[341] 'The personal appearance of the Chinooks differs so much from that

of the aboriginal tribes of the United States, that it was difficult at

first to recognize the affinity.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. ix., p. 27. 'There are no two nations in Europe so dissimilar

as the tribes to the north and those to the south of the Columbia.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; vol. ii., p. 36. 'Thick set limbs,'

north; 'slight,' south. _Id._, vol. i., p. 88; vol. ii., p. 16. 'Very

inferior in muscular power.' _Id._, vol. ii., pp. 15-16. 'Among the

ugliest of their race. They are below the middle size, with squat,

clumsy forms.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 198,

216. The men from five feet to five feet six inches high, with

well-shaped limbs; the women six to eight inches shorter, with bandy

legs, thick ankles, broad, flat feet, loose hanging breasts. _Cox's

Adven._, vol. i., pp. 303-4. 'A diminutive race, generally below five

feet five inches, with crooked legs and thick ankles.' 'Broad, flat

feet.' _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 87, 336. 'But not deficient in strength

or activity.' _Nicolay's Oregon_, p. 145. Men 'stout, muscular and

strong, but not tall;' women 'of the middle size, but very stout and

flabby, with short necks and shapeless limbs.' _Ross' Adven._, pp.

89-93. At Cape Orford none exceed five feet six inches; 'tolerably well

limbed, though slender in their persons.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i.,

p. 204. The Willamette tribes were somewhat larger and better shaped

than those of the Columbia and the coast. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._,

pp. 425, 436-7, 504, 508. _Hunter's Cap._, pp. 70-73; _Hines' Voy._, pp.

88, 91. 'Persons of the men generally are rather symmetrical; their

stature is low, with light sinewy limbs, and remarkably small, delicate

hands. The women are usually more rotund, and, in some instances, even

approach obesity.' _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178. 'Many not even five feet.'

_Franchère's Nar._, pp. 240-1. Can endure cold, but not fatigue; sharp

sight and hearing, but obtuse smell and taste. 'The women are uncouth,

and from a combination of causes appear old at an early age. _Parker's

Explor. Tour_, pp. 244-5. 'The Indians north of the Columbia are, for

the most part good-looking, robust men, some of them having fine,

symmetrical, forms. They have been represented as diminutive, with

crooked legs and uncouth features. This is not correct; but, as a

general rule, the direct reverse is the truth.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p.

154; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 122-3.

[342] The following terms applied to Chinook complexion are taken from

the authors quoted in the preceding note: 'Copper-colored brown;' 'light

copper color;' 'light olive;' 'fair complexion.' 'Not dark' when young.

'Rough tanned skins.' 'Dingy copper.' 'Fairer' than eastern Indians.

Fairer on the coast than on the Columbia. Half-breeds partake of the

swarthy hue of their mothers.

[343] 'The Cheenook cranium, even when not flattened, is long and

narrow, compressed laterally, keel-shaped, like the skull of the

Esquimaux.' Broad and high cheek-bones, with a receding forehead.'

_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 220. 'Skulls ...

totally devoid of any peculiar development.' Nose flat, nostrils

distended, short irregular teeth; eyes black, piercing and treacherous.

_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 115, 303. 'Broad faces, low foreheads, lank

black hair, wide mouths.' 'Flat noses, and eyes turned obliquely upward

at the outer corner.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi.,

pp. 198, 216. 'Faces are round, with small, but animated eyes. Their

noses are broad and flat at the top, and fleshy at the end, with large

nostrils.' _Irving's Astoria_, p. 336. Portraits of two Calapooya

Indians. _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 14. South

of the Columbia they have 'long faces, thin lips,' but the Calapooyas in

Willamette Valley have 'broad faces, low foreheads,' and the Chinooks

have 'a wide face, flat nose, and eyes turned obliquely outwards.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88; vol. ii., pp. 15-16. 'Dull

phlegmatic want of expression' common to all adults. _Nicolay's Ogn.

Ter._, p. 145. Women 'well-featured,' with 'light hair, and prominent

eyes.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 89-93. 'Their features rather partook of the

general European character.' Hair long and black, clean and neatly

combed. _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. 'Women have, in general,

handsome faces.' 'There are rare instances of high aquiline noses; the

eyes are generally black,' but sometimes 'of a dark yellowish brown,

with a black pupil.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 425, 436-7. The men

carefully eradicate every vestige of a beard. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 124.

'The features of many are regular, though often devoid of expression.'

_Townsend's Nar._, p. 178. 'Pluck out the beard at its first

appearance.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 181. Portrait of chief, p. 174. 'A few

of the old men only suffer a tuft to grow upon their chins.'

_Franchère's Nar._, p. 240. One of the Clatsops 'had the reddest hair I

ever saw, and a fair skin, much freckled.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 244;

_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 75. For descriptions and plates of Chinook

skulls see _Morton's Crania_, pp. 202-13; pl. 42-7, 49, 50, and

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 318-34.

[344] 'Practiced by at least ten or twelve distinct tribes of the lower

country.' _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 175-6. 'On the coast it is limited to a

space of about one hundred and seventy miles, extending between Cape

Flattery and Cape Look-out. Inland, it extends up the Columbia to the

first rapids, or one hundred and forty miles, and is checked at the

falls on the Wallamette.' _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., p. 307. The custom

'prevails among all the nations we have seen west of the Rocky

Mountains,' but 'diminishes in receding eastward.' _Lewis and Clarke's

Trav._, p. 437. 'The Indians at the Dalles do not distort the head.'

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 263, 180-2. 'The Chinooks are the most distinguished

for their attachment to this singular usage.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in

_U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 198. The tribes from the Columbia River to

Millbank Sound flatten the forehead, also the Yakimas and Klikitats of

the interior. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-2, 249. 'The

practice prevails, generally, from the mouth of the Columbia to the

Dalles, about one hundred and eighty miles, and from the Straits of Fuca

on the north, to Coos Bay.... Northward of the Straits it diminishes

gradually to a mere slight compression, finally confined to women, and

abandoned entirely north of Milbank Sound. So east of the Cascade

Mountains, it dies out in like manner.' _Gibbs_, in _Nott and Gliddon's

Indig. Races_, p. 337. 'None but such as are of noble birth are allowed

to flatten their skulls.' _Gray's Hist. Ogn._, p. 197.

[345] All authors who mention the Chinooks have something to say of this

custom; the following give some description of the process and its

effects, containing, however, no points not included in that given

above. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 122-3, 128-30; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 99-100;

_Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 167-8, with cut; _Chamber's Jour._, vol. x.,

pp. 111-2; _Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 307-11, with cuts; _Townsend's

Nar._, pp. 175-6; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.

216; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 150; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.

294; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 89; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 302;

_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., pp. 110-11, with plate. Females remain

longer than the boys. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 476, 437. 'Not so

great a deformity as is generally supposed.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_,

pp. 142-3, 251-2. 'Looking with contempt even upon the white for having

round heads.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 181, 204, cut. 'As a general thing the

tribes that have followed the practice of flattening the skull are

inferior in intellect, less stirring and enterprising in their habits,

and far more degraded in their morals than other tribes.' _Gray's Hist.

Ogn._, p. 197. Mr. Gray is the only authority I have seen for this

injurious effect, except Domenech, who pronounces the flat-heads more

subject to apoplexy than others. _Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 87; _Gass'

Jour._, pp. 224-5; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 335-7; _Morton's Crania

Am._, pp. 203-13, cut of cradle and of skulls; _Mofras_, _Explor._,

tom. ii., pp. 349-50, _Atlas_, pl. 26; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, pp.

294-5, 328, with cut; _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_ p. 124; _Wilson_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1862, p. 287.

[346] The Multnomah women's hair 'is most commonly braided into two

tresses falling over each ear in front of the body.' _Lewis and Clarke's

Trav._, pp. 508-9, 416, 425-6, 437-8. The Clackamas 'tattoo themselves

below the mouth, which gives a light blue appearance to the

countenance.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 241, 184-5, 256. At Cape Orford 'they

seemed to prefer the comforts of cleanliness to the painting of their

bodies.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. On the Columbia 'in the

decoration of their persons they surpassed all the other tribes with

paints of different colours, feathers and other ornaments.' _Id._, vol.

ii., p. 77. 'Ils mettent toute leur vanité dans leurs colliers et leurs

pendants d'oreilles.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 45. 'Some of

these girls I have seen with the whole rim of their ears bored full of

holes, into each of which would be inserted a string of these shells

that reached to the floor, and the whole weighing so heavy that to save

their ears from being pulled off they were obliged to wear a band across

the top of the head.' 'I never have seen either men or women put oil or

grease of any kind on their bodies.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 112,

158-9. See _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 115, 123-4; _Cox's Adven._, pp. 111-12;

_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25; _Irving's

Astoria_, pp. 336-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 354;

_Franchère's Nar._, p. 244.

[347] 'These robes are in general, composed of the skins of a small

animal, which we have supposed to be the brown mungo.' 'Sometimes they

have a blanket woven with the fingers, from the wool of their native

sheep.' Every part of the body but the back and shoulders is exposed to

view. The Nechecolies had 'larger and longer robes, which are generally

of deer skin dressed in the hair.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 392,

425-6, 438, 504-9, 522. 'I have often seen them going about, half naked,

when the thermometer ranged between 30° and 40°, and their children

barefooted and barelegged in the snow.' 'The lower Indians do not dress

as well, nor with as good taste, as the upper.' _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, pp. 244-5. The fringed skirt 'is still used by old women, and by

all the females when they are at work in the water, and is called by

them their _siwash coat_.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 154-5. _Ross'

Adven._, pp. 89-93; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 123-4; _Domenech's Deserts_,

vol. ii., pp. 15-16, 281-2, 288; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 178; _Kane's

Wand._, pp. 184-5; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 242-4. The conical cap

reminded Pickering of the Siberian tribes. _Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. ix., pp. 25, 39; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 111-12, 126-7;

_Hines' Voy._, p. 107. Collars of bears' claws, for the men, and elks'

tusks for the women and children. _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 336-8; _Gass'

Jour._, pp. 232, 239-40, 242-4, 267, 274, 278, 282.

[348] 'Their houses seemed to be more comfortable than those at Nootka,

the roof having a greater inclination, and the planking being thatched

over with the bark of trees. The entrance is through a hole, in a broad

plank, covered in such a manner as to resemble the face of a man, the

mouth serving the purpose of a door-way. The fire-place is sunk into the

earth, and confined from spreading above by a wooden frame.'

_Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77. Emmons, in _Schoolcraft's

Archives_, vol. iii., p. 206, speaks of a palisade enclosure ten or

fifteen feet high, with a covered way to the river. 'The Indian huts on

the banks of the Columbia are, for the most part, constructed of the

bark of trees, pine branches, and brambles, which are sometimes covered

with skins or rags.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 260. But 'the

Chinooks build their houses of thick and broad planks,' etc. _Id._ Lewis

and Clarke saw a house in the Willamette Valley two hundred and

twenty-six feet long, divided into two ranges of large apartments

separated by a narrow alley four feet wide. _Travels_, pp. 502-4, 509,

431-2, 415-16, 409, 392. The door is a piece of board 'which hangs loose

by a string, like a sort of pendulum,' and is self-closing. _Swan's N.

W. Coast_, pp. 110-11. 'The tribes near the coast remove less frequently

than those of the interior.' _California, Past, Present and Future_, p.

136. 'I never saw more than four fires, or above eighty persons--slaves

and all--in the largest house.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 98-9; _Palmer's

Jour._, pp. 86, 108; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 322; _Nicolay's Ogn._, pp.

144, 148-9; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 327, from _Lewis and Clarke_;

_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 135-7, from _Lewis and Clarke_; _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, pp. 144-5, 178-9, 245; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 247-8; _Lord's

Nat._, vol. i., p. 65; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 181; _Kane's Wand._, pp.

187-8; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 204, 216-17;

_Strickland's Hist. Missions_, pp. 136-9.

