Billechoola, and inhabit both the mainland and the northern entrance of
Vancouver's Island from latitude 53° 30´ N. to 50° 30´ N.' _Scouler_, in
_Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224. 'The Hailtsa commencing in
about latitude 51° N., and extending through the ramifications of
Fitzhugh and Milbank Sounds.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p.
74. 'An diesem Sunde (Milbank) wohnen die Hailtsa-Indianer.'
_Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 383; _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol.
ii., p. 230.
[Sidenote: THE NOOTKA FAMILY.]
THE NOOTKA FAMILY dwells south of the Haidah, occupying the coast of
British Columbia, from Bentinck Arms to the mouth of the Fraser, and the
whole of Vancouver Island. By other authors the name has been employed
to designate a tribe at Nootka Sound, or applied to nearly all the Coast
tribes of the Columbian Group. 'The native population of Vancouver
Island ... is chiefly composed of the following tribes:--North and East
coasts (in order in which they stand from North to South)--Quackolls,
Newittees, Comuxes, Yukletas, Suanaimuchs, Cowitchins, Sanetchs, other
smaller tribes;--South Coast (... from East to West)--Tsomass,
Tsclallums, Sokes, Patcheena, Sennatuch;--West Coast ... (from South to
North)--Nitteenats, Chadukutl, Oiatuch, Toquatux, Schissatuch,
Upatsesatuch, Cojuklesatuch, Uqluxlatuch, Clayoquots, Nootkas, Nespods,
Koskeemos, other small tribes.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,
vol. xxvii., p. 293. 'In Barclay Sound: Pacheenett, Nittinat, Ohiat,
Ouchuchlisit, Opecluset, Shechart, Toquart, Ucletah, Tsomass;--Clayoquot
Sound: Clayoquot, Kilsamat, Ahouset, Mannawousut, Ishquat;--Nootka
Sound: Matchclats, Moachet, Neuchallet, Ehateset.' _Mayne's B. C._, p.
251. 'About Queen Charlotte Sound;--Naweetee, Quacolth, Queehavuacolt
(or Queehaquacoll), Marmalillacalla, Clowetsus (or Clawetsus), Murtilpar
(or Martilpar), Nimkish, Wewarkka, Wewarkkum, Clallueis (or Clalluiis),
Cumquekis, Laekquelibla, Clehuse (or Clehure), Soiitinu (or Soiilenu),
Quicksutinut (or Quicksulinut), Aquamish, Clelikitte, Narkocktau,
Quainu, Exenimuth, (or Cexeninuth), Tenuckttau, Oiclela.' _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol. On the seaboard,
south of Nitinaht Sound, and on the Nitinaht River, the Pacheenaht and
Nitinaht tribes; on Barclay, otherwise Nitinaht Sound, the Ohyaht,
Howchuklisaht, Opechisaht, Seshaht, Youclulaht, and Toquaht tribes; on
Klahohquaht Sound, the Klahohquaht, Killsmaht, Ahousaht and Manohsaht
tribes; on Nootkah Sound, the Hishquayaht, Muchlaht, Moouchat (the
so-called Nootkahs), Ayhuttisaht and Noochahlaht; north of Nootkah
Sound, the Kyohquaht, Chaykisaht, and Klahosaht tribes. _Sproat's
Scenes_, p. 308. Alphabetical list of languages on Vancouver Island:
Ahowzarts, Aitizzarts, Aytcharts, Cayuquets, Eshquates (or Esquiates),
Klahars, Klaizzarts, Klaooquates (or Tlaoquatch), Michlaïts, Mowatchits,
Neuchadlits, Neuwitties, Newchemass, (Nuchimas), Savinnars, Schoomadits,
Suthsetts, Tlaoquatch, Wicananish. _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p.
349. 'Among those from the north were the Aitizzarts, Schoomadits,
Neuwitties, Savinnars, Ahowzarts, Mowatchits, Suthsetts, Neuchadlits,
Michlaits, and Cayuquets; the most of whom were considered as tributary
to Nootka. From the South the Aytcharts, and Esquiates also tributary,
with the Klaooquates and the Wickanninish, a large and powerful tribe,
about two hundred miles distant.' _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 36-7. 'Tribes
situated between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert, on the north of Vancouver
Island, and the mainland Indians between the same points ... are divided
into several tribes, the Nanoose, Comoux, Nimpkish, Quawguult, &c., on
the Island; and the Squawmisht, Sechelt, Clahoose, Ucletah,
Mamalilaculla, &c., on the coast, and among the small islands off it.'
_Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. List of tribes on Vancouver Island: 'Songes,
Sanetch, Kawitchin, Uchulta, Nimkis, Quaquiolts, Neweetg, Quacktoe,
Nootka, Nitinat, Klayquoit, Soke.' _Findlay's Directory_, pp. 391-2. The
proper name of the Vancouver Island Tribes is Yucuatl. _Ludewig_, _Ab.
Lang._, p. 135. The Nootka Territory 'extends to the Northward as far as
Cape Saint James, in the latitude of 52° 20´ N. ... and to the Southward
to the Islands ... of the Wicananish.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 228. 'The
Cawitchans, Ucaltas, and Coquilths, who are I believe of the same
family, occupy the shores of the Gulf of Georgia and Johnston's
Straits.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 74. 'Twenty-four
tribes speaking the Challam and Cowaitzchim languages, from latitude 50°
along the Coast South to Whitby Island in latitude 48°; part of
Vancouver's Island, and the mouth of Franc's River.' Also on the Strait
of Juan de Fuca and Vancouver Islands, the Sanetch, three tribes;
Hallams, eleven tribes; Sinahomish; Skatcat; Cowitchici, seven tribes;
Soke; Cowitciher, three tribes. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's
Hudson's Bay_, p. 81; also in _Hazlitt's B. C._, pp. 66-7. Five tribes
at Fort Rupert;--Quakars, Qualquilths, Kumcutes, Wanlish, Lockqualillas.
_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 165. 'The Chicklezats and Ahazats, inhabiting
districts in close proximity on the west coast of Vancouver.'
_Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 41. 'North of the district occupied by the
Ucletahs come the Nimkish, Mamalilacula, Matelpy and two or three other
smaller tribes. The Mamalilaculas live on the mainland.' _Mayne's B.
C._, p. 249. The population of Vancouver Island 'is divided into twelve
tribes; of these the Kawitchen, Quaquidts and Nootka are the largest.'
_Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 30. 'Ouakichs, Grande île de Quadra et
Van Couver.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.
[Sidenote: NATIONS INHABITING VANCOUVER ISLAND.]
In naming the following tribes and nations I will begin at the north and
follow the west coast of the island southward, then the east coast and
main land northward to the starting-point.
The _Uclenus_ inhabit Scott Island. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.
488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.
The _Quanes_ dwell at Cape Scott. _Id._
The _Quactoe_ are found in the 'woody part N.W. coast of the island.'
_Findlay's Directory_, p. 391.
The _Koskiemos_ and _Quatsinos_ live on 'the two Sounds bearing those
names.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. Kuskema, and Quatsinu, 'outside
Vancouver's Island south of C. Scott.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of vol.
The _Kycucut_, 'north of Nootka Sound, is the largest tribe of the West
coast.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251.
The _Aitizzarts_ are 'a people living about thirty or forty miles to the
Northward' of Nootka Sound. _Jewitt's Nar._, pp. 63, 77.
The _Ahts_ live on the west coast of the island. 'The localities
inhabited by the Aht tribes are, chiefly, the three large Sounds on the
west coast of Vancouver Island, called Nitinaht (or Barclay)
Klahohquaht, and Nootkah.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 10.
The _Chicklezahts_ and _Ahazats_ inhabit districts in close proximity on
the west coast of Vancouver. _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 41.
The _Clayoquots_, or Klahohquahts, live at Clayoquot Sound, and the
Moouchats at Nootka Sound. _Sproat's Scenes_, pp. 22, 25. North of the
Wickininish. _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 76.
The _Toquahts_ are a people 'whose village is in a dreary, remote part
of Nitinaht (or Barclay) Sound.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 104.
The _Seshats_ live at Alberni, Barclay Sound. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 3.
The _Pacheenas_, or 'Pacheenetts, which I have included in Barclay
Sound, also inhabit Port San Juan.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251.
The _Tlaoquatch_ occupy the south-western part of Vancouver. 'Den
Südwesten der Quadra- und Vancouver-Insel nehmen die Tlaoquatch ein,
deren Sprache mit der vom Nutka-Sunde verwandt ist.' _Buschmann_, _Brit.
Nordamer._, p. 372. Tlaoquatch, or Tloquatch, on 'the south-western
coast of Vancouver's Island.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 188.
The _Sokes_ dwell 'between Victoria and Barclay Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._,
p. 251. 'East point of San Juan to the Songes territory.' _Findlay's
Directory_, p. 392.
The _Wickinninish_ live about two hundred miles south of Nootka.
_Jewitt's Nar._, p. 76.
The _Songhies_ are 'a tribe collected at and around Victoria.' _Mayne's
B. C._, p. 243. 'The Songhish tribe, resident near Victoria.' _Macfie's
Vanc. Isl._, p. 430. Songes, 'S.E. part of the island.' _Findlay's
Directory_, p. 391.
The _Sanetch_ dwell 'sixty miles N.W. of Mount Douglas.' _Findlay's
Directory_, p. 391.
The _Cowichins_ live 'in the harbour and valley of Cowitchen, about 40
miles north of Victoria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243. 'Cowichin river,
which falls into that (Haro) canal about 20 miles N. of Cowichin Head,
and derives its name from the tribe of Indians which inhabits the
neighbouring country.' _Douglas_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.
xxiv., p. 246. Kawitchin, 'country N.W. of Sanetch territory to the
entrance of Johnson's Straits.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391. 'North of
Fraser's River, and on the opposite shores of Vancouver's Island.'
_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 224. 'North of
Fraser's River, on the north-west coast.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 91.
The _Comux_, or Komux, 'live on the east coast between the Kowitchan and
the Quoquoulth tribes.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 311. Comoux, south of
Johnston Straits. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's
Wand._, end of vol. The Comoux 'extend as far as Cape Mudge.' _Mayne's
B. C._, p. 243.
The _Kwantlums_ dwell about the mouth of the Fraser. 'At and about the
entrance of the Fraser River is the Kuantlun tribe: they live in
villages which extend along the banks of the river as far as Langley.'
_Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243, 295.
The _Teets_ live on the lower Frazer River. 'From the falls (of the
Fraser) downward to the seacoast, the banks of the river are inhabited
by several branches of the Haitlin or Teet tribe.' _Anderson_, in
_Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'Extending from Langley to Yale, are the
Smess, Chillwayhook, Pallalts, and Teates.... The Smess Indians occupy
the Smess River and lake, and the Chillwayhooks the river and lake of
that name.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 295. Teate Indians. See _Bancroft's Map
of Pac. States_.
The _Nanaimos_ are 'gathered about the mouth of the Fraser.' _Mayne's B.
C._, p. 243.--Chiefly on a river named the Nanaimo, which falls into
Wentuhuysen Inlet. _Douglas_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xxiv.,
p. 247.
The _Squawmishts_ 'live in Howe Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.
The _Sechelts_ live on Jervis Inlet. _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 243-4.
The _Clahoose_, or Klahous, 'live in Desolation Sound.' _Mayne's B. C._,
pp. 243-4.
The _Nanoose_ 'inhabit the harbour and district of that name, which lies
50 miles north of Nanaimo.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 243.
The _Tacultas_, or Tahcultahs, live at Point Mudge on Valdes Island.
_Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 155.
