[21] Crantz says the Greenlanders root it out. 'The old men had a few

gray hairs on their chins, but the young ones, though grown up, were

beardless.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 332. 'The possession of a

beard is very rare, but a slight moustache is not infrequent.'

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 51. 'As the men grow old, they

have more hair on the face than Red Indians.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol.

i., p. 343. 'Generally an absence of beard and whiskers.' _Armstrong's

Nar._, p. 193. 'Beard is universally wanting.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol.

i., p. 252. 'The young men have little beard, but some of the old ones

have a tolerable shew of long gray hairs on the upper lip and chin.'

_Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 303. 'All have beards.' _Bell's Geography_,

vol. v., p. 294. Kirby affirms that in Alaska 'many of them have a

profusion of whiskers and beard.' _Smithsonian Report_, 1864, p. 416.

[22] 'The lip is perforated for the labret as the boy approaches

manhood, and is considered an important era in his life.' _Armstrong's

Nar._, p. 194. 'Some wore but one, others one on each side of the

mouth.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224. 'Lip ornaments, with the males, appear

to correspond with the tattooing of the chins of the females.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 384.

[23] 'The women tattoo their faces in blue lines produced by making

stitches with a fine needle and thread, smeared with lampblack.'

_Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 305. Between Kotzebue Sound and Icy Cape,

'all the women were tattooed upon the chin with three small lines.' They

blacken 'the edges of the eyelids with plumbago, rubbed up with a little

saliva upon a piece of slate.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 360. At

Point Barrow, the women have on the chin 'a vertical line about half an

inch broad in the centre, extending from the lip, with a parallel but

narrower one on either side of it, a little apart. Some had two vertical

lines protruding from either angle of the mouth; which is a mark of

their high position in the tribe.' _Armstrong's Nar._, pp. 101, 149. On

Bering Isle, men as well as women tattoo. 'Plusieurs hommes avaient le

visage tatoué.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5.

[24] 'Give a particularly disgusting look when the bones are taken out,

as the saliva continually runs over the chin.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol.

i., p. 227. At Camden, labrets were made of large blue beads, glued to

pieces of ivory. None worn at Coppermine River. _Simpson's Nar._, pp.

119, 347. 'Many of them also transfix the septum of the nose with a

dentalium shell or ivory needle.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 355.

[25] 'These natives almost universally use a very unpleasant liquid for

cleansing purposes. They tan and soften the seal-skin used for

boot-soles with it.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 161. 'Females occasionally

wash their hair and faces with their own urine, the odour of which is

agreeable to both sexes, and they are well accustomed to it, as this

liquor is kept in tubs in the porches of their huts for use in dressing

the deer and seal skins.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 304. 'Show much

skill in the preparation of whale, seal, and deer-skins.' _Richardson's

Nar._, vol. i., p. 357. They have a great antipathy to water.

'Occasionally they wash their bodies with a certain animal fluid, but

even this process is seldom gone through.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

ii., p. 62.

[26] 'During the summer, when on whaling or sealing excursions, a coat

of the gut of the whale, and boots of seal or walrus hide, are used as

water-proof coverings.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 53. At

Point Barrow they wear 'Kamleikas or water-proof shirts, made of the

entrails of seals.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 156. Women wear close-fitting

breeches of seal-skin. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 224. 'They are on the whole

as good as the best oil-skins in England.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p.

340.

[27] The dress of the two sexes is much alike, the outer shirt or jacket

having a pointed skirt before and behind, those of the female being

merely a little longer. 'Pretty much the same for both sexes.'

_Figuier's Human Race_, p. 214.

[28] 'They have besides this a jacket made of eider drakes' skins sewed

together, which, put on underneath their other dress, is a tolerable

protection against a distant arrow, and is worn in times of hostility.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 340. Messrs Dease and Simpson found those

of Point Barrow 'well clothed in seal and reindeer skins.' _Lond. Geog.

Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., p. 221. 'The finest dresses are made of the

skins of unborn deer.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 306. 'The

half-developed skin of a fawn that has never lived, obtained by driving

the doe till her offspring is prematurely born.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p.

160. Eskimo women pay much regard to their toilet. _Richardson's Nar._,

vol. i., p. 355.

[29] Their dress consists of two suits. _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

ii., p. 52. 'Reindeer skin--the fur next the body.' _Armstrong's Nar._,

p. 149. 'Two women, dressed like men, looked frightfully with their

tattooed faces.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 191. Seal-skin jackets,

bear-skin trowsers, and white-fox skin caps, is the male costume at

Hudson Strait. The female dress is the same, with the addition of a hood

for carrying children. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 29. At Camden Bay,

reindeer-skin jackets and water-proof boots. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 119.

At Coppermine River, 'women's boots which are not stiffened out with

whalebone, and the tails of their jackets are not over one foot long.'

_Hearne's Travels_, p. 166. Deer-skin, hair outside, ornamented with

white fur. _Kirby_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 416. The indoor

dress of the eastern Eskimo is of reindeer-skin, with the fur inside.

'When they go out, another entire suit with the fur outside is put over

all, and a pair of watertight sealskin moccasins, with similar mittens

for their hands.' _Silliman's Journal_, vol. xvi., p. 146. The frock at

Coppermine River has a tail something like a dress-coat. _Simpson's

Nar._, p. 350.

[30] 'Some of them are even half-naked, as a summer heat, even of 10° is

insupportable to them.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 205.

[31] 'Down to the frozen subsoil.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 310.

'Some are wholly above ground, others have their roof scarcely raised

above it.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 301.

[32] 'Formed of stakes placed upright in the ground about six feet high,

either circular or oval in form, from which others inclined so as to

form a sloping roof.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 149. 'Half underground,

with the entrance more or less so.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 13. 'They are

more than half underground,' and are 'about twenty feet square and eight

feet deep.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 57.

[33] 'The whole building is covered with earth to the thickness of a

foot or more, and in a few years it becomes overgrown with grass,

looking from a short distance like a small tumulus.' _Richardson's Pol.

Reg._, p. 310.

[34] A smaller drift-wood house is sometimes built with a side-door.

'Light and air are admitted by a low door at one end.' _Richardson's

Nar._, vol. i., p. 245.

