The signing of the armistice--The voyage home--The Dardanelles--The
Straits of Messina--Turkish opinion on the war--Ada Kalé--Review of
present situation.
After November 17th a period of inactivity set in outside, by the lines
of Chatalja, the heavy sound of guns ceased to accompany the daily round
of work or pleasure which makes the life of Constantinople, Pera, and
Galata. Refugees still moved with their creaking waggons and sought the
shelter of the mosques, or camped on open spaces. Some pitched their
wandering tents round a dilapidated monastery on the heights whereon
stands the wireless telegraphy station. The golf-links are on this open
space--here you may see intent Englishmen, who have snatched an hour or
so between work and their voluntary duties at the hospitals, stalking
after the elusive golf-ball, in their wake a listless caddie, preceding
them a ragged urchin with a flag to mark the next green.
In the meantime rumours floated about the City, tales of atrocities
committed by the Greek soldiery at Saloniki, accounts of the solemn
reconsecration of the Agia Sophia in that town by its Metropolitans and
the one of Athens. Reports came of the sufferings of those Jews who had
lived contentedly under Turkish rule at Saloniki since the days when
Ferdinand and Isabella expelled their forebears from Spain, still
retaining the Spanish language written in Hebrew characters. Then was
borne another rumour, which grew, assumed the air of certainty, and then
emerged as an accomplished fact--it concerned the negotiations for an
armistice to be concluded between the Porte and the Allies.
An historic event that meeting between representatives of the Sultan's
army and the enemy who had been clamouring for admittance without the
lines of Chatalja, so near the capital of the Sultan's Empire. They met
at four o'clock on December 4th, at a place between the outposts of the
armies. The delegates came by rail as far as a point where the line was
broken at Batchekeui. Where the broken line resumes its road to
Constantinople the train bearing Nazim Pasha and his suite awaited the
delegates. Nazim Pasha descended from his saloon car and went on foot to
meet the delegates, Bulgarians, to represent Servian and Montenegrin
interests as well as their own, Greeks to speak for themselves. They all
entered the saloon car, which the Greek representatives left again after
a little while. The sitting of the Bulgarians and Turks, conducted with
great secrecy, lasted till 8.15 p.m. Turkish officers were sitting round
a huge camp-fire which lit up the tents of their army's head-quarters at
Hademkeui, the smoke curling up into the sky of a cold, damp winter's
evening; these officers discussed the probable results of the
conference, and hoped for a continuance of the war. A shrill whistle
heralded the return of Nazim Pasha's train. He alighted, gave an order
to one of the officers attending him, and soon the news spread that an
armistice had been arranged. By the lines of Chatalja, the last defences
of Constantinople, the Ottoman army agreed to a cessation of hostilities
with the former subjects of so many victorious Sultans.
The armistice soon broadened out into a desire for peace proposals, and
London was chosen as the place where they should be discussed.
When the Ottoman delegates left Constantinople for England my work was
done, and I turned homewards. It was a cold, cloudy morning when my
ship swung slowly out from her moorings at Galata, and the smoke of the
city hung over it as a heavy canopy into which the cypresses pointed
warning fingers. Slowly we moved past the mighty warships of foreign
nations, round Seraglio Point out into the Sea of Marmora. A slight
breeze arose and disturbed the canopy of smoke, broke the heavy banks of
clouds, and admitted rays of hopeful sunlight through the rifts. Here
and there light broke upon the moving waters, called forth glittering
reflections from the portholes of some sombre man-of-war, or tipped the
muzzle of a gun with flashing silver. Under the uncertain sunshine
Seraglio Point stood out white against the dark cypresses, whose
outlines were blurred by the heavy mass of crowded Galata and Pera,
crowned by the tower. The sun shone out stronger as we ploughed through
the steel-blue waters, throwing up the gleaming brasswork on the dome of
St. Sophia like a bright star in a murky night. The yellow buildings of
the Palace of Justice stood out bravely from their commanding position,
and the distant towers of Yedi Koulé showed up against the heavy
background of shadowed, undulating country. As the sun rose higher in
the heavens the snow-clad mountains of Asia gloriously reflected its
victorious rays.
We arrived early in the morning at the Dardanelles, and there we had one
more experience of Turkish procrastination. Without any apparent reason,
the tug appointed to pilot us through the mine-fields failed to answer
to our signals, and kept us waiting several hours. Then she came
bustling up, went about, and bade us follow her. Ours was the first of a
string of ships; we were followed by a fretful-looking Roumanian
mail-steamer, and behind her came several patient tramps, thumping
leisurely along. Everywhere along the European side of the Dardanelles,
to which we kept quite close, were evidences of military preparations
against attack; machine-guns were artlessly concealed by dry brushwood
among the green undergrowth of the cliffs, old field-guns stood out
lonely behind insufficient earthworks, here and there were groups of
soldiers, sentries--one I noticed with his back to the sea--and patrols
of cavalry scurried along the road. The daylight brightened as we sailed
on past ruined castles and obsolescent earthworks into the blue Ægean
Sea, losing sight of the Turkish fleet--grey and heavy, and listlessly
at anchor by the old towers of the Dardanelles. No sooner had our ship
put her nose out into the open than we saw black clouds of smoke
hurrying along the skyline: Greek destroyers on the look-out for any
ships coming out of the Dardanelles.