The _Ucletas_ are found 'at and beyond Cape Mudge.' 'They hold
possession of the country on both sides of Johnstone Straits until met
20 or 30 miles south of Fort Rupert by the Nimpkish and Mamalilacullas.'
_Mayne's B. C._, p. 244. Yougletats--'Une partie campe sur l'ile
Vancouver elle-même, le reste habite sur le continent, au nord de la
Rivière Fraser.' _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 340. Yongletats,
both on Vancouver Island, and on the mainland above the Fraser River.
_Bolduc_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1845, tom. cviii., pp. 366-7.
The _Nimkish_ are 'at the mouth of the Nimpkish river, about 15 miles
below Fort Rupert.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 249; _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p.
158.
The _Necultas_ and _Queehanicultas_ dwell at the entrance of Johnston
Straits. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 488; _Kane's Wand._, end of
vol.
The _Quackolls_ and 'two smaller tribes, live at Fort Rupert.' _Mayne's
B. C._, pp. 244, 249. 'On the north-east side of Vancouver's Island, are
to be found the Coquilths.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_, p. 98.
Coquilths, a numerous tribe living at the north-east end. _Dunn's
Oregon_, p. 239. The Cogwell Indians live around Fort Rupert.
_Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p. 68.
The _Newittees_ 'east of Cape Scott ... meet the Quawguults at Fort
Rupert.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 251. Neweetg, 'at N.W. entrance of
Johnson's Straits.' _Findlay's Directory_, p. 391. 'At the northern
extremity of the island the Newette tribe.' _Cornwallis' N. El Dorado_,
p. 98. Newchemass came to Nootka 'from a great way to the Northward, and
from some distance inland.' _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 77.
The _Saukaulutucks_ inhabit the interior of the northern end of
Vancouver Island. _Lord's Nat._, vol. i., p. 158. 'At the back of
Barclay Sound, ... about two days' journey into the interior, live the
only inland tribe.... They are called the Upatse Satuch, and consist
only of four families.' _Grant_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.
xxvii., p. 287.
[Sidenote: THE SOUND FAMILY.]
THE SOUND FAMILY includes all the tribes about Puget Sound and Admiralty
Inlet, occupying all of Washington west of the Cascade Range, except a
narrow strip along the north bank of the Columbia. In locating the
nations of this family I begin with the extreme north-east, follow the
eastern shores of the sound southward, the western shores northward,
and the coast of the Pacific southward to Gray Harbor. List of tribes
between Olympia and Nawaukum River. 'Staktamish, Squaks'namish,
Sehehwamish, Squalliamish, Puyallupamish, S'homamish, Suquamish,
Sinahomish, Snoqualmook, Sinaahmish, Nooklummi.' _Tolmie_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, p. 251; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 434.
A canadian trapper found the following tribes between Fort Nisqually and
Fraser River; 'Sukwámes, Sunahúmes, Tshikátstat, Puiále, and Kawítshin.'
_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 220-1. Cheenales,
west; Cowlitz, south; and Nisqually, east of Puget Sound. _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map.
The _Shimiahmoos_ occupy the 'coast towards Frazer's river.' 'Between
Lummi Point and Frazer's River.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854,
pp. 247, 250. 'Most northern tribe on the American side of the line.'
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433; _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. v., p. 491.
The _Lummis_ 'are divided into three bands--a band for each mouth of the
Lummi River.' _Fitzhugh_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 327. 'On the
northern shore of Bellingham Bay.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1854, p. 244. 'Lummi river, and peninsula.' _Id._, p. 250. 'On a river
emptying into the northern part of Bellingham bay and on the peninsula.'
_Id._, p. 247, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433.
The _Nooksaks_ are 'on the south fork of the Lummi River.' _Stevens_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1851, p. 250. Nooksâhk, 'on the main fork of the
river.' _Id._, p. 247. Nooksáhk, 'above the Lummi, on the main fork of
the river.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 433. 'South fork
Lummi river.' _Id._, p. 435. Nootsaks 'occupy the territory from the
base of Mount Baker down to within five miles of the mouth of the
Lummi.' _Coleman_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xxxix., p. 799. Neuksacks
'principally around the foot of Mount Baker.' _Fitzhugh_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1857, p. 328. The Neukwers and Siamanas, or Stick Indians 'live
on lakes back of Whatcom and Siamana lakes and their tributaries.'
_Id._, p. 329. Three tribes at Bellingham Bay, Neuksack, Samish, and
Lummis, with some Neukwers and Siamanas who live in the back country.
_Id._, p. 326. Neuksacks, a tribe inhabiting a country drained by the
river of the same name ... taking the name Lummi before emptying into
the Gulf of Georgia. _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 188.
Nooklummie, 'around Bellingham's bay.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii.,
p. 389; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 714.
The _Samish_ live on Samish River and southern part of Bellingham Bay.
_Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 247, 250. 'They have several
islands which they claim as their inheritance, together with a large
scope of the main land.' _Fitzhugh_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 327.
The _Skagits_ 'live on the main around the mouth of Skagit river, and
own the central parts of Whidby's island, their principal ground being
the neighborhood of Penn's cove.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.
i., p. 433, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 246. Whidby's Island 'is
in the possession of the Sachet tribe.' _Thornton's Ogn. and Cal._, vol.
i., p. 300. The Sachets inhabit Whidby's Island. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U.
S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 510. Sachets, 'about Possession Sound.'
_Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. Skadjets, 'on both sides of the Skadjet
river, and on the north end of Whidby's Island.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. The Skagit,
'on Skagit river, and Penn's cove,' the N'quachamish, Smalèhhu,
Miskaiwhu, Sakuméhu, on the branches of the same river. _Stevens_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250; _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435.
Sockamuke, 'headwaters of Skagit River,' Neutubvig, 'north end of
Whidby's Island, and county between Skagit's river and Bellingham's
bay.' Cowewachin, Noothum, Miemissouks, north to Frazer River.
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598.
The _Kikiallis_ occupy the banks of 'Kikiallis river and Whitby's
island.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 246, 250.
The _Skeysehamish_ dwell in the 'country along the Skeysehamish river
and the north branch of the Sinahemish.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388.
The _Snohomish_ reside on 'the southern end of Whidby's island, and the
country on and near the mouth of the Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 435. The Sinahemish 'live on the
Sinahemish river (falling into Possession Sound).' _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388.
'Sinahoumez (en 12 tribus) de la rivière Fraser à la baie de Puget.'
_Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'N'quutlmamish, Skywhamish,
Sktahlejum, upper branches, north side, Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 245, 250. Neewamish, 'Neewamish river, bay
and vicinity;' Sahmamish, 'on a lake between Neewamish and Snohomish
river;' Snohomish, 'South end of Whitney's Island, Snohomish river, bay
and vicinity;' Skeawamish, 'north fork of the Snohomish river, called
Skeawamish river;' Skuckstanajumps, 'Skuckstanajumps river, a branch of
Skeawamish river;' Stillaquamish, 'Stillaquamish river and vicinity;'
Kickuallis, 'mouth of Kickuallis river and vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Stoluchwámish, on Stoluchwámish river, also
called Steilaquamish. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp.
432, 435, also in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 246, 250. Squinámish,
Swodámish, Sinaahmish, 'north end of Whitby's island, canoe passage, and
Sinamish river.' _Id._, pp. 247, 250. 'Southern end of Whidby's island
and Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp.
432-3.
The _Snoqualmooks_ 'reside on the south fork, north side of the
Sinahomish river.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 436,
and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250. Snoqualimich, 'Snoqualimich
river and the south branch of the Sinahemish.' _Harley_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii.,
p. 388.
The _Dwamish_ are 'living on and claiming the lands on the D'Wamish
river.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 329. Dwamish River and
Lake, White and Green Rivers. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. On
D'wamish lake etc. ... reside the Samamish and S'Ketehlmish tribes. 'The
D'wamish tribe have their home on Lake Fork, D'Wamish river.' _Stevens_,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 432, 436. Dwamish, 'Lake Fork,
Dwamish River;' Samamish, S'Ketéhlmish, 'Dwamish Lake;' Smelkámiah,
'Head of White River;' Skopeáhmish, 'Head of Green River;' Stkámish,
'main White River.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250.
The _Skopeahmish_ have their home at the 'head of Green river.'
_Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 436. The Sekamish band 'on
the main White river;' the Smulkamish tribe 'at the head of White
river.' _Ib._
The _Seattles_, a tribe of the Snowhomish nation, occupied as their
principal settlement, 'a slight eminence near the head of what is now
known as Port Madison Bay.' _Overland Monthly_, 1870, vol. iv., p. 297.
The _Suquamish_ 'claim all the land lying on the west side of the Sound,
between Apple Tree cove on the north, and Gig harbor on the south.'
_Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 329. Soquamish, 'country about
Port Orchard and neighbourhood, and the west side of Widby's Island.'
_Harley_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 700; _Am. Quar.
Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. 'Peninsula between Hood's canal and
Admiralty inlet.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250, and in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Snoquamish, 'Port Orchard,
Elliott's Bay, and their vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.
598. Shomamish, 'on Vashon's Island.' _Ib._ 'Vashon's Island.'
_Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250. S'slomamish, 'Vaston's
island.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. 'The Indians
frequenting this port (Orchard) call themselves the Jeachtac tribe.'
_Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 510.
The _Puyallupamish_ live 'at the mouth of Puyallup river;' T'quaquamish,
'at the heads of Puyallup river.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854,
p. 250, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish and
Pugallipamish, 'in the country about Nesqually, Pugallipi, and Sinnomish
rivers.' _Harley_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701; _Am. Quar.
Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. Puallipawmish or Pualliss, 'on Pualliss
river, bay, and vicinity.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598.
Puyyallapamish, 'Puyallop River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.
491.
The _Nisquallies_, or Skwall, 'inhabit the shores of Puget's Sound.'
_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211. 'Nesquallis, de
la baie de Puget à la pointe Martinez.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii.,
p. 335. Nasqually tribes, 'Nasqually River and Puget's Sound.' _Warre
and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson Bay_, p. 81. Squallyamish, 'at Puget
Sound.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 177. The Squalliahmish are composed
of six bands, and have their residence on Nisqually River and vicinity.
_Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Squallyamish or
Nisqually, Nisqually River and vicinity. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
iv., p. 598. Fort Nisqually is frequented by the 'Squallies, the
Clallams, the Paaylaps, the Scatchetts, the Checaylis,' and other
tribes. _Simpson's Overland Journey_, vol. i., p. 181.
The _Steilacoomish_ dwell on 'Stalacom Creek;' Loquamish, 'Hood's Reef.'
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. Stitcheosawmish, 'Budd's inlet
and South bay,' in the vicinity of Olympia. _Id._, vol. iv., p. 598.
Steilacoomamish, 'Steilacoom creek and vicinity.' _Stevens_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435.
The _Sawamish_ have their residence on 'Totten's inlet.' _Stevens_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435. Sayhaymamish, 'Totten inlet.'
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. 'Srootlemamish, Quackenamish at
Case's inlet.' _Ib._ Quáks'namish, 'Case's inlet;' S'Hotlemamish,
'Carr's inlet;' Sahéhwamish, 'Hammersly's inlet;' Sawámish, 'Totten's
inlet;' Squaiaitl, 'Eld's inlet;' Stéhchasámish, 'Budd's inlet;'
Noosehchatl, 'South bay.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 250.
The _Skokomish_ live at the upper end of Hood Canal. _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp.
244, 250. Töanhooch and Shokomish on Hood's Canal. _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., p. 491. Tuanoh and Skokomish 'reside along the shores
of Hood's Canal.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 388. Toankooch,
'western shore of Hood's canal. They are a branch of the Nisqually
nation.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 244; _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 431. Tuanooch, 'mouth of Hood's Canal.'