[349] 'In the summer they resort to the principal rivers and the sea

coast, ... retiring to the smaller rivers of the interior during the

cold season.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. Bay_, p. 83. All

small fish are driven into the small coves or shallow waters, 'when a

number of Indians in canoes continue splashing the water; while others

sink branches of pine. The fish are then taken easily out with scoops or

wicker baskets.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., pp. 389, 288-9,

384-6, 390-1. Fish 'are not eaten till they become soft from keeping,

when they are mashed with water.' In the Willamette Valley they raised

corn, beans, and squashes. _Hunter's Cap._, pp. 70-2. A 'sturgeon,

though weighing upwards of three hundred pounds, is, by the single

effort of one Indian, jerked into the boat'! _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 135,

114-15, 134, 137-9. The Umpquas, to cook salmon, 'all provided

themselves with sticks about three feet long, pointed at one end and

split at the other. They then apportioned the salmon, each one taking a

large piece, and filling it with splinters to prevent its falling to

pieces when cooking, which they fastened with great care, into the

forked end of the stick; ... then placing themselves around the fire so

as to describe a circle, they stuck the pointed end of the stick into

the ground, a short distance from the fire, inclining the top towards

the flames, so as to bring the salmon in contact with the heat, thus

forming a kind of pyramid of salmon over the whole fire.' _Hines' Voy._,

p. 102; _Id. Ogn._, p. 305. 'There are some articles of food which are

mashed by the teeth before being boiled or roasted; this mastication is

performed by the women.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 314, 316,

240-2. 'The salmon in this country are never caught with a (baited)

hook.' _Wilkes' Hist. Ogn._, p. 107. 'Turbot and flounders are caught

(at Shoalwater Bay) while wading in the water, by means of the feet.'

_Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 38, 83, 103-8, 140, 163-6, with cuts. On food,

see _Ross' Adven._, vol. i., pp. 94-5, 97, 112-3; _Lord's Nat._, vol.

i., pp. 68-9, 181-3; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 409-15, 422, 425,

430-1, 445, 506; _Wells_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xiii., pp. 605-7,

with cuts; _Nicolay's Ogn._, pp. 144, 147-8; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 84,

105; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 244; _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 86, 335;

_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 329-32; vol. ii., pp. 128-31; _Catlin's N.

Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113; _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi.,

p. 89; _Ind. Life_, p. 165; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. ix., p. 26; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 185-9; _Franchère's Nar._, pp.

235-7; _Gass' Jour._, pp. 224, 230-1, 282-3; _Fédix_, _L'Orégon_, pp.

44-5; _Stanley's Portraits_, pp. 59-62.

[350] For description of the various roots and berries used by the

Chinooks as food, see _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 450-5.

[351] The Multnomahs 'are very fond of cold, hot, and vapour baths,

which are used at all seasons, and for the purpose of health as well as

pleasure. They, however, add a species of bath peculiar to themselves,

by washing the whole body with urine every morning.' _Lewis and Clarke's

Trav._, pp. 509, 409. Eat insects from each other's head, for the

animals bite them, and they claim the right to bite back. _Kane's

Wand._, pp. 183-4.

[352] _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 323-4; vol. ii., p. 13; _Irving's

Astoria_, pp. 324, 338; _Ross' Adven._, p. 90; _Kane's Wand._, p. 189;

_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp.

124-5; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 429-31, 509; _Hines' Ogn._, p.

110; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 253; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. iii., pp. 206-7, 215-16, 468.

[353] 'When the conflict is postponed till the next day, ... they keep

up frightful cries all night long, and, when they are sufficiently near

to understand each other, defy one another by menaces, railleries, and

sarcasms, like the heroes of Homer and Virgil.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp.

251-4; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 322-3; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 124;

_Irving's Astoria_, pp. 340-1; _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 88,

105-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 354; _Stanley's Portraits_,

pp. 61-2; _Foster's Pre-Hist. Races_, p. 232.

[354] Pickering makes 'the substitution of the water-proof basket, for

the square wooden bucket of the straits' the chief difference between

this and the Sound Family. _Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25;

_Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 206; _Vancouver's

Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77; _Ross' Adven._, p. 92; _Domenech's Deserts_,

vol. ii., pp. 241, 260; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 248-9; _Lewis and

Clarke's Trav._, pp. 432-5; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 329-32; _Dunn's

Oregon_, pp. 138-9; _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113, pl. 210½,

showing cradle, ladles, Wapato diggers, _Pautomaugons_, or war clubs and

pipes. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 248-9; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 184-5,

188-9.

[355] _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 161-3; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 253.

[356] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 433-5. 'Hollowed out of the cedar

by fire, and smoothed off with stone axes.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 189. At

Cape Orford 'their shape much resembled that of a butcher's tray.'

_Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., p. 204. 'A human face or a white-headed

eagle, as large as life, carved on the prow, and raised high in front.'

_Ross' Adven._, pp. 97-8. 'In landing they put the canoe round, so as to

strike the beach stern on.' _Franchère's Nar._, p. 246. 'The larger

canoes on the Columbia are sometimes propelled by short oars.' _Emmons_,

in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 218. 'Finest canoes in the

world.' _Wilkes' Hist. Ogn._, p. 107; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 252;

_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 121-2; _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 79-82, with cuts;

_Irving's Astoria_, pp. 86, 324; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 325-7;

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 217; _Domenech's

Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 276-7; _Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 535-7;

_Gass' Jour._, p. 279.

[357] Dried and pounded salmon, prepared by a method not understood

except at the falls, formed a prominent article of commerce, both with

coast and interior nations. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 444-7, 413.

A fathom of the largest hiaqua shells is worth about ten beaver-skins. A

dying man gave his property to his intimate friends 'with a promise on

their part to restore them if he recovered.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp.

244-5, 137; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 87-8, 95-6; _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p.

166; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 322; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 133-4; _Cox's

Adven._, vol. i., p. 333; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 392;

_Kane's Wand._, p. 185; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 250; _Gass'

Jour._, p. 227; _Morton's Crania Am._, pp. 202-14; _Fédix_, _l'Orégon_,

pp. 44-5.

[358] Have no idea of drawing maps on the sand. 'Their powers of

computation ... are very limited.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. iii., pp. 205, 207; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 493; _Ross'

Adven._, pp. 88-9, 98; _Kane's Wand._, p. 185.

[359] The Willamette tribes, nine in number, were under four principal

chiefs. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 235-6, 88, 216. Casanov, a famous chief at

Fort Vancouver employed a hired assassin to remove obnoxious persons.

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 173-6; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 250; _Irving's

Astoria_, pp. 88, 340; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 322-3; _Parker's

Explor. Tour_, p. 253; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 443.

[360] 'Live in the same dwelling with their masters, and often

intermarry with those who are free.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 197,

247. 'Treat them with humanity while their services are useful.'

_Franchère's Nar._, p. 241. Treated with great severity. _Kane's Wand._,

pp. 181-2; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 447; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 92-3;

_Irving's Astoria_, p. 88; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 305-6; _Dunn's

Oregon_, pp. 129-30; _Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co._, pp. 196-7; _Stanley's

Portraits_, pp. 61-2.

[361] _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 161, 171; _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's

Arch._, vol. iii., pp. 211-2. 'In proportion as we approach the rapids

from the sea, female impurity becomes less perceptible; beyond this

point it entirely ceases.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 134, 159; vol.

i., pp. 366-7, 318; _Wells_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xiii., p. 602;

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 439-43. Ceremonies of a widow in her

endeavors to obtain a new husband. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. v., p. 124; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 88, 92-3; _Franchère's Nar._, pp.

245, 254-5; _Hunter's Cap._, p. 70; _Hines' Voy._, p. 113; _Domenech's

Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 16, 294-5; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 340; _Dunn's

Oregon_, pp. 132-3; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-2; _Kane's Wand._,

pp. 175-7, 182; _Gass' Jour._, p. 275; _Strickland's Hist. Missions_,

pp. 139-40.

[362] 'I saw neither musical instruments, nor dancing, among the Oregon

tribes.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 43. 'All

extravagantly fond of ardent spirits, and are not particular what kind

they have, provided it is strong, and gets them drunk quickly.' _Swan's

N. W. Coast_, pp. 155-8, 197-202. 'Not addicted to intemperance.'

_Franchère's Nar._, p. 242. At gambling 'they will cheat if they can,

and pride themselves on their success.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 190, 196.

Seldom cheat, and submit to their losses with resignation. _Cox's

Adven._, vol. i., p. 332; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 410, 443-4;

_Wells_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xiii., p. 601, and cut of dance at

Coos Bay; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 392-3; vol.

v., p. 123; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 77; _Ross' Fur Hunters_,

vol. i., pp. 90-4, 112-13; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 114-15, 121, 125-8,

130-1; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 247-8; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., p. 242; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 341; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 86.

[363] _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 248; _Gass' Jour._, pp.

232, 275; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 123-8; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 205, 255-6;

_Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 267; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 654.

[364] Doctors, if unsuccessful, are sometimes subjected to rough

treatment, but rarely killed, except when they have previously

threatened the life of the patient. _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 176-185.

At the Dalles an old woman, whose incantations had caused a fatal

sickness, was beheaded by a brother of the deceased. _Ind. Life_, pp.

173-4, 142-3. Whole tribes have been almost exterminated by the

small-pox. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 82, 179.

Venereal disease prevalent, and a complete cure is never effected.

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 440, 508. Generally succeed in curing

venereal disease even in its worst stage. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 96-9. The

unsuccessful doctor killed, unless able to buy his life. _Wilkes' Nar._,

in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 394. Flatheads more subject to apoplexy

than others. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 87; _Cox's Adven._, vol.

i., p. 126-7, 307, 312-15, 335, vol. ii., pp. 94-5; _Townsend's Nar._,

pp. 158, 178-9; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 250; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 115-9,

127; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. ii., p. 53; _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, pp. 176, 191-2; _Fitzgerald's Hud. B. Co._, pp. 171-2;

_Strickland's Hist. Missions_, pp. 139-40.

[365] A chief on the death of his daughter 'had an Indian slave bound

hand and foot, and fastened to the body of the deceased, and enclosed

the two in another mat, leaving out the head of the living one. The

Indian then took the canoe and carried it to a high rock and left it

there. Their custom is to let the slave live for three days; then

another slave is compelled to strangle the victim by a cord.' _Letter_,

in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 71. See also vol. iii., pp.

217-18; vol. vi., pp. 616-23, with plate; vol. v., p. 655. 'The emblem

of a squaw's grave is generally a camass-root digger, made of a deer's

horns, and fastened on the end of a stick.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S.

Ex. Ex._, vol. v., pp. 233-4, vol. iv., p. 394. 'I believe I saw as many

as an hundred canoes at one burying place of the Chinooks.' _Gass'

Jour._, p. 274. 'Four stakes, interlaced with twigs and covered with

brush,' filled with dead bodies. _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.

vi., p. 88. At Coos Bay, 'formerly the body was burned, and the wife of

the corpse killed and interred.' Now the body is sprinkled with sand and

ashes, the ankles are bent up and fastened to the neck; relatives shave

their heads and put the hair on the body with shells and roots, and the

corpse is then buried and trampled on by the whole tribe. _Wells_, in

_Harper's Mag._, vol. xiii., p. 602. 'The canoe-coffins were decorated

with rude carved work.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 54. Strangers

are paid to join in the lamentations. _Ross' Adven._, p. 97. Children

who die during the head-flattening process are set afloat in their

cradles upon the surface of some sacred pool, where the bodies of the

old are also placed in their canoes. _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii.,

p. 111. On burial and mourning see also, _Swan's N. W. Coast_, pp. 72-3,

13, 186-9, with cut of canoe on platform. _Mofras' Explor._, vol. ii.,

p. 355, and pl. 18 of _Atlas_; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 423, 429,

509; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 176-8, 181, 202-5; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp.

124-5, 335-6, vol. ii., p. 157; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 144,

151-2; _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., pp. 281-2, vol. ii., p. 53;

_Belcher's Voy._, vol. i., p. 292; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p.

255; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 119-20, 131-2; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp.

149-50; _Fremont's Ogn. and Cal._, p. 186; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 99;

_Franchère's Nar._, p. 106; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 87; _Ind. Life_, p.

210; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 180.

[366] 'The clumsy thief, who is detected, is scoffed at and despised.'

_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 130-1, 114. 'The Kalapuya, like the Umkwa, ... are

more regular and quiet' than the inland tribes, 'and more cleanly,

honest and moral than the' coast tribes. The Chinooks are a quarrelsome,

thievish, and treacherous people. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. vi., pp. 217, 215, 198, 204. 'A rascally, thieving set.' _Gass'

Jour._, p. 304. 'When well treated, kind and hospitable.' _Swan's N. W.

Coast_, pp. 215, 110, 152. At Cape Orford 'pleasing and courteous

deportment ... scrupulously honest.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. i., pp.

204-5. Laziness is probably induced by the ease with which they obtain

food. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 181, 185. 'Crafty and intriguing.' Easily

irritated, but a trifle will appease him. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i.,

p. 61, 70-1, 77, 88, 90-1, 124-5, 235-6. 'They possess in an eminent

degree, the qualities opposed to indolence, improvidence, and stupidity:

the chiefs above all, are distinguished for their good sense and

intelligence. Generally speaking, they have a ready intellect and a

tenacious memory.' 'Rarely resist the temptation of stealing' white

men's goods. _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 241-2, 261. Loquacious, never gay,

knavish, impertinent. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 416, 441-2, 504,

523-4. 'Thorough-bred hypocrites and liars.' 'The Killymucks the most

roguish.' Industry, patience, sobriety and ingenuity are their chief

virtues; thieving, lying, incontinence, gambling and cruelty may be

classed among their vices. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 115, 131, 296-7,

302, 304-5, 321, vol. ii., p. 133. At Wishiam 'they were a community of

arrant rogues and freebooters.' _Irving's Astoria_, pp. 322, 342. 'Lying

is very common; thieving comparatively rare.' _White's Ogn._, p. 207.

'Do not appear to possess a particle of natural good feeling.'

_Townsend's Nar._, p. 183. At Coos Bay 'by no means the fierce and

warlike race found further to the northward.' _Wells_, in _Harper's

Mag._, vol. xiii., p. 601. Umqua and Coose tribes are naturally

industrious; the Suislaws the most advanced; the Alcea not so

enterprising. _Sykes_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 215. Calapooias, a

poor, cowardly, and thievish race. _Miller_, in _Id._, 1857, p. 364;

_Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 87,

vol. ii., pp. 16, 36; _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p.

83; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 84, 105; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 249-50;

_Ind. Life_, pp. 1-4, 210; _Fitzgerald's Vanc. Isl._, p. 196;

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 207, etc.

[367] 'They all resemble each other in general characteristics.'

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. Shushwaps and Salish all one race.

_Mayne's B. C._, p. 296-7. 'The Indians of the interior are, both

physically and morally, vastly superior to the tribes of the coast.'

_Id._, p. 242. 'The Kliketat near Mount Rainier, the Walla-Wallas, and

the Okanagan ... speak kindred dialects.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p.

170. The best-supported opinion is that the inland were of the same

original stock with the lower tribes. _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 316. 'On

leaving the verge of the Carrier country, near Alexandria, a marked

change is at once perceptible.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii.,

p. 77. Inland tribes differ widely from the piscatorial tribes. _Ross'

Adven._, p. 127. 'Those residing near the Rocky Mountains ... are and

always have been superior races to those living on the lower Columbia.'

_Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 654. 'I was particularly

struck with their vast superiority (on the Similkameen River, Lat. 49°

30´, Long. 120° 30´) in point of intelligence and energy to the Fish

Indians on the Fraser River, and in its neighbourhood.' _Palmer_, in

_B. C. Papers_, vol. iii., p. 84. Striking contrast noted in passing

up the Columbia. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.

199.

[368] 'The Shewhapmuch ... who compose a large branch of the Saeliss

family,' known as _Nicute-much_--corrupted by the Canadians into

Couteaux--below the junction of the Fraser and Thompson. _Anderson_, in

_Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 76-7. Atnahs is their name in the Takali

language, and signifies 'strangers.' 'Differ so little from their

southern neighbors, the Salish, as to render a particular description

unnecessary.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 205.

They were called by Mackenzie the Chin tribe, according to _Prichard's

Researches_, vol. v., p. 427, but Mackenzie's Chin tribe was north of

the Atnahs, being the Nagailer tribe of the Carriers. See _Mackenzie's

Voy._, pp. 257-8, and map.

[369] 'About Okanagan, various branches of the Carrier tribe.'

_Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. 'Okanagans, on the upper part of Frazer's

River.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 170.

[370] Also known as Flat-bows. 'The poorest of the tribes composing the

Flathead nation.' _McCormick_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 211.

'Speaking a language of their own, it is not easy to imagine their

origin; but it appears probable that they once belonged to some more

southern tribe, from which they became shut off by the intervention of

larger tribes.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. 'In appearance, character, and

customs, they resemble more the Indians east of the Rocky Mountains than

those of Lower Oregon.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi.,

p. 205. 'Les Arcs-à-Plats, et les Koetenais sont connus dans le pays

sous le nom de Skalzi.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 80.

[371] The origin of the name Flathead, as applied to this nation, is not

known, as they have never been known to flatten the head. 'The mass of

the nation consists of persons who have more or less of the blood of the

Spokanes, Pend d'Oreilles, Nez Perces, and Iroquois.' _Stevens_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 207; _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 150;

_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108; _Stuart's Montana_, p. 82.

Gass applied the name apparently to tribes on the Clearwater of the

Sahaptin family. _Jour._, p. 224.

[372] Also called _Kalispelms_ and _Ponderas_. The Upper Pend d'Oreilles

consist of a number of wandering families of Spokanes, Kalispelms

proper, and Flatheads. _Suckley_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p.

294; _Stevens_, in _Id._, p. 149; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854,

p. 210. 'Very similar in manners, etc., to the Flatheads, and form one

people with them.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 32.

[373] The native name, according to Hale, is _Skitsuish_, and Coeur

d'Alêne, 'Awl heart,' is a nickname applied from the circumstance that a

chief used these words to express his idea of the Canadian traders'

meanness. _Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210.

[374] _Quiarlpi_, 'Basket People,' _Chaudieres_, 'Kettles,' _Kettle

Falls_, _Chualpays_, _Skoielpoi_, and _Lakes_, are some of the names

applied to these bands.

[375] 'Ils s'appellent entre eux les Enfants du Soleil, dans leur langue

Spokane.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'Differing very little

from the Indians at Colville, either in their appearance, habits, or

language.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 307.

[376] So much intermarried with the Yakamas that they have almost lost

their nationality.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 236.

[377] 'Pierced Noses,' so named by the Canadians, perhaps from the nasal

ornaments of the first of the tribe seen, although the custom of

piercing the nose has never been known to be prevalent with this people.

'Generally known and distinguished by the name of "black robes," in

contradistinction to those who live on fish.' Named Nez Perces from the

custom of boring the nose to receive a white shell, like the fluke of an

anchor. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 305, 185-6. 'There are two

tribes of the Pierced-Nose Indians, the upper and the lower. _Brownell's

Ind. Races_, pp. 533-5. 'Though originally the same people, their

dialect varies very perceptibly from that of the Tushepaws.' _Lewis and

Clarke's Trav._, p. 341. Called _Thoiga-rik-kah_, _Tsoi-gah_,

'Cowse-eaters,' by the Snakes. 'Ten times better off to-day than they

were then'--'a practical refutation of the time-honored lie, that

intercourse with whites is an injury to Indians.' _Stuart's Montana_,

pp. 76-7. 'In character and appearance, they resemble more the Indians

of the Missouri than their neighbors, the Salish.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in

_U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 212; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.

54.

[378] 'La tribu Paloose appartient à la nation des Nez-percés et leur

ressemble sous tous les rapports.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31.

[379] The name comes from that of the river. It should be pronounced

Wala-Wala, very short. _Pandosy's Gram._, p. 9. 'Descended

from slaves formerly owned and liberated by the Nez Perces.' _Parker's

Explor. Tour_, p. 247. 'Not unlike the Pierced-Noses in general

appearance, language, and habits.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 533-5.

Parts of three different nations at the confluence of the Snake and

Columbia. _Gass' Jour._, pp. 218-19, 'None of the Indians have any

permanent habitations' on the south bank of the Columbia about and above

the Dalles. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 365. 'Generally camping in

winter on the north side of the river.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 223.

[380] The name Yakima is a word meaning 'Black Bear' in the Walla Walla

dialect. They are called Klikatats west of the mountains. _Gibbs_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 407. 'The Klikatats and Yakimas, in all

essential peculiarities of character, are identical, and their

intercourse is constant.' _Id._, p. 403, and _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, p. 225. 'Pshawanwappam bands, usually called Yakamas.' The

name signifies 'Stony Ground.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii.

'Roil-roil-pam, is the Klikatat country.' 'Its meaning is "the Mouse

country."' _Id._ The Yakima valley is a great national rendezvous for

these and surrounding nations. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 19, 21.

Kliketats, meaning robbers, was first the name given to the Whulwhypums,

and then extended to all speaking the same language. For twenty-five

years before 1854 they overran the Willamette Valley, but at that time

were forced by government to retire to their own country. _Tolmie_, in

_Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7.

[381] Wasco is said to mean 'basin,' and the tribe derives its name,

traditionally, from the fact that formerly one of their chiefs, his wife

having died, spent much of his time in making cavities or basins in the

soft rock for his children to fill with water and pebbles, and thereby

amuse themselves. _Victor's All over Ogn._, pp. 94-5. The word Cayuse is

perhaps the French _Cailloux_, 'pebbles.' Called by Tolmie, 'Wyeilats or

Kyoose.' He says their language has an affinity to that of the Carriers

and Umpquas. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 249-50. 'Resemble the

Walla-Wallas very much.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 279-80. 'The imperial tribe

of Oregon' claiming jurisdiction over the whole Columbia region.

_Farnham's Trav._, p. 81. The Snakes, Walla-Wallas, and Cayuse meet

annually in the Grande Ronde Valley. _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol.

i., p. 270. 'Individuals of the pure blood are few, the majority being

intermixed with the Nez Perces and the Wallah-Wallahs.' _Stevens_, in

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 218-19. The region which I give to the

Wascos and Cayuses is divided on Hale's map between the Walla-Wallas,

Waiilatpu, and Molele.

[382] In the interior the 'men are tall, the women are of common

stature, and both are well formed.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. 'Of

middle height, slender.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi.,

p. 199. The inland tribes of British Columbia, compared with those on

the coast, 'are of a better cast, being generally of the middle height.'

_Id._, p. 198. See also p. 206. The Nez Percés and Cayuses 'are almost

universally fine-looking, robust men.' In criticising the person of one

of that tribe 'one was forcibly reminded of the Apollo Belvidere.'

_Townsend's Nar._, pp. 148, 98. The Klikatat 'stature is low, with

light, sinewy limbs.' _Id._, p. 178; also pp. 158-174. The Walla-Wallas

are generally powerful men, at least six feet high, and the Cayuse are

still 'stouter and more athletic.' _Gairdner_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,

Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256. The Umatillas 'may be a superior race to the

"Snakes," but I doubt it.' _Barnhart_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p.

271. The Salish are 'rather below the average size, but are well knit,

muscular, and good-looking.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p.

208. 'Well made and active.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 311, 327. 'Below the

middle hight, with thick-set limbs.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p.

88, vol. ii., pp. 55-6, 64-5. The Cootonais are above the medium height.

Very few Shushwaps reach the height of five feet nine inches. _Cox's

Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 155, 376, vol. i., p. 240. See also on physique

of the inland nations, _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 321, 340, 356,

359, 382, 527-8, 556-7; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p.

475; _Dunn_, in _Cal. Farmer_, _April 26, 1861_; _San Francisco Herald_,

_June, 1858_; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 309, 414;

_Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 105-6, and

vol. i., frontispiece, cut of a group of Spokanes. _De Smet_, _Voy._,

pp. 30, 198; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 54; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 127, 294;

_Stuart's Montana_, p. 82.

