Forbes published a careful monograph of this genus in the
_Proceedings of the Zoological Society_ for 1879, pp. 256-279.
[4] This bird, according to Sir Walter Buller (_Birds of New
Zealand_, p. 88), while uttering its wild notes, indulges in much
gesticulation, which adds to the suggested resemblance. It has great
power of mimicry, and is a favourite cage-bird both with the natives
and colonists. On one occasion, says Buller, he had addressed a large
meeting of Maories on a matter of considerable political importance,
when "immediately on the conclusion of my speech, and before the old
chief to whom my arguments were chiefly addressed had time to reply,
a tui, whose netted cage hung to a rafter overhead, responded in a
clear, emphatic way, 'Tito!' (false). The circumstance naturally
caused much merriment among my audience, and quite upset the gravity
of the venerable old chief, Nepia Taratoa. 'Friend,' said he,
laughing, 'your arguments are very good; but my _mokai_ is a very
wise bird, and he is not yet convinced!'"
HONEY-GUIDE, a bird so called from its habit of pointing out to man and
to the ratel (_Mellivora capensis_) the nests of bees. Stories to this
effect have been often told, and may be found in the narratives of many
African travellers, from Bruce to Livingstone. But Layard says (_B.
South Africa_, p. 242) that the birds will not infrequently lead any one
to a leopard or a snake, and will follow a dog with vociferations,
though its noisy cry and antics unquestionably have in many cases the
effect signified by its English name. If not its first discoverer,
Sparrman, in 1777, was the first who described and figured this bird,
which he met with in the Cape Colony (_Phil. Trans._, lxvii. 42-47, pl.
i.), giving it the name of _Culculus indicator_, its zygodactylous feet
with the toes placed in pairs--two before and two behind--inducing the
belief that it must be referred to that genus. Vicillot in 1816 elevated
it to the rank of a genus, _Indicator_; but it was still considered to
belong to the family _Cuculidae_ (its asserted parasitical habits
lending force to that belief) by all systematists except Blyth and
Jerdon, until it was shown by Blanford (_Obs. Geol. and Zool.
Abyssinia_, pp. 308, 309) and Sclater (_Ibis_, 1870, pp. 176-180) that
it was more allied to the barbets, _Capitonidae_, and, in consequence,
was then made the type of a distinct family, _Indicatoridae_. In the
meanwhile other species had been discovered, some of them differing
sufficiently to warrant Sundevall's foundation of a second genus,
_Prodotiscus_, of the group. The honey-guides are small birds, the
largest hardly exceeding a lark in size, and of plain plumage, with what
appears to be a very sparrow-like bill. Bowdler Sharpe, in a revision of
the family published in 1876 (_Orn. Miscellany_, i. 192-209), recognizes
ten species of the genus _Indicator_, to which another was added by Dr
Reichenow (_Journ. fur Ornithologie_, 1877, p. 110), and two of
_Prodotiscus_. Four species of the former, including _I. sparrmani_,
which was the first made known, are found in South Africa, and one of
the latter. The rest inhabit other parts of the same continent, except
_I. archipelagicus_, which seems to be peculiar to Borneo, and _I.
xanthonotus_, which occurs on the Himalayas from the borders of
Afghanistan to Bhutan. The interrupted geographical distribution of this
genus is a very curious fact, no species having been found in the Indian
or Malayan peninsula to connect the outlying forms with those of Africa,
which must be regarded as their metropolis. (A. N.)
HONEY LOCUST, the popular name of a tree, _Gleditsia triacanthos_, a
member of the natural order Leguminosae, and a native of the more
eastern United States of North America. It reaches from 75 to 140 ft. in
height with a trunk 2 or 3, or sometimes 5 or 6 ft. in diameter, and
slender spreading branches which form a broad, flattish crown. The
branchlets bear numerous simple or three-forked (whence the species-name
_triacanthos_) sharp stiff spines, 3 to 4 in. long, at first red in
colour, then chestnut brown; they are borne above the leaf-axils and
represent undeveloped branchlets; sometimes they are borne also on the
trunk and main branches. The long-stalked leaves are 7 to 8 in. long
with eight to fourteen pairs of narrowly oblong leaflets. The flowers,
which are of two kinds, are borne in racemes in the leaf-axils; the
staminate flowers in larger numbers. The brown pods are often 12 to 18
in. long, have thin, tough walls, and contain a quantity of pulp between
the seeds; they contract spirally when drying. The tree was first
cultivated in Europe towards the end of the 17th century by Bishop
Compton in his garden at Fulham, near London, and is now extensively
planted as an ornamental tree. The name of the genus commemorates Johann
Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714-1786), a friend of Linnaeus, and the author of
one of the earliest works on scientific forestry.
HONEYMOON, the first month after marriage. Lord Avebury in his _Origin
of Civilization_ suggests that the seclusion usually associated with
this period is a survival of marriage by capture, and answers to the
period during which the husband kept his wife in retirement, to prevent
her from appealing to her relatives for release. Others suggest that as
the moon commences to wane as soon as it is at its full, so does the
mutual affection of the wedded pair, the "honeymoon" (with this
derivation) not necessarily referring to any definite period of time.
HONEYSUCKLE (Mid. Eng., _honysocle_, i.e. any plant from which honey may
be sucked,--cf. A.-S. _huni-suge_, privet; Ger. _Geissblatt_; Fr.
_chevrefeuille_), botanical name _Lonicera_, a genus of climbing, erect
or prostrate shrubs, of the natural order _Caprifoliaceae_, so named
after the 16th-century German botanist Adam Lonicer. The British species
is _L. Periclymenum_, the woodbine; _L. Caprifolium_ and _L. Xylosteum_
are naturalized in a few counties in the south and east of England. Some
of the garden varieties of the woodbine are very beautiful, and are held
in high esteem for their delicious fragrance, even the wild plant, with
its pale flowers, compensating for its sickly looks "with never-cloying
odours." The North American sub-evergreen _L. sempervirens_, with its
fine heads of blossoms, commonly called the trumpet honeysuckle, the
most handsome of all the cultivated honeysuckles, is a distinct and
beautiful species producing both scarlet and yellow flowered varieties,
and the Japanese _L. flexuosa_ var. _aureoreticulata_ is esteemed for
its charmingly variegated leaves netted with golden yellow. The fly
honeysuckle, _L. Xylosteum_, a hardy shrub of dwarfish, erect habit, and
_L. tatarica_, of similar habit, both European, are amongst the oldest
English garden shrubs, and bear axillary flowers of various colours,
occurring two on a peduncle. There are numerous other species, many of
them introduced to our gardens, and well worth cultivating in
shrubberies or as climbers on walls and bowers, either for their beauty
or the fragrance of their blossoms.
[Illustration: Honeysuckle.--(a) Flowering branch; (b) Flower, nat.
size; (c) fruit, slightly reduced.]
In the western counties of England, and generally by agriculturists, the
name honeysuckle is applied to the meadow clover, _Trifolium pratense_.
Another plant of the same family (Leguminosae) _Hedysarum coronarium_, a
very handsome hardy biennial often seen in old-fashioned collections of
garden plants, is commonly called the French honeysuckle. The name is
moreover applied with various affixes to several other totally different
plants. Thus white honeysuckle and false honeysuckle are names for the
North American _Azalea viscosa_; Australian or heath honeysuckle is the
Australian _Banksia serrata_, Jamaica honeysuckle, _Passiflora
laurifolia_, dwarf honeysuckle the widely spread _Cornus suecica_,
Virgin Mary's honeysuckle the European _Pulmonaria officinalis_, while
West Indian honeysuckle is _Tecoma capensis_, and is also a name applied
to _Desmodium_.
The wood of the fly honeysuckle is extremely hard, and the clear
portions between the joints of the stems, when their pith has been
removed, were stated by Linnaeus to be utilized in Sweden for making
tobacco-pipes. The wood is also employed to make teeth for rakes; and,
like that of _L. tatarica_, it is a favourite material for
walking-sticks.
Honeysuckles (_Lonicera_) flourish in any ordinary garden soil, but are
usually sadly neglected in regard to pruning. This should be done about
March, cutting out some of the old wood, and shortening back some of the
younger growths of the preceding year. (J. Ws.)
HONFLEUR, a seaport of north-western France, in the department of
Calvados, 57 m. N.E. of Caen by rail. Pop. (1906) 8735. The town is
situated at the foot of a semicircle of hills, on the south shore of the
Seine estuary, opposite Havre, with which it communicates by steamboat.
Honfleur, with its dark narrow lanes and old houses, has the typical
aspect of an old-fashioned seaport. The most noteworthy of its buildings
is the church of St Catherine, constructed entirely of timber work, with
the exception of the facade added in the 18th century, and consisting of
two parallel naves, of which the more ancient is supposed to date from
the end of the 15th century. Within the church are several antique
statues and a painting by J. Jordaens--"Jesus in the Garden of
Gethsemane." The church tower stands on the other side of a street. St
Leonard's dates from the 17th century, with the exception of its fine
ogival portal and rose-window belonging to the 16th, and its octagonal
tower erected in the 18th. The ruins of a 16th-century castle known as
the Lieutenance and several houses of the same period are also of
antiquarian interest. The hotel de ville contains a library and a
museum. On the rising ground above the town is the chapel of
Notre-Dame-de-Grace, a shrine much resorted to by pilgrim sailors, which
is said to have been founded in 1034 by Robert the Magnificent of
Normandy and rebuilt in 1606. The town has a tribunal and a chamber of
commerce and a communal college. The port, which is protected from the
west winds by the height known as the Cote de Grace, consists of the
tidal harbour and four floating basins--The West basin, dating from the
17th century, and the Centre, East and Carnot basins. A reservoir
affords the means of sluicing the channel and supplying the basins. The
surface available for vessels is about 27 acres. Numerous fishing and
coasting vessels frequent the harbour. In 1907 there entered 375
vessels, of 133,872 tons, more than half this tonnage being British. The
exports go mainly to England and include poultry, butter, eggs, cheese,
chocolate, vegetables, fruit, seeds and purple ore. There is regular
communication by steamer with Southampton. Timber from Scandinavia,
English coal and artificial manures form the bulk of the imports. There
are important saw-mills, as well as shipbuilding yards, manufactories of
chemical manures and iron foundries.
Honfleur dates from the 11th century and is thus four or five hundred
years older than its rival Havre, by which it was supplanted during the
18th century. During the Hundred Years' War it was frequently taken and
re-taken, the last occupation by the English ending in 1440. In 1562 the
Protestant forces got possession of it only after a regular siege of the
suburb of St Leonard; and though Henry IV. effected its capture in 1590
he had again to invest it in 1594 after all the rest of Normandy had
submitted to his arms. In the earlier years of the 17th century Honfleur
colonists founded Quebec, and Honfleur traders established factories in
Java and Sumatra and a fishing establishment in Newfoundland.
HONG-KONG (properly HIANG-KIANG, the place of "sweet lagoons"), an
important British island-possession, situated off the south-east coast
of China, opposite the province of Kwang-tung, on the east side of the
estuary of the Si-kiang, 38 m. E. of Macao and 75 S.E. of Canton,
between 22 deg. 9' and 22 deg. 1' N., and 114 deg. 5' and 114 deg. 18'
E. It is one of a small cluster named by the Portuguese "Ladrones" or
Thieves, on account of the notorious habits of their old inhabitants.
Extremely irregular in outline, it has an area of 29 sq. m., measuring
10(1/2) m. in extreme length from N.E. to S.W., and varying in breadth
from 2 to 5 m. A good military road about 22 m. long encircles the
island. From the mainland it is separated by a narrow channel, which at
Hong-Kong roads, between Victoria, the island capital), and Kowloon
Point, is about 1 m. broad, and which narrows at Ly-ee-mun Pass to
little over a 1/4 m. The southern coast in particular is deeply
indented; and there two bold peninsulas, extending for several miles
into the sea, form two capacious natural harbours, namely, Deep Water
Bay, with the village of Stanley to the east, and Tytam Bay, which has a
safe, well-protected entrance showing a depth of 10 to 16 fathoms. An
in-shore island on the west coast, called Aberdeen, or Taplishan,
affords protection to the Shekpywan or Aberdeen harbour, an inlet
provided with a granite graving dock, the caisson gate of which is 60
ft. wide, and the Hope dock, opened in 1867, with a length of 425 ft.
and a depth of 24 ft. Opposite the same part of the coast, but nearly 2
m. distant, rises the largest of the surrounding islands, Lamma, whose
conspicuous peak, Mount Stenhouse, attains a height of 1140 ft. and is a
landmark for local navigation. On the northern shore of Hong-Kong there
is a patent slip at East or Matheson Point, which is serviceable during
the north-east monsoon, when sailing vessels frequently approach
Victoria through the Ly-ee-mun Pass. The ordinary course for such
vessels is from the westward, on which side they are sheltered by Green
Island and Kellett Bank. There is good anchorage throughout the entire
channel separating the island from the mainland, except in the Ly-ee-mun
Pass, where the water is deep; the best anchorage is in Hong-Kong roads,
in front of Victoria, where, over good holding ground, the depth is 5 to
9 fathoms. The inner anchorage of Victoria Bay, about 1/2 m. off shore
and out of the strength of the tide, is 6 to 7 fathoms. Victoria, the
seat of government and of trade, is the chief centre of population, but
a tract on the mainland is covered with public buildings and villa
residences. Practically an outlying suburb of Victoria, Kowloon or (Nine
Dragons) is free from the extreme heat of the capital, being exposed to
the south-west monsoon. Numerous villas have also been erected along the
beautiful western coast of the island, while Stanley, in the south, is
favoured as a watering-place.