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. 'The region at the head of
Puget Sound is inhabited by a tribe called the Toandos.' _Wilkes' Nar._,
in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 140. Homamish, Hotlimamish,
Squahsinawmish, Sayhaywamish, Stitchassamish, 'reside in the country
from the Narrows along the western shore of Puget's Sound to New
Market.' _Mitchell and Harley_, in _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p.
388.
The _Noosdalums_, or Nusdalums, 'dwell on Hood's Channel.' _Ludewig_,
_Ab. Lang._, p. 135. 'Die Noosdalum, wohnen am Hood's-Canal;'
_Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 373. 'Noostlalums, consist of eleven
tribes or septs living about the entrance of Hood's canal, Dungeness,
Port Discovery, and the coast to the westward.' _Am. Quar. Register_,
vol. iii., p. 388; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 700.
The _Chimakum_, or Chinakum, 'territory seems to have embraced the shore
from Port Townsend to Port Ludlow.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1854, pp. 242-244. 'On Port Townsend Bay.' _Id._, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. i., pp. 431, 435; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598.
The _Clallams_, or Clalams, are 'about Port Discovery.' _Nicolay's Ogn.
Ter._, p. 143. 'Their country stretches along the whole southern shore
of the Straits to between Port Discovery and Port Townsend.' _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 429; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1854, pp. 242, 244. Southern shore of the Straits of Fuca east of the
Classets. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 220. At
Port Discovery. _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 319.
Sklallum, 'between Los Angelos and Port Townsend.' _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598. Sklallams, 'at Cape Flattery.' _Id._, vol. v.,
p. 491. 'Scattered along the strait and around the bays and bights of
Admiralty Inlet, upon a shoreline of more than a hundred miles.'
_Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1871, vol. vii., p. 278. 'S'Klallams,
Chemakum, Toanhooch, Skokomish, and bands of the same, taking names from
their villages, ... and all residing on the shores of the straits of
Fuca and Hood's Canal.' _Webster_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1862, p. 407.
Kahtai, Kaquaith, and Stehllum, at Port Townsend, Port Discovery, and
New Dungeness. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 491; _Stevens_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 249. Stentlums at New Dungeness. _Id._, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435.
[Sidenote: INDIANS OF THE COAST OF WASHINGTON.]
The _Makahs_, or _Classets_, dwell about Cape Flattery. Macaw, 'Cape
Flattery to Neah Bay.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 598.
Pistchin, 'Neah Bay to Los Angelos Point.' _Ib._ 'Country about Cape
Flattery, and the coast for some distance to the southward, and eastward
to the boundary of the Halam or Noostlalum lands.' _Id._, vol. v., p.
700; _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 241, 249; _Hale_, in
_Id._, 1862, p. 390; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 429,
435. 'At Neah Bay or Waadda, and its vicinity.' _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1858, p. 231. Tatouche, a tribe of the Classets. _Wilkes' Nar._,
in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv., p. 516. Classets 'reside on the south side
of the Straits of Fuca.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi.,
p. 220; _Mitchell and Harley_, in _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p.
388. Tatouche or Classets, 'between the Columbia and the strait of
Fuca.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. 'Clatset tribe.' _Cornwallis' N.
El Dorado_, p. 97. 'Classets, on the Strait of Fuca.' _Greenhow's Hist.
Ogn._, p. 30; _Stevens' Address_, p. 10. Makahs, 'inhabiting a wild
broken peninsula circumscribed by the river Wyatch, the waters of the
Strait and the Pacific.' _Scammon_, in _Overland Monthly_, 1871, vol.
vii., p. 277. Klaizzarts, 'living nearly three hundred miles to the
South' of Nootka Sound. _Jewitt's Nar._, p. 75. The Elkwhahts have a
village on the strait. _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 153.
List of tribes between Columbia River and Cape Flattery on the Coast;
Calasthocle, Chillates, Chiltz, Clamoctomichs, Killaxthocles, Pailsh,
Potoashs, Quieetsos, Quinnechart, Quiniülts. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371.
The _Quillehute_ and _Queniult_, or Quenaielt, 'occupy the sea-coast
between Ozelt or old Cape Flattery, on the north, and Quinaielt river on
the south.' _Simmons_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1860, p. 195. Quinaielt,
Quillehuté, Queets, and Hoh, live on the Quinaielt river and ocean.
_Smith_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 21. The Queniult live 'at Point
Grenville.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210. 'On the banks of a river of
the same name.' _Id._, p. 78. The Wilapahs 'on the Wilapah River.'
_Id._, p. 211. The Copalis 'on the Copalis River, eighteen miles north
of Gray's Harbor.' _Id._, p. 210. Quinaitle, north of Gray's Harbor.
_Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 249. Quinaik, 'coast from
Gray's harbor northward.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p.
435. Ehihalis, Quinailee, Grey's Harbor and north. _Schoolcraft's
Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. South of the Classets along the coast come the
Quinnechants, Calasthortes, Chillates, Quinults, Pailsk, etc. _Lewis and
Clarke's Trav._, p. 428. The Kaliouches and Konnichtchates, spoken of as
dwelling on Destruction Island and the neighboring main. _Tarakanov_, in
_Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1823, tom. xx., p. 336, et seq.
The _Chehalis_, or Chickeeles, 'inhabit the country around Gray's
Harbour.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 140. On the
Chehalis river. _Nesmith_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1867, p. 8. Frequent
also Shoalwater Bay. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 240,
249. On the Cowelits. 'Among the Tsihailish are included the Kwaiantl
and Kwenaiwitl ... who live near the coast, thirty or forty miles south
of Cape Flattery.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp.
211-12. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am.
Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. 'Chekilis, et Quinayat. Près du havre de Gray
et la rivière Chekilis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335; _Swan's
N. W. Coast_, p. 210; _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435;
_Starling_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 599. 'A quarante
milles au nord, (from the Columbia) le long de la côte, habitent les
Tchéilichs.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x.,
p. 90. The Whiskkah and Wynooche tribes on the northern branches of the
Chihailis. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 240. Sachals
'reside about the lake of the same name, and along the river
Chickeeles.' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. v., p. 140.
The _Cowlitz_ live on the upper Cowlitz River. Occupy the middle of the
peninsula which lies west of Puget Sound and north of the Columbia.
_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211. On the Cowlitz
River. The Taitinapams have their abode at the base of the mountains on
the Cowlitz. _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 435; and in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 240, 249; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv.,
p. 599, vol. v., p. 490. Cowlitsick, 'on Columbia river, 62 miles from
its mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. There are three small tribes in the
vicinity of the Cowlitz Farm, 'the Cowlitz, the Checaylis and the
Squally.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 179. The Staktomish
live 'between Nisqually and Cowlitz and the head waters of Chehaylis
river.' _Am. Quar. Register_, vol. iii., p. 389; _Harley_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 701.
[Sidenote: THE CHINOOK FAMILY.]
THE CHINOOK FAMILY includes, according to my division, all the tribes of
Oregon west of the Cascade Range, together with those on the north bank
of the Columbia river. The name has usually been applied only to the
tribes of the Columbia Valley up to the Dalles, and belonged originally
to a small tribe on the north bank near the mouth. 'The nation, or
rather family, to which the generic name of Chinook has attached,
formerly inhabited both banks of the Columbia River, from its mouth to
the Grand Dalles, a distance of about a hundred and seventy miles.' 'On
the north side of the river, first the Chinooks proper (Tchi-nuk), whose
territory extended from Cape Disappointment up the Columbia to the
neighborhood of Gray's _Bay_ (not Gray's _Harbor_, which is on the
Pacific), and back to the northern vicinity of Shoalwater Bay, where
they interlocked with the Chihalis of the coast.' _Gibbs' Chinook
Vocab._, pp. iii., iv. The name Watlalas or Upper Chinooks 'properly
belongs to the Indians at the Cascades,' but is applied to all 'from the
Multnoma Island to the Falls of the Columbia.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U.
S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214-5. 'The principal tribes or bands were
the Wakaíkam (known as the Wahkyekum), the Katlámat (Cathlamet), the
Tshinuk (Chinook), and the Tlatsap (Clatsop).' _Ib._ 'The natives, who
dwell about the lower parts of the Columbia, may be divided into four
tribes--the Clotsops, who reside around Point Adams, on the south side;
... the Chinooks; Waakiacums; and the Cathlamets; who live on the north
side of the river, and around Baker's Bay and other inlets.' _Dunn's
Oregon_, p. 114. The tribes may be classed: 'Chinooks, Clatsops,
Cathlamux, Wakicums, Wacalamus, Cattleputles, Clatscanias, Killimux,
Moltnomas, Chickelis.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 87. Tribes on north bank of
the Columbia from mouth; Chilts, Chinnook, Cathlamah, Wahkiakume,
Skillute, Quathlapotle. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ 'All the natives
inhabiting the southern shore of the Straits (of Fuca), and the deeply
indented territory as far as and including the tide-waters of the
Columbia, may be comprehended under the general term of Chinooks.'
_Pickering's Races_, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. ix., p. 25. 'The Chenook
nation resides along upon the Columbia river, from the Cascades to its
confluence with the ocean.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261. 'Inhabiting
the lower parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p.
110. 'Hauts-Tchinouks, près des cascades du Rio Colombia. Tchinouks d'en
bas, des Cascades jusqu'à la mer, Bas-Tchinouks.' _Mofras_, _Explor._,
tom. ii., pp. 335, 350-1. 'On the right bank of the Columbia.'
_Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 40. The Cheenooks and Kelussuyas, 4 tribes,
live at 'Pillar Rock, Oak Point, the Dallas, the Cascades, Cheate River,
Takama River, on the Columbia.' 'Cheenooks, Clatsops and several tribes
near the entrance of the Columbia River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in
_Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. Upper and Lower Chinooks on the Columbia
River, Lower Chinooks at Shoalwater Bay. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v.,
p. 490. Chinooks, 'north of the Columbia.' _Id._, p. 492. 'Upper
Chinooks, five bands, Columbia River, above the Cowlitz. Lower Chinooks,
Columbia River below the Cowlitz, and four other bands on Shoalwater
Bay.' _Stevens_, in _Id._, p. 703. 'Mouth of Columbia river, north side,
including some 50 miles interior.' _Emmons_, in _Id._, vol. iii., p.
201. The Chinnooks 'reside chiefly along the banks of a river, to which
we gave the same name; and which, running parallel to the sea coast ...
empties itself into Haley's Bay.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 425,
and map; _Irving's Astoria_, p. 335. 'To the south of the mouth of the
Columbia.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 15. 'Chenooks on the
Columbia.' _Swan's N. W. Coast_, p. 210. North side of the Columbia.
_Morse's Report_, p. 368; _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 286. Tshinuk south
of the Columbia at mouth. Watlala on both sides of the river from the
Willamette to Dalles. They properly belong to the Indians at the
Cascades. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 214-5, and
map, p. 197. Banks of the Columbia from Dalles to the mouth. _Farnham's
Trav._, p. 85. The upper Chinooks were the Shalala and Echeloots of
Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. In
the vicinity of the mouth of the Columbia, there are, besides the
Chinooks, the Klickatacks, Cheehaylas, Naas, and many other tribes.
_Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113.
'The Flathead Indians are met with on the banks of the Columbia River,
from its mouth eastward to the Cascades, a distance of about 150 miles;
they extend up the Walhamette River's mouth about thirty or forty miles,
and through the district between the Walhamette and Fort Astoria.'