There was one more evidence of war as we drew near to Tenedos, with its
mediæval fortress. Greek destroyers were lying under the ancient walls,
and one of them dashed out to hold us up in the approved style. First a
blank shot across our bows and then a boarding-party of Greek sailors,
who wandered about our ship in what seemed to me a very aimless manner.
Then we sailed on again southward, past many islands, till we turned
into the Mediterranean Sea. A strong breeze came off the land, where
cloud shadows were chasing each other over rocky promontories,
foam-tipped waves were playing at the foot of steep cliffs, and little
white-winged sailing vessels came dancing over the sea.
There was "Festa" at Reggio and Messina, for it was Sunday, and myriads
of lights cast fitful reflections on the waters of the straits as we
sailed through them. Then came a day of tumbling seas, roused by the
wind that sweeps across from the Gulf of Lions, and then sunshine on the
southern coast of France, lighting up the stern walls of Château d'If,
and shining on Notre-Dame-de-la-Garde, over the busy port of Marseilles.
Then a furious rush through fair Provence, to Paris, thence through
Normandy, and then again the sea, green under a grey sky, boisterous as
the free winds that whistled in the rigging, as the smart little turbine
packet thrust her saucy nose into the waves and tossed them over her
back, pitching, rolling, until fitful gleams of sunlight lit up the
chalk cliffs of England.
In the meantime the fate of a broken Empire was being decided in London.
Not at first with the dignity which such an event demands, so deeply
important in the world's history; rather was it characterized by the
methods of the Oriental bazaar, and its small, haggling spirit. While
Adrianople was starving, while the Sultan's troops shivered on the
bleak, wind-swept outposts that guard Constantinople at the lines of
Chatalja, unseemly procrastination marked the course of events at the
meetings of the delegates, who met for an hour or so now and again, then
returned to their luxurious quarters.
Meanwhile the tone and temper of the Turks, as expressed in
Constantinople, caused much anxiety to those who longed for peace. I had
seen some signs of this before leaving the East. The minds of some Turks
with whom I discussed the situation were still full of imagined
victories for the future; they declined to consider themselves defeated,
and expressed their confidence that victorious Ottoman armies would yet
hold triumphant entry into Sofia--and Athens. Their opinion may be set
aside as worthless. Those who know, and there are many, though they keep
their convictions secret, are aware that inefficiency has brought the
East down before the organized, purposeful West, and that the days of
Turkish rule in Europe are numbered, that the Ottoman Empire this side
of the Bosphorus is as much doomed as was that of ancient Byzant when
Amurath made Adrianople his capital.
The great majority of Turks appear to be of the same mind as Ali, the
master-weaver; they know little of what is happening, they seem to care
less. Those soldiers that I have seen returned from the front looked too
listless and miserable to form an opinion, and they probably know as
little of what went on during the war as the private soldier generally
does in these days of warfare over a large extent of country. I have
generally found the task of drawing out old soldiers on their war
experiences to result in recitals too romantic for use in anything but a
work of fiction, or else quite fruitless. There was one, a German
barber, who had been through the campaign of 1870-1871; when asked to
relate his experiences, all he could say, after deep reflection, was:
"Every day I shave de captain."
It may be taken for granted that the Ottoman Empire as a European Power
is a thing of the past, that all those provinces carved out of Europe by
the sword of Othman have been lost by the sword, and that of Turkey in
Europe nothing remains but the strips of land which the Allies are
pleased to leave to their old enemy. Constantinople will remain Turkish
for some time yet--ten years, perhaps fifteen--but methinks the Turk is
tired of his stay in Europe, that he will soon pack up his small
possessions and return to Asia Minor, whence he came.
One tiny patch of European territory may yet remain Turkish, perhaps by
an oversight similar to that which kept it so since the Berlin Treaty
overlooked it, Ada Kalé. This is a small island in the middle of the
Danube, opposite the broad, poplar-lined avenue which leads to the
Koronzi Kapella, where the crown of St. Stephan, the saintly King of
Hungary, was buried when Kossuth fled in 1848. Ada Kalé is a typical
Turkish settlement, with little wooden houses growing out of masses of
old fortifications, around a mosque with its slender minaret standing
out against the dark forests and rocks that rise up to form the Iron
Gate. The small population is typically Turkish, very partial to the
smuggling of tobacco, and not untouched by modern ideas. They share a
deputy in the Turkish Parliament with some other place, and have, at
least some of them, a well-developed thirst for Pilsener beer. I have
seen two Turks from the island making exceeding merry over large beakers
of that beverage in a garden restaurant at Orsova one fine summer's day.