The island is mountainous throughout, the low granite ridges, parted by
bleak, tortuous valleys, leaving in some places a narrow strip of level
coast-land, and in others overhanging the sea in lofty precipices. From
the sea, and especially from the magnificent harbour which faces the
capital, the general aspect of Hong-Kong is one of singular beauty.
Inland the prospect is wild, dreary and monotonous. The hills have a
painfully bare appearance from the want of trees. The streams, which are
plentiful, are traced through the uplands and glens by a line of
straggling brushwood and rank herbage. Nowhere is the eye relieved by
the evidences of cultivation or fertility. The hills, which are mainly
composed of granite, serpentine and syenite, rise in irregular masses to
considerable heights, the loftiest point, Victoria Peak, reaching an
altitude of 1825 ft. The Peak lies immediately to the south-west of the
capital, in the extreme north-west corner of the island, and is used as
a station for signalling the approach of vessels. Patches of land,
chiefly around the coast, have been laid under rice, sweet potatoes and
yams, but the island is hardly able to raise a home-supply of
vegetables. The mango, lichen, pear and orange are indigenous, and
several fruits and esculents have been introduced. One of the chief
products is building-stone, which is quarried by the Chinese. The
animals are few, comprising a land tortoise, the armadillo, a species of
boa, several poisonous snakes and some woodcock. The public works suffer
from the ravages of white ants. Water everywhere abounds, and is
supplied to the shipping by means of tanks.
Mainland territory.
Under the Peking Treaty of 1860 the peninsula of Kowloon (about 5 m. in
area) was added to Hong-Kong. The population is about 27,000. There are
several docks and warehouses, and manufactures are being developed.
Granite is quarried in the peninsula. An agreement was entered into in
1898 whereby China leased to Great Britain for ninety-nine years the
territory behind Kowloon peninsula up to a line drawn from Mirs Bay to
Deep Bay and the adjoining islands, including Lantao. The new district,
which extends to 376 sq. m. in area, is mountainous, with extensive
cultivated valleys of great fertility, and the coastline is deeply
indented by bays. The alluvial soil of the valleys yields two crops of
rice in the year. Sugar-cane, indigo, hemp, peanuts, potatoes of
different varieties, yam, taro, beans, sesamum, pumpkins and vegetables
of all kinds are also grown. The mineral resources are as yet unknown.
The population is estimated at about 100,000. It consists of Puntis (or
Cantonese), Hakkas ("strangers") and Tankas. The Puntis are agricultural
and inhabit the valleys, and they make excellent traders. The Hakkas are
a hardy and frugal race, belonging mainly to the hill districts. The
Tankas are the boat people or floating population. In the government of
the new territory the existing organization is as far as possible
utilized.
Victoria.
Hong-Kong or Victoria harbour constantly presents an animated
appearance, as many as 240 guns having been fired as salutes in a single
day. Its approaches are strongly fortified. The steaming distance from
Singapore is 1520 m. Victoria, the capital, often spoken of as Hong-Kong
(population over 166,000, of whom about 6000 are European or American),
stretches for about 4 m. along the north coast. Its breadth varies from
1/2 m. in the central portions to 200 or 300 yds. in the eastern and
western portions. The town is built in three layers. The "Praya" or
esplanade, 50 ft. wide, is given up to shipping. The Praya reclamation
scheme provided for the extension of the land frontage of 250 ft. and a
depth of 20 ft. at all states of the tide. A further extension of the
naval dockyard was begun in 1902, and a new commercial pier was opened
in 1900. The main commercial street runs inland parallel with the Praya.
Beyond the commercial portion, on each side, lie the Chinese quarters,
wherein there is a closely packed population. In 1888, 1600 people were
living in the space of a single acre, and over 100,000 were believed to
be living within an area not exceeding 1/2 m.; and the overcrowding does
not tend to diminish, for in one district, in 1900, it was estimated
that there were at the rate of 640,000 persons on the sq. m. The
average, however, for the whole of the city is 126 per acre, or 80,640
per sq. m. The second stratum of the town lies ten minutes' climb up the
side of the island. Government house and other public buildings are in
this quarter. There abound "beautifully laid out gardens, public and
private, and solidly constructed roads, some of them bordered with
bamboos and other delicately-fronded trees, and fringed with the
luxuriant growth of semi-tropical vegetation." Finally, the third layer,
known as "the Peak," and reached by a cable tramway, is dotted over with
private houses and bungalows, the summer health resort of those who can
afford them; here a new residence for the governor was begun in 1900.
Excellent water is supplied to the town from the Pokfolum and Tytam
reservoirs, the former containing 68 million gallons, the latter 390
millions.
_Climate._--The temperature has a yearly range of from 45 deg. to 99
deg., but it occasionally falls below 40 deg., and ice occurs on the
Peak. In January 1893 ice was found at sea-level. The wet season
begins in May, after showers in March and April, and continues until
the beginning of August. During this period rain falls almost without
intermission. The rainfall varies greatly, but the mean is about 90
in. In 1898 only 57.025 in. fell, while in 1897 there were 100.03 in.;
in 1899, 72.7 in. and in 1900, 73.7 in. The damp is extremely
penetrating. During the dry season the climate is healthy, but
dysentery and intermittent fever are not uncommon. Bilious remittent
fever occurs in the summer months, and smallpox prevails from November
to March. The annual death-rate per 1000 for the whole population in
1902 was 21.70.
_Population, &c._--The following table shows the increase of
population:--
+------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| | | | Total (including |
| |Europe and| |Military and Naval|
| Year.| American |Chinese Civil.|Establishments and|
| | Civil. | | Indians, &c.). |
+------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| 1881 | 3,040 | 148,850 | 160,402 |
| 1891 | 4,195 | 208,383 | 221,441 |
| 1901 | 3,860 | 274,543 | 283,978 |
| 1906 | 12,174 | 306,130 | 326,961 |
+------+----------+--------------+------------------+
Education is provided by a few government schools and by a large
number receiving grants-in-aid. The foundation-stone of Hong-Kong
University was laid in March 1910, the buildings being the gift of Sir
Hormusjee Mody, a colonial broker. The Queen's College provides
secondary education for boys. There are several hospitals, one of
which is a government institution. The Hong-Kong savings bank has
deposits amounting to about $1,100,000. There is a police force
composed of Europeans, Indian Sikhs and Chinese; and a strong military
garrison.
_Industries._--Beyond the cultivation of vegetable gardens there is
practically no agricultural industry in the colony. But although only
400 acres are cultivated on Hong-Kong island, and the same number of
acres in Kowloon, there are 90,000 acres under cultivation in the new
territory, of which over 7000 acres were in 1900 planted with
sugar-cane. Granite quarries are worked. The chief industries are
sugar-refining, the manufacture of cement, paper, bamboo and rattan
ware, carving in wood and ivory, working in copper and iron,
gold-beating and the production of gold, silver and sandal-wood ware,
furniture making, umbrella and jinricksha making, and industries
connected with kerosene oil and matches. The manufacture of cotton has
been introduced. Ship and boat building, together with subsidiary
industries, such as rope and sail making, appear less subject to
periods of depression than other industries.
_Trade._--Hong-Kong being a free port, there are no official figures
as to the amount of trade; but the value of the exports and imports is
estimated as about L50,000,000 in the year. Among the principal goods
dealt with are tea, silk, opium, sugar, flax, salt, earthenware, oil,
amber, cotton and cotton goods, sandal-wood, ivory, betel, vegetables,
live stock and granite. There is an extensive Chinese passenger trade.
The following are the figures of ships cleared and entered:--
+------+------------+------------+
| Year.| Tonnage. | British. |
+------+------------+------------+
| 1880 | 8,359,994 | 3,758,160 |
| 1890 | 13,676,293 | 6,994,919 |
| 1898 | 17,265,780 | 8,705,648 |
| 1902 | 19,709,451 | 8,945,976 |
+------+------------+------------+
The Chinese ships rank next to British ships in the amount of trade.
German and Japanese ships follow next.
_Finance._--The revenue and expenditure are given below:--
+------+-----------+------------+
| Year.| Revenue. |Expenditure.|
+------+-----------+------------+
| 1880 |$1,069,948 | $948,014 |
| 1890 | 1,995,220 | 1,915,350 |
| 1898 | 2,918,159 | 2,841,805 |
| 1902 | 4,901,073 | 4,752,444 |
+------+-----------+------------+
The main sources of revenue are licences, rent of government property,
the post-office and land sales. The light dues were reduced in 1898
from 2(1/2) cents to 1 cent per ton. There is a public debt of about
L340,000, borrowed for public works, which is being paid off by a
sinking fund. The only legal tender is the Mexican dollar, and the
British and Hong-Kong dollar, or other silver dollars of equivalent
value duly authorized by the governor. There are small silver and
copper coins, which are legal tenders for amounts not exceeding two
dollars and one dollar respectively. There is also a large paper
currency in the form of notes issued by the Chartered Bank of India,
Australia and China, the Hong-Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation
and the National Bank of China, Limited. The foundation of new law
courts was laid in 1900.
_Administration._--Formerly an integral part of China, the island of
Hong-Kong was first ceded to Great Britain in 1841, and the cession
was confirmed by the treaty of Nanking in 1842, the charter bearing
the date 5th of April 1843. The colony is administered by a governor,
executive council and legislative council. The executive council
consists of the holders of certain offices and of such other members
as the crown may nominate. In 1890 there were nine members. The
legislative council consists of the same officials and of six
unofficial members. Of these, three are appointed by the governor (of
whom one must be, and two at present are, members of the Chinese
community); one is elected from the chamber of commerce, and one from
the justices of the peace.
AUTHORITIES.--Sir G. W. des Voeux, _Report on Blue-book of 1888_; _A
Handbook to Hong-Kong_ (Hong-Kong, 1893); _The China Sea Directory_
(vol. iii., 3rd ed., 1894); Henry Norman, _The Peoples and Politics of
the Far East_ (London, 1895); Sir E. Hertslet, _Treaties between Great
Britain and China and China and Foreign Powers_ (London, 1896); A. R.
Colquhoun, _China in Transformation_ (London, 1898); _Colonial
Possessions Report_, No. 84; and other _Colonial Annual Reports_.
HONITON, a market town and municipal borough in the Honiton
parliamentary division of Devonshire, England, pleasantly situated on
rising ground on the left bank of the Otter, 16(1/2) m. E.N.E. of Exeter
by the London & South-Western railway. Pop. (1901) 3271. The town
consists of one wide street, down which a stream of water runs,
extending for about 1 m., and crossed at right angles by a lesser
street. The restored church of St Michael, formerly a parish church, but
standing on a hill about 1/2 m. from the town, was built by Courtenay,
bishop of Exeter, about 1482. It retains a curiously carved screen, and
the black marble tomb of Queen Elizabeth's physician, Marwood, who
attained the age of 105. Allhallows Grammar School, founded in 1614, was
enlarged in 1893; St Margaret's hospital, founded as a lazar-house in
the 14th century, is converted into almshouses. Honiton is famous for
its lace industry, established by refugees from Flanders under Queen
Elizabeth. The delicate fabric made by hand on the pillow was long in
demand; its sale was, however, greatly diminished by the competition of
cheaper machine-made goods, and a school of lace-making was opened to
promote its recovery. The town possesses breweries, tanneries,
malthouses, flour-mills, saw-mills, brick and tile works, potteries and
an iron foundry; its trade in butter is considerable. It is governed by
a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 3134 acres.