_Kane's Wand._, p. 173. 'The Flatheads are a very numerous people,
inhabiting the shores of the Columbia River, and a vast tract of country
lying to the south of it.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108.
'The Cathlascon tribes, which inhabit the Columbia River.' _Scouler_, in
_Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Cathlascos on the Columbia
River, S. side 220 miles from its mouth. _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.
Shoalwater Bay Indians: Whilapah on Whilapah river; Necomanchee, or
Nickomin, on Nickomin river, flowing into the east side of the bay;
Quelaptonlilt, at the mouth of Whilapah river; Wharhoots, at the present
site of Bruceport; Querqueltin, at the mouth of a creek; Palux, on
Copalux or Palux river; Marhoo, Nasal, on the Peninsula. _Swan's N. W.
Coast_, p. 211. 'Karweewee, or Artsmilsh, the name of the Shoalwater Bay
tribes.' _Id._, p. 210. Along the coast north of the Columbia are the
Chinnooks, Killaxthockle, Chilts, Clamoitomish, Potoashees, etc. _Lewis
and Clarke's Trav._, p. 428. Quillequeoquas at Shoalwater Bay. Map in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200. Kwalhioqua, north of the
Columbia near the mouth. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi.,
p. 204, and map, p. 197. Klatskanai, 'on the upper waters of the
Nehalem, a stream running into the Pacific, on those of Young's River,
and one bearing their own name, which enters the Columbia at Oak Point.'
_Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Willopahs, 'on the Willopah River, and
the head of the Chihalis.' _Ib._
The _Chilts_ inhabit the 'coast to the northward of Cape
Disappointment.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. i., p. 302. 'North of the mouth of
the Columbia and Chealis rivers.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 261, and
map. 'On the sea-coast near Point Lewis.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p.
401.
Miscellaneous bands on the Columbia; Aleis, on the north side of the
Colombia. _Gass' Jour._, p. 285. Cathlacumups 'on the main shore S.W. of
Wappatoo Isl.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Cathlakamaps, 'at the mouth of
the Wallaumut.' _Id._, p. 368. Cathlanamenamens, 'On the island in the
mouth of the Wallaumut.' _Id._, p. 368. Cathlanaquiahs, 'On the S.W.
side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Id._, p. 371. Cathlapootle, eighty miles from
mouth of the Columbia opposite the mouth of the Willamette. _Id._, p.
368. Calhlathlas, 'at the rapids, S. side.' _Id._, p. 368. Clahclellah,
'below the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Clannarminnamuns, 'S.W.
side of Wappatoo Isl.' _Id._, p. 371. Clanimatas, 'S.W. side of Wappatoo
Isl.' _Ib._ Clockstar, 'S.E. side of Wappattoo Isl.' _Ib._ Cooniacs, 'of
Oak Point (Kahnyak or Kukhnyak, the Kreluits of Franchère and Skilloots
of Lewis and Clarke).' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Hellwits, 'S.
side 39 miles from mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. Katlagakya, 'from
the Cascades to Vancouver.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,
vol. xi., p. 255. Katlaminimim, on Multnomah Island. _Ib._ Katlaportl,
river of same name, and right bank of Columbia for five miles above its
mouth. _Ib._ Ketlakaniaks, at Oak Point, formerly united with Kolnit.
_Ib._ Klakalama, between Kathlaportle and Towalitch rivers. _Ib._
Mamnit, 'Multnomah Isl.' _Ib._ Nechakoke, 'S. side, near Quicksand
river, opposite Diamond Isl.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. Neerchokioon,
south side above the Wallaumut river. _Ib._ Shalala at the grand rapids
down to the Willamet. _Ib._ Quathlapotle, between the Cowlits and
Chahwahnahinooks (Cathlapootle?) river. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._
Seamysty, 'at the mouth of the Towalitch River.' _Framboise_, in _Lond.
Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Shoto, W. side back of a pond and
nearly opposite the entrance of the Willamut. _Morse's Rept._, p. 370.
Skillutes, 'about junction of Cowlitz.' _Lewis and Clarke's Map._
Skiloots on the Columbia on each side, from the lower part of the
Columbia Valley as low as Sturgeon Island, and on both sides of the
Coweliskee River. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Smockshop. _Id._, p. 370.
Trile Kalets, near Fort Vancouver. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's
Hud. B._, p. 81. Wahclellah, 'below all the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, p.
370. Wakamass, 'Deer's Isle to the lower branch of the Wallamat.'
_Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wyampams, at
the narrows. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 117-19. Tchilouits on the Columbia,
south bank, below the Cowlitz. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, 1821, tom. x., p. 112. Cathlâkaheckits and Cathlathlalas in
vicinity of the Cascades. _Id._, tom. xii., 1821, p. 23.
The _Clatsops_ live on Point Adams. _Hines' Voy._, p. 88. 'South side of
the (Columbia) river at its mouth.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, pp. 30,
286. 'Southern shore of the bay at the mouth of the Columbia, and along
the seacoast on both sides of Point Adams.' _Morton's Crania_, p. 211;
_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 401, 426, and map. 12 miles from mouth,
south side. _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. 'South side of the river.' _Gass'
Jour._, p. 244. 'From near Tillamook Head to Point Adams and up the
river to Tongue Point.' _Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Klakhelnk, 'on
Clatsop Point, commonly called Clatsops.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog.
Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 201,
vol. v., p. 492.
[Sidenote: COAST TRIBES OF OREGON.]
The _Wakiakum_, or 'Wakaikum, live on the right bank of the Columbia; on
a small stream, called Cadet River.' _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,
Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255. Wakiakums (Wakáiakum) 'towards Oak Point.'
_Gibbs' Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. Wahkiacums, adjoining the Cathlamahs on
the south-east and the Skilloots on the north-west. _Lewis and Clarke's
Map._ Waakicums, thirty miles from the mouth of the Columbia, north
side. _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.
The _Cathlamets_ extend from Tongue Point to Puget's Island. _Gibbs'
Chinook Vocab._, p. iv. 'Opposite the lower village of the Wahkiacums.'
_Irving's Astoria_, p. 336. '30 miles from the mouth of Columbia.'
_Morse's Rept._, p. 368. 'On a river of same name.' _Framboise_, in
_Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._
'Along the coast south of the Columbia river are the Clatsops,
Killamucks, Lucktons, Kahunkle, Lickawis, Youkone, Necketo, Ulseah,
Youitts, Shiastuckle, Killawats, Cookoose, Shalalahs, Luckasos,
Hannakalals.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, pp. 427-8. 'Along the coast S.
of Columbia river, and speak the Killamucks language,' Youicone,
Neekeetoos, Ulseahs, Youitts, Sheastukles, Killawats, Cookkoooose,
Shallalah, Luckkarso, Hannakallal. _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Náélim, 'on
a river on the sea-coast, 30 miles S. of Clatsop Point,' and the
following tribes proceeding southward. Nikaas, Kowai, Neselitch, Tacóón,
Aleya, Sayonstla, Kiliwatsal, Kaons, Godamyou (!), Stotonia, at the
mouth of Coquin river. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol.
xi., pp. 255-6.
The _Killamooks_ dwell along the coast southward from the mouth of the
Columbia. 'Near the mouth of the Columbia.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p.
262. Callimix, '40 miles S. of Columbia.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.
Killamucks, 'along the S.E. coast for many miles.' _Id._, p. 371.
Tillamooks, 'along the coast from Umpqua River to the Neachesna, a
distance of one hundred and twenty miles.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, pp. 256, 259. Kilamukes, 'south and east of mouth of the
Columbia, extending to the coast.' _Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. iii., p. 201. Nsietshawus, or Killamuks, 'on the sea-coast south of
the Columbia.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 211,
and map, p. 197. 'Between the river Columbia and the Umpqua.' _Warre and
Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 81. 'Country about Cape Lookout.'
_Palmer's Jour._, p. 105. 'On comprend sous le nom général de Killimous,
les Indiens du sud du Rio Colombia, tels que les Nahelems, les Nikas,
les Kaouais, les Alsiias, les Umquas, les Toutounis et les Sastés. Ces
deux dernières peuplades se sont jusqu'à présent montrées hostiles aux
caravanes des blancs.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., pp. 335, 357.
Killamucks, next to the Clatsops. _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 426.
'Callemeux nation.' _Gass' Jour._, p. 260. Callemax on the coast forty
leagues south of the Columbia. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des
Voy._, tom. x., p. 90.
The Lucktons are found 'adjoining the Killamucks, and in a direction
S.S.E.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 427.
The Jakon, or Yakones, dwell south of the Killamooks on the coast.
_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218, and map, p. 197.
The Tlatskanai are farther inland than the Killamooks. _Id._, p. 204.
The _Umpquas_ live 'on a river of that name.' _Framboise_, in _Lond.
Geog. Soc. Jour._, vol. ii., p. 256. 'In a valley of the same name.
They are divided into six tribes; the Sconta, Chalula, Palakahu,
Quattamya, and Chastà.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262. Umbaquâs.
_Id._, p. 262. 'Umpquas (3 tribus) sur la rivière de ce nom, et de la
rivière aux Vaches.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'The Umkwa
inhabit the upper part of the river of that name, having the Kalapuya on
the north, the Lutuami (Clamets), on the east, and the Sainstkla between
them and the sea.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.
204, and map, p. 197. Two hundred and twenty-five miles south of the
Columbia. _Hines' Voy._, p. 94. 'The country of the Umpquas is bounded
east by the Cascade mountains, west by the Umpqua mountains and the
ocean, north by the Calipooia mountains and south by Grave Creek and
Rogue River mountains.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 255;
_Emmons_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 201, vol. v., p. 492.
The Saiustkla reside 'upon a small stream which falls into the sea just
south of the Umqua River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.
vi., p. 221, map, p. 197. Sinselaw, 'on the banks of the Sinselaw
river.' _Harvey_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 80. Sayousla, 'near the
mouth of Sayousla bay.' _Brooks_, in _Id._, 1862, p. 299. Saliutla, 'at
the mouth of the Umbaquâ river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 262.
The Katlawotsetts include the Siuslaw and Alsea bands on Siuslaw River;
the Scottsburg, Lower Umpqua, and Kowes Bay bands on Umpqua River.
_Drew_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 359. Kiliwatshat, 'at the mouth
of the Umpqua.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 221.
The Alseas, or Alseyas, live on Alsea Bay. _Brooks_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1862, p. 299; _Harvey_, in _Id._, 1863, p. 80. Chocreleatan, 'at
the forks of the Coquille river.' Quahtomahs, between Coquille River and
Port Orford. Nasomah, 'near the mouth of the Coquille River.' _Parrish_,
in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 287.
[Sidenote: NATIVES OF THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY.]