[35] 'The fire in the centre is never lit merely for the sake of warmth,

as the lamps are sufficient for that purpose.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_,

vol. ii., p. 58. 'They have no fire-places; but a stone placed in the

centre serves for a support to the lamp, by which the little cooking

that is required is performed.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 348.

[36] 'On trouva plusieurs huttes construites en bois, moitié dans la

terre, moitié en dehors.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. At

Beaufort Bay are wooden huts. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 177. At Toker Point,

'built of drift-wood and sods of turf or mud.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 343.

At Cape Krusenstern the houses 'appeared like little round hills, with

fences of whale-bone.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 237. 'They

construct yourts or winter residences upon those parts of the shore

which are adapted to their convenience, such as the mouths of rivers,

the entrances of inlets, or jutting points of land, but always upon low

ground.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 300.

[37] 'I was surprised at the vast quantity of driftwood accumulated on

its shore, several acres being thickly covered with it, and many pieces

at least sixty feet in length.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 104.

[38] 'Eastern Esquimaux never seem to think of fire as a means of

imparting warmth.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 346.

[39] Their houses are 'moveable tents, constructed of poles and skins.'

_Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 469. 'Neither wind nor watertight.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 361. At Cape Smythe, Hooper saw seven

Eskimo tents of seal skin. _Tuski_, p. 216. 'We entered a small tent of

morse-skins, made in the form of a canoe.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i.,

p. 226. At Coppermine River their tents in summer are of deer-skin with

the hair on, and circular. _Hearne's Travels_, p. 167. At St Lawrence

Island, Kotzebue saw no settled dwellings, 'only several small tents

built of the ribs of whales, and covered with the skin of the morse.'

_Voyage_, vol. i., pp. 190-191.

[40] 'In parallelograms, and so adjusted as to form a rotunda, with an

arched roof.' _Silliman's Jour._, vol. xvi., p. 146. _Parry's Voy._,

vol. v., p. 200. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 44.

[41] 'These houses are durable, the wind has little effect on them, and

they resist the thaw until the sun acquires very considerable power.'

_Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 350.

[42] The snow houses are called by the natives _igloo_, and the

underground huts _yourts_, or _yurts_, and their tents _topeks_. Winter

residence, 'iglut.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 310. Beechey,

describing the same kind of buildings, calls them 'yourts.' _Voy._, vol.

i., p. 366. Tent of skins, tie-poo-eet; topak; toopek. Tent, too-pote.

_Ibid._, vol. ii., p. 381. 'Yourts.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii.,

p. 59. Tent, topek. Dall says Richardson is wrong, and that igloo or

iglu is the name of ice houses. _Alaska_, p. 532. House, iglo. Tent,

tuppek. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 378. Snow house, eegloo.

_Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 47.

[43] They are so fond of the warm blood of dying animals that they

invented an instrument to secure it. See _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p.

344. 'Whale-blubber, their great delicacy, is sickening and dangerous to

a European stomach.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 192.

[44] Hearne says that the natives on the Arctic coast of British America

are so disgustingly filthy that when they have bleeding at the nose they

lick up their own blood. _Travels_, p. 161. 'Salt always appeared an

abomination.' 'They seldom cook their food, the frost apparently acting

as a substitute for fire.' _Collinson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,

vol. xxv., p. 201. At Kotzebue Sound they 'seem to subsist entirely on

the flesh of marine animals, which they, for the most part, eat raw.'

_Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 239.

[45] 'During the two summer months they hunt and live on swans, geese,

and ducks.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 346.

[46] 'Secures winter feasts and abundance of oil for the lamps of a

whole village, and there is great rejoicing.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._,

p. 313. 'The capture of the seal and walrus is effected in the same

manner. Salmon and other fish are caught in nets.' _Seemann's Voy.

Herald_, vol. ii., p. 61. 'Six small perforated ivory balls attached

separately to cords of sinew three feet long.' _Dease & Simpson_, in

_Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., 222.

[47] Near Smith River, a low piece of ground, two miles broad at the

beach, was found enclosed by double rows of turf set up to represent

men, narrowing towards a lake, into which reindeer were driven and

killed. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 135.

[48] 'Ce qu'il y a encore de frappant dans la complexion de ces

barbares, c'est l'extrême chaleur de leur estomac et de leur sang; ils

échauffent tellement, par leur haleine ardente, les huttes où ils

assemblent en hiver, que les Européans, s'y sentent étouffés, comme dans

une étuve dont la chaleur est trop graduée: aussi ne font-ils jamais de

feu dans leur habitation en aucune saison, et ils ignorent l'usage des

cheminées, sous le climat le plus froid du globe.' _De Pauw_,

_Recherches Phil._, tom. i., p. 261.

[49] 'The voluptuousness and Polygamy of the North American Indians,

under a temperature of almost perpetual winter, is far greater than that

of the most sensual tropical nations.' _Martin's British Colonies_, vol.

iii., p. 524.

[50] 'The seal is perhaps their most useful animal, not merely

furnishing oil and blubber, but the skin used for their canoes, thongs,

nets, lassoes, and boot soles.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 161.

[51] They have 'two sorts of bows; arrows pointed with iron, flint, and

bone, or blunt for birds; a dart with throwing-board for seals; a spear

headed with iron or copper, the handle about six feet long; and

formidable iron knives, equally adapted for throwing, cutting, or

stabbing.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 123. They ascended the Mackenzie in

former times as far as the Ramparts, to obtain flinty slate for lance

and arrow points. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 213. At St. Lawrence

Island, they are armed with a knife two feet long. _Kotzebue's Voy._,

vol. i., pp. 193, 211. One weapon was 'a walrus tooth fixed to the end

of a wooden staff.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 343.

[52] At the Coppermine River, arrows are pointed with slate or copper;

hatchets also are made of a thick lump of copper. _Hearne's Travels_,

pp. 161-9.

[53] 'The old ivory knives and flint axes are now superseded, the

Russians having introduced the common European sheath-knife and hatchet.

The board for throwing darts is in use, and is similar to that of the

Polynesians.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 53.

[54] The 'baydare is a large open boat, quite flat, made of sea-lions'

skins,' and is used also for a tent. At Lantscheff Island it was 'a

large and probably leathern boat, with black sails.' _Kotzebue's Voy._,

vol. i., pp. 202, 216. 'The kaiyaks are impelled by a double-bladed

paddle, used with or without a central rest, and the umiaks with oars.'