Honiton (_Honetona_, _Huneton_) is situated on the British Icknield
Street, and was probably the site of an early settlement, but it does
not appear in history before the Domesday Survey, when it was a
considerable manor, held by Drew (Drogo) under the count of Mortain, who
had succeeded Elmer the Saxon, with a subject population of 33, a flock
of 80 sheep, a mill and 2 salt-workers. The borough was founded before
1217 by William de Vernon, earl of Devon, whose ancestor Richard de
Redvers had received the manor from Henry I. In the 14th century it
passed to the Courtenays, and in 1698 Sir William Courtenay was
confirmed in the right of holding court leet, view of frank-pledge and
the nomination of a portreeve, these privileges having been surrendered
to James II. The borough was represented by two members in parliament in
1300 and 1311, and then not again till 1640, from which date it returned
two members until disfranchised by the act of 1868, the returning
officer being the portreeve, who was also the chief magistrate of the
borough until its incorporation by charter of 1846. In 1221 Falkes de
Breaute, then custodian of the borough, rendered a palfrey for holding a
three days' fair at the feast of All Saints, transferred in 1247 to the
feast of St Margaret, and still held under that grant. A great market
for corn and other produce is still held on Saturday by prescription.
The wool manufacture flourished at Honiton in the reign of Henry VII.,
and it is said to have been the first town at which serges were made,
but the industry entirely declined during the 19th century. The lace
manufacture was introduced by Flemish refugees, and was flourishing in
the reign of Charles I.
See _Victoria County History, Devonshire_; A. Farquharson, _History of
Honiton_ (Exeter, 1868).
HONNEF, a town and climatic health resort of Germany, beautifully situated
on the right bank of the Rhine, at the foot of the Siebengebirge, 8 m.
above Bonn by the railway Cologne-Konigswinter-Horchheim. Pop. (1905)
6183. It has an Evangelical and a Roman Catholic church, a sanatorium for
consumptives, and does a considerable trade in wine. The town is
surrounded by vineyards and orchards, and has annually a large number of
visitors. A mineral spring called the Drachenquelle is used both for
drinking and bathing.
HONOLULU, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Hawaii, situated in
the "city and county of Honolulu," on the S. coast of the island of
Oahu, at the mouth of Nuuanu Valley, 2100 m. S.W. of San Francisco. Pop.
(1890) 22,907; (1900) 39,306, of whom 24,746 were males, 14,560 were
females; about 10,000 were Hawaiians, 15,000 Asiatics, and 5000
Portuguese; (1910) 52,183. Honolulu is served by the Oahu railway, by
electric lines to the principal suburbs, and by steamship lines to San
Francisco, Seattle, Vancouver, Manila, Salina Cruz (Mexico), Victoria,
Sydney, and Chinese and Japanese ports. The business section and the
older residence quarters occupy low ground, but many of the newer
residences are built on the sides of neighbouring hills and mountains,
of which there are several from 500 to 2000 ft. in height. The Punch
Bowl (behind the city), a hill rising about 500 ft. above the sea,
Diamond Head, a crater about 760 ft. in height, 4 m. to the S.E., and
the Nuuanu Pali, a lofty and picturesque precipice 6 m. up the valley,
are especially known for their commanding views. In front of the city is
the small harbour, well protected from all winds except those from the
S.; in and after 1892 the Hawaiian government deepened its entrance
from 21 ft. to 30 ft. Six miles to the W. is the much more spacious
Pearl Harbor (a U.S. Naval Station), the bar at the entrance of which
was removed (1903) by the U.S. government. Pearl Harbor and the harbour
of Honolulu are the only safe ports in the archipelago. The streets of
Honolulu are wide, and are macadamized with crushed or broken lava. The
business houses are mostly of brick or stone, and range from two to six
storeys in height. About most of the residences there are many tropical
trees, flowering shrubs and plants. Wood is the most common material of
which the residences are built; a large portion of these residences are
one-storey cottages; broad verandahs are common; and of the more
pretentious residences the lanai, a semi-outdoor drawing-room with
conservatories adjoining, is a notable feature. Throughout the city
there is a marked absence of poverty and squalor. There are good hotels
in the city and its suburbs. The government buildings are extensive and
have a pleasing appearance; that of the executive, in a beautiful park,
was formerly the royal palace and still contains many relics of royalty.
Facing the judiciary building is an heroic statue in bronze of
Kamehameha the Great. About 2 m. W. of the business centre of the city
is the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, a fine stone building on a
commanding site, and containing a large collection of Hawaiian and
Polynesian relics and curios, especially Hawaiian feather-work, and
notable collections of fish and of Hawaiian land shells and birds. Four
miles S.E. of the business centre, at the foot of Diamond Head, is
Waikiki sea-beach, noted for its surf-riding, boating and bathing, and
Kapiolani Park, a pleasure resort, near which is a famous aquarium of
tropical fishes. Honolulu has other parks, a fine Botanical Garden,
created by the Bureau of Agriculture, several public squares, several
hospitals, a maternity home, the Lunalilo Home for aged Hawaiians, an
asylum for the insane, several schools of high rank both public and
private--notably Oahu College on the E. edge of the city, first founded
as a school for the children of missionaries in 1841; the Honolulu High
School, founded in 1833 as the Oahu Charity School, to teach English to
the half whites; the Royal School, which was founded in 1840 for the
sons of chiefs; and the Normal School, housed in what was in 1906 the
most expensive building on the island of Oahu--a library containing
about 14,000 volumes and the collections of the Hawaiian Historical
Society, a number of benevolent, literary, social and political
societies, and an art league, and is the see of both an Anglican and a
Roman Catholic bishop. In 1907 the Pacific Scientific Institution for
the advancement of scientific knowledge of the Pacific, its islands and
their people, was established here. Among the clubs of the city are the
Pacific Club, founded in 1853 as the British Club; the Scottish Thistle
Club (1891), of which Robert Louis Stevenson was a member; the Hawaii
Yacht Club, and the Polo, Country and University Clubs. There are
various journals and periodicals, five languages being represented. The
chief industries are the manufacture of machinery (especially machinery
for sugar-refineries) and carriages, rice-milling and ship-building.
Honolulu's total exports for the fiscal year 1908 were valued at
$42,238,455, and its imports at $19,985,724. There is a privately owned
electric street car service in the city. The water-works and
electric-lighting plant are owned and operated by the Territorial
government, and to the plentiful water-supply is partly due the
luxuriant vegetation of the city. Honolulu's safe harbour, discovered in
1794, made it a place of resort for vessels (especially whalers) and
traders from the beginning of the 19th century. Kamehameha I. (the
Great) lived here from 1803 until 1811. In 1816 was built a fort which
stood until 1857. In 1820 the city became the principal residence of the
sovereign and soon afterwards of foreign consuls, and thus practically
the seat of government. In 1907 an act was passed by which the former
county of Oahu, including the island of Oahu and the small islands
adjacent, was made a municipal corporation under the name of the "city
and county of Honolulu"; this act came into effect on the 1st of January
1909.
HONORIUS, the name of four popes and one antipope (Honorius II; i.e. 2
below).
1. HONORIUS I., pope from 625 to 638, was of a noble Roman family, his
father Petronius having been consul. He was very active in carrying on
the work of Gregory the Great, especially in England; Bede (_Hist.
Eccl._ ii. 17) gives a letter of his to King Edwin of Northumbria, in
which he admonishes him diligently to study Gregory's writings; and it
was at Edwin's request that Honorius conferred the pallium on the
bishops of Canterbury and York (ib. ii. 18). He also admonished the
Irish for not following the custom of the Catholic Church in the
celebration of Easter (ib. ii. 19), and commissioned Birinus to preach
Christianity in Wessex (ib. iii. 7). It is, however, in connexion with
the Monothelite heresy that Honorius is most remembered, his attitude in
this matter having acquired fresh importance during the controversy
raised by the promulgation of the dogma of papal infallibility in 1870.
In his efforts to consolidate the papal power in Italy, Honorius had
been hampered by the schism of "the three chapters" in Istria and
Venetia, a schism that was ended by the deposition in 628 of the
schismatic patriarch Fortunatus of Aquileia-Grado and the elevation of a
Roman sub-deacon to the patriarchate. It is suggested that help rendered
to him in this matter by the emperor Heraclius, or by the Greek exarch,
may have inclined the pope to take the emperor's side in the Monothelite
controversy, which broke out shortly afterwards in consequence of the
formula proposed by the emperor with a view to reconciling the
Monophysites and the Catholics. However that may be, he joined the
patriarchs of Constantinople and Alexandria in supporting the doctrine
of "one will" in Christ, and expounded this view forcibly, if somewhat
obscurely, in two letters to the patriarch Sergius (Epist. 4 and 5 in
Migne, _Patrologia. Ser. Lat._ lxxx. 470, 474). For this he was, more
than forty years after his death (October 638), anathematized by name
along with the Monothelite heretics by the council of Constantinople
(First Trullan) in 681; and this condemnation was subsequently confirmed
by more than one pope, particularly by Leo II. See Hefele, _Die Irrlehre
des Honorius u. die vaticanische Lehre der Unfehlbarkeit_ (1871), who,
however, modified his view in his _Conciliengeschichte_ (1877). Honorius
I. was succeeded by Severinus.
See the articles by R. Zopffel and G. Kruger in Herzog-Hauck,
_Realencyklopadie_ (ed. 1900), and by T. Grisar in Wetzer and Welte's
_Kirchenlexikon_ (Freiburg, 1889). In addition to the bibliographies
there given see also U. Chevalier, _Repertoire des sources hist._,
&c., Bio-bibliographie, s. "Honorius I." (Paris, 1905). (W. A. P.)
2. HONORIUS II. (d. 1072), antipope, was the name taken by Peter
Cadalus, who was born at Verona and became bishop of Parma in 1046.
After the death of Pope Nicholas II. in July 1061 he was chosen pope by
some German and Lombard bishops at Basel in opposition to Alexander II.,
who had been elected by the party led by Hildebrand, afterwards Pope
Gregory VII. Taking the name of Honorius II., Cadalus was thus the
representative of those who were opposed to reforms in the Church. Early
in 1062 he advanced towards Rome, and though his supporters defeated the
forces of his rival outside the city, he soon returned to Parma to await
the decision of the advisers of the young German king, Henry IV., whose
mother Agnes had supported his election. About this time, however, Agnes
was deprived of her power, and the chief authority in Germany passed to
Anno, archbishop of Cologne, who was hostile to Cadalus. Under these
circumstances the antipope again marched towards Rome in 1063 and
entered the city, but was soon forced to take refuge in the castle of St
Angelo. The ensuing war between the rival popes lasted for about a year,
and then Cadalus left Rome as a fugitive. Refusing to attend a council
held at Mantua in May 1064, he was deposed, and he died in 1072, without
having abandoned his claim to the papal chair.
See the article on Honorius II. in Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_, Band
viii. (Leipzig, 1900). (A. W. H.*)
3. HONORIUS II. (Lamberto Scannabecchi), pope from the 15th of December
1124 to the 13th of February 1130, a native of Fagnano near Imola, of
considerable learning and great religious zeal, successively archdeacon
at Bologna, cardinal-priest of Sta Prassede under Urban II.,
cardinal-bishop of Ostia and Velletri under Paschal II., shared the
exile of Gelasius II. in France, and helped Calixtus II. to conclude
the Concordat of Worms (1122), which settled the investiture contest. He
owed his election in large measure to force employed by the Frangipani,
but was consecrated with general consent on the 21st of December 1124.
By means of a close alliance with that powerful family, he was enabled
to maintain peace at Rome, and the death of Emperor Henry V. (1125)
further strengthened the papal position. He recognized the Saxon Lothair
III. as king of the Romans and later as emperor, and excommunicated his
rival, Conrad of Hohenstaufen. He sanctioned the Praemonstratensian
order and that of the Knights Templars. He excommunicated Count William
of Normandy for marriage in prohibited degree; brought to an end,
through the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux, the struggle with Louis
VI. of France; and arranged with Henry I. for the reception of papal
legates in England. He laid claim as feudal overlord to the Norman
possessions in southern Italy (July 1127), and excommunicated the
claimant, Duke Roger of Sicily, but was unable to prevent the foundation
of the Neapolitan monarchy, for Duke Roger defeated the papal army and
forced recognition in August 1128. Honorius appealed to Lothair for
assistance, but died before it arrived. His successor was Innocent II.