When Turkey has finally jettisoned those encumbrances, the European
vilayets, and withdrawn to Asia Minor, the Ottoman Empire will probably
gain considerably in strength by consolidation, and by carrying out many
social and economical reforms which have been kept in abeyance during
the constant trouble caused by the war-clouds that hung over Eastern
Europe. A strong Turkish Empire in Asia Minor, real control over the
tribes in Syria, strict surveillance of the eastern and north-eastern
frontiers, will mean some prospect of peace in those very unsettled
regions. Great Britain, of all European Powers, should aid in this
enterprise, and that at once, for there are other Powers interested in
Asia Minor.
[Illustration: The Fountain at Radoïl
In the foreground Helenka, a Bulgarian maiden]
It is high time that the people of Great Britain should realize the
change which recent warlike happenings have brought about, and that they
should bend their great minds to a consideration of the future. Four
small Balkan kingdoms united to formidable strength have brought down
the military power of an Empire which, in spite of its many weaknesses,
was considered strong enough to be an important factor in the affairs of
Europe. This feat was accomplished in seven weeks, and by armies
composed of the whole manhood of each militant state, just as the
manhood of the barbarian races vanquished the paid soldiery of Rome and
shattered the World-empire of the first "Völkerwanderung." Then as now
fresh young nations put all their strength into the struggle, their
opponents did not, for Imperial Rome sent out hired armies to defend
their possessions while the Roman citizens lived a life of idleness and
pleasure at the expense of the State; and the Sublime Porte, excluding
the population of the capital from military service even as Byzant had
done, and for the same reason, namely, that it was not considered
expedient to have a populace trained to arms round the palace walls,
sent thousands of ignorant Anatolian peasants to a war the cause of
which they could not understand. Enthusiasm, efficiency, and the spirit
of self-sacrifice led the young nations on the road to victory;
moreover, they found an ally in the selfishness of their antagonists,
sycophants and pleasure-seekers, trusting to the paid legionaries of
Rome or the foreign-trained political intriguers of the Sultan's army.
Imperial Rome perished of corruption and had to make way for something
cleaner, wholesomer. The Turkish Empire in Europe has gone the same way,
and the same causes brought about its fall. Would it not be as well for
us Britons to look at home? It would indeed be advisable, for the end is
not yet.
That Turkey retains some small portions of her former European
possessions is of little moment, what really matters is that the forces
which have for so long been controlled by diplomacy have now been set in
motion, and to my mind the recent Balkan war is little more than an
advanced-guard action. The theatre of war had to be cleared of an
encumbrance, so the Allied States of the Balkans drove the Turks out in
order that no side issue should interfere with the solution of the great
problem.
The problem is much the same as that which presented itself during the
first migration of nations. The German races felt drawn to the south and
the east, the Slavs were impelled towards the west, and then, as now,
have blocked the way of the former's progress.
The movements of nations during the first "Völkerwanderung" had probably
no very definite aim; the barbarians beat down resistance when they
could, but when too strongly opposed they went elsewhere. The present
movement is caused by the same desire for expansion, but it is also
inspired by very definite aims and ambitions. The probable resistance to
be met with has been calculated to a nicety, plans have been made to
overcome obstacles, and all this is due to efficiency.
The Turk was in the way, he proved inefficient and went under. Now that
he is down it will be noticed how few friends he has.
It has been asserted that we Britons are in the way. Are we efficient?
If not, who are our friends and what their worth should heavy troubles
come upon us by our own fault?