Can 'propel their kaiyaks at the rate of seven miles an hour.'

_Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., pp. 238, 358. At Hudson Strait they have

canoes of seal-skin, like those of Greenland. _Franklin's Nar._, vol.

i., p. 29. Not a drop of water can penetrate the opening into the canoe.

_Müller's Voy._, p. 46. The kyak is like an English wager-boat. They are

'much stronger than their lightness would lead one to suppose.' _Hooper's

Tuski_, pp. 226, 228. _Oomiaks_ or family canoes of skin; float in six

inches of water. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 148. 'With these boats they make

long voyages, frequently visiting St. Lawrence Island.' _Dall's Alaska_,

p. 380. 'Frame work of wood--when this cannot be procured whalebone is

substituted.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 98. Mackenzie saw boats put

together with whalebone; 'sewed in some parts, and tied in others.'

_Voyages_, p. 67. They also use a sail. 'On découvrit au loin, dans la

baie, un bateau qui allait à la voile; elle était en cuir.' _Choris_,

_Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 6. They 'are the best means yet discovered by

mankind to go from place to place.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 43.

'It is wonderful what long voyages they make in these slight boats.'

_Campbell's Voy._, p. 114. 'The skin, when soaked with water, is

translucent; and a stranger placing his foot upon the flat yielding

surface at the bottom of the boat fancies it a frail security.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 346.

[55] The 'kajak is shaped like a weaver's shuttle.' _Richardson's Pol.

Reg._, p. 308. 'The paddle is in the hands of an Eskimo, what the

balancing pole is to a tight-rope dancer.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

ii., p. 56.

[56] 'The Koltshanen construct birch-bark canoes; but on the coast skin

boats or baidars, like the Eskimo kaiyaks and umiaks, are employed.'

_Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 405. If by accident a hole should be

made, it is stopped with a piece of the flesh of the sea-dog, or fat of

the whale, which they always carry with them. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt.

ii., p. 43. They strike 'the water with a quick, regular motion, first

on one side, and then on the other.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p.

516. 'Wiegen nie über 30 Pfund, und haben ein dünnes mit Leder

überzognes Gerippe.' _Neue Nachrichten_, p. 152. 'The Aleutians put to

sea with them in all weathers.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 40.

At the Shumagin Islands they 'are generally about twelve feet in length,

sharp at each end, and about twenty inches broad.' _Meares' Voy._, p.

x. They are as transparent as oiled paper. At Unalaska they are so light

that they can be carried in one hand. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 157,

159.

[57] 'They average twelve feet in length, two feet six inches in height,

two feet broad, and have the fore part turned up in a gentle curve.'

'The floor resembles a grating without cross-bars, and is almost a foot

from the level of the snow.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 56.

At Saritscheff Island 'I particularly remarked two very neat sledges

made of morse and whalebones.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 201. 'To

make the runners glide smoothly, a coating of ice is given to them.'

_Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 309. At Norton Sound Captain Cook found

sledges ten feet long and twenty inches in width. A rail-work on each

side, and shod with bone; 'neatly put together; some with wooden pins,

but mostly with thongs or lashings of whale-bone.' _Third Voy._, vol.

ii., p. 442, 443. Mackenzie describes the sledges of British America,

_Voyages_, pp. 67, 68.

[58] 'About the size of those of Newfoundland, with shorter legs.'

_Dall's Alaska_, p. 25. 'Neither plentiful nor of a good class.'

_Whymper's Alaska_, p. 171.

[59] The dog will hunt bear and reindeer, but is afraid of its near

relative, the wolf. _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 474.

[60] 'An average length is four and a half feet.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p.

183. 'The Innuit snowshoe is small and nearly flat,' 'seldom over thirty

inches long.' 'They are always rights and lefts.' Ingalik larger;

Kutchin same style; Hudson Bay, thirty inches in length. _Dall's

Alaska_, pp. 190, 191. 'They are from two to three feet long, a foot

broad, and slightly turned up in front.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol.

ii., p. 60.

[61] 'Blue beads, cutlery, tobacco, and buttons, were the articles in

request.' _Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 352. At Hudson Strait they have

a custom of licking with the tongue each article purchased, as a finish

to the bargain. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., 27. 'Articles of Russian

manufacture find their way from tribe to tribe along the American coast,

eastward to Repulse Bay.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 317.

[62] Are very anxious to barter arrows, seal-skin boots, and ivory

ornaments for tobacco, beads, and particularly for iron. _Hooper's

Tuski_, p. 217. Some of their implements at Coppermine River are: stone

kettles, wooden dishes, scoops and spoons made of buffalo or musk-ox

horns. _Hearne's Travels_, p. 168. At Point Barrow were ivory implements

with carved figures of sea-animals, ivory dishes, and a 'fine whalebone

net.' Also 'knives and other implements, formed of native copper' at

Coppermine River. _Simpson's Nar._, pp. 147, 156, 261. At Point Barrow

they 'have unquestionably an indirect trade with the Russians.'

_Simpson's Nar._, 161.

[63] 'They are very expert traders, haggle obstinately, always consult

together, and are infinitely happy when they fancy they have cheated

anybody.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 211. 'A thieving, cunning

race.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 110. They respect each other's property,

'but they steal without scruple from strangers.' _Richardson's Jour._,

vol. i., p. 352.

[64] 'They have a chief (Nalegak) in name, but do not recognize his

authority.' _Dr Hayes_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. i., p. 6. Government, 'a

combination of the monarchical and republican;' 'every one is on a

perfect level with the rest.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 59,

60. 'Chiefs are respected principally as senior men.' _Franklin's Nar._,

vol. ii., p. 41. At Kotzebue Sound, a robust young man was taken to be

chief, as all his commands were punctually obeyed. _Kotzebue's Voy._,

vol. i., p. 235. Quarrels 'are settled by boxing, the parties sitting

down and striking blows alternately, until one of them gives in.'

_Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 326. Every man governs his own family.

_Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 475. They 'have a strong respect for their

territorial rights, and maintain them with firmness.' _Richardson's

Jour._, vol. i., p. 351.