The chief sources for the life of Honorius II. are his "Epistolae et
Privilegia," in J. P. Migne, _Patrol. Lat._ vol. 166, and the _Vitae_
of Cardinals Pandulf and Boso in J. M. Watterich, _Pontif. Roman.
vitae_, vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1862); also "Codice diplomatico e bollario di
Onorio II." in _Fr. Liverani opere_, vol. 4 (Macerata, 1859), and
Jaffe-Wattenbach, _Regesta pontif. Roman_. (1885-1888).
See J. Langen, _Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis
Innocenz III._ (Bonn, 1893); F. Gregorovius, _Rome in the Middle
Ages_, vol. 4, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896); H. H.
Milman, _Latin Christianity_, vol. 4 (London, 1899); Fr. Liverani,
"Lamberto da Fiagnano" in _Opere_, vol. 3 (Macerata, 1859); A. Wagner,
_Die unteritalischen Normannen und das Papsttum 1086-1150_ (Breslau,
1885); E. Bernheim, _Zur Geschichte des Wormser Concordats_
(Gottingen, 1878); Volkmar, "Das Verhaltnis Lothars III. zur
Investiturfrage," in _Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte_, vol. 26.
(C. H. Ha)
4. HONORIUS III. (Cencio Savelli), pope from the 18th of July 1216 to
the 18th of March 1227, a highly-educated and pious Roman, successively
canon of Sta Maria Maggiore, cardinal-deacon of Sta Lucia in Silice,
vice-chancellor, chamberlain and cardinal-priest of Sti Giovanni e
Paolo, was the successor of Innocent III. He made peace with Frederick
II., in accordance with which the emperor was crowned with his wife
Constance in St Peter's on the 22nd of November 1220, and swore to
accord full liberty to the church and to undertake a crusade. Honorius
was eager to carry out the decrees of the Lateran Council of 1215
against the Albigenses and to further the crusade proclaimed by his
predecessor. He crowned Peter of Courtenay emperor of Byzantium in April
1217; espoused the cause of the young Henry III. of England against the
barons; accepted the Isle of Man as a perpetual fief; arbitrated
differences between Philip II. of France and James of Aragon; and made
special ecclesiastical regulations for the Scandinavian countries. He
sanctioned the Dominican order (22nd of November 1216), making St
Dominic papal major-domo in 1218; approved the Franciscan order by bull
of the 29th of November 1223; and authorized many of the tertiary
orders. He maintained, on the whole, a tranquil rule at Rome; but
Frederick II.'s refusal to interrupt his reforms in Sicily in order to
go on the crusade gave the pope much trouble. Honorius died in 1227,
before the emperor had fulfilled his oath, and was succeeded by Gregory
IX.
Honorius III. left many writings which have been collected and
published by Abbe Horoy in the _Medii aevi bibliotheca patristica_,
vols. i.-ii. (Paris, 1879-1883). Among them are five books of
decretals, compiled about 1226; a continuation of the _Liber
Pontificalis_; a life of Gregory VII; a coronation form; and a large
number of sermons. His most important work is the _Liber censuum
Romanae ecclesiae_, written in 1192 and containing a record of the
income of the Roman Church and of its relations with secular
authorities. The last named is admirably edited by P. Fabre in
_Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises d'Athenes et de Rome_ (Paris,
1892). The letters of Honorius are in F. Liverani, _Spicilegium
Liberianum_ (1863). There are good _Regesta_ in Latin and Italian,
edited by P. Pressutti (Rome, 1888, &c.).
See J. Clausen, _Papst Honorius III._ (1895); P. T. Masetti, _I
Pontefici Onorio III. ed Innocenzo IV. a fronte dell' Imperatore
Federico II. net secolo XIII._ (1884); F. Gregorovius, _Rome in the
Middle Ages_, vol. 5, trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London,
1900-1902); K. J. von Hefele, _Conciliengeschichte_, vol. 5, 2nd ed.;
H. H. Milman, _Latin Christianity_, vol. 5 (London, 1899); T. Frantz,
_Der grosse Kampf zwischen Kaisertum u. Papsttum zur Zeit des
Hohenstaufen Friedrich II._ (Berlin, 1903); W. Norden, _Das Papsttum
u. Byzanz_ (Berlin, 1903); M. Tangl, _Die papstlichen Kanzleiordungen
von 1200-1500_ (Innsbruck, 1894); Caillemer, _Le Pape Honorius III. et
le droit civil_ (Lyons, 1881); F. Vernet, _Etudes sur les sermons
d'Honorius III._ (Lyons, 1888). There is an excellent article, with
exhaustive bibliography, by H. Schulz in Hauck's _Realencyklopadie_,
3rd edition. (C. H. Ha.)
5. HONORIUS IV. (Jacopo Savelli), pope from the 2nd of April 1285 to the
3rd of April 1287, a member of a prominent Roman family and grand-nephew
of Honorius III., had studied at the university of Paris, been made
cardinal-deacon of Sta Maria in Cosmedin, and succeeded Martin IV.
Though aged and so crippled that he could not stand alone he displayed
remarkable energy as pope. He maintained peace in the states of the
Church and friendly relations with Rudolph of Habsburg, and his policy
in the Sicilian question was more liberal than that of his predecessor.
He showed special favours to the mendicant orders and formally
sanctioned the Carmelites and Augustinian Eremites. He was the first
pope to employ the great banking houses in northern Italy for the
collection of papal dues. He died at Rome and was succeeded by Nicholas
IV.
See M. Bouquet, _Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France_,
new ed., vols. 20-22 (Paris, 1894), for the chief sources; A.
Potthast, _Regesta pontif. Roman_, vol. 2 (Berlin, 1875); M. Prou,
"Les registres d'Honorius IV." in _Bibliotheque des ecoles francaises
d Athenes et de Rome_ (Paris, 1888); B. Pawlicki, _Papst Honorius IV._
(Munster, 1896); F. Gregorovius, _Rome in the Middle Ages_, vol. 5,
trans. by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1900-1902). (C. H. Ha.)
HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423), son of Theodosius I., ascended the throne
as "emperor of the West" in 395. The history of the first thirteen years
of the reign of Honorius is inseparably connected with the name of
Stilicho (q.v.), his guardian and father-in-law. During this period the
revolt of the African prince Gildo was suppressed (398); Italy was
successfully defended against Alaric, who was defeated at Pollentia
(402) and Verona (403); and the barbarian hordes under the Goth
Radagaisus were destroyed (406). After the downfall and murder of
Stilicho (408), the result of palace intrigues, the emperor was under
the control of incompetent favourites. In the same year Rome was
besieged, and in 410, for the second time in its history, taken and
sacked by Alaric, who for a short time set up the city prefect Attalus
as a rival emperor, but soon deposed him as incapable. Alaric died in
the same year, and in 412 Honorius concluded peace with his
brother-in-law and successor, Ataulphus (Adolphus), who married the
emperor's sister Placidia and removed with his troops to southern Gaul.
A number of usurpers laid claim to the throne, the most important of
whom was Constantine. In 409 Britain and Armorica declared their
independence, which was confirmed by Honorius himself, and were thus
practically lost to the empire. Honorius was one of the feeblest
emperors who ever occupied the throne, and the dismemberment of the West
was only temporarily averted by the efforts of Stilicho, and, later, of
Constantius, a capable general who overthrew the usurpers and was
rewarded with a share in the government. It was only as a supporter of
the orthodox church and persecutor of the heathen that Honorius
displayed any energy. In 399 the exercise of the pagan cult was
prohibited, and the revenues of the temples, which were to be
appropriated for the use of the public or pulled down, were confiscated
to defray the expenses of the army. Honorius was equally severe on
heretics, such as the Donatists and Manichaeans. He is also to be
credited with the abolition of the gladiatorial shows in 404 (although
there is said to be evidence of their existence later), a reduction of
the taxes, improvements in criminal law, and the reorganization of the
_defensores civitatum_, municipal officers whose duty it was to defend
the rights of the people and set forth their grievances. Honorius at
first established his court at Milan, but, on the report of the
invasion of Italy, fled to Ravenna, where he resided till his death on
the 27th of August 423.
See Gibbon, _Decline and Fall_, chs. 28-33; J. B. Bury, _Later Roman
Empire_, i. chs. 1-5, ii. chs. 4, 6; E. A. Freeman, "Tyrants of
Britain, Gaul and Spain" in _Eng. Hist. Review_ (January 1886); T.
Hodgkin, _Italy and her Invaders_ (Oxford, 1892), i. chs. 13, 15-18.
HONOUR (Lat. _honos_ or _honor_, _honoris_; in English the word was
spelled with or without the _u_ indifferently until the 17th century,
but during the 18th century it became fashionable to spell the word
"honor"; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereotyped the English
and American spellings respectively), a term which may be defined as
respect, esteem or deference paid to, or received by, a person in
consideration of his character, worth or position; also the state or
condition of the person exciting the feeling or expression of such
esteem; particularly a high personal character coupled with conduct in
accordance with or controlled by a nice sense of what is right and true
and due to the position so held. Further, the word is commonly used of
the dignities, distinctions or titles, granted as a mark of such esteem
or as a reward for services or merit, and quite generally of the credit
or renown conferred by a person or thing on the country, town or
particular society to which he or it belongs. The standard of conduct
may be laid down not only by a scrupulous sense of what is due to lofty
personal character but also by the conventional usages of society, hence
it is that debts which cannot be legally enforced, such as gambling
debts, are called "debts of honour." Similarly in the middle ages and
later, courts, known as "courts of honour," sat to decide questions such
as precedence, disputes as to coat armour &c. (see CHIVALRY); such
courts, chiefly military, are found in countries where duelling has not
fallen into desuetude (see DUEL). In the British House of Lords, when
the peers sit to try another peer on a criminal charge or at an
impeachment, on the question being put whether the accused be guilty or
not, each peer, rising in his place in turn, lays his right hand on his
breast and returns his verdict "upon my honour." As a title of address,
"his honour" or "your honour" is applied in the United States of America
to all judges, in the United Kingdom only to county court judges; in
university or other examinations, those who have won particular
distinction, or have undergone with success an examination of a standard
higher than that required for a "pass" degree, are said to have passed
"with honours," or an "honours" examination or to have taken an "honours
degree." In many games of cards the ace, king, queen and knave of trumps
are the "honours."
Funeral or military honours are paid to a dead officer or soldier. The
usual features of such a burial are as follows: the coffin is carried on
a gun-carriage and attended by troops; it is covered by the national
flag, on which rests the soldier's head-dress, sword or bayonet; if the
deceased had been a mounted soldier, his charger follows with the boots
reversed in the stirrups; three volleys are fired over the grave after
committal, and "last post" or another call is sounded on the bugles or a
roll on the drums is given.
A military force is said to be accorded "the honours of war" when, after
a specially honourable defence, it has surrendered its post, and is
permitted, by the terms of capitulation to march out with colours
flying, bands playing, bayonets fixed, &c. and retaining possession of
the field artillery, horses, arms and baggage. The force remains free to
act as combatants for the remainder of the war, without waiting for
exchange or being considered as prisoners. Usually some point is named
to which the surrendering troops must be conveyed before recommencing
hostilities; thus, during the Peninsular War, at the Convention of
Cintra 1808, the French army under Junot was conveyed to France by
British transports before being free to rejoin the combatant troops in
the Peninsula. By far the most usual case of the granting of the
"honours of war" is in connexion with the surrender of a fortress. Of
historic examples may be mentioned the surrender of Lille by Marshal
Boufflers to Prince Eugene in 1708, that of Huningen by General Joseph
Barbanegre (1772-1830) to the Austrians in 1815, and that of Belfort by
Colonel P. Denfert Rochereau to the Germans in 1871.
In English law the term "honour" is used of a seigniory of several
manors held under one baron or lord paramount. The formation of such
lordships dates back to the Anglo-Saxon period, when jurisdiction of sac
and soc was frequently given in the case of a group of estates lying
close together. The system was encouraged by the Norman lords, as
tending to strengthen the principles of feudal law, but the legislation
of Henry II., which increased the power of the central administration,
undoubtedly tended to discourage the creation of new honours.
Frequently, they escheated to the crown, retaining their corporate
existence and their jurisdictions; they then either remained in the
possession of the king or were regranted, diminished in extent. Although
an honour contained several manors, one court day was held for all, but
the various manors retained their separate organizations, having their
"quasi several and distinct courts."