THE END
INDEX
Abbasid Caliphs, 159
Abdul Hamid, 225
Abu-dekr, 55, 158
Abul Abbas, 162
Acacius, 72
Academies, 152
Achmet, Grand Vizier, 211
Achmet, son of Bajazet, 195
Achmet II, 213
Achmet III, 217
Acholius, Bp., 80
Ada Kalé, 324
Adjé Bey, 170
Adrianople, 44, 110, 171
Ahmedyeh Achmet, Mosque of, 68, 102, 103
Akindji, Irregular Light Horse, 165
Al Mamun, 159
Ala-ed-din, 164
Albanians, The, 242, 271
Alcibiades, 42
Aleppo, Battle at, 197
Alexander the Great, Sarcophagus of, 50
Alexander John I, 25
Alexander I of Servia, 285
Alexander von Battenberg, 285
Alexius, 65, 135
Ali Pasha of Janina, 173, 223, 243
Almoraivids of Spain, The, 160
Amron, Omar's General, 158
"Amselfeld," The, 174, 289
Amurath I, 54, 170
Amurath II, 66, 179
Amurath III, 105
Amurath IV, 208
Amycus, King of the Bebryces, 37
Anatoli Hissar, 38
Anatoli Kavak, 30
Anatolian peasants, 149
Andronicus, Emperor, 166
Anemas, Tower of, 135
Angelus, Tower of Isaac, 135
Angora, Defeat of Bajazet at, 177
Anthony of Thebais, 94
Apsimar, 74
Arab power, Rise of the, 146
Arabs, The, 96
Arcadius, 60
Armatoles, 237
Armenian Church, The, 85
Armenians, The, 85, 266
Armistice, An, 319
Armoury, The, 57
Army, Bad organization of the Turkish, 153
Army of Mohammed IV, 211
Army, Roumania's, 27
Army, Selim's, 203
Arslan, son of Thogrul, 160
Art in Constantinople, 51, 156
Arsena Clan, The, 145
Ashikian, Patriarch, 270
Athenians, The, 42
At-meïdan, 71
Atrium of Justinian, The, 53
Attila, 119
Augsburg, 198
Austria and Roumania, 26
Austrian railway carriages, 19
Avari, The, 22, 42, 52
Azab's Light Infantry, 165
Badajoz, Espionage at, 34
Baikal, The Turks at Lake, 146
Bairam, Feast of, 44
Bajazet, 55, 174
Baker Pasha, Valentine, 140
Baldwin, 20, 116, 298
Balkan Peninsula, Peoples of the, 260
Baltaoghli, Admiral, 130
Balukli, Legend of the Monastery of, 258
Barbarossa, 19, 66, 161
Banat, The, 22
Basil "Bulgaroktonos," 115
Bathory, Stephan, 183
Bears in Roumania, 26
Beikos, 37
Bela I of Hungary, 160
Belgrade, 32, 181, 213
Benedictines, Order of, 159
Bentinck, Sir Thomas, 66
Beshiktash, 39
Bessarabia, Russia and, 25
Block-houses, System of, 110
Blue and Green Factions, 72
Bondelmontius, 50
Boniface IX, Pope, 175
Boris, King, 95
Bosnia, 222
Bosphorus, The, 29;
temples, 30;
Anatoli Kavak, 30;
Roumeli Kavak, 30;
the Kruli, 30;
Scutari, 30;
Goths, 30;
Russians, 30;
Genoese, 31;
Venetians, 31;
Giant's Mtn., 31;
grave of Joshua, 31;
Therapia, 37;
Beikos, 37;
Castles, 38;
the Golden Horn, 39;
Stamboul, 40;
hospital at Scutari, 40
Brancovan of Wallachia, 23
Brancoviç, George, 182
Brigandage, 237
British and Turkish Empires, 156
Broussa, 163
Bucharest, 27;
Treaty of, 283
Buda-Pesth, Capture of, 199
Bulgaria, 22;
and Roumania, 27, 44;
conquest by, 111;
defeated by Basil, 115;
defeat the Greeks, 136, 173, 236, 294
Büyük Chekmedje, Lake, 138
Byzantium, Foundation of, 41
Byzas, Founder of Byzantium, 40, 41
Caliphate, The, 97, 146
Calderon, Valley of, 196
Calo, John, 298
Camoens, 38
Candia, Capture of, 212
Candilli, The, 104
Cannon, Urban's, 127
Cantacuzene, 24
Cantomir of Moldavia, 23
Capistran, Johann, 78
Caraccioli, 205
Carlowitz, Treaty of, 216
Carmania, Prince of, 170
Carpathians, 20
Castles on the Bosphorus, 38
Cerestes, Battle at, 207
Cervantes, 205
Characteristics, National, 109
Charlemagne, 52
Chakir, 159
Chalcedon, 40;
Council of, 86
Charles V, 56, 66, 198
Charles XII of Sweden, 217
Charles of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen, 25
Chatalja, 111, 136
Chavannes, 145
Chazars, Khan of the, 73
Cheironeia, Battle of, 263
Chinese and Turks, The, 145
Christians, Freedom of, 163
Chroseos, King of the Persians, 42
Chrysopolis, 30
Chrysostom, 60, 84
Cicala Pasha, 207
Clement VII, 173
Cracow, 19
Crimea, The, 42
Crum, King, 115