[383] The interior tribes have 'long faces, and bold features, thin

lips, wide cheek-bones, smooth skins, and the usual tawny complexion of

the American tribes.' 'Features of a less exaggerated harshness' than

the coast tribes. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.

198-9. 'Hair and eyes are black, their cheek bones high, and very

frequently they have aquiline noses.' 'They wear their hair long, part

it upon their forehead, and let it hang in tresses on each side, or down

behind.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229. Complexion 'a little fairer

than other Indians.' _Id._ The Okanagans are 'better featured and

handsomer in their persons, though darker, than the Chinooks or other

Indians along the sea-coast.' 'Teeth white as ivory, well set and

regular.' The voices of Walla Wallas, Nez Percés, and Cayuses, are

strong and masculine. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 294, 127. The Flatheads (Nez

Percés) are 'the whitest Indians I ever saw.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 189. The

Shushwap 'complexion is darker, and of a more muddy, coppery hue than

that of the true Red Indian.' _Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass._, p.

335. The Nez Perces darker than the Tushepaws. Dignified and pleasant

features. Would have quite heavy beards if they shaved. _Lewis and

Clarke's Trav._, pp. 340, 356, 359, 527-8, 556-7, 321. The inland

natives are an ugly race, with 'broad faces, low foreheads, and rough,

coppery and tanned skins.' The Salish 'features are less regular, and

their complexion darker' than the Sahaptins. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

i., p. 88, vol. ii., pp. 55-6. Teeth of the river tribes worn down by

sanded salmon. _Anderson_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 228; _Kane's

Wand._, p. 273. Nez Perces and Cayuses 'are almost universally fine

looking, robust men, with strong aquiline features, and a much more

cheerful cast of countenance than is usual amongst the race. Some of the

women might almost be called beautiful, and none that I have seen are

homely.' Some very handsome young girls among the Walla Wallas. The

Kliketat features are 'regular, though often devoid of expression.'

_Townsend's Nar._, pp. 78, 148, 158, 178. Flatheads 'comparatively very

fair in complexion, ... with oval faces, and a mild, and playful

expression of countenance.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311. The Kayuls had long

dark hair, and regular features. _Coke's Rocky Mountains_, p. 304. Cut

and description of a Clickitat skull, in _Morton's Crania_, p. 214, pl.

48. 'The Flatheads are the ugliest, and most of their women are far from

being beauties.' _Stuart's Montana_, p. 82.

[384] 'The Sahaptin and Wallawallas compress the head, but not so much

as the tribes near the coast. It merely serves with them to make the

forehead more retreating, which, with the aquiline nose common to these

natives, gives to them occasionally, a physiognomy similar to that

represented in the hieroglyphical paintings of Central America.' _Hale's

Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214, 205. All the Shushwaps

flatten the head more or less. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 303. 'Il est à

remarquer que les tribus établies au-dessus de la jonction de la branche

sud de la Colombie, et désignées sous le nom de Têtes Plates, ont

renoncé depuis longtemps à cet usage.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii.,

p. 349. 'A roundhead Klickatat woman would be a pariah.' _Winthrop's

Canoe and Saddle_, p. 204. Nez Percés 'seldom known to flatten the

head.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108. See _Domenech's

Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6, 64-5; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol.

ii., pp. 231-2, 249-51; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 175; _Kane's Wand._, p.

263; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. iv., p. 415, with cut. Walla Wallas, Skyuse, and Nez Percés

flatten the head and perforate the nose. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 85;

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 374, 359; _Gass' Jour._, p. 224.

[385] _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp. 38-9;

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 362, 382-3.

[386] The Salish 'profuse in the use of paint.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 309. Nez

Percés painted in colored stripes. _Hines' Voy._, p. 173. 'Four Indians

(Nez Percés) streaked all over with white mud.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 291.

Walla Walla 'faces painted red.' The Okanagan 'young of both sexes

always paint their faces with red and black bars.' _Ross' Adven._, pp.

127, 294-8. The inland tribes 'appear to have less of the propensity to

adorn themselves with painting, than the Indians east of the mountains,

but not unfrequently vermilion mixed with red clay, is used not only

upon their faces but upon their hair.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 229.

Red clay for face paint, obtained at Vermilion Forks of the Similkameen

River, in B. C. _Palmer_, in _B. C. Papers_, vol. iii., p. 84. Pend

d'Oreille women rub the face every morning with a mixture of red and

brown powder, which is made to stick by a coating of fish-oil. _De

Smet_, _Voy._, p. 198.

[387] The Oakinack 'women wear their hair neatly clubbed on each side of

the head behind the ears, and ornamented with double rows of the snowy

higua, which are among the Oakinackens called Shet-la-cane; but they

keep it shed or divided in front. The men's hair is queued or rolled up

into a knot behind the head, and ornamented like that of the women; but

in front it falls or hangs down loosely before the face, covering the

forehead and the eyes, which causes them every now and then to shake the

head, or use the hands to uncover their eyes.' _Ross' Adven._, pp.

294-5. The head of the Nez Perces not ornamented. _Lewis and Clarke's

Trav._, pp. 341, 321, 351, 377, 528, 532-3; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 304;

_Kane's Wand._, p. 274.

[388] The Ootlashoot women wear 'a long shirt of skin, reaching down to

the ancles, and tied round the waist.' Few ornaments. The Nez Percés

wear 'the buffalo or elk-skin robe decorated with beads, sea-shells,

chiefly mother-of-pearl, attached to an otter-skin collar and hung in

the hair.' Leggins and moccasins are painted; a plait of twisted grass

is worn round the neck. The women wear their long robe without a girdle,

but to it 'are tied little pieces of brass and shells, and other small

articles.' 'The dress of the female is indeed more modest, and more

studiously so than any we have observed, though the other sex is

careless of the indelicacy of exposure.' 'The Sokulk females have no

other covering but a truss or piece of leather tied round the hips and

then drawn tight between the legs.' Three fourths of the Pisquitpaws

'have scarcely any robes at all.' The Chilluckittequaws use skins of

wolves, deer, elk, and wild cats. 'Round their neck is put a strip of

some skin with the tail of the animal hanging down over the breast.'

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 321, 340-1, 351, 359, 361, 377, 526,

528, 532-3. Many of the Walla Walla, Nez Percé, and Cayuse females wore

robes 'richly garnished with beads, higuas,' etc. The war chief wears as

a head-dress the whole skin of a wolf's head, with the ears standing

erect. The Okanagans wear in winter long detachable sleeves or mittens

of wolf or fox skin, also wolf or bear skin caps when hunting. Men and

women dress nearly alike, and are profuse in the use of ornaments.

_Ross' Adven._, p. 127, 294-8; _Id._, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 306.

The Flatheads often change their clothing and clean it with pipe-clay.

They have no regular head-dress. From the Yakima to the Okanagan the men

go naked, and the women wear only a belt with a slip passing between the

legs. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 133, 148, 240-1, vol. ii., p. 144.

Nez Percés better clad than any others, Cayuses well clothed, Walla

Wallas naked and half starved. _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54, 124, 127-8. At

the Dalles, women 'go nearly naked, for they wear little else than what

may be termed a breech-cloth, of buckskin, which is black and filthy

with dirt.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 409-10,

426, 473. The Kliketat women wear a short pine-bark petticoat tied round

the loins. _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 78, 178, 148. 'Their buffaloe robes

and other skins they chiefly procure on the Missouri, when they go over

to hunt, as there are no buffaloe in this part of the country and very

little other game.' _Gass' Jour._, pp. 189, 205, 218-19, 295. Tusshepaw

'women wore caps of willow neatly worked and figured.' _Irving's

Astoria_, pp. 315, 317, 319; _Id._, _Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. The

Flathead women wear straw hats, used also for drinking and cooking

purposes. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 45-7, 198. The Shushwaps wear in wet

weather capes of bark trimmed with fur, and reaching to the elbows.

Moccasins are more common than on the coast, but they often ride

barefoot. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 301. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 229-30;

_Kane's Wand._, p. 264, and cut; _Fremont's Ogn. and Cal._, pp. 186-7;

_Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 222; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p.

153; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 268; _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311; _Coke's Rocky

Mts._, p. 304; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821,

pp. 74-5, 78.

[389] The Sokulk houses 'generally of a square or oblong form, varying

in length from fifteen to sixty feet, and supported in the inside by

poles or forks about six feet high.' The roof is nearly flat. The

Echeloot and Chilluckittequaw houses were of the Chinook style,

partially sunk in the ground. The Nez Percés live in houses built 'of

straw and mats, in the form of the roof of a house.' One of these 'was

one hundred and fifty-six feet long, and about fifteen wide, closed at

the ends, and having a number of doors on each side.' _Lewis and

Clarke's Trav._, pp. 340, 351, 369-70, 381-2, 540. Nez Percé dwellings

twenty to seventy feet long and from ten to fifteen feet wide; free from

vermin. Flathead houses conical but spacious, made of buffalo and moose

skins over long poles. Spokane lodges oblong or conical, covered with

skins or mats. _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 148, 192, 200. Nez Percé and

Cayuse lodges 'composed of ten long poles, the lower ends of which are

pointed and driven into the ground; the upper blunt and drawn together

at the top by thongs' covered with skins. 'Universally used by the

mountain Indians while travelling.' Umatillas live in 'shantys or

wigwams of driftwood, covered with buffalo or deer skins.' Klicatats 'in

miserable loose hovels.' _Townsend's Nar._, pp. 104-5, 156, 174.

Okanagan winter lodges are long and narrow, 'chiefly of mats and poles,

covered over with grass and earth;' dug one or two feet below the

surface; look like the roof of a common house set on the ground. _Ross'

Adven._, pp. 313-4. On the Yakima River 'a small canopy, hardly

sufficient to shelter a sheep, was found to contain four generations of

human beings.' _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., pp.

34, 37. On the Clearwater 'there are not more than four lodges in a

place or village, and these small camps or villages are eight or ten

miles apart.' 'Summer lodges are made of willows and flags, and their

winter lodges of split pine.' _Gass' Jour._, pp. 212, 221, 223. 'At

Kettle Falls, the lodges are of rush mats.' 'A flooring is made of

sticks, raised three or four feet from the ground, leaving the space

beneath it entirely open, and forming a cool, airy, and shady place, in

which to hang their salmon.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 309, 272-3. The Pend

d'Oreilles roll their tent-mats into cylindrical bundles for convenience

in traveling. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 215, 238, 282.

_Barnhart_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 271. The Shushwap den is warm but

'necessarily unwholesome, and redolent ... of anything but roses.'

_Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 77. Yakimas, 'rude huts

covered with mats.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 407.

Shushwaps erect rude slants of bark or matting; have no tents or houses.

_Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass._, p. 242. From the swamps south of

Flatbow Lake, 'the Kootanie Indians obtain the klusquis or thick reed,

which is the only article that serves them in the construction of their

lodges,' and is traded with other tribes. _Sullivan_, in _Palliser's

Explor._, p. 15. In winter the Salish cover their mats with earth.

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 207. Flag huts of the

Walla Wallas. _Farnham's Trav._, p. 85; _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 49-50;

_Palmer's Jour._, p. 61; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 295; _Irving's

Astoria_, pp. 315, 319; _Id._, _Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301; _De Smet_,

_Voy._, p. 185; _Id._, _West. Missions_, p. 284; _Lord's Nat._, vol.

ii., pp. 105-6. _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821,

pp. 74-5, 79.