Willamette Valley Nations: 'The nations who inhabit this fertile
neighbourhood are very numerous. The Wappatoo inlet extends three
hundred yards wide, for ten or twelve miles to the south, as far as the
hills near which it receives the waters of a small creek, whose sources
are not far from those of the Killamuck river. On that creek resides the
Clackstar nation, a numerous people of twelve hundred souls, who subsist
on fish and wappatoo, and who trade by means of the Killamuck river,
with the nation of that name on the sea-coast. Lower down the inlet,
towards the Columbia, is the tribe called Cathlacumup. On the sluice
which connects the inlet with the Multnomah, are the tribes
Cathlanahquiah and Cathlacomatup; and on Wappatoo island, the tribes of
Clannahminamun and Clahnaquah. Immediately opposite, near the
Towahnahiooks, are the Quathlapotles, and higher up, on the side of the
Columbia, the Shotos. All these tribes, as well as the Cathlahaws, who
live somewhat lower on the river, and have an old village on Deer
island, may be considered as parts of the great Multnomah nation, which
has its principal residence on Wappatoo island, near the mouth of the
large river to which they give their name. Forty miles above its
junction with the Columbia, it receives the waters of the Clackamos, a
river which may be traced through a woody and fertile country to its
sources in Mount Jefferson, almost to the foot of which it is navigable
for canoes. A nation of the same name resides in eleven villages along
its borders: they live chiefly on fish and roots, which abound in the
Clackamos and along its banks, though they sometimes descend to the
Columbia to gather wappatoo, where they cannot be distinguished by dress
or manners, or language, from the tribes of Multnomahs. Two days'
journey from the Columbia, or about twenty miles beyond the entrance of
the Clackamos, are the falls of the Multnomah. At this place are the
permanent residences of the Cushooks and Chaheowahs, two tribes who are
attracted to that place by the fish, and by the convenience of trading
across the mountains and down Killamuck river, with the nation of
Killamucks, from whom they procure train oil. These falls were
occasioned by the passage of a high range of mountains; beyond which the
country stretches into a vast level plain, wholly destitute of timber.
As far as the Indians, with whom we conversed, had ever penetrated that
country, it was inhabited by a nation called Calahpoewah, a very
numerous people, whose villages, nearly forty in number, are scattered
along each side of the Multnomah, which furnish them with their chief
subsistence, fish, and the roots along its banks.' _Lewis and Clarke's
Trav._, pp. 507-8. Calapooyas, Moolallels, and Clackamas in the
Willamette Valley. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map.
Cathlakamaps at the mouth of the Ouallamat; Cathlapoutles opposite;
Cathlanaminimins on an island a little higher up; Mathlanobes on the
upper part of the same island; Cathlapouyeas just above the falls; the
Cathlacklas on an eastern branch farther up; and still higher the
Chochonis. _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., pp.
115, 117.
The Cathlathlas live '60 miles from the mouth of the Wallaumut.'
_Morse's Rept._, p. 368.
The Cloughewallhah are 'a little below the falls.' _Parker's Explor.
Tour_, p. 177.
The Katlawewalla live 'at the falls of the Wallamat.' _Framboise_, in
_Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256.
The Leeshtelosh occupy the 'headwaters of the Multnomah.' _Hunter's
Captivity_, p. 73.
The Multnomahs (or Mathlanobs) dwell 'at upper end of the island in the
mouth of the Wallaumut.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368.
The Nemalquinner lands are 'N.E. side of the Wallaumut river, 3 miles
above its mouth.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370.
The Newaskees extend eastward of the headwaters of the Multnomah, on a
large lake. _Hunter's Captivity_, p. 73.
The Yamkallies dwell 'towards the sources of the Wallamut River.'
_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225.
The _Calapooyas_ live in the upper Willamette Valley. Callipooya,
'Willamette Valley.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492, vol. iii.,
p. 201. Kalapuya, 'above the falls.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex.
Ex._, vol. vi., p. 217. Callawpohyeaas, Willamette tribes sixteen in
number. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 108. Calapooah, seventeen
tribes on the Willamette and its branches. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p.
261. Callappohyeaass nation consists of Wacomeapp, Nawmooit,
Chillychandize, Shookany, Coupé, Shehees, Longtonguebuff, Lamalle, and
Pecyou tribes. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 236-6. Kalapooyahs, 'on the shores of
the Oregon.' _Morton's Crania_, p. 213. 'Willamat Plains.' _Scouler_,
in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. Kalapuyas, 'above the
falls of the Columbia.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 36. '50 miles
from the mouth of the Wallaumut, W. side.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 368. Vule
Puyas, Valley of the Willamette. _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud.
B._, p. 81.
The _Clackamas_ are on the 'Clackama River.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.
v., p. 492. 'Clakemas et Kaoulis, sur le Ouallamet et la rivière
Kaoulis.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Valley of the Clakamus
and the Willamuta Falls.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._,
p. 81. Klackamas, 'three miles below the falls.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 144.
Clackamis. _Palmer's Jour._, p. 84. Clarkamees. _Morse's Rept._, p. 372.
Clackamus. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._
The _Mollales_ are found in 'Willamettee Valley.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._,
vol. v., p. 492. 'At the mouth of the Wallamet, and the Wapatoo Islands.'
_Tucker's Oregon_, p. 71. 'Upon the west side of the Willamette and
opposite Oregon City.' _Palmer's Jour._, p. 84.
[Sidenote: THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY.]
THE SHUSHWAP FAMILY comprises all the inland tribes of British Columbia,
south of lat. 52° 30´.
The _Atnahs_, Strangers, Niccoutamuch, or Shushwaps proper, inhabit the
Fraser and Thompson valleys. 'At Spuzzum ... a race very different both
in habits and language is found. These are the Nicoutamuch, or
Nicoutameens, a branch of a widely-extended tribe. They, with their
cognate septs, the Atnaks, or Shuswapmuch, occupy the Frazer River from
Spuzzum to the frontier of that part of the country called by the Hudson
Bay Company New Caledonia, which is within a few miles of Fort
Alexandria.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 296. 'Shushwaps of the Rocky Mountains
inhabit the country in the neighbourhood of Jasper House, and as far as
Tête Jaune Cache on the western slope. They are a branch of the great
Shushwap nation who dwell near the Shushwap Lake and grand fork of the
Thompson River in British Columbia.' Thompson River and Lake Kamloops.
_Milton and Cheadle's Northw. Pass._, pp. 241, 335. 'On the Pacific
side, but near the Rocky Mountains, are the Shoushwaps who, inhabiting
the upper part of Frazer's River, and the north fork of the Columbia.'
_Blakiston_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 44. 'The Shooshaps live below
the Sinpauelish Indians.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. 'The
Shushwaps possess the country bordering on the lower part of Frazer's
River, and its branches.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol.
vi., p. 205. The Atnahs or Soushwap, 'live in the country on the
Fraser's and Thompson's Rivers.' 'They were termed by Mackenzie the Chin
tribe.' (See p. 251, note 141 of this vol.) _Prichard's Researches_,
vol. v., p. 427; _Buschmann_, _Brit. Nordamer._, p. 320. Shooshaps,
south of the Sinpavelist. _De Smet_, _Voy._, pp. 50-1. 'The Atnah, or
Chin Indian country extends about one hundred miles,' from Fort
Alexander. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 361. Shooshewaps inhabit the
region of the north bend of the Columbia, in 52°. Atnahs, in the region
of the Fraser and Thompson rivers. _Macdonald's Lecture on B. C._, p.
10; _Hector_, in _Palliser's Explor._, p. 27. 'The Shewhapmuch (Atnahs
of Mackenzie) ... occupy the banks of Thompson's River; and along
Frazer's River from the Rapid village, twenty miles below Alexandria,
to the confluence of these two streams. Thence to near the falls the
tribe bears the name of Nicutemuch.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol.
vii., p. 76.
'The Stta Llimuh, natives of Anderson Lake, speak a dialect of the
Sheswap language.' Skowhomish, in the same vicinity. _McKay_, in _B. C.
Papers_, vol. ii., p. 32.
'The Loquilt Indians have their home in the winter on Lake Anderson, and
the surrounding district, whence they descend to the coast in Jervis
Inlet in the summer.' _Mayne's B. C._, p. 299.
The Kamloops dwell about one hundred and fifty miles north-west of
Okanagan. _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 156.
The Clunsus are east of Fraser River, between Yale and latitude 50°;
Skowtous, on the fiftieth parallel south of Lake Kamloops and west of
Lake Okanagan; Sockatcheenum, east of Fraser and north of 51°.
_Bancroft's Map of Pac. States._
The _Kootenais_ live in the space bounded by the Columbia River, Rocky
Mountains, and Clarke River. The Kitunaha, Coutanies, or Flatbows,
'wander in the rugged and mountainous tract enclosed between the two
northern forks of the Columbia. The Flat-bow River and Lake also belong
to them.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., pp. 204-5,
map, p. 297. 'Inhabit the country extending along the foot of the Rocky
mountains, north of the Flatheads, for a very considerable distance, and
are about equally in American and in British territory.' _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416. Kootoonais, 'on McGillivray's
River, the Flat Bow Lake, etc.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud.
B._, p. 82. Kootonais, on 'or about the fiftieth parallel at Fort
Kootonie, east of Fort Colville.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i.,
p. 138. 'Between the Rocky Mountains, the Upper Columbia and its
tributary the Killuspeha or Pend'oreille, and watered by an intermediate
stream called the Kootanais River is an angular piece of country peopled
by a small, isolated tribe bearing the same name as the last-mentioned
river, on the banks of which they principally live.' _Mayne's B. C._, p.
297. The lands of the Cottonois 'lie immediately north of those of the
Flatheads.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 70. Kutanàe, Kútani,
Kitunaha, Kutneha, Coutanies, Flatbows, 'near the sources of the Mary
River, west of the Rocky Mountains.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 98.
'Inhabit a section of country to the north of the Ponderas, along
M'Gillivray's river.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312. 'Koutanies ou
Arcs-Plats, Près du fort et du lac de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom.
ii., p. 335. 'In the Kootanie Valley.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 178.
Kootonays, south of the Shushwaps. _Palliser's Explor._, p. 44. 'Great
longitudinal valley' of the Kootanie river. _Hector_, in _Id._, p. 27.
'The Tobacco Plains form the country of the Kootanies.' _Blakiston_, in
_Id._, p. 73. 'About the northern branches of the Columbia.' _Greenhow's
Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. Kootanais, 'angle between the Saeliss lands and the
eastern heads of the Columbia.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii.,
p. 79. About the river of the same name, between the Columbia and Rocky
Mountains. _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143. A band called Sinatcheggs on
the upper Arrow Lake. _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p. 190. The
Kootenais were perhaps the Tushepaws of Lewis and Clarke.
The _Tushepaws_ are 'a numerous people of four hundred and fifty tents,
residing on the heads of the Missouri and Columbia rivers, and some of
them lower down the latter river.' _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 321,
and map; _Bulfinch's Ogn._, p. 134. 'On a N. fork of Clarke's River.'
_Morse's Rept._, p. 372. Ootlashoots, Micksucksealton (Pend
d'Oreilles?), Hohilpos (Flatheads?), branches of the Tushepaws. _Id._,
and _Lewis and Clarke's Map_. The Tushepaw nation might as correctly be
included in the Salish family or omitted altogether. According to
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417, they were the
Kootenais.
The _Okanagans_, or Okinakanes, 'comprise the bands lying on the river
of that name, as far north as the foot of the great lake. They are six
in number, viz: the Tekunratum at the mouth; Konekonep, on the creek of
that name; Kluckhaitkwee, at the falls; Kinakanes, near the forks; and
Milaketkun, on the west fork. With them may be classed the N'Pockle, or
Sans Puelles, on the Columbia river, though these are also claimed by
the Spokanes. The two bands on the forks are more nearly connected with
the Schwogelpi than with the ones first named.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, p. 237, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412.
Oakinackens, Priests' Rapids, northward over 500 miles, and 100 miles in
width, to the Shewhaps, branching out into 12 tribes, as follows,
beginning with the south: 'Skamoynumachs, Kewaughtchenunaughs, Pisscows,
Incomecanétook, Tsillane, Intiétook, Battlelemuleemauch, or Meatwho,
Inspellum, Sinpohellechach, Sinwhoyelppetook, Samilkanuigh and
Oakinacken, which is nearly in the centre.' _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-90.
'On both sides the Okanagan River from its mouth up to British Columbia,
including the Sennelkameen River.' _Ross_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870,
p. 22. 'Près du fort de ce nom.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.