Crusades, The, 78, 161
Coeur-de-Lion, Richard, 161
Cologne Cathedral, 114
Comnena, Anna, 134
Comnenus, Manuel, 134
Colonies, Roman, 21
Columbus, 194
Constanza, 27
Constantine Copronymus, 114
Constantine, The Castle of, 42
Constantine XI, 184
Constantine the Great, 42, 80
Constantine, Prince, 93
Constantinople, a city of contrasts, 44;
its buildings, 51;
Seraglio, 51;
seven hills, 51;
beauties of, 51-2;
streets, 121;
capture of, 128, 178;
siege of, 180;
capture of, 185
Constantius, 50, 60
Convents, 95
Corvinus, Matthias, 193
Count of Flanders, The, 25
Courtesy of the Turk, 155
Cypresses, The, 124
Cyprus, Capture of, 204
Cyril, 95
Dacia Trajana, 20
Dacians, 20, 260
Damascus, 158
Dandolo, Doge, 43, 65
Danielis and Basil, 115
Danilo II, 288
Dashnaktsutian Secret Society, 270
Decebal, 21
Decebalus, King, 260
Dedo 'Mitri, 301
De Lisle, Adam, 199
Demosthenes, 42
Diarbekr, 197
Djem, Prince, Bajazet's brother, 192
Dobrutsha, Roumania and the, 25
Dogs, 103
Don Juan of Austria, 204
Doria, Andrea, 205
Doria, Admiral, 66
Druses of Lebanon, The, 206
Ducas, the Byzantine chronicler, 39
Dundas, Murder of, 163
Dürkö or Turk, 145
Ecbatana, 158
Edirné Kapou, 133, 152
Egri Kapou, The, 135
Elizabeth, Queen, 66, 205
Eudoxia, Empress, 84
Eugène, Prince, 216
Eutychius, 64
Eyub, Mosque of, 97
Famimit Caliphs, 160
Fauna of Roumania, 26
Ferdinand, Archduke, 200
Ferdinand the Catholic, 194
Ferdinand, King, 93, 120
Finns, 22;
treatment of, by Ivan the Cruel, 204
Firaz Agha, 38
Fires, 106
Flanders, Counts of, as Emperors, 43
Forests of Roumania, 26
Francis I, 56, 199
Galata, 31, 39, 46
Galatz, 20
Gallipoli, Capture of, 170, 180
Gazi Hassan, 218
Gennodius, 54, 252
Genoese, The, 31;
fleet of, in the Golden Horn, 39, 129, 169
Gepidi, The, 21, 264
Ghasi Fasil, 170
Ghaznevids of Afghanistan, 158
Ghevout, King, 267
Ghika, the cats'-meat man, 24
Ghoureha, or Foreign Horse, 165
Giant's Mtn., 31
Giougen, or Jwen-jwen, The, 145
Gipsies, The, 22, 132
Giustiniani, 131
Golden Gate, The, 113
Golden Horde, The, 162
Golden Horn, The, 39
Golubaç, 282
Goths, The, 21, 30, 110, 263
Grand Viziers, 210
Grant, Johannes, 134
Gratian, 114
Gratitude of the Turk, 154
Great Britain and Turkey, 121, 217
Greek Music, 244
Greek Orthodoxy, 54
Greek Patriarch, The, 236
Greeks, The, 43, 44;
defeated by the Bulgarians, 13, 235, 238, 244
Gregory IV, 159
Gueshof, M., 95
Gutenberg, Meister, 193
Hadrian, 110
Haiasdan, 266
Halki or Khalki Hills, 52
"Hamidieh," The, 148
Hamals, 122
Haroun-al-Raschid, 159
Hasandshan, 198
Hassam Fehoni, Murder of, 227
Hassan, the Giant of Ulubad, 131
Hellenes, The, 233
Henry IV of Germany, 160
Henry VIII, 56
Heraclius, 114, 146
Heraklea, 30
Hermanstadt, 181
"Heroön," The, 102
Heruli, The, 30
Herzegovina, 222
Hieron, Straits of, 30
Hilmi Pasha, 227
Hippodrome, The, 63
Hiung-nu, The, 145
Hormisdas, Palace of, 116
Hospitality of the Turk, 156
Hospitals, 153
Humdi Bey, 51
Hungarians, 22, 264
Hungary, Invasion of, 176, 199
Huns, The, 21, 264
Hunyadi Janos, 23, 175, 181
Hussars, The, 166
Hussein, Grand Vizier, 216
Ibrahim, 209
Ibrahim or Kara Gehennin, 220
Ibrahim Pasha, 243
Ignatius, 91
Illyrians, The ancient, 260
Intellect of the Turk, 156
Invasion of Turkey, The, 231
Iranians, The, 145
Irene, Empress, 52
Iron Gates, The, 20
Isabella of Castile, 194
Isidore, Cardinal, 128
Islam, Advance of, 96, 147, 186
Ismail, Shah, 195
Issa, son of Bajazet, 179
Ivan the Terrible, 204
Janissaries, The, 74, 113, 203, 213, 216, 219
Japheth, Descent from, 143
Jenghiz Khan, 161
Jesuits, The, 198
Jews and Turks, 226
Joachim III, His Holiness, 251
John II of Portugal, 194
John V, Emperor, 169
John VII, 134
Joseph, Exarch of Bulgaria, 313
Joshua, The Mtn. of, 31
Julian, Cardinal, 182
Justin, 72;
and the Turkish envoys, 146