[65] They are 'horribly filthy in person and habits.' _Hooper's Tuski_,

p. 224. 'A husband will readily traffic with the virtue of a wife for

purposes of gain.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p. 195. 'More than once a wife

was proffered by her husband.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 356. As

against the above testimony, Seemann affirms: 'After the marriage

ceremony has been performed infidelity is rare.' _Voy. Herald_, vol.

ii., p. 66. 'These people are in the habit of collecting certain fluids

for the purposes of tanning; and that, judging from what took place in

the tent, in the most open manner, in the presence of all the family.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 407.

[66] 'Two men sometimes marry the same woman.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_,

vol. ii., p. 66. 'As soon as a girl is born, the young lad who wishes to

have her for a wife goes to her father's tent, and proffers himself. If

accepted, a promise is given which is considered binding, and the girl

is delivered to her betrothed husband at the proper age.' _Franklin's

Nar._, vol. ii., p. 41. Women 'carry their infants between their

reindeer-skin jackets and their naked backs.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 121.

'All the drudgery falls upon the women; even the boys would transfer

their loads to their sisters.' _Collinson_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,

vol. xxv., p. 201.

[67] The '_Kashim_ is generally built by the joint labour of the

community.' _Richardson's Pol. Reg._, p. 311.

[68] 'Their dance is of the rudest kind, and consists merely in violent

motion of the arms and legs.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 63.

They make 'the most comical motions with the whole body, without

stirring from their place.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., p. 192. Their

song consisted of the words: 'Hi, Yangah yangah; ha ha, yangah--with

variety only in the inflection of voice.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 225. When

heated by the dance, even the women were stripped to their breeches.

_Simpson's Nar._, p. 158. 'An old man, all but naked, jumped into the

ring, and was beginning some indecent gesticulations, when his

appearance not meeting with our approbation he withdrew.' _Beechey's

Voy._, vol. i., p. 396.

[69] 'C'était la plus grande marque d'amitié qu'ils pouvaient nous

donner.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. ii., p. 5. 'They came up to me one

after the other--each of them embraced me, rubbed his nose hard against

mine, and ended his caresses by spitting in his hands and wiping them

several times over my face.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. i., pp. 192, 195.

[70] 'Their personal bravery is conspicuous, and they are the only

nation on the North American Continent who oppose their enemies face to

face in open fight.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 244. 'Simple,

kind people; very poor, very filthy, and to us looking exceedingly

wretched.' _McClure's Dis. N. W. Passage_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._,

vol. xxiv., p. 242. 'More bold and crafty than the Indians; but they use

their women much better.' _Bell's Geog._, vol. v., p. 294.

[71] 'Their diseases are few.' _Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 67.

'Diseases are quite as prevalent among them as among civilized people.'

_Dall's Alaska_, p. 195. 'Ophthalmia was very general with them.'

_Beechey's Voy._, vol. i., p. 345. 'There is seldom any mortality except

amongst the old people and very young children.' _Armstrong's Nar._, p.

197.

[72] At Point Barrow, bodies were found in great numbers scattered over

the ground in their ordinary seal-skin dress; a few covered with pieces

of wood, the heads all turned north-east towards the extremity of the

point. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 155. 'They lay their dead on the ground,

with their heads all turned to the north.' 'The bodies lay exposed in

the most horrible and disgusting manner.' _Dease and Simpson_, in _Lond.

Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. viii., p. 221, 222. 'Their position with regard

to the points of the compass is not taken into consideration.'

_Seemann's Voy. Herald_, vol. ii., p. 67. 'There are many more graves

than present inhabitants of the village, and the story is that the whole

coast was once much more densely populated.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 19.

Hooper, on coming to a burial place not far from Point Barrow,

'conjectured that the corpses had been buried in an upright position,

with their heads at or above the surface.' _Tuski_, p. 221.

[73] Kadiak 'is a derivative, according to some authors, from the

Russian _Kadia_, a large tub; more probably, however, it is a corruption

of Kaniag, the ancient Innuit name.' _Dall's Alaska_, p. 532. Holmberg

thinks that the word Kadiak arose from _Kikchtak_, which in the language

of the Koniagas means a large island. 'Der Name Kadjak ist offenbar eine

Verdrehung von Kikchtak, welches Wort in der Sprache der Konjagen

"grosse Insel" bedeutet und daher auch als Benennung der grössten Insel

dieser Gruppe diente.' _Ethnographische Skizzen über die Völker des

Russischen Amerika_, p. 75. 'A la division _Koniagi_ appartient la

partie la plus septentrionale de l'Alaska, et l'île de Kodiak, que les

Russes appellent vulgairement _Kichtak_, quoique, dans la langue des

naturels, le mot Kightak ne désigne en général qu'une île.' _Humboldt_,

_Essai Pol._, tom. i., p. 347. Coxe affirms that the natives 'call

themselves Kanagist.' _Russian Dis._, p. 135. And Sauer says, 'the

natives call themselves _Soo-oo-it_.' _Billings' Ex._, p. 175. 'Man

verstand von ihnen, das sie sich selbst Kanagist nennen.' _Neue Nachr._,

p. 114.

[74] _Tschugatsches_, _Tschugatsi_ or _Tschgatzi_. Latham, _Native

Races_, p. 290, says the name is Athabascan, and signifies 'men of the

sea.'

[75] _Kuskoquigmutes_, _Kuskokwimen_, _Kuskokwigmjuten_,

_Kusckockwagemuten_, _Kuschkukchwakmüten_, or _Kaskutchewak_.

[76] The termination _mute_, _mut_, _meut_, _muten_, or _mjuten_,

signifies people or village. It is added to the tribal name sometimes as

a substantive as well as in an adjective sense.

[77] 'Herr Wassiljew schätzt ihre Zahl auf mindestens 7000 Seelen

beiderlei Geschlechts und jeglichen Alters.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._,

p. 127.

[78] 'Es waren wohl einst alle diese Inseln bewohnt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn.

Skiz._, p. 76.

[79] The Malemutes are 'a race of tall and stout people.' _Whymper's

Alaska_, p. 159. 'Die Kuskokwimer sind, mittlerer Statur, schlank,

rüstig und oft mit grosser Stärke begabt.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p.

135. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 186. 'Bisweilen fallen sogar riesige Gestalten

auf, wie ich z. B. einen Häuptling in der igatschen Bucht zu sehen

Gelegenheit hatte, dessen Länge 6¾ Fuss betrug.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn.