HONOURABLE (Fr. _honorable_, from Lat. _honorabilis_, worthy of honour),
a style or title of honour common to the United Kingdom, the British
colonies and the United States of America. The terms _honorabilis_ and
_honorabilitas_ were in use in the middle ages rather as a form of
politeness than as a stereotyped style; and though Gibbon assimilates
the late Roman title of _clarissimus_ to "honourable," as applied to the
lowest of the three grades of rank in the imperial hierarchy, the
analogy was good even in his day only in so far as both styles were
applicable to those who belonged to the less exalted ranks of the titled
classes, for the title "honourable" was not definitely confined to
certain classes until later. As a formal address it is found frequently
in the _Paston Letters_ (15th century), but used loosely and
interchangeable with other styles; thus John, Viscount Beaumont, is
addressed alternately as "my worshipful and reverent Lord" (ii. 88, ed.
1904) and as "my right honorabull Lord" (ii. 118), while John Paston, a
plain esquire, is "my right honurabyll maister." More than two centuries
later Selden, in his _Titles of Honor_ (1672), does not include
"honourable" among the courtesy titles given to the children of peers.
The style was, in fact, used extremely loosely till well on into the
18th century. Thus we find in the registers of Westminster Abbey records
of the burial (in 1710) of "The Hon. George Churchill, Esq.," who was
only a son of Sir Winston Churchill, and of "The Hon. Sir William
Godolphin," who had only been created a baronet; in 1717 was buried "The
Hon. Colonel Henry Cornwall," who was only an esquire and the son of
one; in 1743 a rear-admiral was buried as "The Hon. Sir John Jennings,
Kt."; in 1746 "The Hon. Major-General Lowther," whose father was only a
Dublin merchant; and finally, in 1747, "The Hon. Lieutenant-General
Guest," who is said to have begun life as an hostler. From this time
onwards the style of "honourable" tended to become more narrowly
applied; but the whole matter is full of obscurity and contradictions.
The baronets, for instance, allege that they were usually styled "the
honourable" until the end of the 18th century, and in 1835 they
petitioned for the style as a prefix to their names. The Heralds'
College officially reported on the petition (31st of October 1835) that
the evidence did not prove the right of baronets to the style, and that
its use "has been no more warranted by authority than when the same
style has been applied to Field Officers in the Army and others." They
added that "the style of the Honourable is given to the _Judges_ and to
the _Barons of the Exchequer_ with others because by the Decree of 10
James I., for settling the place and precedence of the Baronets, the
Judges and Barons of the Exchequer were declared to have place and
precedence before the younger sons of Viscounts and Barons." This seems
to make the style a consequence of the precedence; yet from the examples
above given it is clear that it was applied, e.g. in the case of field
officers, where no question of precedence arose. It is not, indeed,
until 1874 that we have any evidence of an authoritative limitation of
the title. In this year the wives of lords of appeal, life peers, were
granted style and precedence as baronesses; but it was provided that
their children were not "to assume or use the prefix of Honourable, or
to be entitled to the style, rank or precedence of the children of a
Baron." In 1898, however, this was revoked, and it was ordained "that
such children shall have and enjoy on all occasions the style and title
enjoyed by the children of hereditary Barons together with the rank and
precedence, &c." By these acts of the Crown the prefix of "honourable"
would seem to have been restricted and stereotyped as a definite title
of honour; yet in legal documents the sons of peers are still styled
merely "esquire," with the addition of "commonly called, &c." This
latter fact points to the time when the prefix "honourable" was a mark
of deference paid by others rather than a style assumed by right, and
relics of this doubtless survive in the United Kingdom in the
conventions by which an "honourable" does not use the title on his
visiting card and is not announced as such.
As to the actual use and social significance of the style, the practice
in the United Kingdom differs considerably from that in the colonies or
in the United States. In the United Kingdom marquesses are "most
honourable"; earls, viscounts and barons "right honourable," a style
also borne by all privy councillors, including the lord mayor of London
and lord provost of Edinburgh during office. The title of "honourable"
is in the United Kingdom, except by special licence of the Crown (e.g.
in the case of retired colonial or Indian officials), mainly confined to
the sons and daughters of peers, and is the common style of the younger
sons of earls and of the children of viscounts, barons and legal life
peers. The eldest sons of dukes, marquesses and earls bear "by courtesy"
their father's second title, the younger sons of dukes and marquesses
having the courtesy title Lord prefixed to their Christian name; while
the daughters of dukes, marquesses and earls are styled Lady. The title
of "honourable" is also given to all present or past maids of honour,
and to the judges of the high court being lords justices or lords of
appeal (who are "right honourable"). A county court judge is, however,
"his honour." The epithet is also applied to the House of Commons as a
body and to individual members during debate ("the honourable member for
X."). Certain other corporate bodies have, by tradition or grant, the
right to bear the style; e.g. the Honourable Irish Society, the Inns of
Court (Honourable Society of the Inner Temple, &c.) and the Honourable
Artillery Company; the East India Company also had the prefix
"honourable." The style may not be assumed by corporate bodies at will,
as was proved, in the case of the Society of Baronets, whose original
style of "Honourable" Society was dropped by command.
In the British colonies the title "honourable" is given to members of
the executive and legislative bodies, to judges, &c., during their term
of service. It is sometimes retained by royal licence after a certain
number of years' service.
In the United States of America the title is very widespread, being
commonly given to any one who holds or has held any office of importance
in state or nation, more particularly to members of Congress or of the
state legislatures, judges, justices, and certain other judicial and
executive officials. Popular amenity even sometimes extends the title to
holders of quite humble government appointments, and consoles with it
the defeated candidates for a post. See also the article PRECEDENCE.
HONTHEIM, JOHANN NIKOLAUS VON (1701-1790), German historian and
theologian, was born on the 27th of January 1701 at Trier. He belonged
to a noble family which had been for many generations connected with the
court and diocese of the archbishop-electors, his father, Kaspar von
Hontheim, being receiver-general of the archdiocese. At the age of
twelve young Hontheim was given by his maternal uncle, Hugo Friedrich
von Anethan, canon of the collegiate church of St Simeon (which at that
time still occupied the Roman Porta Nigra at Trier), a prebend in his
church, and on the 13th of May 1713 he received the tonsure. He was
educated by the Jesuits at Trier and at the universities of Trier,
Louvain and Leiden, taking his degree of doctor of laws at Trier in
1724. During the following years he travelled in various European
countries, spending some time at the German College in Rome; in 1728 he
was ordained priest and, formally admitted to the chapter of St Simeon
in 1732, he became a professor at the university of Trier. In 1738 he
went to Coblenz as official to the archbishop-elector. In this capacity
he had plentiful opportunity of studying the effect of the interference
of the Roman Curia in the internal affairs of the Empire, notably in the
negotiations that preceded the elections of the emperors Charles VII.
and Francis I. in which Hontheim took part as assistant to the electoral
ambassador. It appears that it was the extreme claims of the papal
nuncio on these occasions and his interference in the affairs of the
electoral college that first suggested to Hontheim that critical
examination of the basis of the papal pretensions, the results of which
he afterwards published to the world under the pseudonym of "Febronius."
In 1747, broken down by overwork, he resigned his position as official
and retired to St Simeon's, of which he was elected dean in the
following year. In May 1748 he was appointed by the archbishop-elector
Francis George (von Schonborn) as his suffragan, being consecrated at
Mainz, in February 1749, under the title of bishop of Myriophiri _in
partibus_. The archbishop of Trier was practically a great secular
prince, and upon Hontheim as suffragan and vicar-general fell the whole
spiritual administration of the diocese; this work, in addition to that
of pro-chancellor of the university, he carried on single-handed until
1778, when Jean Marie Cuohot d'Herbain was appointed his coadjutor. On
the 21st of April 1779 he resigned the deanery of St Simeon's on the
ground of old age. He died on the 2nd of September 1790 at his chateau
at Montquentin near Orval, an estate which he had purchased. He was
buried at first in St Simeon's; but the church was ruined by the French
during the revolutionary wars and never restored, and in 1803 the body
of Hontheim was transferred to that of St Gervasius.
As a historian Hontheim's reputation rests on his contributions to the
history of Trier. He had, during the period of his activity as official
at Coblenz, found time to collect a vast mass of printed and MS.
material which he afterwards embodied in three works on the history of
Trier. Of these the _Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica_ was
published in 3 vols. folio in 1750, the _Prodromus historiae
Trevirensis_ in 2 vols. in 1757. They give, besides a history of Trier
and its constitution, a large number of documents and references to
published authorities. A third work, the _Historiae scriptorum et
monumentarum Trevirensis amplissima collectio_, remains in MS. at the
city library of Trier. These books, the result of an enormous labour in
collation and selection in very unfavourable circumstances, entitle
Hontheim to the fame of a pioneer in modern historical methods. It is,
however, as "Febronius" that Hontheim is best remembered. The character
and effect of his book on "the state of the Church and the lawful power
of the Roman pontiff" is described elsewhere (see FEBRONIANISM). The
author of the book was known at Rome almost as soon as it was published;
but it was not till some years afterwards (1778) that he was called on
to retract. The terrors of the spiritual power were reinforced by a
threat of the archbishop-elector to deprive not only him but all his
relations of their offices, and Hontheim, after much wavering and
correspondence, signed a submission which was accepted at Rome as
satisfactory, though he still refused to admit, as demanded, _ut proinde
merito monarchicum ecclesiae regimen a catholicis doctoribus
appelletur_. The removal of the censure followed (1781) when Hontheim
published at Frankfort what purported to be a proof that his submission
had been made of his own free will (_Justini Febronii acti commentarius
in suam retractationem_, &c.). This book, however, which carefully
avoided all the most burning questions, rather tended to show--as indeed
his correspondence proves--that Hontheim had not essentially shifted his
standpoint. But Rome left him thenceforth in peace.
See Otto Mejer, _Febronius, Weihbischof Johann Nikolaus von Hontheim
und sein Widerruf_ (Tubingen, 1880), with many original letters. Of
later date is the biography by F. X. Kraus in the _Allgemeine deutsche
Biographie_ (1881), which gives numerous references.
HONTHORST, GERARD VAN (1590-1656), Dutch painter of Utrecht, was brought
up at the school of Bloemart, who exchanged the style of the Franckens
for that of the pseudo-Italians at the beginning of the 16th century.
Infected thus early with a mania which came to be very general in
Holland, Honthorst went to Italy, where he copied the naturalism and
eccentricities of Michelangelo da Caravaggio. Home again about 1614,
after acquiring a considerable practice in Rome, he set up a school at
Utrecht which flourished exceedingly; and he soon became so fashionable
that Sir Dudley Carleton, then English envoy at the Hague, recommended
his works to the earl of Arundel and Lord Dorchester. At the same time
the queen of Bohemia, sister of Charles I. and electress palatine, being
an exile in Holland, gave him her countenance and asked him to teach her
children drawing; and Honthorst, thus approved and courted, became known
to Charles I., who invited him to England. There he painted several
portraits, and a vast allegory, now at Hampton Court, of Charles and his
queen as Diana and Apollo in the clouds receiving the duke of Buckingham
as Mercury and guardian of the king of Bohemia's children. Charles I.,
whose taste was flattered alike by the energy of Rubens and the elegance
of Van Dyck, was thus first captivated by the fanciful mediocrity of
Honthorst, who though a poor executant had luckily for himself caught,
as Lord Arundel said, "much of the manner of Caravaggio's colouring,
then so much esteemed at Rome." It was his habit to transmute every
subject into a night scene, from the Nativity, for which there was
warrant in the example of Correggio, to the penitence of the Magdalen,
for which there was no warrant at all. But unhappily this caprice,
though "sublime in Allegri and Rembrandt," was but a phantasm in the
hands of Honthorst, whose prosaic pencil was not capable of more than
vulgar utterances, and art gained little from the repetition of these
quaint vagaries. Sandrart gave the measure of Honthorst's popularity at
this period when he says that he had as many as twenty apprentices at
one time, each of whom paid him a fee of 100 florins a year. In 1623 he
was president of his gild at Utrecht. After that he went to England,
returning to settle anew at Utrecht, where he married. His position
amongst artists was acknowledged to be important, and in 1626 he
received a visit from Rubens, whom he painted as the honest man sought
for and found by Diogenes Honthorst. In his home at Utrecht Honthorst
succeeded in preserving the support of the English monarch, for whom he
finished in 1631 a large picture of the king and queen of Bohemia "and
all their children." For Lord Dorchester about the same period he
completed some illustrations of the _Odyssey_; for the king of Denmark
he composed incidents of Danish history, of which one example remains in
the gallery of Copenhagen. In the course of a large practice he had
painted many likenesses--Charles I. and his queen, the duke of
Buckingham, and the king and queen of Bohemia. He now became court
painter to the princess of Orange, settled (1637) at the Hague, and
painted in succession at the Castle of Ryswick and the House in the
Wood. The time not consumed in producing pictures was devoted to
portraits. Even now his works are very numerous, and amply represented
in English and Continental galleries. His most attractive pieces are
those in which he cultivates the style of Caravaggio, those, namely,
which represent taverns, with players, singers and eaters. He shows
great skill in reproducing scenes illuminated by a single candle. But he
seems to have studied too much in dark rooms, where the subtleties of
flesh colour are lost in the dusky smoothness and uniform redness of
tints procurable from farthing dips. Of great interest still, though
rather sharp in outline and hard in modelling, are his portraits of the
Duke of Buckingham and Family (Hampton Court), the King and Queen of
Bohemia (Hanover and Combe Abbey), Mary de Medici (Amsterdam town-hall),
1628, the Stadtholders and their Wives (Amsterdam and Hague), Charles
Louis and Rupert, Charles I.'s nephews (Louvre, St Petersburg, Combe
Abbey and Willin), and Lord Craven (National Portrait Gallery). His
early form may be judged by a Lute-player (1614) at the Louvre, the
Martyrdom of St John in S. M. della Scala at Rome, or the Liberation of
Peter in the Berlin Museum; his latest style is that of the House in the
Wood (1648), where he appears to disadvantage by the side of Jordaens
and others.