[390] Natives begin to assemble at Kettle Falls about three weeks before

the salmon begin to run; feuds are laid by; horse-racing, gambling,

love-making, etc., occupy the assembly; and the medicine-men are busy

working charms for a successful season. The fish are cut open, dried on

poles over a small fire, and packed in bales. On the Fraser each family

or village fishes for itself; near the mouth large gaff-hooks are used,

higher up a net managed between two canoes. All the principal Indian

fishing-stations on the Fraser are below Fort Hope. For sturgeon a spear

seventy to eighty feet long is used. Cut of sturgeon-fishing. _Lord's

Nat._, vol. i., pp. 71-6, 181, 184-6. The Pend d'Oreilles 'annually

construct a fence which reaches across the stream, and guides the fish

into a weir or rack,' on Clarke River, just above the lake. The Walla

Walla 'fisheries at the Dalles and the falls, ten miles above, are the

finest on the river.' The Yakima weirs constructed 'upon horizontal

spars, and supported by tripods of strong poles erected at short

distances apart; two of the logs fronting up stream, and one supporting

them below;' some fifty or sixty yards long. The salmon of the Okanagan

were 'of a small species, which had assumed a uniform red color.' 'The

fishery at the Kettle Falls is one of the most important on the river,

and the arrangements of the Indians in the shape of drying-scaffolds and

store-houses are on a corresponding scale.' _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp.

214, 223, 231, 233; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 407-8.

The salmon chief at Kettle Falls distributes the fish among the people,

every one, even the smallest child, getting an equal share. _Kane's

Wand._, pp. 311-14. On Des Chutes River 'they spear the fish with barbed

iron points, fitted loosely by sockets to the ends of poles about eight

feet long,' to which they are fastened by a thong about twelve feet

long. _Abbott_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. vi., p. 90. On the upper

Columbia an Indian 'cut off a bit of his leathern shirt, about the size

of a small bean; then pulling out two or three hairs from his horse's

tail for a line, tied the bit of leather to one end of it, in place of a

hook or fly.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 132-3. At the mouth of Flatbow River

'a dike of round stones, which runs up obliquely against the main

stream, on the west side, for more than one hundred yards in length,

resembling the foundation of a wall.' Similar range on the east side,

supposed to be for taking fish at low water. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol.

ii., pp. 165-6. West of the Rocky Mountains they fish 'with great

success by means of a kind of large basket suspended from a long cord.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 240-1. On Powder River they use the

hook as a gaff. _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 283. A Wasco spears three or

four salmon of twenty to thirty pounds each in ten minutes. _Remy and

Brenchley's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 506. No salmon are taken above the

upper falls of the Columbia. _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p.

392. Walla Walla fish-weirs 'formed of two curtains of small willow

switches matted together with withes of the same plant, and extending

across the river in two parallel lines, six feet asunder. These are

supported by several parcels of poles, ... and are either rolled up or

let down at pleasure for a few feet.... A seine of fifteen or eighteen

feet in length is then dragged down the river by two persons, and the

bottom drawn up against the curtain of willows.' _Lewis and Clarke's

Trav._, p. 532. Make fishing-nets of flax. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p.

90. 'The Inland, as well as the Coast, tribes, live to a great extent

upon salmon.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 242; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, pp. 152-3.

Palouse 'live solely by fishing.' _Mullan's Rept._, p. 49. Salmon cannot

ascend to Coeur d'Alêne Lake. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.

vi., pp. 209-10. Okanagan food 'consists principally of salmon and a

small fish which they call carp.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. iv., p. 462. The Walla Wallas 'may well be termed the fishermen of

the Skyuse camp.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 82.

[391] The Shushwaps formerly crossed the mountains to the Assinniboine

territory. The Okanagans when hunting wear wolf or bear skin caps; there

is no bird or beast whose voice they cannot imitate. War and hunting

were the Nez Percé occupation; cross the mountains for buffalo. _Ross'

Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 148, 219, 297-8, 305. The chief game of the

Nez Percés is the deer, 'and whenever the ground will permit, the

favourite hunt is on horseback.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 555. The

Salish live by the chase, on elk, moose, deer, big-horn and bears; make

two trips annually, spring to fall, and fall to mid-winter, across the

mountains, accompanied by other nations. The Pend d'Oreilles hunt deer

in the snow with clubs; have distinct localities for hunting each kind

of game. Nez Percés, Flatheads, Coeurs d'Alêne, Spokanes, Pend

d'Oreilles, etc., hunt together. Yakimas formerly joined the Flatheads

in eastern hunt. _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-8, 212-15, 218, 225-6.

'Two hunts annually across the mountains--one in April, for the bulls,

from which they return in June and July; and another, after about a

month's recruit, to kill cows, which have by that time become fat.'

_Stevens, Gibbs, and Suckley_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp.

415, 408, 296-7, vol. xii., p. 134. Kootenais live by the chase

principally. _Hutchins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 455. Spokanes

rather indolent in hunting; hunting deer by fire. _Cox's Adven._, vol.

i., pp. 197, vol. ii., pp. 46-7. The Kootenais 'seldom hunt;' there is

not much to shoot except wild fowl in fall. Trap beaver and carriboeuf

on a tributary of the Kootanie River. _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 10, 15,

73. Flatheads 'follow the buffalo upon the headwaters of Clarke and

Salmon rivers.' Nez Percé women accompany the men to the buffalo-hunt.

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 107, 311. Kootenais cross the mountains

for buffalo. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 297. Coeurs d'Alêne ditto. _Mullan's

Rept._, p. 49. Half of the Nez Percés 'usually make a trip to the

buffalo country for three months.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. iv., p. 494. Shushwaps 'live by hunting the bighorns, mountain

goats, and marmots.' _Milton and Cheadle's N. W. Pass._, p. 242. Buffalo

never pass to west of the Rocky Mountains. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p.

179; _Kane's Wand._, p. 328; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31, 45, 144-5; _Ind.

Life_, pp. 23-4, 34-41; _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 268-9; _Hunt_, in

_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, tom. x., 1821, pp. 77-82; _Stuart_, in

_Id._, tom. xii., pp. 25, 35-6; _Joset_, in _Id._, tom. cxxiii., 1849,

pp. 334-40.

[392] The Kliketats gather and eat _peahay_, a bitter root boiled into a

jelly; _n'poolthla_, ground into flour; _mamum_ and _seekywa_, made into

bitter white cakes; _kamass_; _calz_, a kind of wild sunflower.

_Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 247. The Flatheads go every

spring to Camass Prairie. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 183. The Kootenais eat

kamash and an edible moss. _Id._, _Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 75-6. 'The

Cayooses, Nez Percés, and other warlike tribes assemble (in Yakima

Valley) every spring to lay in a stock of the favourite kamass and

pelua, or sweet potatoes.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 19. Quamash,

round, onion-shaped, and sweet, eaten by the Nez Percés. _Lewis and

Clarke's Trav._, p. 330. Couse root dug in April or May; camas in June

and July. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 656. The

Skyuses 'main subsistence is however upon roots.' The Nez Percés eat

_kamash_, _cowish_ or biscuit root, _jackap_, _aisish_, _quako_, etc.

_Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301, 388. Okanagans live extensively

on moss made into bread. The Nez Percés also eat moss. _Wilkes' Nar._,

in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 462, 494. Pend d'Oreilles at the last

extremity live on pine-tree moss; also collect camash, bitter-roots, and

sugar pears. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 211, 214-15. 'I

never saw any berry in the course of my travels which the Indians

scruple to eat, nor have I seen any ill effect from their doing so.'

_Kane's Wand._, p. 327. The Kootenai food in September 'appears to be

almost entirely berries; namely, the "sasketoom" of the Crees, a

delicious fruit, and a small species of cherry, also a sweet root which

they obtain to the southward.' _Blakiston_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p.

73. Flatheads dig _konah_, 'bitter root' in May. It is very nutritious

and very bitter. _Pahseego_, camas, or 'water seego,' is a sweet, gummy,

bulbous root. _Stuart's Montana_, pp. 57-8. Colvilles cut down pines for

their moss (alectoria?). Kamas also eaten. _Pickering's Races_, in _U.

S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 34. The Shushwaps eat moss and lichens,

chiefly the black lichen, or _whyelkine_. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 301;

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 127. The Salish in March and April eat

_popkah_, an onion-like bulb; in May, _spatlam_, a root like vermicelli;

in June and July, _itwha_, like roasted chestnuts; in August, wild

fruits; in September, _marani_, a grain. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii.,

p. 312.

[393] At the Dalles 'during the fishing season, the Indians live

entirely on the heads, hearts and offal of the salmon, which they string

on sticks, and roast over a small fire.' Besides pine-moss, the

Okanagans use the seed of the balsam oriza pounded into meal, called

_mielito_. 'To this is added the _siffleurs_.' Berries made into cakes

by the Nez Percés. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp.

410, 462, 494. Quamash, 'eaten either in its natural state, or boiled

into a kind of soup, or made into a cake, which is then called pasheco.'

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 330, 353, 365, 369. Women's head-dress

serves the Flatheads for cooking, etc. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 47, 193-9;

_Id._, _Missions de l'Orégon_, pp. 75-6. 'The dog's tongue is the only

dish-cloth known' to the Okanagans. Pine-moss cooked, or _squill-ape_,

will keep for years. 'At their meals they generally eat separately and

in succession--man, woman and child.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 132-3, 295,

317-18. 'Most of their food is roasted, and they excel in roasting

fish.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 231, 107. 'Pine moss, which they

boil till it is reduced to a sort of glue or black paste, of a

sufficient consistence to take the form of biscuit.' _Franchère's Nar._,

p. 279. Couse tastes like parsnips, is dried and pulverized, and

sometimes boiled with meat. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,

p. 656. Root bread on the Clearwater tastes like that made of pumpkins.

_Gass' Jour._, pp. 202-3. Kamas after coming from the kiln is 'made into

large cakes, by being mashed, and pressed together, and slightly baked

in the sun.' White-root, pulverized with stones, moistened and

sun-baked, tastes not unlike stale biscuits. _Townsend's Nar._, pp.

126-7. Camas and sun-flower seed mixed with salmon-heads caused in the

eater great distension of the stomach. _Remy and Brenchley's Jour._,

vol. ii., pp. 509-11. _Sowete_, is the name of the mixture last named,

among the Cayuses. _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 310; _Ind. Life_, p. 41;

_Stuart's Montana_, pp. 57-8; _Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. ix., p. 34; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 272-3; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp.

214-15.

[394] Additional notes and references on procuring food. The Okanagans

break up winter quarters in February; wander about in small bands till

June. Assemble on the river and divide into two parties of men and two

of women for fishing and dressing fish, hunting and digging roots, until

October; hunt in small parties in the mountains or the interior for four

or six weeks; and then go into winter quarters on the small rivers.

_Ross' Adven._, pp. 314-16. Further south on the Columbia plains the

natives collect and dry roots until May; fish on the north bank of the

river till September, burying the fish; dig camas on the plains till

snow falls; and retire to the foot of the mountains to hunt deer and elk

through the winter. The Nez Percés catch salmon and dig roots in summer;

hunt deer on snow-shoes in winter; and cross the mountains for buffalo

in spring. Sokulks live on fish, roots, and antelope. Eneeshur,

Echeloots, and Chilluckittequaw, on fish, berries, roots and nuts.

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 444-5, 340-1, 352, 365, 370. Spokanes

live on deer, wild fowl, salmon, trout, carp, pine-moss, roots and wild

fruit. They have no repugnance to horse-flesh, but never kill horses for

food. The Sinapoils live on salmon, camas, and an occasional small deer.

The Chaudiere country well stocked with game, fish and fruit. _Cox's

Adven._, vol. i., p. 201, vol. ii., p. 145. The Kayuse live on fish,

game, and camass bread. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 30-1. 'Ils cultivent avec

succès le blé, les patates, les pois et plusieurs autres légumes et

fruits.' _Id._, _Miss. de l'Orégon._, p. 67. Pend d'Oreilles; fish,

Kamash, and pine-tree moss. _Id._, _West. Missions_, p. 284. 'Whole time

was occupied in providing for their bellies, which were rarely full.'

_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 211. Yakimas and Kliketats; Unis or

fresh-water muscles, little game, sage-fowl and grouse, kamas, berries,

salmon. The Okanagans raise some potatoes. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., pp. 404, 408, 413. Kootenais; fish and wild fowl,

berries and pounded meat, have cows and oxen. _Palliser's Explor._, pp.

10, 72. Palouse; fish, birds, and small animals. Umatillas; fish,

sage-cocks, prairie-hares. _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 97, 105-6.