'On the Okanagan and Piscour Rivers.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's
Hud. B._, p. 82. 'Composed of several small bands living along the
Okinakane river, from its confluence with the Columbia to Lake
Okinakane.... A majority of the tribe live north of the boundary line.'
_Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 99. 'Columbia Valley.'
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 490. North-east and west of the
Shoopshaps. _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 51. Junction of the Okanagan and
Columbia. _Parker's Map._ 'Upper part of Fraser's River and its
tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225.
Principal family called Conconulps about 9 miles up stream of the same
name. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 289-90. The Similkameen live on S. river, and
'are a portion of the Okanagan tribe.' _Palmer_, in _B. Col. Papers_,
vol. iii., p. 85. The Okanagans, called Catsanim by Lewis and Clarke.
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Cutsahnim, on the
Columbia above the Sokulks, and on the northern branches of the Taptul.
_Morse's Rept._, p. 372.
[Sidenote: THE SALISH FAMILY.]
THE SALISH FAMILY includes all the inland tribes between 49° and 47°.
The Salish, Saalis, Selish, or Flatheads, 'inhabit the country about the
upper part of the Columbia and its tributary streams, the Flathead,
Spokan, and Okanagan Rivers. The name includes several independent
tribes or bands, of which the most important are the Salish proper, the
Kullespelm, the Soayalpi, the Tsakaitsitlin, and the Okinakan.' _Hale's
Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 205. 'The Saeliss or
Shewhapmuch race, whose limits may be defined by the Rocky Mountains
eastward; on the west the line of Frazer's river from below Alexandria
to Kequeloose, near the Falls, in about latitude 49° 50´; northward by
the Carrier offset of the Chippewyans; and south by the Sahaptins or Nez
Percés of Oregon.' _Anderson_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 73. 'From
Thompson's River other septs of this race--the Shuswaps, Skowtous,
Okanagans, Spokans, Skoielpoi (of Colville), Pend'oreilles, and Coeurs
d'Aleines--occupy the country as far as the Flathead Passes of the Rocky
Mountains, where the Saelies or Flatheads form the eastern portion of
the race.' _Mayne's B. C._, pp. 296-7. 'About the northern branches of
the Columbia.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30; _Domenech's Deserts_,
vol. ii., p. 55. Tribes mentioned in _Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, and
map: Tushepaw (Kootenai), Hopilpo (Flathead), Micksucksealtom (Pend
d'Oreilles), Wheelpo, (Chualpays), Sarlisto and Sketsomish (Spokanes),
Hehighenimmo (Sans Poils), according to _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. i., p. 417. See _Morse's Rept._, p. 372; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.
ii., p. 55. 'Between the two great branches of the Columbia and the
Rocky Mountains are only five petty tribes: the Kootanais and Selish, or
Flatheads, at the foot of the mountains, and the Pointed Hearts, Pend
d'Oreilles, and Spokanes lower down.' _Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. ii., p.
190. 'Divided into several tribes, the most important of which are the
Selishes, the Kullespelms, the Soayalpis, the Tsakaïtsitlins, and the
Okinakans.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 55-6.
The _Flatheads_, or Salish proper, reside on the river, valley, and lake
of the same name. 'Inhabit St. Mary's or the Flathead Valley and the
neighborhood of the lake of the same name.' _Stevens_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. i., p. 415, and in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 207.
'Occupying the valleys between the Bitter Root and Rocky mountains.'
_Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'South of the Flathead
Valley on the Bitter Root.' _Sully_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 192. St. Mary's
River. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 490. 'East and south-east (of
the Coeurs d'Alène) and extends to the Rocky Mountains.' _Parker's
Explor. Tour_, p. 311, and map. _De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31.
Saalis ou faux Têtes-Plates. Sur la rivière de ce nom au pied des
Montagnes Rocheuses. _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Along the
foot of the mountains.' _Ross' Adven._, p. 213. 'In New Caledonia, W. of
the Rocky Mountains.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 371. Bitter Root valley.
_Hutchins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 455, 1865, p. 246; _Nicolay's
Ogn. Ter._, p. 153. Hopilpo, of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R.
R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. 'Ils occupent le pays compris entre le Lewis
River et la branche nord-ouest ou la Columbia, et borné en arrière par
les Monts-Rocailleux.' _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821,
tom. xii., p. 43.
The _Pend d'Oreilles_ occupy the vicinity of the lake of the same name.
'On the Flathead or Clarke River.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's
Hud. B._, p. 82. 'At Clark's Fork.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.
490. Lower Pend d'Oreilles, 'in the vicinity of the St. Ignatius
Mission.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 98. 'The Kalispelms or
Pend d'Oreilles of the Lower Lake, inhabit the country north of the
Coeur d'Alenes and around the Kalispelm lake.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. i., p. 415. Calispels, or Calispellum, 'on Fool's Prairie
at the head of Colville Valley, and on both sides of the Pend d'Oreille
River, from its mouth to the Idaho line, but principally at the Camas
Prairie.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, pp. 22, 25, 192.
Situated to the east of Fort Colville, adjoining the Kootonais on their
eastern border. _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i., p. 146.
'Pend'oreilles ou Kellespem. Au-dessous du fort Colville.' _Mofras_,
_Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Skatkmlschi, or Pend d'Oreilles of the
upper lake. A tribe who, by the consent of the Selish, occupy jointly
with them the country of the latter. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._,
vol. i., p. 415. Kullas-Palus, 'on the Flathead or Clarke River.' _Warre
and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hud. B._, p. 82. Ponderas, 'north of
Clarke's river and on a lake which takes its name from the tribe.'
_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 312 and map; _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 32. The
Pend'oreilles were probably the Micksucksealtom of Lewis and Clarke.
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
Tribes baptized by De Smet: Thlishatkmuche, Stietshoi, Zingomenes,
Shaistche, Shuyelpi, Tschilsolomi, Siur Poils, Tinabsoti, Yinkaceous,
Yejak-oun, all of same stock.
Tribes mentioned by Morse as living in the vicinity of Clarke River:
Coopspellar, Lahama, Lartielo, Hihighenimmo, Wheelpo, Skeetsomish.
_Rept._, p. 372.
The _Coeurs d'Aléne_ 'live about the lake which takes its name from
them.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 209. East of
the Spokanes, at headwaters of the Spokane River. _Parker's Explor.
Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'The Skitswish or Coeur d'Alenes, live upon the
upper part of the Coeur d'Alene river, above the Spokanes, and around
the lake of the same name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p.
415. Their mission is on the river ten miles above the lake and thirty
miles from the mountains. _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 216.
Stietshoi, or Coeur d'Alenes on the river, and about the lake.
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map, vol. v., p. 490. Pointed
Hearts, 'shores of a lake about fifty miles to the eastward of Spokan
House.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 150; _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143;
_De Smet_, _Miss. de l'Orégon_, p. 31. 'St. Joseph's river.' _Mullan's
Rept._, p. 49.
The _Colvilles_ include the tribes about Kettle Falls, and the banks of
the Columbia up to the Arrow Lakes. 'Colville valley and that of the
Columbia river from Kettle Falls to a point thirty miles below.'
_Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1865, p. 98. 'The Colvilles, whose tribal
name is Swielpree, are located in the Colville Valley, on the Kettle
River, and on both sides of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls down
to the mouth of the Spokane.' _Winans_, in _Id._, 1870, p. 22. Colvilles
and Spokanes, 'near Fort Colville.' _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's
Hud. B._, p. 82.
The Lakes, 'whose tribal name is Senijextee, are located on both sides
of the Columbia River, from Kettle Falls north to British Columbia.'
_Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 22. 'So named from their place
of residence, which is about the Arrow Lakes.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_,
p. 312. 'Les sauvages des Lacs ... résident sur le Lac-aux-flèches.' _De
Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50.
The Chaudières, or Kettle Falls, reside 'about Colville.' _Parker's
Explor. Tour_, p. 313. The village of Les Chaudières 'is situated on the
north side just below the fall.' _Cox's Advent._, vol. i., p. 358.
Chaudières 'live south of the Lake Indians.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50.
'Fort Colville is the principal ground of the Schwoyelpi or Kettle Falls
tribe.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 413. 'The tribe in
the vicinity (of Fort Colville) is known as the Chaudière, whose
territory reaches as far up as the Columbia Lakes.' _Simpson's Overland
Journ._, vol. i., p. 151. 'Gens des Chaudières. Près du lac Schouchouap
au-dessous des Dalles.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Called
in their own language, Chualpays.' _Kane's Wand._, pp. 308-9. 'Called
Quiarlpi (Basket People).' _Wilkes' Nar._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. iv.,
p. 472. The Chualpays called Wheelpo by Lewis and Clarke, and by Morse.
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
[Sidenote: THE SPOKANE NATION.]
The _Spokanes_ live on the Spokane river and plateau, along the banks of
the Columbia from below Kettle Falls, nearly to the Okanagan. 'The
Spokihnish, or Spokanes, lie south of the Schrooyelpi, and chiefly upon
or near the Spokane river. The name applied by the whites to a number of
small bands, is that given by the Coeur d'Alene to the one living at the
forks. They are also called Sinkoman, by the Kootonies. These bands are
eight in number: the Sinslihhooish, on the great plain above the
crossings of the Coeur d'Alene river; the Sintootoolish, on the river
above the forks; the Smahoomenaish (Spokehnish), at the forks; the
Skaischilt'nish, at the old Chemakane mission; the Skecheramouse, above
them on the Colville trail; the Scheeetstish, the Sinpoilschne, and
Sinspeelish, on the Columbia river; the last-named band is nearly
extinct. The Sinpoilschne (N'pochle, or Sans Puelles) have always been
included among the Okinakanes, though, as well as the Sinspeelish below
them, they are claimed by the Spokanes. The three bands on the Columbia
all speak a different language from the rest.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, pp. 220, 236; and _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i.,
pp. 414-15. 'This tribe claim as their territory the country commencing
on the large plain at the head of the Slawntehus--the stream entering
the Columbia at Fort Colville; thence down the Spokane to the Columbia,
down the Columbia half way to Fort Okinakane, and up the Spokane and
Coeur d'Alene, to some point between the falls and the lake, on the
latter.' _Id._, p. 414. 'Inhabit the country on the Spokane river, from
its mouth to the boundary of Idaho.' _Paige_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._,
1865, p. 99. 'At times on the Spokane, at times on the Spokane plains.'
_Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'Principally on the plains.' _Lord's
Nat._, vol. ii., p. 157. 'North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein
nation.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310, and map. 'Au-dessous du fort
Okanagam à l'Est.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. 'Au nord-ouest
des Palooses se trouve la nation des Spokanes.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p.
31. 'Have a small village at the entrance of their river, but their
chief and permanent place of residence is about forty miles higher up
... where the Pointed-heart River joins the Spokan from the south-east.'
_Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 147. 'The Spokanes, whose tribal names are
Sineequomenach, or Upper, Sintootoo, or Middle Spokamish, and
Chekasschee, or Lower Spokanes, living on the Spokane River, from the
Idaho line to its mouth.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23.
Spokane, the Sarlilso and Sketsomish of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
The _Sans Poils_ (Hairless), or 'Sanpoils, which includes the Nespeelum
Indians, are located on the Columbia, from the mouth of the Spokane down
to Grand Coulée (on the south of the Columbia), and from a point
opposite the mouth of the Spokane down to the mouth of the Okanagan on
the north side of the Columbia, including the country drained by the
Sanpoil, and Nespeelum Creeks.' _Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870,
p. 22. Sinpoilish, west of the Columbia between Priest Rapids and
Okanagan. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200, map. Sinpauelish,
west of the Kettle Falls Indians. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313.