Honthorst was succeeded by his brother William, born at Utrecht in 1604,
who died, it is said, in 1666. He lived chiefly in his native place,
temporarily at Berlin. But he has left little behind except a portrait
at Amsterdam, and likenesses in the Berlin Museum of William and Mary of
England.
HOOCH, PIETER DE (1629-?1678), Dutch painter, was born in 1629, and died
in Amsterdam probably shortly after 1677. He was a native of Rotterdam,
and wandered early to Haarlem and the Hague. In 1654 we find him again
at Rotterdam, where in that year he married a girl of Delft, Jannetje
van der Burch. From 1655 to 1657 he was a member of the painter's gild
of Delft, but after that date we have no traces of his doings until
about 1668, when his presence is recorded in Amsterdam. His dated
pictures prove that he was still alive in 1677, but his death followed
probably soon after this year. De Hooch is one of the kindliest and most
charming painters of homely subjects that Holland has produced. He seems
to have been born at the same time and taught in the same school as van
der Meer and Maes. All three are disciples of the school of Rembrandt.
Houbraken mentions Nicolas Berchem as De Hooch's teacher. De Hooch only
once painted a canvas of large size, and that unfortunately perished in
a fire at Rotterdam in 1864. But his small pieces display perfect finish
and dexterity of hand, combined with great power of discrimination.
Though he sometimes paints open-air scenes, these are not his favourite
subjects. He is most at home in interiors illuminated by different
lights, with the radiance of the day, in different intensities, seen
through doors and windows. He thus brings together the most delicate
varieties of tone, and produces chords that vibrate with harmony. The
themes which he illustrates are thoroughly suited to his purpose.
Sometimes he chooses the drawing-room where dames and cavaliers dance,
or dine, or sing; sometimes--mostly indeed--he prefers cottages or
courtyards, where the housewives tend their children or superintend the
labours of the cook. Satin and gold are as familiar to him as camlet and
fur; and there is no article of furniture in a Dutch house of the middle
class that he does not paint with pleasure. What distinguishes him most
besides subtle suggestiveness is the serenity of his pictures. One of
his most charming was the canvas formerly in the Ashburton collection,
now burnt, where an old lady with a dish of apples walks with a child
along a street bounded by a high wall, above which gables and a church
steeple are seen, while the sun radiates joyfully over the whole. Fine
in another way is the "Mug of Beer" in the Amsterdam Museum, an interior
with a woman coming out of a pantry and giving a measure of beer to a
little girl. The light flows in here from a small closed window; but
through the door to the right we look into a drawing-room, and through
the open sash of that room we see the open air. The three lights are
managed with supreme cunning. Beautiful for its illumination again is
the "Music Party," with its contending indoor and outdoor lights, a gem
in the late A. Thieme collection at Leipzig. More subtly suggestive, in
the museum of Berlin, is the "Mother seated near a Cradle." "A Card
Party," dated 1658, at Buckingham Palace, is a good example of De
Hooch's drawing-room scenes, counterpart as to date and value of a
"Woman and Child" in the National Gallery, and the "Smoking Party,"
formerly in Lord Enfield's collection. Another very fine example is the
"Interior" with two women, bought by Sir Julius Wernher. Other pictures
later in the master's career are--the "Lady and Child in a Courtyard,"
of 1665, in the National Gallery, and the "Lady receiving a Letter," of
1670, in the Amsterdam Museum (Van der Hoop collection).
It is possible to bring together over 250 examples of De Hooch. There
are three at St Petersburg, three in Buckingham Palace, three in the
National Gallery, two in the Wallace Collection, six in the Amsterdam
Museum, some in the Louvre and at Munich and Darmstadt; many others
are in private galleries in England. For England was the first country
to recognize the merit of De Hooch who only began to be valued in
Holland in the middle of the 18th century. A celebrated picture at
Amsterdam, sold for 450 florins in 1765, fetched 4000 in 1817, and in
1876 the Berlin Museum gave L5400 for a De Hooch at the Schneider
sale--"A Dutch Dwelling-room" (820 B).
See Hofstede de Groot's _Catalogue raisonne_, vol. i., London, 1907.
HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831-1879), American soldier, lieut.-general of the
Confederate army, was born at Owingsville, Kentucky, in 1831, and
graduated from West Point military academy in 1853. As an officer of the
2nd U.S. cavalry (Colonel Sidney Johnston) he saw service against
Indians, and later he was cavalry instructor at West Point. He resigned
from the U.S. service in 1861, and became a colonel in the Confederate
army. He was soon promoted brigadier-general, and at the battle of
Gaines's Mill, where he was wounded, won the brevet of major-general for
his gallant conduct. With the famous, "Texas brigade" of the Army of
Northern Virginia he served throughout the campaign of 1862. At
Gettysburg he commanded one of the divisions of Longstreet's corps,
receiving a wound which disabled his arm. With Longstreet he was
transferred in the autumn of 1863 to the Army of Tennessee. At the
battle of Chickamauga (September 19th, 20th) Hood was severely wounded
again and his leg was amputated, but after six months he returned to
duty undaunted. He remained with the Army of Tennessee as a corps
commander, and when the general dissatisfaction with the Fabian policy
of General J. E. Johnston brought about the removal of that officer,
Hood was put in his place with the temporary rank of general. He had won
a great reputation as a fighting general, and it was with the distinct
understanding that battles were to be fought that he was placed at the
head of the Army of Tennessee. But in spite of skill and courage he was
uniformly unsuccessful in the battles around Atlanta. In the end he had
to abandon the place, but he forthwith sought to attack Sherman in
another direction, and finally invaded Tennessee. His march was pushed
with the greatest energy, but he failed to draw the main body of the
enemy after him, and, while Sherman with a picked force made his "March
to the Sea," Thomas collected an army to oppose Hood. A severe battle
was fought at Franklin on the 30th of November, and finally Hood was
defeated and his army almost annihilated in the battle of Nashville. He
was then relieved at his own request (January 23rd, 1865). After the war
he was engaged in business in New Orleans, where he died of yellow fever
on the 30th of August 1879. His experiences in the Civil War are
narrated in his _Advance and Retreat_ (New Orleans, 1880). Hood's
reputation as a bold and energetic leader was well deserved, though his
reckless vigour proved but a poor substitute for Johnston's careful
husbanding of his strength at this declining stage of the Confederacy.
HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724-1816), British admiral, was the son of
Samuel Hood, vicar of Butleigh in Somerset, and prebendary of Wells. He
was born on the 12th of December 1724, and entered the navy on the 6th of
May 1741. He served part of his time as midshipman with Rodney in the
"Ludlow," and became lieutenant in 1746. He was fortunate in serving
under active officers, and had opportunities of seeing service in the
North Sea. In 1753 he was made commander of the "Jamaica" sloop, and
served in her on the North American station. In 1756, while still on the
North American station, he attained to post rank. In 1757, while in
temporary command of the "Antelope" (50), he drove a French ship ashore
in Audierne Bay, and captured two privateers. His zeal attracted the
favourable notice of the Admiralty and he was appointed to a ship of his
own. In 1759, when captain of the "Vestal" (32), he captured the French
"Bellona" (32) after a sharp action. During the war his services were
wholly in the Channel, and he was engaged under Rodney in 1759 in
destroying the vessels collected by the French to serve as transports in
the proposed invasion of England. In 1778 he accepted a command which in
the ordinary course would have terminated his active career. He became
commissioner of the dockyard at Portsmouth and governor of the Naval
Academy. These posts were generally given to officers who were retiring
from the sea. In 1780, on the occasion of the king's visit to
Portsmouth, he was made a baronet. The circumstances of the time were
not ordinary. Many admirals declined to serve under Lord Sandwich, and
Rodney, who then commanded in the West Indies, had complained of want of
proper support from his subordinates, whom he accused of disaffection.
The Admiralty was naturally anxious to secure the services of trustworthy
flag officers, and having confidence in Hood promoted him rear-admiral
out of the usual course on the 26th of September 1780, and sent him to
the West Indies to act as second in command under Rodney, to whom he was
personally known. He joined Rodney in January 1781, and remained in the
West Indies or on the coast of North America till the close of the War of
American Independence. The calculation that he would work harmoniously
with Rodney was not altogether justified by the results. The
correspondence of the two shows that they were far from being on cordial
personal terms with one another, but Hood always discharged his duty
punctually, and his capacity was so great, and so signally proved, that
no question of removing him from the station ever arose. The unfortunate
turn taken by the campaign of 1781 was largely due to Rodney's neglect of
his advice. If he had been allowed to choose his own position there can
be no doubt that he could have prevented the comte de Grasse (1722-1788)
from reaching Fort Royal with the reinforcements from France in April
(see RODNEY, LORD). When the fleet went on to the coast of North America
during the hurricane months of 1781 he was sent to serve with Admiral
Graves (1725?-1802) in the unsuccessful effort to relieve the army at
Yorktown. But his subordinate rank gave him no chance to impart a greater
measure of energy to the naval operations. When, however, he returned to
the West Indies he was for a time in independent command owing to
Rodney's absence in England for the sake of his health. The French
admiral, the comte de Grasse, attacked the British islands of St Kitts
and Nevis with a much superior force to the squadron under Hood's
command. The attempt Hood made in January 1782 to save them from capture,
with 22 ships to 29, was not successful, but the series of bold movements
by which he first turned the French out of their anchorage at the Basse
Terre of St Kitts, and then beat off the attacks of the enemy, were the
most brilliant things done by any British admiral during the war. He was
made an Irish peer for his share in the defeat of the comte de Grasse on
the 9th and 12th of April near Dominica. During the peace he entered
parliament as member for Westminster in the fiercely contested election
of 1784, was promoted vice-admiral in 1787, and in July of 1788 was
appointed to the Board of Admiralty under the second earl of Chatham. On
the outbreak of the revolutionary war he was sent to the Mediterranean as
commander-in-chief. His period of command, which lasted from May 1793 to
October 1794, was very busy. In August he occupied Toulon on the
invitation of the French royalists, and in co-operation with the
Spaniards. In December of the same year the allies, who did not work
harmoniously together, were driven out, mainly by the generalship of
Napoleon. Hood now turned to the occupation of Corsica, which he had been
invited to take in the name of the king of England by Paoli. The island
was for a short time added to the dominions of George III., chiefly by
the exertions of the fleet and the co-operation of Paoli. While the
occupation of Corsica was being effected, the French at Toulon had so far
recovered that they were able to send a fleet to sea. In June Hood sailed
in the hope of bringing it to action. The plan which he laid to attack it
in the Golfe Jouan in June may possibly have served to some extent as an
inspiration, if not as a model, to Nelson for the battle of the Nile, but
the wind was unfavourable, and the attack could not be carried out. In
October he was recalled to England in consequence of some
misunderstanding with the admiralty, or the ministry, which has never
been explained. He had attained the rank of full admiral in April of
1794. He held no further command at sea, but in 1796 he was named
governor of Greenwich Hospital, a post which he held till his death on
the 27th of January 1816. A peerage of Great Britain was conferred on his
wife as Baroness Hood of Catherington in 1795, and he was himself
created Viscount Hood of Whitley in 1796. The titles descended to his
son, Henry (1753-1836), the ancestor of the present Viscount Hood. There
are several portraits of Lord Hood by Abbot in the Guildhall and in the
National Portrait Gallery. He was also painted by Reynolds and
Gainsborough.