Justinian and Theodora, 72
Kaim, Caliph, 160
Kanson-Ghauri, 197
Kapodistrias, M., First President of the Hellenes, 235
Kara George, 220
Kara Mustapha, Grand Vizier, 210, 212
Kemal-Reis, 194
Kerko Porta, The, 134
Kerkoud, Battle at, 218
Khairreddin Barbarossa, 66, 148, 201
Khaled, Arab general, 158
Khourrem, 56
Kiamil Pasha, 227
Kilia, Fort of, 30
Kirk Kilisse, Battle of, 315
Klephts, 238
Knjes Lazar, 23
Kochana Massacres, The, 231
Koepri Hissar, Attack on, 163
Koiridocastron, 169
Koran, The, 189
Korkoud, son of Bajazet, 195
Kossova, 23, 78;
Battle of, 174
Kumani, The, 22
Kumanovo, Battle of, 315
Kunobitza, Mt., Victory at, 182
Kurdistan, 197
Kurds, The, 268
Kütshük Agia Sofia, 103
Ladislaus, King, 182
Lalashahin, General, 171
Lazar, King, 174
Lazarevitch, King Stephen, 174
Lemnos, 53
Leo X, Pope, 56
Leo the Isaurian, 57
Leonardo da Vinci, 194
Leontius, General, 73
Lepanto, 205
London, Conference in, 322
Louis of Hungary, King, 199
Lüle Burgas, Debacle of, 150
Luther, 90, 193
Lycus, Valley of the, 116, 127
Macchiavelli, 194
Magyars, 160, 213
Mahmoud I, 217
Mahmoud II, 220
Mahmud, Sultan, 159
Mahmud of Ghazin, 160
Mahpeiker, Sultana, 208
Malcolm III, 160
Mamelukes, The, 195
Manuel Palæologus, 178
Marble Tower, The, 112, 137
Marco Colonna, 204
Maritza, Valley of the, 120, 172
Marmora, Sea of, 53;
Arabs on the, 146
Marsovan, The College of, 270
Massacre of Shiites, 56
Massacres of Armenians, 270
Massacres of Kotchana, 313
Masud, 160
Maximilian, Emperor, 204
Maximus, 113
Mazeppa, Hetman, 217
Medical organizations, 122
Medici, The, 193
Mediterranean, Solyman's successes in the, 201
Melik Shah, 161
Methodius, 95
Michael the Brave, 23
Michael Palæologus, 116
Mihrama, Mosque of, 133
Milan Obrenoviç, 285
Milosh Kabilovitch, 174
Milosh Obrenoviç, 222
Mohacz, Battle at, 199, 213
Mahommed the Conqueror, 43, 102
Mahommed the Conqueror, Sons of, 55
Mohammed I, 38
Mohammed II, 38, 113, 116, 184
Mohammed III, 206
Mohammed IV, 210
Mohammed V, 224
Mohammed, son of Amurath, 182
Mohammed, son of Bajazet, 179
Mohammed Kiüprilü, 210
Mohammed's plank road, 39
Moldavia, 20, 22
Mollahs and Imams, Influence of, 190
Mompseueste, Gates of, 113
Monasticism, 94
Monastir, Capture of, 290
Montenegrins, The, 44, 288
Morean Rebellion, 243
Morsiney, Elizabeth, 175
Moses of Koren, historian, 295
Moslems and Christians, 226
Mosques of Constantinople, 102
Mufti, The, 191
Murder a factor of Oriental policy, 55
Murder of unbelievers, The, 121
Musa, Prince, son of Bajazet, 178
Museum, The, 50
Mustapha II, 215
Mustapha the drunkard, 209
Mustapha the Pretender, 180
Mustapha, son of Suleiman, 56
Myrtché, Prince of Wallachia, 174
Mysore, The Maharajah of, 165
Nadir Derbena, Passes of, 173
Nadir, Shah, 218
Nasreddin Effendi, Stories of, 141
Navarino, 221, 243
Navy, Roumania's, 27;
Turkish, 37, 148, 218
Nemanya, The House of, 279
Niazi Bey, 227
Nicæa, 83;
Council of, 57;
capture of, 166
Nicephorus Phocas, 52, 67, 113
Nicholas I, Pope, 92
Nicholas of Montenegro, 287
Nicopolis, Siege of, 176
Nightingale, Florence, her hospital, 40
Nissa, Capture of, 172
Nomad Turks, 158
Odenatus, 30
Officers, Turkish, 149
Oglou, Michael, 200
Oil-fields in Roumania, 27
Omar, 55, 158
Orchan, son of Othman, 97, 163, 166
Orsova, 20
Orthodox Greek Church, The, 25, 238
Osman Pasha, 25
Othman, 55, 97, 162
Othman's Scimitar, 164
Othman II, 208
Oulou Jedji, The, 165
Ouloudjé, Admiral, 205
Palace of the Porphyrogenitus, 133
Palæologi, The, 116
Paris, Convention of, 24
Parker, E. H., 145
Parthians, The, 261
Passarowitz, Peace of, 217
Passvan Oglou of Vidin, 224
Patriarch, Armenian, 86
Patriarch, Greek, 54
Pausanias, 50
Pehlevan (Mohammed I), 179
Peloponese, The, 234
Pentecost, Feast of, 44
Persia and the Arabs, 146
Persians, The, 42
Peter, Bishop, 83