Skiz._, p. 80. The chief at Prince William Sound was a man of low

stature, 'with a long beard, and seemed about sixty years of age.'

_Portlock's Voy._, p. 237. A strong, raw-boned race. _Meares' Voy._, p.

32. At Cook's Inlet they seemed to be of the same nation as those of Pr.

Wm. Sd., but entirely different from those at Nootka, in persons and

language. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 400. They are of 'middle

size and well proportioned.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68. 'They emigrated in

recent times from the Island of Kadyak, and they claim, as their

hereditary possessions, the coast lying between Bristol Bay and

Beering's Straits.' _Richardson's Nar._, vol. i., p. 364. 'Die

Tschugatschen sind Ankömmlinge von der Insel Kadjack, die während

innerer Zwistigkeiten von dort vertrieben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p.

116.

[80] Achkugmjuten, 'Bewohner der warmen Gegend.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn.

Skiz._, p. 5. 'Copper complexion.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 194.

[81] 'They bore their under lip, where they hang fine bones of beasts

and birds.' _Staehlin's North. Arch._, p. 33. 'Setzen sich auch--Zähne

von Vögeln oder Thierknochen in künstliche Oeffnungen der Unterlippe und

unter der Nase ein.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113.

[82] The people of Kadiak, according to Langsdorff, are similar to those

of Unalaska, the men being a little taller. They differ from the Fox

Islanders. _Voy._, pt. ii., p. 62. 'Die Insulaner waren hier von den

Einwohnern, der vorhin entdeckten übrigen Fuchsinsuln, in Kleidung und

Sprache ziemlich verschieden.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 113. 'Ils ressemblent

beaucoup aux indigènes des îles Curiles, dépendantes du Japon.'

_Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 45.

[83] 'They wore strings of beads suspended from apertures in the lower

lip.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 195. 'Their ears are full of holes, from

which hang pendants of bone or shell.' _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxii. 'Elles

portent des perles ordinairement en verre bleu, suspendues au-dessous du

nez à un fil passé dans la cloison nasale.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 573.

'Upon the whole, I have nowhere seen savages who take more pains than

these people do to ornament, or rather to disfigure their persons.' At

Prince William Sound they are so fond of ornament 'that they stick any

thing in their perforated lip; one man appearing with two of our iron

nails projecting from it like prongs; and another endeavouring to put a

large brass button into it.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 370. They

slit the under lip, and have ornaments of glass beads and muscle-shells

in nostrils and ears; tattoo chin and neck. _Langsdorff's Voy._, vol.

ii., p. 63. 'Die Frauen machen Einschnitte in die Lippen. Der

Nasenknorpel ist ebenfalls durchstochen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p.

135.

[84] The Kadiaks dress like the Aleuts, but their principal garment they

call _Konägen_; _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 63. Like the Unalaskas,

the neck being more exposed, fewer ornamentations. _Sauer_, _Billings'

Voy._, p. 177. 'Consists wholly of the skins of animals and birds.'

_Portlock's Voy._, p. 249. A coat peculiar to Norton Sound appeared 'to

be made of reeds sewed very closely together.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 191.

'Nähen ihre _Parken_ (Winter-Kleider) aus Vögelhäuten und ihre

_Kamleien_ (Sommer-Kleider) aus den Gedärmen von Wallfischen und

Robben.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 117. At Norton Sound 'principally

of deer-skins.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 484. 'Ihre Kleider sind

aus schwarzen und andern Fuchsbälgen, Biber, Vogelhäuten, auch jungen

Rennthier and Jewraschkenfellen, alles mit Sehnen genäht.' _Neue

Nachr._, p. 113. 'The dress of both sexes consists of parkas and

camleykas, both of which nearly resemble in form a carter's frock.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 194.

[85] 'Una tunica entera de pieles que les abriga bastantemente.' _Bodega

y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 66. 'By the use of such a girdle, it should

seem that they sometimes go naked.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p.

437.

[86] 'Plastered over with mud, which gives it an appearance not very

unlike a dung hill.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 214. Sea-dog skin closes the

opening. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 62. The Kuskoquims have

'huttes qu'ils appellent barabores pour l'été.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p.

574. 'Mit Erde und Gras bedeckt, so dass man mit Recht die Wohnungen der

Konjagen Erdhütten nennen kann.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 97. 'A

door fronting the east.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 175. At Norton

Sound 'they consist simply of a sloping roof, without any side-walls.'

_Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 484. Build temporary huts of sticks

and bark. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 253.

[87] 'In dem Kashim versammelt sich die männliche Bevölkerung des ganzen

Dorfes zur Berathschlagung über wichtige Angelegenheiten, über Krieg und

Frieden, etc.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 129.

[88] 'Le poisson est la principale nourriture.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p.

574. 'Berries mixed with rancid whale oil.' 'The fat of the whale is the

prime delicacy.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 178, 195. 'Meistentheils nähren

sie sich mit rohen und trocknen Fischen, die sie theils in der See mit

knöchernen Angelhaken, theils in den Bächen mit Sacknetzen, die sie

aus Sehnen flechten, einfangen.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114. They generally

eat their food raw, but sometimes they boil it in water heated with hot

stones. _Meares' Voy._, p. xxxv. The method of catching wild geese, is

to chase and knock them down immediately after they have shed their

large wing-feathers; at which time they are not able to fly. _Portlock's

Voy._, p. 265.

[89] 'Ich hatte auf der Insel Afognak Gelegenheit dem Zerschneiden eines

Wallfisches zuzusehen und versichere, dass nach Verlauf von kaum 2

Stunden nur die blanken Knochen auf dem Ufer lagen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn.

Skiz._, p. 91.

[90] The Kadiaks 'pass their time in hunting, festivals, and abstinence.

The first takes place in the summer; the second begins in the month of

December, and continues as long as any provisions remain; and then

follows the period of famine, which lasts till the re-appearance of fish

in the rivers. During the period last mentioned, many have nothing but

shell-fish to subsist on, and some die for want.' _Lisiansky's Voy._,

pp. 209, 210.