There is no good life of Lord Hood, but a biographical notice of him
by M'Arthur, his secretary during the Mediterranean command, is in the
_Naval Chronicle_, vol. ii. Charnock's _Biogr. Nav._ vi., Ralfe, _Nav.
Biog._ i., may also be consulted. His correspondence during his
command in America has been published by the Navy Record Society. The
history of his campaigns will be found in the historians of the wars
in which he served: for the earlier years, Beatson's _Naval and
Military Memoirs_; for the later, James's _Naval History_, vol. i.,
for the English side, and for the French, Troudes, _Batailles navales
de la France_, ii. and iii., and Chevalier's _Histoire de la marine
francaise pendant la guerre de l'independance americaine and Pendant
la Republique_. (D. H.)
HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814), British vice-admiral, cousin of Lord Hood
and of Lord Bridport, entered the Royal Navy in 1776. His first
engagement was the battle off Ushant in 1778, and, soon afterwards
transferred to the West Indies, he was present, under the command of his
cousin Sir Samuel Hood, at all the actions which culminated in Rodney's
victory of April 12th, 1782. After the peace, like many other British
naval officers, he spent some time in France, and on his return to
England was given the command of a sloop, from which he proceeded in
succession to various frigates. In the "Juno" his gallant rescue of some
shipwrecked seamen won him a vote of thanks and a sword of honour from
the Jamaica assembly. Early in 1793 the "Juno" went to the Mediterranean
under Lord Hood, and her captain distinguished himself by an audacious
feat of coolness and seamanship in extricating his vessel from the
harbour of Toulon, which he had entered in ignorance of Lord Hood's
withdrawal. Soon afterwards he was put in command of a frigate squadron
for the protection of Levantine commerce, and in 1797 he was given the
"Zealous" (74), in which he was present at Nelson's unsuccessful attack
on Santa Cruz. It was Captain Hood who conducted the negotiations which
relieved the squadron from the consequences of its failure. The part
played by the "Zealous" at the battle of the Nile was brilliant. Her
first opponent she put out of action in twelve minutes, and, passing on,
Hood immediately engaged other ships, the "Guerrier" being left
powerless to fire a shot. When Nelson left the coast of Egypt, Hood
commanded the blockading force off Alexandria and Rosetta. Later he
rejoined Nelson on the coast of the two Sicilies, receiving for his
services the order of St Ferdinand.
In the "Venerable" Hood was present at the action of Algesiras and the
battle in the Straits of Gibraltar (1801). In the Straits his ship
suffered heavily, losing 130 officers and men. A year later Captain Hood
was employed in Trinidad as a commissioner, and, upon the death of the
flag officer commanding the Leeward station, he succeeded him as
Commodore. Island after island fell to him, and soon, outside
Martinique, the French had scarcely a foothold in the West Indies.
Amongst other measures taken by Hood may be mentioned the garrisoning of
Diamond Rock, which he commissioned as a sloop-of-war to blockade the
approaches of Martinique (see James, _Naval History_, iii, 245). For
these successes he received, amongst other rewards, the K.B. In command
next of the squadron blockading Rochefort, Sir Samuel Hood had a sharp
fight, on 25th September 1805, with a small French squadron which was
trying to escape. Amongst the few casualties on this occasion was the
Commodore, who lost an arm. Promoted rear-admiral a few days after this
action, Hood was in 1807 entrusted with the operations against Madeira,
which he brought to a successful conclusion, and a year later went to
the Baltic, with his flag in the "Centaur," to take part in the war
between Russia and Sweden. In one of the actions of this war the
"Centaur" and "Implacable," unsupported by the Swedish ships (which lay
to leeward), cut out the Russian 80-gun ship "Sevolod" from the enemy's
line and, after a desperate fight, forced her to strike. The king of
Sweden rewarded the admiral with the Grand Cross of the Order of the
Sword. Present in the roads of Corunna at the re-embarkation of the army
of Sir John Moore, Hood thence returned to the Mediterranean, where for
two years he commanded a division of the British fleet. In 1811 he
became vice-admiral. In his last command, that of the East Indies
station, he carried out many salutary reforms, especially in matters of
discipline and victualling. He died at Madras, 24th December 1814. A
lofty column was raised to his memory on a hill near Butleigh,
Somersetshire, and in Butleigh Church is another memorial, with an
inscription written by Southey.
See _Naval Chronicle_, xvii. 1 (the material was furnished by Hood
himself; it does not go beyond 1806).
His elder brother, Captain ALEXANDER HOOD (1758-1798), entered the Royal
Navy in 1767, and accompanied Captain Cook in his second voyage round
the world. Under Howe and Rodney he distinguished himself in the West
Indies, and at the victory of April 12th, 1782, he was in command of one
of Rodney's frigates. Under Sir Samuel Hood he then proceeded to the
Mona passage, where he captured the French corvette "Ceres." With the
commander of his prize, the Baron de Peroy, Hood became very intimate,
and during the peace he paid a long visit to France as his late
prisoner's guest. In the early part of the Revolutionary war, ill health
kept him at home, and it was not until 1797 that he went afloat again.
His first experience was bitter; his ship, the "Mars," was unenviably
prominent in the mutiny at Spithead. On April 21st, 1798, occurred the
famous duel of the "Mars" with the "Hercule," fought in the dusk near
the Bec du Raz. The two ships were of equal force, but the "Hercule" was
newly commissioned, and after over an hour's fighting at close quarters
she struck her flag, having lost over three hundred men. The captain of
the "Mars" was mortally wounded early in the fight, and died as the
sword of the French captain was being put in his hand. The latter,
L'Heritier, also died of his wounds.
See _Naval Chronicle_, vi. 175; Ralfe, _Naval Biographies_, iv. 48;
James, _Naval History_, and Chevalier, _Hist. de la marine francaise
sous la premiere republique_.
HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845), British humorist and poet, the son of Thomas
Hood, bookseller, was born in London on the 23rd of May 1799. "Next to
being a citizen of the world," writes Thomas Hood in his _Literary
Reminiscences_, "it must be the best thing to be born a citizen of the
world's greatest city." On the death of her husband in 1811 Mrs Hood
removed to Islington, where Thomas Hood had a schoolmaster who
appreciated his talents, and, as he says, "made him feel it impossible
not to take an interest in learning while he seemed so interested in
teaching." Under the care of this "decayed dominie," whom he has so
affectionately recorded, he earned a few guineas--his first literary
fee--by revising for the press a new edition of _Paul and Virginia_.
Admitted soon after into the counting-house of a friend of his family,
he "turned his stool into a Pegasus on three legs, every foot, of
course, being a dactyl or a spondee"; but the uncongenial profession
affected his health, which was never strong, and he was transferred to
the care of his father's relations at Dundee. There he led a healthy
outdoor life, and also became a large and indiscriminate reader, and
before long contributed humorous and poetical articles to the provincial
newspapers and magazines. As a proof of the seriousness with which he
regarded the literary vocation, it may be mentioned that he used to
write out his poems in printed characters, believing that that process
best enabled him to understand his own peculiarities and faults, and
probably unconscious that Coleridge had recommended some such method of
criticism when he said he thought "print settles it." On his return to
London in 1818 he applied himself assiduously to the art of engraving,
in which he acquired a skill that in after years became a most valuable
assistant to his literary labours, and enabled him to illustrate his
various humours and fancies by a profusion of quaint devices, which not
only repeated to the eye the impressions of the text, but, by suggesting
amusing analogies and contrasts, added considerably to the sense and
effect of the work.
In 1821 Mr John Scott, the editor of the _London Magazine_, was killed
in a duel, and that periodical passed into the hands of some friends of
Hood, who proposed to make him sub-editor. His installation into this
congenial post at once introduced him to the best literary society of
the time; and in becoming the associate of Charles Lamb, Cary, de
Quincey, Allan Cunningham, Proctor, Talfourd, Hartley Coleridge, the
peasant-poet Clare and other contributors to the magazine, he gradually
developed his own intellectual powers, and enjoyed that happy
intercourse with superior minds for which his cordial and genial
character was so well adapted, and which he has described in his best
manner in several chapters of _Hood's Own_. He had married in 1825, and
_Odes and Addresses_--his first work--was written in conjunction with
his brother-in-law Mr J. H. Reynolds, the friend of Keats. S. T.
Coleridge wrote to Charles Lamb averring that the book must be his work.
_The Plea of the Midsummer Fairies_ (1827) and a dramatic romance,
Lamia, published later, belong to this time. _The Plea of the Midsummer
Fairies_ was a volume of serious verse, in which Hood showed himself a
by no means despicable follower of Keats. But he was known as a
humorist, and the public, which had learned to expect jokes from him,
rejected this little book almost entirely. There was much true poetry in
the verse, and much sound sense and keen observation in the prose of
these works; but the poetical feeling and lyrical facility of the one,
and the more solid qualities of the other, seemed best employed when
they were subservient to his rapid wit, and to the ingenious
coruscations of his fancy. This impression was confirmed by the series
of the _Comic Annual_, dating from 1830, a kind of publication at that
time popular, which Hood undertook and continued, almost unassisted, for
several years. Under that somewhat frivolous title he treated all the
leading events of the day in a fine spirit of caricature, entirely free
from grossness and vulgarity, without a trait of personal malice, and
with an under-current of true sympathy and honest purpose that will
preserve these papers, like the sketches of Hogarth, long after the
events and manners they illustrate have passed from the minds of men.
But just as the agreeable jester rose into the earnest satirist, one of
the most striking peculiarities of his style became a more manifest
defect. The attention of the reader was distracted, and his good taste
annoyed, by the incessant use of puns, of which Hood had written in his
own vindication:--
"However critics may take offence,
A double meaning has double sense."
Now it is true that the critic must be unconscious of some of the
subtlest charms and nicest delicacies of language who would exclude from
humorous writing all those impressions and surprises which depend on the
use of the diverse sense of words. The history, indeed, of many a word
lies hid in its equivocal uses; and it in no way derogates from the
dignity of the highest poetry to gain strength and variety from the
ingenious application of the same sounds to different senses, any more
than from the contrivances of rhythm or the accompaniment of imitative
sounds. But when this habit becomes the characteristic of any wit, it is
impossible to prevent it from degenerating into occasional buffoonery,
and from supplying a cheap and ready resource, whenever the true vein of
humour becomes thin or rare. Artists have been known to use the left
hand in the hope of checking the fatal facility which practice had
conferred on the right; and if Hood had been able to place under some
restraint the curious and complex machinery of words and syllables which
his fancy was incessantly producing, his style would have been a great
gainer, and much real earnestness of object, which now lies confused by
the brilliant kaleidoscope of language, would have remained definite and
clear. He was probably not unconscious of this danger; for, as he gained
experience as a writer, his diction became more simple, and his
ludicrous illustrations less frequent. In another annual called the
_Gem_ appeared the poem on the story of "Eugene Aram," which first
manifested the full extent of that poetical vigour which seemed to
advance just in proportion as his physical health declined. He started a
magazine in his own name, for which he secured the assistance of many
literary men of reputation and authority, but which was mainly sustained
by his own intellectual activity. From a sick-bed, from which he never
rose, he conducted this work with surprising energy, and there composed
those poems, too few in number, but immortal in the English language,
such as the "Song of the Shirt" (which appeared anonymously in the
Christmas number of _Punch_, 1843), the "Bridge of Sighs" and the "Song
of the Labourer," which seized the deep human interests of the time, and
transported them from the ground of social philosophy into the loftier
domain of the imagination. They are no clamorous expressions of anger at
the discrepancies and contrasts of humanity, but plain, solemn pictures
of conditions of life, which neither the politician nor the moralist can
deny to exist, and which they are imperatively called upon to remedy.
Woman, in her wasted life, in her hurried death, here stands appealing
to the society that degrades her, with a combination of eloquence and
poetry, of forms of art at once instantaneous and permanent, and with
great metrical energy and variety.
Hood was associated with the _Athenaeum_, started in 1828 by J. Silk
Buckingham, and he was a regular contributor for the rest of his life.