Peter the Great of Russia, 23, 217
Peterwardein, Battle at, 213
Petroviç, George, 283
Petschenegs, The, 22
Phanar, The, 89
Philip of Macedon, 42
Photius, 91
Pialé the Croat, 201
"Pleureuses, Les," 50
Plevna, 25
Poland, War with, 208
Polish Jews and Austrian railway carriages, 19
Pope Alexander Borgia, 55
Pravadi, Capture of, 174
Prince's Islands, The, 41
Prinkipo Island, 52
Printing press, The, 193
Proverbs, 142
Pruth, 23;
Battle on the, 217
Przemysl, 19
Pultowa, 217
Pydna, Battle of, 263
Raab, Battle on the, 211
Radoïl, 305
Railway carriages, Austrian, 19
Rassia, 279
Red Crescent, The, 50, 122
Refugees, Turkish, 71, 120
Rhodes, The Knights of, 193
Riches of Roumania, 26
Robert College, 95, 297
Rodosto, 149
Roe, Sir Thomas, 208
Roland the Paladin, 52
Roman Legionaries, The, 21
Roman Pontiff, Influence of the, 91
Romanies, 22
Romanus II, 31, 67
Romanus IV, Defeat of, 160
Roumania and Austria, 25;
richness of, 26;
fauna, 26;
Bucharest, 27;
its position of danger, 27;
oilfields, 27;
navy, 27;
Constanza army, 27
Roumanian railways, 19
Roumanians, Descent of the, 21
Roumeli Hissar, 38
Roumeli Kavak, 30
Roxalana, 56
Russian influence, 241
Russians, The, 30, 43
Safiyé, Sultana, 205
St. Bacchus, 103
St. Diomed, Monastery of, 115
St. George, Church of, 133
St. George of Mangane, 95
St. Gothardt, Monastery of, 211
St. Gregory the Illuminator, 266
St. Irene, Church of, 57
St. Michael the Archangel, Church of, 31
St. Romanus, Gate of, 129
St. Sergius, 103
St. Sophia, Mosque of, 55, 60, 131
San Stefano, 137, 150;
Conference at, 25
St. Ursula, 114
Saladin, 161
Sala Mustapha, 204
Salm, Count, 201
Samakov, 305
Samanid Dynasty, The, 159
Samarkand, 177
Sanjaks, 191
Saracens, The, 96
Sarcophagi, Beautiful, 50
Sava Savof, General, 294
Saxons in Turkey, 135
Scanderbeg the Albanian, 183
School of Art, The, 51
Scutari, 30, 288;
Hospital at, 40;
The Pasha of, 224
Scythians, 20, 261
Seadeddin, historian, 172
Segrud, 63
Selim, son of Bajazet, 195
Selim I, 55
Selim II, 57, 203
Selim III, 219
Seljuk Dynasty, The, 159
Semendria, 32, 282
Seraglio, The, 51
Seraglio Point, 39, 41
Seraskierat, The, 153
Serbs, The, 23, 236
Serpents, Bronze, 71
Servia, 44, 174, 183
Servian Army, The, 286, 289, 292
Seven Hills of Constantinople, The, 51
Seven Ionian Islands, The, 242
Severus, 113
Sheikh-ul-Islam, The, 51
Shias, The, 195
Shiites, The, 55
Shinitza, The, 174
Shio, Battle of, 218
Shumla, Surrender of, 173
Sigismund, King of Hungary, 175
Silihdar, Horse of Mysore, The, 165
Simeon, son of Boris, 95
Simeon, Tsar, 136, 297
Sisvan, King, 172
Sitvatorok, Peace of, 207
Slankamen, Battle at, 214
Slavs, 22, 235, 264, 277
Smederovo, 195
Sobieski, 213
Sokoli, Grand Vizier, 204
Soldiers, Wounded, 49
Solyman, 169, 198
Solyman, son of Bajazet, 178
Solyman II, 213
Songs, 142
Spahis, The, 165
Spartans, The, 42
Spy, A suspected, 32, 34
Stahremberg, Count, 213
Stamboul, 40
Stenia, 31
Stephan Dushan, 23
Stephen, Zupan of East Servia, 279
Styria, Invasion of, 176
Sublime Porte, The, 49, 157
Suleiman, 56
Sultan Oeni, 160
Sunnis, The, 195
Sutri, Council of, 160
Sutton, Sir Robert, 217
Sword of Othman, The, 98
Szeggedin, Treaty of, 182
Szigath, Siege of, 202
Tabriz, 196
Tamerlane, 22, 176
Tartars, 22
Telegraph, Effect of the, 224
Temesvar, Battle at, 216
Temples on the Bosphorus, 30
Theodora, 169
Theodoric, 72
Theodosius, Fortress of, 113
Theodosius, Wall of, 39, 111
Theodosius I, 80
Theodosius II, 50, 60, 85, 127
Theophane, 67
Theophanes, 31
Theophilus, 50, 84, 115
Therapia, 37
Thracians, 20, 260
Thogrul, 159
Tiridales, 266
Tirnova, Capture of, 173
Tobacco, Introduction of, 207
Topal Osman, General, 217
Top Kapousi, 119
Towers on the city walls, 113, 119
Trajan, 20
Trajan's Wall, 27
Transylvania, 22
Trebizond, 42