'Sinipouals. Près des grands rapides du Rio Colombia.' _Mofras_,
_Explor_., tom. ii., p. 335. Sinpavelist, west of the Chaudières. _De
Smet_, _Voy._, p. 50. Sinapoils, 'occupy a district on the northern
banks of the Columbia, between the Spokan and Oakinagan rivers.' _Cox's
Adven._, vol. ii., p. 145. Hehighenimmo of Lewis and Clarke. _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
The _Pisquouse_ inhabit the west bank of the Columbia between the
Okanagan and Priest Rapids. Piskwaus, or Piscous; 'name properly belongs
to the tribe who live on the small river which falls into the Columbia
on the west side, about forty miles below Fort Okanagan. But it is here
extended to all the tribes as far down as Priest's Rapids.' The map
extends their territory across the Columbia. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.
Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 210, and map, p. 197. Pisquouse, 'immediately
north of that of the Yakamas.' 'On the Columbia between the Priest's and
Ross Rapids.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 236; and
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 412. 'Piscaous. Sur la
petite rivière de ce nom à l'Ouest de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._,
tom. ii., p. 335.
The Skamoynumacks live on the banks of the Columbia, at Priest Rapids,
near the mouth of the Umatilla. Thirty miles distant up the river are
the Kewaughtohenemachs. _Ross' Adven._, pp. 134, 137.
'The Mithouies are located on the west side of the Columbia River, from
the mouth of the Okanagan down to the Wonatchee, and includes the
country drained by the Mithouie, Lake Chelan, and Enteeatook Rivers.'
_Winans_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 23.
'The Isle de Pierres, whose tribal name is Linkinse, are located on the
east and south side of the Col. Riv. from Grand Coulée down to Priests'
Rapids, which includes the peninsula made by the great bend of the Col.'
_Ib._
[Sidenote: SAHAPTIN FAMILY.]
THE SAHAPTIN FAMILY is situated immediately south of the Salish. Only
six of the eight nations mentioned below have been included in the
Family by other authors. 'The country occupied by them extends from the
Dalles of the Columbia to the Bitter-Root mountains, lying on both sides
of the Columbia and upon the Kooskooskie and Salmon Forks of Lewis' and
Snake River, between that of the Selish family on the north, and of the
Snakes on the south.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'The first
and more northern Indians of the interior may be denominated the
Shahaptan Family, and comprehends three tribes; the Shahaptan, or Nez
Percés of the Canadians; the Kliketat, a scion from the Shahaptans who
now dwell near Mount Rainier, and have advanced toward the falls of the
Columbia; and the Okanagan, who inhabit the upper part of Fraser's River
and its tributaries.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi.,
p. 225. Hale's map, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197, divides the
territory among the Nez Percés, Walla-Wallas, Waiilaptu, and Molele.
'The Indians in this district (of the Dalles) are Dog River, Wascos,
Tyicks, Des Chutes, John Day, Utilla, Cayuses, Walla-Walla, Nez Percés,
Mountain Snakes and Bannacks.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1859,
p. 435. 'The different tribes attached to Fort Nez Percés, and who
formerly went by that cognomen, are the Shamooinaugh, Skamnaminaugh,
E'yackimah, Ispipewhumaugh, and Inaspetsum. These tribes inhabit the
main north branch above the Forks. On the south branch are the Palletto
Pallas, Shawhaapten or Nez Percés proper, Pawluch, and Cosispa tribes.
On the main Columbia, beginning at the Dallas, are the Necootimeigh,
Wisscopam, Wisswhams, Wayyampas, Lowhim, Sawpaw, and Youmatalla bands.'
_Ross' Fur Hunters_, vol. i., p. 185-6. Cathlakahikits, at the rapids of
Columbia river, N. side; Chippanchickchicks, 'N. side of Columbia river,
in the long narrows, a little below the falls.' Hellwits, 'at the falls
of Columbia river;' Ithkyemamits, 'on Columbia river, N. side near
Chippanchickchicks'; Yehah, 'above the rapids.' _Morse's Rept._, pp.
368-70.
The _Nez Percés_ 'possess the country on each side of the Lewis or Snake
River, from the Peloose to the Wapticacoes, about a hundred
miles--together with the tributary streams, extending, on the east, to
the foot of the Rocky Mountains.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,
vol. vi., p. 212; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 551. 'On both
sides of the Kooskooskia and north fork of Snake river.' _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 416; and _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff.
Rept._, 1854, p. 217. 'A few bands of the Nez Percés Indians occupy the
Salmon river and the Clearwater.' _Thompson_, in _Id._, p. 282. 'The Nez
Percés country is bounded west by the Palouse river and the Tucannon; on
the north by the range of mountains between Clear Water and the Coeur
d'Alene; east by the Bitter Root mountains; on the south they are
bounded near the line dividing the two Territories.' _Craig_, in _Id._,
1857, p. 353. The Buffalo, a tribe of the Nez Perces, winter in the
Bitter Root Valley. _Owen_, in _Id._, 1859, p. 424. 'Upper waters and
mountainous parts of the Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p.
108. 'Country lying along Lewis river and its tributaries from the
eastern base of the Blue Mountains to the Columbia.' _Palmer's Jour._,
p. 55. Nez Percés or Sahaptins, 'on the banks of the Lewis Fork or
Serpent River.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 54. 'Chohoptins, or
Nez-Percés, ... on the banks of Lewis River.' _Cox's Adven._, vol. ii.,
p. 143. 'Rove through the regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's
Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'The Lower Nez Percés range upon the Wayleeway,
Immahah, Yenghies, and other of the streams west of the mountains.'
_Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 301. Some Flatheads live along the
Clearwater River down to below its junction with the Snake. _Gass'
Jour._, p. 212. Country 'drained by the Kooskooskie, westward from the
Blackfoot country, and across the Rocky Mountains.' _Brownell's Ind.
Races_, p. 533. 'Près du fort de ce nom, à la junction des deux branches
du fleuve.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335. Junction of Snake and
Clearwater. _Parker's Explor. Tour_, _Map_. Chopunnish. _Lewis and
Clarke's Trav._, p. 331, and map. Copunnish. _Bulfinch's Oregon_, p.
144. 'The Nez-Percés are divided into two classes, the Nez-Percés
proper, who inhabit the mountains, and the Polonches, who inhabit the
plain country about the mouth of the Snake River.' _Gairdner_, in _Lond.
Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 256. Chopunnish, 'on Lewis river below
the entrance of the Kooskooskee, on both sides.' 'On the Kooskooskee
river below the forks, and on Cotter's creek.' Bands of the Chopunnish;
Pelloatpallah, Kimmooenim, Yeletpoo, Willewah, Soyennom. _Morse's
Rept._, p. 369.
The _Palouse_, or 'the Palus, usually written Paloose, live between the
Columbia and the Snake.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vi. 'The
Peloose tribe has a stream called after it which empties into Lewis
River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. Upon the
Peloose River. 'Entrance of Great Snake River and surrounding country.'
_Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 105, 245. 'Properly a part of
the Nez Percés. Their residence is along the Nez Percé river and up the
Pavilion.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 310. In three bands; at the mouth
of the Pelouse River; on the north bank of Snake River, thirty miles
below the Pelouse; and at the mouth of the Snake River. _Stevens_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 222-3, and in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i.,
pp. 150-1. Palouse, or Pelouse, 'reside on the banks of the Palouse and
Snake rivers.' _Mullan's Rept._, pp. 18, 49. 'La tribu Paloose
appartient à la nation des Nez-Percés ... elle habite les bords des deux
rivières des Nez-percés et du Pavilion.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 31.
Selloatpallah, north of the Snake, near its confluence with the
Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Same as the Sewatpalla. _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
The _Walla-Wallas_ 'occupy the country south of the Columbia and about
the river of that name.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'A
number of bands living usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on
the Snake river to a little east of the Peluse.' _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. i., p. 402. 'Are on a small stream which falls into the
Columbia near Fort Nez-percés.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._,
vol. vi., p. 213. 'Inhabit the country about the river of the same name,
and range some distance below along the Columbia.' _Parker's Explor.
Tour_, p. 310. 'Upon the banks of the Columbia, below the mouth of the
Lewis Fork are found the Walla-wallas.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 535.
'Oualla-Oualla, au-dessus du fort des Nez Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._,
tom. ii., p. 335. 'Under this term are embraced a number of bands living
usually on the south side of the Columbia, and on the Snake river, to a
little east of the Pelouse; as also the Klikatats and Yakamas, north of
the former.' _Stevens_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 223. 'On both
sides of the Columbia river between Snake river and Hudson Bay fort,
Walla-Walla.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374. Walla
Wallapum. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. 'Les
Walla-walla habitent, sur la rivière du même nom, l'un des tributaires
de la Colombie, et leur pays s'étend aussi le long de ce fleuve.' _De
Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. Wollaw Wollah. South side of the Snake, at
junction with the Columbia. _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ Wollaolla and
Wollawalla, 'on both sides of Col., as low as the Muscleshell rapid, and
in winter pass over to the Taptul river.' _Morse's Rept._, pp. 369-70.
'Country south of the Columbia and about the river of that name.'
_Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. Walawaltz nation about the
junction of the Snake and Columbia. On Walla Walle River. _Gass' Jour._,
pp. 294-8. 'On both banks of the Columbia, from the Blue Mountains to
the Dalles.' _Farnham's Trav._, p. 151. Wallah Wallah. _Cox's Adven._,
vol. ii., p. 142. 'About the river of that name.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._,
pp. 143, 151. Wallawallahs, 'reside along the lower part of the Walla
Walla, the low bottom of the Umatilla and the Columbia, from the mouth
of Lewis River for one hundred miles south.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 58,
124. 'On the borders of the Wallahwallah and Columbia.' _Domenech's
Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 64; _Stuart_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._,
1821, tom. xii., p. 35.
The Sciatogas and Toustchipas live on Canoe River (Tukanon?), and the
Euotalla (Touchet?), the Akaïtchis 'sur le Big-river,' (Columbia).
_Hunt_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. x., pp. 74-8. The
Sciatogas 'possède le pays borné au sud-est par la Grande-Plaine; au
nord, par le Lewis-River; à l'ouest par la Columbia; au sud par
l'Oualamat.' _Id._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 42.
[Sidenote: THE CAYUSES AND WASCOS.]
The _Cayuses_ extend from John Day River eastward to Grande Ronde
Valley. The Cayuse, Cailloux, Waiilatpu, 'country south of the Sahaptin
and Wallawalla. Their head-quarters are on the upper part of Wallawalla
River.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 214, map, p.
197. 'The country belonging to the Cayuse is to the south of and between
the Nez Perces and Walla-Wallas, extending from the Des Chutes, or
Wanwanwi, to the eastern side of the Blue mountains.' _Stevens_, in
_Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 218; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol.
i., p. 416. 'On the west side of the Blue mountains and south of the
Columbia river.' _Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 282. 'Occupy
a portion of the Walla-Walla valley.' _Dennison_, in _Id._, 1857, p.
374; _Cain_, in _Id._, 1859, pp. 413-14. 'À l'ouest des Nez-perces sont
les Kayuses.' _De Smet_, _Voy._, p. 30. The Kayouse dwell upon the
Utalla or Emnutilly River. _Townsend's Nar._, p. 122. 'West of the Nez
Percés.' _Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 309, and map. 'Rove through the
regions of the Lewis branch.' _Greenhow's Hist. Ogn._, p. 30. 'Kayouses.
Près du grand détour de la Colombie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.