Tushepaws would not permit horses or dogs to be eaten. _Irving's

Astoria_, p. 316. Nez Percés; beaver, elk, deer, white bear, and

mountain sheep, also steamed roots. _Id._, _Bonneville's Adven._, p.

301. Sahaptin; gather cherries and berries on Clarke River. _Gass'

Jour._, p. 193; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 151; _Hines' Voy._, p. 167;

_Brownell's Ind. Races_, pp. 533-5; _Stanley's Portraits_, pp. 63-71;

_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 263-4;

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 228-31, 309; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, vol. iv., p. 474; _Hale's Ethnog._, _Ib._, vol. vi., p. 206.

[395] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 383, 548; _Parker's Explor. Tour_,

pp. 230, 312; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 148; _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 46-7,

198; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 197-9, 358, vol. ii., pp. 155, 373,

375; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 295; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54, 58, 59.

[396] The Okanagan weapon is called a _Spampt_. _Ross' Adven._, pp.

318-19; _Id._, _Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 306-8. 'Ils ... faire leurs

arcs d'un bois très-élastique, ou de la corne du cerf.' _De Smet_,

_Voy._, p. 48; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 488;

_Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 405; _Townsend's Nar._, p.

98; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 317; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 351;

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 106-7, 233; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p.

216.

[397] Torture of Blackfeet prisoners; burning with a red-hot gun-barrel,

pulling out the nails, taking off fingers, scooping out the eyes,

scalping, revolting cruelties to female captives. The disputed right of

the Flatheads to hunt buffalo at the eastern foot of the mountains is

the cause of the long-continued hostility. The wisest and bravest is

annually elected war chief. The war chief carries a long whip and

secures discipline by flagellation. Except a few feathers and pieces of

red cloth, both the Flathead and Kootenai enter battle perfectly naked.

_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 232-45, vol. ii., p. 160. The Cayuse and

Sahaptin are the most warlike of all the southern tribes. The Nez Percés

good warriors, but do not follow war as a profession. _Ross' Fur

Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 185-6, 305, 308-12, vol. ii., pp. 93-6, 139.

Among the Okanagans 'the hot bath, council, and ceremony of smoking the

great pipe before war, is always religiously observed. Their laws,

however, admit of no compulsion, nor is the chief's authority implicitly

obeyed on these occasions; consequently, every one judges for himself,

and either goes or stays as he thinks proper. With a view, however, to

obviate this defect in their system, they have instituted the dance,

which answers every purpose of a recruiting service.' 'Every man,

therefore, who enters within this ring and joins in the dance ... is in

honour bound to assist in carrying on the war.' _Id._, _Adven._, pp.

319-20. Mock battles and military display for the entertainment of white

visitors. _Hines' Voy._, pp. 173-4. The Chilluckittequaws cut off the

forefingers of a slain enemy as trophies. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._,

pp. 375-6. When scouting, 'Flathead chief would ride at full gallop so

near the foe as to flap in their faces the eagle's tail streaming behind

(from his cap), yet no one dared seize the tail or streamer, it being

considered sacrilegious and fraught with misfortune to touch it.'

_Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 238. A thousand Walla Wallas

came to the Sacramento River in 1846, to avenge the death of a young

chief killed by an American about a year before. _Colton's Three Years

in Cal._, p. 52. One Flathead is said to be equal to four Blackfeet in

battle. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31, 49; _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 312-13;

_Gray's Hist. Ogn._, pp. 171-4; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 233-7;

_Stanley's Portraits_, pp. 65-71; _Ind. Life_, pp. 23-5; _Wilkes' Nar._,

in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 495.

[398] White marl clay used to cleanse skin robes, by making it into a

paste, rubbing it on the hide and leaving it to dry, after which it is

rubbed off. Saddles usually sit uneasily on the horse's back. _Parker's

Explor. Tour_, pp. 106, 232-4. 'Mallet of stone curiously carved' among

the Sokulks. Near the Cascades was seen a ladder resembling those used

by the whites. The Pishquitpaws used 'a saddle or pad of dressed skin,

stuffed with goats' hair.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 353, 370,

375, 528. On the Fraser a rough kind of isinglass was at one time

prepared and traded to the Hudson Bay Company. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i.,

p. 177. 'The Sahaptins still make a kind of vase of lava, somewhat in

the shape of a crucible, but very wide; they use it as a mortar for

pounding the grain, of which they make cakes.' _Domenech's Deserts_,

vol. ii., pp. 64, 243. (Undoubtedly an error.) Pend d'Oreilles; 'les

femmes ... font des nattes de joncs, des paniers, et des chapeaux sans

bords.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 199. 'Nearly all (the Shushwaps) use the

Spanish wooden saddle, which they make with much skill.' _Mayne's B.

C._, pp. 301-2. 'The saddles for women differ in form, being furnished

with the antlers of a deer, so as to resemble the high pommelled saddle

of the Mexican ladies.' _Franchère's Nar._, pp. 269-70; _Palmer's

Jour._, p. 129; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 317, 365; _Cox's Adven._, vol.

i., pp. 148-9.

[399] 'The white-pine bark is a very good substitute for birch, but has

the disadvantage of being more brittle in cold weather.' _Suckley_, in

_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 296. Yakima boats are 'simply logs

hollowed out and sloped up at the ends, without form or finish.'

_Gibbs_, in _Id._, p. 408. The Flatheads 'have no canoes, but in

ferrying streams use their lodge skins, which are drawn up into an oval

form by cords, and stretched on a few twigs. These they tow with horses,

riding sometimes three abreast.' _Stevens_, in _Id._, p. 415. In the

Kootenai canoe 'the upper part is covered, except a space in the

middle.' The length is twenty-two feet, the bottom being a dead level

from end to end. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., pp. 169-70. 'The length

of the bottom of the one I measured was twelve feet, the width between

the gunwales only seven and one half feet.' 'When an Indian paddles it,

he sits at the extreme end, and thus sinks the conical point, which

serves to steady the canoe like a fish's tail.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii.,

pp. 178-9, 255-7. On the Arrow Lakes 'their form is also peculiar and

very beautiful. These canoes run the rapids with more safety than those

of any other shape.' _Kane's Wand._, p. 328. See _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp.

35, 187; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 319; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 375;

_Hector_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 27; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, pp. 208, 214, 223, 238.

[400] 'The tradition is that horses were obtained from the southward,'

not many generations back. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp.

247, 177-8. Individuals of the Walla Wallas have over one thousand

horses. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. Bay_, p. 83. Kootenais

rich in horses and cattle. _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 44, 73. Kliketat

and Yakima horses sometimes fine, but injured by early usage;

deteriorated from a good stock; vicious and lazy. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R.

R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 405. 'La richesse principale des sauvages de

l'ouest consiste en chevaux.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 47, 56. At an

assemblage of Walla Wallas, Shahaptains and Kyoots, 'the plains were

literally covered with horses, of which there could not have been less

than four thousand in sight of the camp.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 127. The

Kootanies about Arrow Lake, or Sinatcheggs have no horses, as the

country is not suitable for them. _Id._, _Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., pp.

171-2. Of the Spokanes the 'chief riches are their horses, which they

generally obtain in barter from the Nez Percés.' _Cox's Adven._, vol.

i., p. 200. A Skyuse is poor who has but fifteen or twenty horses. The

horses are a fine race, 'as large and of better form and more activity

than most of the horses of the States.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 82. The

Flatheads 'are the most northern of the equestrian tribes.' _Nicolay's

Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Many Nez Percés 'have from five to fifteen hundred

head of horses.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 128-9. Indians of the Spokane and

Flathead tribes 'own from one thousand to four thousand head of horses

and cattle.' _Stevens' Address_, p. 12. The Nez Percé horses 'are

principally of the pony breed; but remarkably stout and long-winded.'

_Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301; _Hastings' Em. Guide_, p. 59;

_Hines' Voy._, p. 344; _Gass' Jour._, p. 295; _Parker's Explor. Tour_,

p. 230.

[401] The Chilluckittequaw intercourse seems to be an intermediate trade

with the nations near the mouth of the Columbia. The Chopunnish trade

for, as well as hunt, buffalo-robes east of the mountains. Course of

trade in the Sahaptin county: The plain Indians during their stay on the

river from May to September, before they begin fishing, go down to the

falls with skins, mats, silk-grass, rushes and chapelell bread. Here

they meet the mountain tribes from the Kooskooskie (Clearwater) and

Lewis rivers, who bring bear-grass, horses, quamash and a few skins

obtained by hunting or by barter from the Tushepaws. At the falls are

the Chilluckittequaws, Eneeshurs, Echeloots and Skilloots, the latter

being intermediate traders between the upper and lower tribes. These

tribes have pounded fish for sale; and the Chinooks bring wappato,

sea-fish, berries, and trinkets obtained from the whites. Then the trade

begins; the Chopunnish and mountain tribes buy wappato, pounded fish and

beads; and the plain Indians buy wappato, horses, beads, etc. _Lewis and

Clarke's Trav._, pp. 341, 382, 444-5. Horse-fairs in which the natives

display the qualities of their steeds with a view to sell. _Lord's

Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 86-7. The Oakinacks make trips to the Pacific to

trade wild hemp for hiaqua shells and trinkets. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 291,

323. Trade conducted in silence between a Flathead and Crow. _De Smet_,

_Voy._, p. 56. Kliketats and Yakimas 'have become to the neighboring

tribes what the Yankees were to the once Western States, the traveling

retailers of notions.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 403,

406. Cayuses, Walla Wallas, and Nez Percés meet in Grande Ronde Valley

to trade with the Snakes. _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol. i., p. 270;

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 208; _Cox's Adven._,

vol. ii., pp. 88-9, 156; _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 46, 54; _Dunniway's Capt.

Gray's Comp._, p. 160; _Coke's Rocky Mts._, p. 294; _Mayne's B. C._, p.

299; _Gass' Jour._, p. 205.

[402] In calculating time the Okanagans use their fingers, each finger

standing for ten; some will reckon to a thousand with tolerable

accuracy, but most can scarcely count to twenty. _Ross' Adven._, p. 324.

The Flatheads 'font néanmoins avec précision, sur des écorces d'arbres

ou sur des peaux le plan, des pays qu'ils ont parcourus, marquant les

distances par journées, demi-journées ou quarts de journées.' _De Smet_,

_Voy._, p. 205. Count years by snows, months by moons, and days by

sleeps. Have names for each number up to ten; then add ten to each; and

then add a word to multiply by ten. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 242.

Names of the months in the Pisquouse and Salish languages beginning with

January;--'cold, a certain herb, snow-gone, bitter-root, going to

root-ground, camass-root, hot, gathering berries, exhausted salmon, dry,

house-building, snow.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi.,

p. 211. 'Menses computant lunis, ex spkani, _sol_ vel _luna_ et dies per

ferias. Hebdomadam unicam per splcháskat, _septem dies_, plures vero

hebdomadas per s'chaxèus, id est, _vexillum_ quod a duce maximo qualibet

die dominica suspendebatur. Dies antem in novem dividitur partes.'

_Mengarini_, _Grammatica Linguae Selicae_, p. 120; _Sproat's Scenes_, p.

270; _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 374.

[403] The twelve Oakinack tribes 'form, as it were, so many states

belonging to the same union, and are governed by petty chiefs.' The

chieftainship descends from father to son; and though merely nominal in

authority, the chief is rarely disobeyed. Property pays for all crimes.

_Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-94, 322-3, 327. The Chualpays are governed by

the 'chief of the earth' and 'chief of the waters,' the latter having

exclusive authority in the fishing-season. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 309-13.

The Nez Percés offered a Flathead the position of head chief, through

admiration of his qualities. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 50, 171. Among the

Kalispels the chief appoints his successor, or if he fails to do so, one

is elected. _De Smet_, _Western Miss._, p. 297. The Flathead war chief

carries a long whip, decorated with scalps and feathers to enforce

strict discipline. The principal chief is hereditary. _Cox's Adven._,

vol. i., pp. 241-2, vol. ii., p. 88. The 'camp chief' of the Flatheads

as well as the war chief was chosen for his merits. _Ind. Life_, pp.