Tsarigrad, 93
Tsars of Muscovy, The, 204
Tshelebi (Mohammed I), 179
Tsigani, The, 22
Turkish soldiers, 58
Turks, The rise of the, 97
Turn Severin, 21
Ukraine, Turks defeated in the, 212
Urban, The Hungarian, 127
Urban, Pope, 96
Urban V, Pope, 171
Urban VI, Pope, 173
Üsküb, 93
Urudsh, 66
Valens, 80
Validé, Sultana, 210
Valideh, Mosque of, 46
Varangians, The, 135
Varna, 148;
Battle near, 182
Vasag, 181
Vasco da Gama, 194
"Vatan," 226
Venetians in the Bosphorus, 31
Venice, 31;
fleet of, in the Golden Horn, 32;
Doge Dandolo, 43, 169
Veniero, Admiral, 205
Veterani, Austrian General, 215
Vidin, 25
Vienna, Siege of, 212
Vilayets, The, 224
Vlachs, The, 265, 274
Vladikas, The, 287
Voivods, 23
Von der Gotz, Field-Marshal, 286
Von Moltke, Count, 221
Vuk Brancoviç, 181
Wallachia, 22
Walls, The city, 111
Walls of Theodosius, 116
Warships on the Bosphorus, Foreign, 40
Western women as nurses, 154
Wild cat in Roumania, The, 27
William of Normandy, 160
Wittekind, Duke of the Saxons, 52
Yedi Koulé, 112
Yermak the Cossack, 204
Yoglan Bey, 176
Young Turks, The, 227
Ypsilanti, Alexander, 343
Zapolya, 200
Zimisces, John, 67, 116
Zizimes, 55
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ABBOTT, Rev. E. A., D.D.
=Hints on Home Teaching.= Crown 8vo, 3s.
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ABBOTT, Rev. E. A., and Sir J. R. SEELEY.
=English Lessons for English People.= Crown 8vo, 4s. 6d.
ADY, Mrs. _See_ CARTWRIGHT, JULIA.
À KEMPIS, THOMAS.
=Of the Imitation of Christ.= With Illuminated Frontispiece and Title
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ALLDRIDGE, T. J., I.S.O., F.R.G.S.
=A Transformed Colony.= Sierra Leone as it was and as it is. With
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ANDERSON, Prof. W.
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=The Life of Velazquez.= Illustrated. Super-royal 8vo, 3s. 6d. nett.
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=Confessions of S. Augustine.= With Illuminated pages. In white or blue
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BARING-GOULD, Rev. S.
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=Cliff Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe.= With 54 Illustrations and
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BICKERSTETH, Rev. E.
=Family Prayers for Six Weeks.= Crown 8vo, 3s. 6d.
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BINYON, LAURENCE.
=Thomas Girtin=: His Life and Works. An Essay. With Twenty-one
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CHORAL SERVICE-BOOK FOR PARISH CHURCHES, THE.
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COLVIN, Sir AUCKLAND, K.C.S.I., K.C.M.G.
=The Making of Modern Egypt.= Fourth Edition. With Portraits and a Map.
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CORBIN, T. W.
=Engineering of To-day.= With Seventy-three Illustrations and Diagrams.
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=Animals at Work and Play=: Their Activities and Emotions. With Twelve
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DALE, J. M.
=The Clergyman's Legal Handbook and Churchwarden's Guide.= Seventh
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DAVENPORT, CYRIL.
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GODLEY, A. D.
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Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
Sheik-ul-Islam=> Sheikh-ul-Islam {pg 51}
apellation=> appellation {pg 83}
inpaled=> impaled {pg 130}
posessions=> possessions {pg 172}
sucessful=> successful {pg 173}
Kansou-Ghawri=> Kanson-Ghauri {pg 197 x 2}
Safiye=> Safiyé {pg 205, 206}
Heraklia, 30=> Heraklea, 30 {pg 331}
Mahommed, son of Bajazet, 179=> Mohammed, son of Bajazet, 179 {pg 333}