335. Waiilatpu, Molele, called also Willetpoos, Cayuse, 'western Oregon,
south of the Columbia river.' _Ludewig_, _Ab. Lang._, p. 199; _Gibbs_,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. Caäguas 'inhabit the country
bordering on Wallawalla river and its tributaries, the Blue mountains
and Grand round.' _Palmer's Jour._, pp. 54-6. Wyeilat or Kyoose, country
to the south of Walla Walla. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp.
244-5. The Skyuses 'dwell about the waters of the Wayleeway and the
adjacent country.' _Irving's Bonneville's Adven._, p. 388.
The Willewah 'reside on the Willewah river, which falls into the Lewis
river on the S.W. side, below the forks.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. In
Grande Ronde Valley. _Lewis and Clarke's Map_; _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
The Umatillas 'live near the junction of the Umatilla and Columbia
rivers.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 97. Umatallow River and country
extending thence westward to Dalles. _Tolmie_, in _Id._, p. 245. 'The
Utillas occupy the country along the river bearing that name.'
_Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 374.
The Wahowpum live 'on the N. branch of the Columbia, in different bands
from the Pishquitpahs; as low as the river Lapage; the different bands
of this nation winter on the waters of Taptul and Cataract rivers.'
_Morse's Rept._, p. 370; _Lewis and Clarke's Map._ On John Day's River.
_Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
The _Wascos_ include all the tribes between the Cascade Range and John
Day River, south of the Columbia. 'They are known by the name of Wasco
Indians, and they call their country around the Dallas, Wascopam. They
claim the country extending from the cascades up to the falls of the
Columbia, the distance of about fifty miles.' _Hines' Voy._, p. 159.
'The Wascos occupy a small tract of country near to and adjoining the
Dalles.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 372. On both sides
of the Columbia about the Dalles are the Wascopams. _Map_, in
_Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 200. Eneshur, Echeloots,
Chillukkitequaw and Sinacshop occupy the territory, on _Lewis and
Clarke's Map_; _Morse's Rept._, p. 370. The Tchipantchicktchick,
Cathlassis, Ilttekaïmamits, and Tchelouits about the Dalles. _Stuart_,
in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1821, tom. xii., p. 26; _Gibbs_, in
_Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
'The residence of the Molele is (or was) in the broken and wooded
country about Mounts Hood and Vancouver.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.
Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 214. The Mollales have their home in the
Willamette Valley. _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 492.
'The Tairtla, usually called Taigh, belong ... to the environs of the
Des-Chutes River.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii.
'The Des Chutes ... formerly occupied that section of country between
the Dalles and the Tyich river.' _Dennison_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857,
p. 373.
'The Tyichs ... formerly occupied the Tyich valley and the country in
its vicinity, which lies about 30 miles south of Fort Dalles.' _Ib._
'The John Day Rivers occupy the country in the immediate vicinity of the
river bearing that name.' _Ib._
'The Dog River, or Cascade Indians reside on a small stream called Dog
river, which empties into the Columbia river, about half way between the
Cascades and Dalles.' _Id._, p. 371. The Cascades dwell 'on the river of
that name.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 143.
The _Yakimas_ occupy the valley of the Yakima River and its branches.
'The upper Yakimas occupy the country upon the Wenass and main branch of
the Yakima, above the forks; the Lower upon the Yakima and its
tributaries, below the forks and along the Columbia from the mouth of
the Yakima to a point three miles below the Dalles.' _Robie_, in _Ind.
Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 350. Three bands, Wishhams, Clickahut, and Skien,
along the Columbia. _Id._, p. 352. 'The Pshwanwappam bands, usually
called Yakamas, inhabit the Yakama River.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's
Gram._, p. vii. Lewis and Clarke's Chanwappan, Shaltattos, Squamaross,
Skaddals, and Chimnahpum, on the Yakima River. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R.
Rept._, vol. i., p. 417. The Yakimas 'are divided into two principal
bands, each made up of a number of villages, and very closely connected;
one owning the country on the Nahchess and Lower Yakima, the other are
upon the Wenass and main branch above the forks.' _Id._, p. 407.
Yackamans, northern banks of the Columbia and on the Yackamans river.
_Cox's Adven._, vol. ii., p. 143. On the Yakima. _Hale's Ethnog._, _U.
S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'South of the Long Rapids, to the
confluence of Lewis' river with the Columbia, are the Yookoomans.'
_Parker's Explor. Tour_, p. 313. Pishwanwapum (Yakima), in Yakimaw or
Eyakema Valley. _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., pp. 244-7. Called
Stobshaddat by the Sound Indians. _Id._, p. 245.
The Chimnapums are 'on the N.W. side of Col. river, both above and below
the entrance of Lewis' r. and the Taptul r.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370;
_Lewis and Clarke's Map._ The 'Chunnapuns and Chanwappans are between
the Cascade Range and the north branch of the Columbia.' _Nicolay's
Ogn. Ter._, p. 143.
The Pisquitpahs, 'on the Muscleshell rapids, and on the N. side of the
Columbia, to the commencement of the high country; this nation winter on
the waters of the Taptul and Cataract rivers.' _Morse's Rept._, p. 370.
The Sokulks dwell north of the confluence of the Snake and Columbia.
_Lewis and Clarke's Trav._, p. 351, and map; _Morse's Rept._, p. 369. At
Priest Rapids. _Gibbs_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 417.
[Sidenote: THE KLIKETATS.]
The _Kliketats_ live in the mountainous country north of the Cascades,
on both sides of the Cascade Range, and south of the Yakimas. Klikatats
'inhabit, properly, the valleys lying between Mounts St. Helens and
Adams, but they have spread over districts belonging to other tribes,
and a band of them is now located as far south as the Umpqua.' _Gibbs_,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., p. 403. 'Roilroilpam is the Klikatat
country, situated in the Cascade mountains north of the Columbia and
west of the Yakamas.' _Gibbs_, in _Pandosy's Gram._, p. vii. 'Wander in
the wooded country about Mount St. Helens.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S.
Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 213. 'In the vicinity of the mouth of the
Columbia.' _Catlin's N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 113. Klikatats.
'Au-dessus du fort des Nez-Percés.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.
335. 'The Kliketat, a scion from the Sahaptans, who now dwell near Mount
Rainier and have advanced towards the falls of the Columbia.' _Scouler_,
in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 225. On _Lewis and Clarke's
Map_ the Kliketat territory is occupied by the Chanwappan, Shallatos,
Squamaros, Skaddals, Shahalas. Also in _Morse's Rept._, p. 372.
Whulwhypum, or Kliketat, 'in the wooded and prairie country between
Vancouver and the Dalles.' _Tolmie_, in _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 245.
The Weyehhoo live on the north side of the Columbia, near Chusattes
River. (Kliketat.) _Gass' Jour._, p. 288.
FOOTNOTES:
[228] The _Nootka-Columbians_ comprehend 'the tribes inhabiting Quadra
and Vancouver's Island, and the adjacent inlets of the mainland, down to
the Columbia River, and perhaps as far S. as Umpqua River and the
northern part of New California.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc.,
Jour._, vol. xi., p. 221.
[229] Gilbert Malcolm Sproat, a close observer and clear writer, thinks
'this word Nootkah--no word at all--together with an imaginary word,
Columbian, denoting a supposed original North American race--is absurdly
used to denote all the tribes which inhabit the Rocky Mountains and the
western coast of North America, from California inclusively to the
regions inhabited by the Esquimaux. In this great tract there are more
tribes, differing totally in language and customs, than in any other
portion of the American continent; and surely a better general name for
them could be found than this meaningless and misapplied term _Nootkah
Columbian_.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 315. Yet Mr Sproat suggests no other
name. It is quite possible that Cook, _Voy. to the Pacific_, vol. ii.,
p. 288, misunderstood the native name of Nootka Sound. It is easy to
criticise any name which might be adopted, and even if it were
practicable or desirable to change all meaningless and misapplied
geographical names, the same or greater objections might be raised
against others, which necessity would require a writer to invent.
[230] _Kane's Wand._, p. 173; _Macfie's Vanc. Isl._, p. 441; _Catlin's
N. Am. Ind._, vol. ii., p. 108; the name being given to the people
between the region of the Columbia and 53° 30´.
[231] The name _Nez Percés_, 'pierced noses,' is usually pronounced as
if English, _Nez Pér-ces_.
[232] For particulars and authorities see TRIBAL BOUNDARIES at end of
this chapter.
[233] 'The Indian tribes of the North-western Coast may be divided into
two groups, the Insular and the Inland, or those who inhabit the islands
and adjacent shores of the mainland, and subsist almost entirely by
fishing; and those who live in the interior and are partly hunters. This
division is perhaps arbitrary, or at least imperfect, as there are
several tribes whose affinities with either group are obscure.'
_Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 217. See _Stevens_,
in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. i., pp. 147-8, and _Mayne's B. C._, p. 242.
'The best division is into coast and inland tribes.' _Lord's Nat._, vol.
ii., p. 226.
[234] 'By far the best looking, most intelligent and energetic people on
the N. W. Coast.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p.
218. Also ranked by Prichard as the finest specimens physically on the
coast. _Researches_, vol. v., p. 433. The Nass people 'were peculiarly
comely, strong, and well grown.' _Simpson's Overland Journ._, vol. i.,
p. 207. 'Would be handsome, or at least comely,' were it not for the
paint. 'Some of the women have exceedingly handsome faces, and very
symmetrical figures.' 'Impressed by the manly beauty and bodily
proportions of my islanders.' _Poole's Queen Charlotte Isl._, pp. 310,
314. Mackenzie found the coast people 'more corpulent and of better
appearance than the inhabitants of the interior.' _Voy._, pp. 322-3; see
pp. 370-1. 'The stature (at Burke's Canal) ... was much more stout and
robust than that of the Indians further south. The prominence of their
countenances and the regularity of their features, resembled the
northern Europeans.' _Vancouver's Voy._ vol. ii., p. 262. A chief of
'gigantic person, a stately air, a noble mien, a manly port, and all the
characteristics of external dignity, with a symmetrical figure, and a
perfect order of European contour.' _Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 279, 251, 283,
285. Mayne says, 'their countenances are decidedly plainer' than the
southern Indians. _B. C._, p. 250. 'A tall, well-formed people.'
_Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29. 'No finer men ... can be found on the
American Continent.' _Sproat's Scenes_, p. 23. In 55°, 'Son bien
corpulentos.' _Crespi_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, s. iv., vol. vi., p. 646.
'The best looking Indians we had ever met.' 'Much taller, and in every
way superior to the Puget Sound tribes. The women are stouter than the
men, but not so good-looking.' _Reed's Nar._
[235] The Sebassas are 'more active and enterprising than the Millbank
tribes.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 273. The Haeeltzuk are 'comparatively
effeminate in their appearance.' _Scouler_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,
vol. xi., p. 223. The Kyganies 'consider themselves more civilised than
the other tribes, whom they regard with feelings of contempt.' _Id._, p.
219. The Chimsyans 'are much more active and cleanly than the tribes to
the south.' _Id._, p. 220. 'I have, as a rule, remarked that the
physical attributes of those tribes coming from the north, are superior
to those of the dwellers in the south.' _Barrett-Lennard's Trav._, p.
40.
[236] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 370-1, 322-3; _Vancouver's Voy._, vol.
ii., pp. 262, 320; _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p.
197. 'Regular, and often fine features.' _Bendel's Alex. Arch._, p. 29.
[237] _Mackenzie's Voy._, pp. 309-10, 322-3, 370-1; _Lord's Nat._, vol.
i., p. 229. 'Opening of the eye long and narrow.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in
_U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 197.