28-9. Among the Nez Percés and Wascos 'the form of government is

patriarchal. They acknowledge the hereditary principle--blood generally

decides who shall be the chief.' _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,

vol. v., pp. 652-4. No regularly recognized chief among the Spokanes,

but an intelligent and rich man often controls the tribe by his

influence. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 475-6. 'The

Salish can hardly be said to have any regular form of government.'

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 207-8. Every winter

the Cayuses go down to the Dalles to hold a council over the Chinooks

'to ascertain their misdemeanors and punish them therefor by whipping'!

_Farnham's Trav._, p. 81-2. Among the Salish 'criminals are sometimes

punished by banishment from their tribe.' 'Fraternal union and the

obedience to the chiefs are truly admirable.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., pp. 343-4; _Hines' Voy._, p. 157; _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 63;

_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 311-12; _White's Oregon_, p. 189; _Pickering's

Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 108; _Joset_, in _Nouvelles

Annales des Voy._, tom. cxxiii., 1849, pp. 334-40.

[404] 'Slavery is common with all the tribes.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in

_Martin's Hud. B._, p. 83. Sahaptins always make slaves of prisoners of

war. The Cayuses have many. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,

p. 654; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 56. Among the Okanagans 'there are but few

slaves ... and these few are adopted as children, and treated in all

respects as members of the family.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 320. The inland

tribes formerly practiced slavery, but long since abolished it.

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 247. 'Not practised in the interior.'

_Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. Not practiced by the Shushwaps. _Anderson_, in

_Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 78.

[405] Each Okanagan 'family is ruled by the joint will or authority of

the husband and wife, but more particularly by the latter.' Wives live

at different camps among their relatives; one or two being constantly

with the husband. Brawls constantly occur when several wives meet. The

women are chaste, and attached to husband and children. At the age of

fourteen or fifteen the young man pays his addresses in person to the

object of his love, aged eleven or twelve. After the old folks are in

bed, he goes to her wigwam, builds a fire, and if welcome the mother

permits the girl to come and sit with him for a short time. These visits

are several times repeated, and he finally goes in the day-time with

friends and his purchase money. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 295-302. The Spokane

husband joins his wife's tribe; women are held in great respect; and

much affection is shown for children. Among the Nez Percés both men and

women have the power of dissolving the marriage tie at pleasure.

_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 410, 475-6, 486, 495.

The Coeurs d'Alêne 'have abandoned polygamy.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., pp. 149, 309; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i.,

p. 406. Pend d'Oreille women less enslaved than in the mountains, but

yet have much heavy work, paddle canoes, etc. Generally no marriage

among savages. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 198-9, 210. The Nez Percés

generally confine themselves to two wives, and rarely marry cousins. No

wedding ceremony. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 655.

Polygamy not general on the Fraser; and unknown to Kootenais. _Cox's

Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 155, 379, vol. i., pp. 256-9. Nez Percés have

abandoned polygamy. _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 129, 56. Flathead women do

everything but hunt and fight. _Ind. Life_, p. 41. Flathead women 'by no

means treated as slaves, but, on the contrary, have much consideration

and authority.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 207.

'Rarely marry out of their own nation,' and do not like their women to

marry whites. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 313-14. The Sokulk men 'are said to

content themselves with a single wife, with whom ... the husband shares

the labours of procuring subsistence much more than is usual among

savages.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 351; _Dunniway's Capt. Gray's

Comp._, p. 161; _Gray's Hist. Ogn._, p. 171; _Tolmie and Anderson_, in

_Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-5; _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 208; _De

Smet's West. Miss._, p. 289.

[406] The wife of a young Kootenai left him for another, whereupon he

shot himself. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 169. Among the Flatheads

'conjugal infidelity is scarcely known.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 311. The

Sahaptins 'do not exhibit those loose feelings of carnal desire, nor

appear addicted to the common customs of prostitution.' _Gass' Jour._,

p. 275. Inland tribes have a reputation for chastity, probably due to

circumstances rather than to fixed principles. _Mayne's B. C._, p. 300.

Spokanes 'free from the vice of incontinence'. Among the Walla Wallas

prostitution is unknown, 'and I believe no inducement would tempt them

to commit a breach of chastity.' Prostitution common on the Fraser.

_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 145, 199-200. Nez Percé women remarkable

for their chastity. _Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 655.

[407] In the Salish family on the birth of a child wealthy relatives

make presents of food and clothing. The Nez Percé mother gives presents

but receives none on such an occasion. The Flatheads and Pend d'Oreilles

bandage the waist and legs of infants with a view to producing

broad-shouldered, small-waisted and straight-limbed adults. _Tolmie and

Anderson_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 231-2. Among the Walla Wallas

'when traveling a hoop, bent over the head of the child, protects it

from injury.' The confinement after child-birth continues forty days. At

the first menstruation the Spokane woman must conceal herself two days

in the forest; for a man to see her would be fatal; she must then be

confined for twenty days longer in a separate lodge. _Wilkes' Nar._, in

_U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 426-8, 485. The Okanagan mother is not

allowed to prepare her unborn infant's swaddling clothes, which consist

of a piece of board, a bit of skin, a bunch of moss, and a string.

_Ross' Adven._, pp. 324-30. 'Small children, not more than three years

old, are mounted alone and generally upon colts.' Younger ones are

carried on the mother's back 'or suspended from a high knob upon the

forepart of their saddles.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 98. Houses among

the Chopunnish 'appropriated for women who are undergoing the operation

of the menses.' 'When anything is to be conveyed to these deserted

females, the person throws it to them forty or fifty paces off, and then

retires.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 539; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 78;

_Alvord_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 655.

[408] With the Pend d'Oreilles 'it was not uncommon for them to bury the

very old and the very young alive, because, they said, "these cannot

take care of themselves, and we cannot take care of them, and they had

better die."' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 211; _Suckley_,

in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 297; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii.,

p. 328; _White's Ogn._, p. 96; _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 148-9.

[409] In the Yakima Valley 'we visited every street, alley, hole and

corner of the camp.... Here was gambling, there scalp-dancing; laughter

in one place, mourning in another. Crowds were passing to and fro,

whooping, yelling, dancing, drumming, singing. Men, women, and children

were huddled together; flags flying, horses neighing, dogs howling,

chained bears, tied wolves, grunting and growling, all pell-mell among

the tents.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 28. At Kettle Falls 'whilst

awaiting the coming salmon, the scene is one great revel: horse-racing,

gambling, love-making, dancing, and diversions of all sorts, occupy the

singular assembly; for at these annual gatherings ... feuds and dislikes

are for the time laid by.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp. 72-3.

[410] The principal amusement of the Okanagans is gambling, 'at which

they are not so quarrelsome as the Spokans and other tribes,' disputes

being settled by arbitration. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 88. A young

man at Kettle Falls committed suicide, having lost everything at

gambling. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 309-10. 'Les Indiens de la Colombie ont

porté les jeux de hasard au dernier excès. Après avoir perdu tout ce

qu'ils ont, ils se mettent eux-mêmes sur le tapis, d'abord une main,

ensuite l'autre; s'ils les perdent, les bras, et ainsi de suite tous les

membres du corps; la tête suit, et s'ils la perdent, ils deviennent

esclaves pour la vie avec leurs femmes et leurs enfants.' _De Smet_,

_Voy._, pp. 49-50. Many Kooteneais have abandoned gambling. _De Smet_,

_West. Miss._, p. 300. 'Whatever the poor Indian can call his own, is

ruthlessly sacrificed to this Moloch of human weakness.' _Ind. Life_, p.

42; _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 102-3.

[411] Spokanes; 'one of their great amusements is horse-racing.'

_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 487. Kliketats and

Yakimas; 'the racing season is the grand annual occasion of these

tribes. A horse of proved reputation is a source of wealth or ruin to

his owner. On his speed he stakes his whole stud, his household goods,

clothes, and finally his wives; and a single heat doubles his fortune,

or sends him forth an impoverished adventurer. The interest, however is

not confined to the individual directly concerned; the tribe share it

with him, and a common pile of goods, of motley description, apportioned

according to their ideas of value, is put up by either party, to be

divided among the backers of the winner.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. i., pp. 404, 412. 'Running horses and foot-races by men,

women and children, and they have games of chance played with sticks or

bones;' do not drink to excess. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 237, 406.

_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 557; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 269.

[412] _Kane's Wand._, pp. 310-11.

[413] The principal Okanagan amusement is a game called by the voyageurs

'jeu de main,' like our odd and even. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex.

Ex._, p. 463. It sometimes takes a week to decide the game. The loser

never repines. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 308-11; _Stuart's Montana_, p. 71.

[414] Among the Wahowpums 'the spectators formed a circle round the

dancers, who, with their robes drawn tightly round the shoulders, and

divided into parties of five or six men, perform by crossing in a line

from one side of the circle to the other. All the parties, performers as

well as spectators, sing, and after proceeding in this way for some

time, the spectators join, and the whole concludes by a promiscuous

dance and song.' The Walla Wallas 'were formed into a solid column,

round a kind of hollow square, stood on the same place, and merely

jumped up at intervals, to keep time to the music.' _Lewis and Clarke's

Trav._, pp. 526, 531. Nez Percés dance round a pole on Sundays, and the

chiefs exhort during the pauses. _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, pp.

101-2, 245. In singing 'they use _hi_, _ah_, in constant repetition, ...

and instead of several parts harmonizing, they only take eighths one

above another, never exceeding three.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp.

242-3. 'The song was a simple expression of a few sounds, no

intelligible words being uttered. It resembled the words

_ho-ha-ho-ha-ho-ha-ha-ha_, commencing in a low tone, and gradually

swelling to a full, round, and beautifully modulated chorus.'

_Townsend's Nar._, p. 106. Chualpay scalp-dance. _Kane's Wand._, p. 315.

Religious songs. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 338-40; _Palmer's Jour._, p. 124.

[415] De Smet thinks inhaling tobacco smoke may prevent its injurious

effects. _Voy._, p. 207. In all religious ceremonies the pipe of peace

is smoked. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 288-9. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 286;

_Hines' Voy._, p. 184. 'The medicine-pipe is a sacred pledge of

friendship among all the north-western tribes.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept._, 1854, p. 220.

[416] In moving, the girls and small boys ride three or four on a horse

with their mothers, while the men drive the herds of horses that run

loose ahead. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp. 71-3, 306. Horses left for

months without a guard, and rarely stray far. They call this 'caging'

them. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 187, 47, 56. 'Babies of fifteen months old,

packed in a sitting posture, rode along without fear, grasping the reins

with their tiny hands.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. xii., pt.

ii., p. 130, with plate; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp.

404-5; _Palliser's Rept._, p. 73; _Farnham's Trav._, pp. 81-;

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 365;

_Franchère's Nar._, pp. 269-71; _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 110-11.

[417] 'L'aigle ... est le grand oiseau de médecine.' _De Smet_, _Voy._,

pp. 46, 205; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 494-5;

_Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 212, and in _De Smet's West.

Miss._, pp. 285-6; _Suckley_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 297;

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 208-9; _Ross' Fur

Hunters_, vol. i., p. 64, vol. ii., p. 19; _Kane's Wand._, pp. 267,

280-1, 318.

[418] _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 343-4; _Parker's Explor. Tour_,

pp. 241-2; _Ross' Adven._, pp. 311-12.

[419] The Walla Wallas receive bad news with a howl. The Spokanes

'cache' their salmon. They are willing to change names with any one they

esteem. 'Suicide prevails more among the Indians of the Columbia River

than in any other portion of the continent which I have visited.'

_Kane's Wand._, pp. 282-3, 307-10. 'Preserve particular order in their

movements. The first chief leads the way, the next chiefs follow, then

the common men, and after these the women and children.' They arrange

themselves in similar order in coming forward to receive visitors. Do

not usually know their own age. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 87, 133-4,

242. Distance is calculated by time; a day's ride is seventy miles on

horseback, thirty-five miles on foot. _Ross' Adven._, p. 329. Natives

can tell by examining arrows to what tribe they belong. _Ross' Fur

Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 167. Kliketats and Yakimas often unwilling to

tell their name. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 405.