Prolonged illness brought on straitened circumstances; and application
was made to Sir Robert Peel to place Hood's name on the pension list
with which the British state so moderately rewards the national services
of literary men. This was done without delay, and the pension was
continued to his wife and family after his death, which occurred on the
3rd of May 1845. Nine years after a monument, raised by public
subscription, in the cemetery of Kensal Green, was inaugurated by
Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) with a concourse of spectators that
showed how well the memory of the poet stood the test of time. Artisans
came from a great distance to view and honour the image of the popular
writer whose best efforts had been dedicated to the cause and the
sufferings of the workers of the world; and literary men of all opinions
gathered round the grave of one of their brethren whose writings were at
once the delight of every boy and the instruction of every man who read
them. Happy the humorist whose works and life are an illustration of the
great moral truth that the sense of humour is the just balance of all
the faculties of man, the best security against the pride of knowledge
and the conceits of the imagination, the strongest inducement to submit
with a wise and pious patience to the vicissitudes of human existence.
This was the lesson that Thomas Hood left behind him. (H.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The list of Hood's separately published works is as
follows: _Odes and Addresses to Great People_ (1825); _Whims and
Oddities_ (two series, 1826 and 1827); _The Plea of the Midsummer
Fairies, Hero and Leander, Lycus the Centaur and other Poems_ (1827),
his only collection of serious verse; _The Dream of Eugene Aram, the
Murderer_ (1831); _Tylney Hall_, a novel (3 vols., 1834); _The Comic
Annual_ (1830-1842); _Hood's Own; or, Laughter from Year to Year_
(1838, second series, 1861); _Up the Rhine_ (1840); _Hood's Magazine
and Comic Miscellany_ (1844-1848); _National Tales_ (2 vols., 1837), a
collection of short novelettes; _Whimsicalities_ (1844), with
illustrations from Leech's designs; and many contributions to
contemporary periodicals.
The chief sources of his biography are: _Memorials of Thomas Hood,
collected, arranged and edited by his daughter_ (1860); his "Literary
Reminiscences" in _Hood's Own_; Alexander Elliot, _Hood in Scotland_
(1885). See also the memoir of Hood's friend C. W. Dilke, by his
grandson Sir Charles Dilke, prefixed to _Papers of a Critic_; and M.
H. Spielmann's _History of Punch_. There is an excellent edition of
the _Poems of Thomas Hood_ (2 vols., 1897), with a biographical
introduction of great interest by Canon Alfred Ainger.
HOOD, TOM (1835-1874), English humorist, son of the poet Thomas Hood,
was born at Lake House, Wanstead, Essex, on the 19th of January 1835.
After attending University College School and Louth Grammar School he
entered Pembroke College, Oxford, in 1853, where he passed all the
examinations for the degree of B.A., but did not graduate. At Oxford he
wrote his _Farewell to the Swallows_ (1853) and _Pen and Pencil
Pictures_ (1857). He began to write for the _Liskeard Gazette_ in 1856,
and edited that paper in 1858-1859. He then obtained a position in the
War Office, which he filled for five years, leaving in 1865 to become
editor of _Fun_, the comic paper, which became very popular under his
direction. In 1867 he first issued _Tom Hood's Comic Annual_. In 1861
had appeared _The Daughters of King Daker, and other Poems_, after which
he published in conjunction with his sister, Frances Freeling Broderip,
a number of amusing books for children. His serious novels, of which
_Captain Masters's Children_ (1865) is the best, were not so successful.
Hood drew with considerable facility, among his illustrations being
those of several of his father's comic verses. In private life his
geniality and sincere friendliness secured him the affection and esteem
of a wide circle of acquaintance. He died on the 20th of November 1874.
A memoir by his sister, F. F. Broderip, is prefixed to the edition of
his poems published in 1877.
HOOD OF AVALON, ARTHUR WILLIAM ACLAND HOOD, BARON (1824-1901), English
admiral, born on the 14th of July 1824, was the younger son of Sir
Alexander Hood of St Andries, Somerset, 2nd baronet, and grandson of
Captain Alexander Hood, R.N., who, when in command of the "Mars," fell
in action with the French 74-gun ship "Hercule," 21st of April 1798. At
the age of twelve Hood entered the navy, and whilst still a boy saw
active service on the north coast of Spain, and afterwards on the coast
of Syria. After passing through the established course of gunnery on
board the "Excellent" in 1844-1845, he went out to the Cape of Good Hope
as gunnery mate of the "President," the flagship of Rear-Admiral Dacres,
by whom, on the 9th of January 1846, he was promoted to be lieutenant.
As gunnery lieutenant he continued in the "President" till 1849; and in
the following year he was appointed to the "Arethusa" frigate, then
commissioned for the Mediterranean by Captain Symonds, afterwards the
well-known admiral of the fleet. The outbreak of the Russian war made
the commission a very long one; and on the 27th of November 1854 Hood
was promoted to be commander in recognition of his service with the
naval brigade before Sebastopol. In 1855 he married Fanny Henrietta,
daughter of Sir C. F. Maclean. In 1856 he commissioned the "Acorn" brig
for the China station, and arrived in time to take part in the
destruction of the junks in Fatshan creek on the 1st of June 1857, and
in the capture of Canton in the following December, for which, in
February 1858, he received a post-captain's commission. From 1862 to
1866 he commanded, the "Pylades" on the North American station, and was
then appointed to the command of the "Excellent" and the government of
the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth. This was essentially a gunnery
appointment, and on the expiration of three years Hood was made Director
of Naval Ordnance. He was thoroughly acquainted with the routine work of
the office and the established armament of the navy, but he had not the
power of adapting himself to the changes which were being called for,
and still less of initiating them; so that during his period of office
the armament of the ships remained sadly behind the general advance. In
June 1874 he was appointed to the command of the "Monarch" in the
Channel Fleet, from which he was relieved in March 1876 by his promotion
to flag rank. From 1877 to 1879 he was a junior lord of the Admiralty,
and from 1880 to 1882 he commanded the Channel Fleet, becoming
vice-admiral on 23rd July 1880. In June 1885 he was appointed first sea
lord of the Admiralty. The intense conservatism of his character,
however, and his antagonistic attitude towards every change, regardless
of whether it was necessary or not, had much to do with the alarming
state of the navy towards 1889. In that year, on attaining the age of
sixty-five, he was placed on the retired list and resigned his post at
the Admiralty. After two years of continued ill-health, he died on the
15th of November 1901, and was buried at Butleigh on the 23rd. He had
been promoted to the rank of admiral on the 18th of January 1886; was
made K.C.B, in December 1885; G.C.B. in September 1889; and in February
1892 was raised to the peerage as Lord Hood of Avalon, but on his death
the title became extinct. (J. K. L.)
HOOD, a covering for the head. The word is in O. Eng. _hod_, cognate
with Dutch _hoed_ and Ger. _Hut_, hat, both masculine; "hood" and "hat"
are distantly related; they may be connected with the feminine _hoed_ or
_Hut_, meaning charge, care, Eng. "heed." Some form of hood as a loose
covering easily drawn on or off the head has formed a natural part of
outdoor costume both for men and women at all times and in all quarters
of the globe where climatic conditions called for it. In the middle ages
and later both men and women are found wearing it, but with men it
tended to be superseded by the hat before it became merely an occasional
and additional head-covering in time of bad weather or in particularly
rigorous climates. For illustrations and examples of the hood as worn by
men and women in medieval and later times see the article COSTUME; for
the hood or cowl as part of the dress of a religious see COWL, and as
forming a distinctive mark of degree in academic costume see Robes. The
word is applied to many objects resembling a hood in function or shape,
such as a folding cover for a carriage to protect the occupants from
rain or wind, the belled covering for the head of a hawk trained for
falconry, the endmost planks in a ship's bottom at bow or stern, and, in
botany and zoology, certain parts of a flower or of the neck of an
animal which in arrangement of structure or of colour recall this
article of dress.
In architecture a "hood-mould" is a projecting moulding carried outside
the arch of a door or window; it is weathered underneath, and when
continued horizontally is better known as a dripstone. The ends of the
hood-mould are generally stopped on a corbel, plain or carved with heads
in European churches, but in those of central Syria terminating in
scrolls. Although in its origin the object of the projecting and
weathered hood-mould was to protect the face of the wall below from
rain, it gives more importance to, and emphasizes, the arch-moulds, so
that it is often employed decoratively inside churches.
The suffix "-hood," like the cognate "-head," was originally a
substantive meaning rank, status or quality, and was constantly used
in combination with other substantives; cf. in O. Eng. _cild-hod_,
child-hood; later it ceased to be used separately and became a mere
suffix denoting condition added to adjectives; cf. "falsehood," as
well as to substantives.
HOOFT, PIETER CORNELISSEN (1581-1647), Dutch poet and historian, was
born at Amsterdam on the 16th of March 1581. His father was one of the
leading citizens of Holland, both in politics and in the patronage of
letters, and for some time burgomaster of Amsterdam. As early as 1598
the young man was made a member of the chamber of rhetoric _In Liefde
bloeiende_, and produced before that body his tragedy of _Achilles and
Polyxena_, not printed until 1614. In June 1598 he left Holland and
proceeded to Paris, where on the 10th of April 1599 he saw the body of
Gabrielle d'Estrees lying in state. He went a few months later to
Venice, Florence and Rome, and in 1600 to Naples. During his Italian
sojourn he made a deep and fruitful study of the best literature of
Italy. In July 1600 he sent home to the _In Liefde bloeiende_ a very
fine letter in verse, expressing his aspirations for the development of
Dutch poetry. He returned through Germany, and after an absence of three
years and a half found himself in Amsterdam again on the 8th of May
1601. In 1602 he brought out his second tragedy, _Theseus and Ariadne_,
printed at Amsterdam in 1614. In 1605 he completed his beautiful
pastoral drama _Granida_, not published until 1615. He studied law and
history at Leiden from 1606 to 1609, and in June of the latter year
received from Prince Maurice of Orange the appointment of steward of
Muiden, bailiff of Gooiland, and lord of Weesp, a joint office of great
emolument. He occupied himself with repairing and adorning the decayed
castle of Muiden, which was his residence during the remainder of his
life. There he entertained the poet Vondel, the scholar Barlaeus,[1]
Constantin Huygens, Vossius, Laurens Reael and others. Hooft had been a
suitor for the hand of Anna Roemer Visscher, and after the death of
Roemer Visscher both the sisters visited Muiden. Anna's sympathies were
in time diverted to the school of Jacob Cats, but Marie Tesselschade
maintained close ties with Hooft, who revised her translation of Tasso.
In August 1610 he married Christina van Erp, an accomplished lady who
died in 1623, and four years later he married Eleonora Hellemans. In
1612 Hooft produced his national tragedy of _Geeraerdt van Velzen_ (pr.
1613), a story of the reign of Count Floris V. In 1614 was performed at
Coster's academy Hooft's comedy of _Ware-nar_, an adaptation of the
_Aulularia_ of Plautus, first printed in 1617. In 1616 he wrote another
tragedy, _Baeto, or the Origin of the Dutch_, not printed until 1626. It
was in 1618 that he abandoned poetry for history, and in 1626 he
published the first of his great prose works, the _History of Henry the
Great_ (Henry IV. of France). His next production was his _Miseries of
the Princes of the House of Medici_ (Amsterdam, 1638). In 1642 he
published at Amsterdam a folio comprising the first twenty books of his
_Dutch History_, embracing the period from 1555 to 1585, a magnificent
performance, to the perfecting of which he had given fifteen years of
labour. The seven concluding books were published posthumously in 1654.
His idea of history was gained from Tacitus, whose works he translated.
Hooft died on a visit to the Hague, whither he had gone to attend the
funeral of Prince Frederick Henry, on the 21st of May 1647, and was
buried in the New Church at Amsterdam.
Hooft is one of the most brilliant figures that adorn Dutch literature
at its best period. He was the first writer to introduce a modern and
European tone into belles lettres, and the first to refresh the sources
of native thought from the springs of antique and Renaissance poetry.
His lyrics and his pastoral of _Granida_ are strongly marked by the
influence of Tasso and Sannazaro; his later tragedies belong more
exactly to the familiar tone of his native country. But high as Hooft
stands among the Dutch poets, he stands higher--he holds perhaps the
highest place--among writers of Dutch prose. His historical style has
won the warmest eulogy from so temperate a critic as Motley, and his
letters are the most charming ever published in the Dutch language.
After Vondel, he may on the whole be considered the most considerable
author that Holland has produced.
Hooft's poetical and dramatic works were collected in two volumes
(1871, 1875) by P. Leendertz. His letters were edited by B. Huydecoper
(Leiden, 1738) and by van Vloten (Leiden, 4 vols., 1855). The best
original account of Hooft is given by G. Bradt in his _Leven van P. C.
Hooft_ (1677), and his funeral address (1647), edited together by J.
C. Matthes (Groningen, 1874). There is an account of the Muiden circle
in Edmund Gosse's _Literatures of Northern Europe_. Many editions
exist of his prose works.