[91] 'Wild animals which they hunt, and especially wild sheep, the flesh

of which is excellent.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 188. They eat the larger

sort of fern-root baked, and a substance which seemed the inner bark of

the pine. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 374. 'Die Eingebornen essen

diese Wurzeln (Lagat) roh und gekocht; aus der Wurzel, nachdem sie in

Mehl verwandelt ist, bäckt man, mit einer geringen Beimischung von

Weizenmehl, süssliche, dünne Kuchen.' _Sagoskin_, _Tagebuch_, in

_Denkschr. d. russ. Geog. Gesell._, p. 343.

[92] 'Ihre hölzernen Schilde nennen sie Kujaki.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 114.

[93] 'Selecting the roots of such plants as grow alone, these roots are

dried and pounded, or grated.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 178.

[94] 'Die Pfeilspitzen sind aus Eisen oder Kupfer, ersteres erhalten sie

von den Kenayern, letzteres von den Tutnen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._,

p. 118. 'De pedernal en forma de arpon, cortado con tanta delicadeza

como pudiera hacerlo el mas hábil lapidario.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._,

MS. p. 66.

[95] At Prince William Sound Cook found the canoes not of wood, as at

Nootka. At Bristol Bay they were of skin, but broader. _Third Voy._,

vol. ii., pp. 371, 437. 'Die kadjakschen Baidarken unterscheiden sich in

der Form ein wenig von denen der andern Bewohner der amerikanischen

Küste, von denen der Aleuten aber namentlich darin, dass sie kürzer und

breiter sind.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 99. At Prince William Sound,

'formada la canoa en esqueleto la forran por fuera con pieles de

animales.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 65. 'Qu'on se figure une

nacelle de quatre mètres de long et de soixante centimètres de large

tout au plus.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 48. 'These canoes

were covered with skins, the same as we had seen last season in Cook's

River. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 147. 'Safer at sea in bad weather than

European boats.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 211.

[96] Their whale-sinew thread was as fine as silk. _Lisiansky's Voy._,

p. 207.

[97] The only tool seen was a stone adze. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii.,

p. 373.

[98] 'Their sewing, plaiting of sinews, and small work on their little

bags may be put in competition with the most delicate manufactures found

in any part of the known world.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., pp. 373,

374. 'If we may judge by these figures, the inhabitants of Cadiack must

have lost much of their skill in carving, their old productions of this

kind being greatly superior.' _Lisiansky_, p. 178. The Ingalik's

household furniture is made 'von gebogenem Holz sehr zierlich gearbeitet

und mittelst Erdfarben roth, grün und blau angestrichen. Zum Kochen der

Speisen bedienen sie sich irdener, ausgebrannter Geschirre.' _Baer_,

_Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 121.

[99] 'Tis most probable they are divided into clans or tribes.' _Dixon's

Voy._, p. 67. 'They have a King, whose name was Sheenoway.' _Meares'

Voy._, p. xxvii. 'They always keep together in families, and are under

the direction of toyons or chiefs.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 151.

[100] Female slaves are sold from one tribe to another. _Sauer,

Billings' Voy._, p. 175.

[101] 'Zugleich verschwand auch ihre Benennung; man nannte sie ferner

Kajuren, ein Wort aus Kamtschatka hieher übergesiedelt, welches

Tagelöhner oder Arbeiter bedeutet.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 79.

[102] 'They will not go a step out of the way for the most necessary

purposes of nature; and vessels are placed at their very doors for the

reception of the urinous fluid, which are resorted to alike by both

sexes.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 214.

[103] 'Not only do brothers and sisters cohabit with each other, but

even parents and children.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64.

[104] 'Images dressed in different forms.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 178.

'The most favoured of women is she who has the greatest number of

children.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Voy._, p. 176.

[105] 'Der Vater oder die Mutter bestimmen den Sohn schon in seiner

frühsten Kindheit zum Achnutschik, wenn er ihnen mädchenhaft erscheint.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 121. 'Male concubines are much more frequent

here than at Oonalashka.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64. They 'are

happy to see them taken by the chiefs, to gratify their unnatural

desires. Such youths are dressed like women, and taught all their

domestic duties.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 176. 'Ces peuples sont très

adonnés aux plaisirs des sens et même à un vice infame.' _Choris_, _Voy.

Pitt._, pt. vii., p. 8. 'Of all the customs of these islanders, the most

disgusting is that of men, called _schoopans_, living with men, and

supplying the place of women.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 199. This shameful

custom applies to the Thlinkeets as well. 'Quelques personnes de

l'Equipage du Solide ont rapporté qu'il ne leur est pas possible de

douter que les Tchinkîtânéens ne soient souillés de ce vice honteux que

la Théogonie immorale des Grecs avoit divinisé.' _Marchand_, _Voy. aut.

du Monde_, tom. ii., p. 97.

[106] 'Der Schamane hat seiner Obliegenheit gemäss oder aus besonderem

Wohlwollen sie der Jungferschaft beraubt und sie wäre unwürdig vor der

Versammlung zu erscheinen, wenn sie ihre erste Liebe irgend einem

Anderen und nicht dem Schamanen gezollt hätte.' _Baer_, _Stat. u.

Ethn._, p. 133.

[107] 'Their dances are proper tournaments.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._,

p. 176. They are much addicted to public dances, especially during

winter. _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 165. 'Masks of the most hideous figures

are worn.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 210. 'Use a sort of rattle composed of

a number of the beaks of the sea-parrot, strung upon a wooden

cross,'--sounds like castanets. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 64.

'Die Tänzer erscheinen, eben so, mit Wurfspiessen oder Messern in den

Händen, welche sie über dem Kopfe schwingen.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._,

p. 118.

[108] 'Les sorciers et chamans jouissent d'une grande faveur dans cette

région glacée de l'Amérique.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 574. 'Schamanen und

alte Weiber kennen verschiedene Heilmittel.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._,

p. 135. 'Next in rank to the shamans are the kaseks, or sages, whose

office is to teach children the different dances, and superintend the

public amusements and shows, of which they have the supreme control.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 208.

[109] 'The dead body of a chief is embalmed with moss, and buried.'

_Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 177.

[110] 'In one of the small buildings, or kennels, as they may very

properly be called, was a woman who had retired into it in consequence

of the death of her son.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 184.

[111] 'The word Aleutian seems to be derived from the interrogative

particle _allix_, which struck strangers in the language of that

people.' _Kotzebue's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 312. The Unalaskas and 'the

people of Oomnak, call themselves _Cowghalingen_.' 'The natives of

Alaska and all the adjacent islands they call _Kagataiakung'n_.'

_Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 154. 'The inhabitants of Unalashka are

called _Kogholaghi_; those of Akutan, and further east to Unimak,

_Kighigusi_; and those of Unimak and Alaxa, _Kataghayekiki_. They cannot

tell whence these appellations are derived; and now begin to call

themselves by the general name of _Aleyut_, given to them by the

Russians, and borrowed from some of the Kurile Islands.' _Coxe's Russ.

Dis._, p. 219.

[112] Yet, says D'Orbigny, _Voyage_, p. 577: 'Si on interroge les

Aléoutiens sur leur origine, ils disent que leurs ancêtres ont habité un

grand pays vers l'ouest, et que de là ils sont avancés de proche en

proche sur les îles désertes jusqu'au continent américain.'

[113] Trapesnikoff took from an unknown island in 1753, 1920 sea-otter

skins. Durneff returned to Kamchatka in 1754, with 3,000 skins. In 1752

one crew touched at Bering Island and took 1,222 Arctic foxes, and 2,500

sea-bears. Cholodiloff, in 1753, took from one island 1,600 otter-skins.

Tolstych in one voyage took 1,780 sea-otter, 720 blue foxes, and 840

sea-bears. _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, pp. 43, 44, 49, 51, 53.

[114] _Sparks_, _Life of Ledyard_, p. 79.

[115] A great deal of character. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 32.

[116] 'Rather low of stature, but plump and well shaped; with rather

short necks; swarthy chubby faces; black eyes; small beards, and long,

straight, black hair; which the men wear loose behind, and cut before,

but the women tie up in a bunch.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510.

'Von Gesicht sind sie platt und weiss, von guter Statur, durchgängig mit

schwarzen Haaren.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 150. 'Low in stature, broad in the

visage.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 112. Hair 'strong and wiry;' scanty

beard, but thick on the upper lip. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 154.

[117] 'Les femmes aléoutes portaient aux mains et aux pieds des

chapelets de pierres de couleur et préférablement d'ambre.' _D'Orbigny_,

_Voy._, p. 579. 'None are so highly esteemed as a sort of long muscle,

commonly called sea-teeth, the _dentalium entalis_ of Linnæus.'

_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 40. 'Women have the chin punctured in

fine lines rayed from the centre of the lip and covering the whole

chin.' They wear bracelets of black seal-skin around the wrists and

ankles, and go barefoot. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 155. 'Im

Nasen-Knorpel und der Unterlippe machen beide Geschlechter Löcher und

setzen Knochen ein, welches ihr liebster Schmuck ist. Sie stechen sich

auch bunte Figuren im Gesicht aus.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 169. 'They bore

the upper lip of the young children of both sexes, under the nostrils,

where they hang several sorts of stones, and whitened fish-bones, or the

bones of other animals.' _Staehlin's North Arch._, p. 37.

[118] 'Leur conformation est robuste et leur permet de supporter des

travaux et des fatigues de toute sorte.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 577.

[119] At Shumagin Island, their caps were of sea-lion skins. _Müller's

Voy._, p. 46. On the front are one or two small images of bone. _Cook's

Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 510. A wooden hat, 'which in front comes out

before the eyes like a sort of umbrella, and is rounded off behind.'

_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 38. 'Einige haben gemeine Mützen von

einem bunten Vogelfell, woran sie etwas von den Flügeln und dem Schwanz

sitzen lassen;--sind vorn mit einem Brettchen wie ein Schirm versehn und

mit Bärten von Seebären--geschmücket.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 151, 152.

[120] On a feather garment, 'a person is sometimes employed a whole

year.' 'The women for the most part go bare-footed.' _Langsdorff's

Voy._, pt. ii., pp. 36, 39. 'Seams covered with thin slips of skin, very

elegantly embroidered with white deer's hair, goat's hair, and the

sinews of sea animals, dyed of different colours.' _Sauer_, _Billings'

Ex._, p. 156. 'Ihr Pelzkleid wird über den Kopf angezogen, und ist

hinten und vorn ganz zu. Die Männer tragen es aus Vogelhäuten; die

Weiber hingegen von Bibern und jungen Seebären.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 152.

'Boots and breeches in one piece.' _Campbell's Voy._, p. 113.

[121] 'Round the sides and ends of the huts, the families (for several

are lodged together) have their separate apartments, where they sleep,

and sit at work; not upon benches, but in a kind of concave trench,

which is dug all around the inside of the house, and covered with mats.'

_Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 512. 'When they have stood for

sometime, they become overgrown with grass, so that a village has the

appearance of an European churchyard full of graves.' _Langsdorff's

Voy._, p. 32. 'In den Jurten wird niemals Feuer angelegt und doch ist es

gemeiniglich sehr warm darinnen, so dass beide Geschlechter ganz nakkend

sitzen.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 150.

[122] 'A bidarka or boat is turned up sideways, and at the distance of

four or five feet, two sticks, one opposite to the head and the other to

the stern, are driven into the ground, on the tops of which a cross

stick is fastened. The oars are then laid along from the boat to the

cross stick, and covered with seal skins, which are always at hand for

the purpose.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 152.

[123] 'Among the greatest delicacies of Oonalashka are the webbed feet

of a seal, which are tied in a bladder, buried in the ground, and remain

there till they are changed into a stinking jelly.' _Kotzebue's Voy._,

vol. ii., p. 165. Almost everything is eaten raw. _Cook's Third Voy._,

vol. ii., p. 520. The sea-dog is caught with nets, killed when asleep,

or enticed on shore by a false cap made to resemble a seal's head.

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205.

[124] 'L'Aléoute peut tuer les phoques et les oiseaux, sans être obligé

d'en rendre compte à la compagnie.' _Choris_, _Voy. Pitt._, pt. vii., p.

4.

[125] 'Die Spitze selbst wird theils aus Obsidian oder Lavaglas, theils

auch aus Trachyt verfertigt.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., p. 268.

Spear-handles are feathered, the points of sharpened flint. _Neue

Nachr._, p. 102, 'Arrows are thrown from a narrow and pointed board,

twenty inches long, which is held by the thumb and three fingers. They

are thrown straight from the shoulder with astonishing velocity.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 205. 'Les armes défensives consistaient en une

cotte de joncs tressés qui leur couvrait tout le corps.' _D'Orbigny_,

_Voy._, p. 579. 'No such thing as an offensive, or even defensive weapon

was seen amongst the natives of Oonalashka.' Probably they had been

disarmed by the Russians. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 515.