'D'après toutes les observations que j'ai faites, leur journée équivaut

à peu près à cinquante ou soixante milles anglais lorsqu'ils voyagent

seuls, et à quinze ou vingt milles seulement lorsqu'ils lèvent leur

camps.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 205. Among the Nez Percés everything was

promulgated by criers. 'The office of crier is generally filled by some

old man, who is good for little else. A village has generally several.'

_Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 286. Habits of worship of the

Flatheads in the missions. _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 315-6. 'A pack of

prick-eared curs, simply tamed prairie wolves, always in attendance.'

_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., pp. 71-3.

[420] The Nez Percés 'are generally healthy, the only disorders which we

have had occasion to remark being of scrophulous kind.' With the Sokulks

'a bad soreness of the eyes is a very common disorder.' 'Bad teeth are

very general.' The Chilluckittequaws' diseases are sore eyes, decayed

teeth, and tumors. The Walla Wallas have ulcers and eruptions of the

skin, and occasionally rheumatism. The Chopunnish had 'scrofula,

rheumatism, and sore eyes,' and a few have entirely lost the use of

their limbs. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 341, 352, 382, 531, 549.

The medicine-man uses a medicine-bag of relics in his incantations.

_Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 240-1. The Okanagan medicine-men are called

_tlaquillaughs_, and 'are men generally past the meridian of life; in

their habits grave and sedate.' 'They possess a good knowledge of herbs

and roots, and their virtues.' I have often 'seen him throw out whole

mouthfuls of blood, and yet not the least mark would appear on the

skin.' 'I once saw an Indian who had been nearly devoured by a grizzly

bear, and had his skull split open in several places, and several pieces

of bone taken out just above the brain, and measuring three-fourths of

an inch in length, cured so effectually by one of these jugglers, that

in less than two months after he was riding on his horse again at the

chase. I have also seen them cut open the belly with a knife, extract a

large quantity of fat from the inside, sew up the part again, and the

patient soon after perfectly recovered.' The most frequent diseases are

'indigestion, fluxes, asthmas, and consumptions.' Instances of longevity

rare. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 302-8. A desperate case of consumption cured

by killing a dog each day for thirty-two days, ripping it open and

placing the patient's legs in the warm intestines, administering some

barks meanwhile. The Flatheads subject to few diseases; splints used for

fractures, bleeding with sharp flints for contusions, ice-cold baths for

ordinary rheumatism, and vapor bath with cold plunge for chronic

rheumatism. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., pp. 90-3, vol. i., pp. 248-51.

Among the Walla Wallas convalescents are directed to sing some hours

each day. The Spokanes require all garments, etc., about the death-bed

to be buried with the body, hence few comforts for the sick. _Wilkes'

Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., pp. 426-7, 485. The Flatheads say

their wounds cure themselves. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 198-200. The Wascos

cure rattlesnake bites by salt applied to the wound or by whisky taken

internally. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 265, 273, 317-18. A female doctor's

throat cut by the father of a patient she had failed to cure. _Hines'

Voy._, p. 190. The office of medicine-men among the Sahaptins is

generally hereditary. Men often die from fear of a medicine-man's evil

glance. Rival doctors work on the fears of patients to get each other

killed. Murders of doctors somewhat rare among the Nez Percés. _Alvord_,

in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., pp. 652-3, 655. Small-pox seems to

have come among the Yakimas and Kliketats before direct intercourse with

whites. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 405, 408. A Nez

Percé doctor killed by a brother of a man who had shot himself in

mourning for his dead relative; the brother in turn killed, and several

other lives lost. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 239.

[421] The Sokulks wrap the dead in skins, bury them in graves, cover

with earth, and mark the grave by little pickets of wood struck over and

about it. On the Columbia below the Snake was a shed-tomb sixty by

twelve feet, open at the ends, standing east and west. Recently dead

bodies wrapped in leather and arranged on boards at the west end. About

the centre a promiscuous heap of partially decayed corpses; and at

eastern end a mat with twenty-one skulls arranged in a circle. Articles

of property suspended on the inside and skeletons of horses scattered

outside. About the Dalles eight vaults of boards eight feet square, and

six feet high, and all the walls decorated with pictures and carvings.

The bodies were laid east and west. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp.

344-5, 359-60, 379-80, 557-8. Okanagans observe silence about the

death-bed, but the moment the person dies the house is abandoned, and

clamorous mourning is joined in by all the camp for some hours; then

dead silence while the body is wrapped in a new garment, brought out,

and the lodge torn down. Then alternate mourning and silence, and the

deceased is buried in a sitting posture in a round hole. Widows must

mourn two years, incessantly for some months, then only morning and

evening. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 321-2. Frantic mourning, cutting the flesh,

etc., by Nez Percés. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., pp. 234-5, 238-9,

vol. ii., p. 139. Destruction of horses and other property by Spokanes.

_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 200-1. A Shushwap widow instigates the

murder of a victim as a sacrifice to her husband. The horses of a Walla

Walla chief not used after his death. _Kane's Wand._, pp. 178-9, 264-5,

277, 289. Hundreds of Wasco bodies piled in a small house on an island,

just below the Dalles. A Walla Walla chief caused himself to be buried

alive in the grave of his last son. _Hines' Voy._, pp. 159, 184-8. Among

the Yakimas and Kliketats the women do the mourning, living apart for a

few days, and then bathing. Okanagan bodies strapped to a tree. Stone

mounds over Spokane graves. _Gibbs and Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,

vol. i., pp. 405, 413, vol. xii., pt. i., p. 150. Pend d'Oreilles buried

old and young alive when unable to take care of them. _Ind. Aff. Rept._,

1854, pp. 211, 238. 'High conical stacks of drift-wood' over Walla Walla

graves. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 157. Shushwaps often deposit dead in

trees. If in the ground, always cover grave with stones. _Mayne's B.

C._, p. 304. Killing a slave by Wascos. _White's Ogn._, pp. 260-3.

Dances and prayers for three days at Nez Percé chief's burial. _Irving's

Bonneville's Adven._, p. 283. Burying infant with parents by Flatheads.

_De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 173. Light wooden pilings about Shushwap graves.

_Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass._, p. 242; _Alvord_, in

_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 655; _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 104;

_Palmer_, in _B. C. Papers_, pt. iii., p. 85; _Gass' Jour._, p. 219;

_Ind. Life_, p. 55; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 237-8,

260-1.

[422] Sokulks 'of a mild and peaceable disposition,' respectful to old

age. Chilluckittequaws 'unusually hospitable and good humoured.'

Chopunnish 'the most amiable we have seen. Their character is placid and

gentle, rarely moved into passion.' 'They are indeed selfish and

avaricious.' Will pilfer small articles. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp.

338, 341, 351, 376, 556-8, 564. The Flatheads 'se distinguent par la

civilité, l'honnétété, et la bonté.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 31-2, 38-40,

47-50, 166-74, 202-4. Flatheads 'the best Indians of the mountains and

the plains,--honest, brave, and docile.' Kootenais 'men of great

docility and artlessness of character.' _Stevens and Hoecken_, in _De

Smet's West. Miss._, pp. 281, 284, 290, 300. Coeurs d'Alène selfish and

poor-spirited. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 329. In the Walla

Wallas 'an air of open unsuspecting confidence,' 'natural politeness,'

no obtrusive familiarity. Flatheads 'frank and hospitable.' Except

cruelty to captives have 'fewer failings than any of the tribes I ever

met.' Brave, quiet, and amenable to their chiefs. Spokanes 'quiet,

honest, inoffensive,' but rather indolent. 'Thoughtless and

improvident.' Okanagans 'Indolent rascals;' 'an honest and quiet tribe.'

Sanspoils dirty, slothful, dishonest, quarrelsome, etc. Coeurs d'Alène

'uniformly honest;' 'more savage than their neighbours.' Kootenais

honest, brave, jealous, truthful. Kamloops 'thieving and quarrelling.'

_Cox's Adven._, vol. i., pp. 145, 148, 192, 199, 239-40, 262-3, 344,

vol. ii., pp. 44, 87-8, 109, 145-60. Okanagans active and industrious,

revengeful, generous and brave. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 142, 290-5, 327-9.

Skeen 'a hardy, brave people.' Cayuses far more vicious and ungovernable

than the Walla Wallas. Nez Percés treacherous and villainous. _Kane's

Wand._, pp. 263, 280, 290, 307-8, 315. Nez Percés 'a quiet, civil,

people, but proud and haughty.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 128, 48, 53, 59,

61, 124-7. 'Kind to each other.' 'Cheerful and often gay, sociable, kind

and affectionate, and anxious to receive instruction.' 'Lying scarcely

known.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, pp. 97, 105, 232, 239, 303-4, 311-12.

Of the Nicutemuchs 'the habitual vindictiveness of their character is

fostered by the ceaseless feuds.' 'Nearly every family has a minor

vendetta of its own.' 'The races that depend entirely or chiefly on

fishing, are immeasurably inferior to those tribes who, with nerves and

sinews braced by exercise, and minds comparatively ennobled by frequent

excitement, live constantly amid war and the chase.' _Anderson_, in

_Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., pp. 77-80. Inland tribes of British Columbia

less industrious and less provident than the more sedentary coast

Indians. _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 301, 297. Sahaptins 'cold, taciturn,

high-tempered, warlike, fond of hunting.' Palouse, Yakimas, Kliketats,

etc., of a 'less hardy and active temperament' than the Nez Percés.

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 199, 210-13. Cayuses

'dreaded by their neighbors on account of their courage and warlike

spirit.' Walla Wallas 'notorious as thieves since their first

intercourse with whites.' 'Indolent, superstitious, drunken and

debauched.' Character of Flatheads, Pend d'Oreilles, Umatillas. _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 207-9, 211, 218, 223, 282, 1861, pp. 164-5.

Yakimas and Kliketats 'much superior to the river Indians.' _Stevens_,

in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 405, 298, 403, 416, vol. xii., pt.

i., p. 139. Wascos 'exceedingly vicious.' _Hines' Voy._, pp. 159, 169.

The Nez Percés 'are, certainly, more like a nation of saints than a

horde of savages.' Skyuses, Walla Wallas. _Irving's Bonneville's

Adven._, pp. 101, 287, 289-90, 300. Tushepaws; _Irving's Astoria_, p.

316. Thompson River Indians rather a superior and clever race. _Victoria

Colonist_, Oct., 1860. 'Indians from the Rocky mountains to the falls of

Columbia, are an honest, ingenuous, and well disposed people,' but

rascals below the falls. _Gass' Jour._, p. 304. Flathead 'fierceness and

barbarity in war could not be exceeded.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 153.

Flatheads, Walla Wallas and Nez Percés; _Gray's Hist. Ogn._, pp. 171,

219. Kootenais; _Palliser's Explor._, pp. 44, 73. Salish, Walla Wallas;

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 88, vol. ii., p. 64. Walla Wallas,

Cayuses, and Nez Percés; _White's Oregon_, p. 174. Walla Wallas,

Kootenais; _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 85, 178. Flatheads, Nez Percés;

_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 311, 315, 326-8. Nez Percés; _Catlin's N. Am.

Ind._, vol. ii., p. 109; _Franchère's Nar._, p. 268. Kayuses, Walla

Wallas; _Townsend's Nar._, p. 156. Sahaptins; _Wilkes' Hist. Ogn._, p.

106. Nez Percés; _Hastings' Emigrants' Guide_, p. 59. Flatheads; _Ind.

Life_, pp. ix., x., 25. At Dalles; _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,

vol. iv., p. 412. Shushwaps; _Grant's Ocean to Ocean_, pp. 288-304, 313.

At Dalles; _Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p.

82; _Stuart_, in _Id._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 43. Pend d'Oreilles;

_Joset_, in _Id._, 1849, tom. cxxiii., pp. 334-40.

[Illustration: NATIVE RACES of the PACIFIC STATES

CALIFORNIAN GROUP]