'Wherever any one has fixed his habitation, nobody else dares to hunt or

fish.' _Staehlin's Nor. Arch._, p. 37. For birds they point their darts

with three light bones, spread and barbed. _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p.

157. 'Indeed, there is a neatness and perfection in most of their work,

that shews they neither want ingenuity nor perseverance.' _Cook's Third

Voy._, vol. ii., p. 514.

[126] They make 'baskets called ishcats, in which the Aleutians keep all

their valuables.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 181. 'Thread they make of the

sinews of the seal, and of all sizes, from the fineness of a hair to the

strength of a moderate cord, both twisted and plaited.' _Sauer_,

_Billings' Ex._, p. 157. Of the teeth of sea-dogs they carve little

figures of men, fish, sea-otters, sea-dogs, sea-cows, birds, and other

objects. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 46.

[127] 'Wollen sie etwas an ihren Pfeilen oder sonst eine Kleinigkeit

leimen, so schlagen sie sich an die Nase und bestreichen es mit ihrem

Blute.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 173.

[128] _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 159; _Campbell's Voy._, p. 59.

[129] 'Comme les femmes coûtaient cher en présents de fiançailles, la

plupart des Aléoutes n'en avaient qu'une ou deux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._,

p. 579. Purchase as many girls for wives as they can support. _Sauer_,

_Billings' Ex._, p. 160. 'Objects of unnatural affection.' _Id._, p.

160. 'Their beards are carefully plucked out as soon as they begin to

appear, and their chins tattooed like those of the women.' _Langsdorff's

Voy._, pt. ii., p. 48. 'The Russians told us, that they never had any

connections with their women, because they were not Christians. Our

people were not so scrupulous; and some of them had reason to repent

that the females of Oonalashka encouraged their addresses without any

reserve; for their health suffered by a distemper that is not unknown

here.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 521.

[130] 'It often happens that a mother plunges her noisy child into

water, even in winter, and keeps it there till it leaves off crying.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 202. 'Schreyt das Kind, so trägt es die Mutter,

es sey Winter oder Sommer nakkend nach der See, und hält es so lange im

Wasser bis es still wird.' _Neue Nachr._, p. 168.

[131] 'Have their own chiefs in each island.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol.

ii., p. 510. 'Generally is conferred on him who is the most remarkable

for his personal qualities.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p. 219.

[132] Those of the inhabitants who have two wives give their guests one,

or a slave. _Neue Nachr._, p. 171. 'In the spring holidays, they wear

masks, neatly carved and fancifully ornamented.' _Sauer_, _Billings'

Ex._, p. 160.

[133] 'On avait soin de le disposer de manière à ce qu'il ne touchât pas

la terre.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 579. 'Embalm the bodies of the men

with dried moss and grass.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex._, p. 161. Slaves

sometimes slaughtered. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 48. 'Bury their

dead on the summits of hills.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 521.

'When a man dies in the hut belonging to his wife, she retires into a

dark hole, where she remains forty days. The husband pays the same

compliment to his favorite wife upon her death.' _Coxe's Russ. Dis._, p.

218. 'Die Todten werden begraben, und man giebt dem Mann seinen Kahn,

Pfeile und Kleider mit ins Grab.' 'Die Todten umwinden sie mit Riemen

und hängen sie in einer Art hölzerner Wiege an einen auf zwey Gabelen

ruhenden Querstock in der Luft auf.' _Neue Nachr._, pp. 101, 154.

[134] 'Naturellement silencieux.' _D'Orbigny_, _Voy._, p. 578. 'Sie

verrichten auch die Nothdurft und das Ehegeschäft ohne alle Scheu.'

_Neue. Nachr._, p. 150. 'A stupid silence reigns among them.' 'I am

persuaded that the simplicity of their character exceeds that of any

other people.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 182, 183. 'Kind-hearted and

obliging, submissive and careful; but if roused to anger, they become

rash and unthinking, even malevolent, and indifferent to all danger.'

_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 32. 'To all appearance, they are the

most peaceable, inoffensive people, I ever met with. And, as to honesty,

they might serve as a pattern to the most civilized nation upon earth.'

_Cook_, vol. ii., p. 509.

[135] 'To hunt was their task; to be drowned, or starved, or exhausted,

was their reward.' _Simpson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 229. 'They are

harmless, wretched slaves,' whose race will soon be extinct. _Kotzebue's

Voy._, vol. iii., p. 315. The Russian hunters 'used not unfrequently to

place the men close together, and try through how many the ball of their

rifle-barrelled musket would pass.' _Sauer_, _Billings' Ex. App._, p.

56. 'Of a thousand men, who formerly lived in this spot, scarcely more

than forty remained.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 235. 'La variole,

la syphilis, voire même le choléra depuis quelques années, en emportent

une effrayante quantité.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, vol. ii., p. 51.

[136] _Kaluga_, _Kaljush_, _Koljush_, _Kalusch_, _Kolush_, _Kolosch_,

_Kolosh_, _Kolosches_. Marchand calls them Tchinkîtâné. _Voyage aut. du

Monde_, tom. ii., p. 3.

[137] See _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, pp. 15, 16.

[138] _Ugalachmiuti_, _Ugaljachmjuten_, _Ugalyachmutzi_, _Ugalukmutes_,

_Ugalenzi_, _Ugalenzen_, _Ugalenzes_.

[139] They 'call themselves G-tinkit, or S-chinkit, or also

S-chitcha-chon, that is, inhabitants of Sitki or Sitcha.' _Langsdorff's

Voy._, pt. ii., 128.

[140] The orthographic varieties of this word are endless. _Stickeen_,

_Stekin_, _Stakhin_, _Stachin_, _Stikin_, _Stachine_, _Stikeen_,

_Stikine_, _Stychine_, are among those before me at the moment.

[141] At the end of this chapter, under Tribal Boundaries, the location

of these tribes is given definitely.

[142] A Thlinkeet boy, 'when under the whip, continued his derision,

without once exhibiting the slightest appearance of suffering.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 242.

[143] 'Leur corps est ramassé, mais assez bien proportionné.'

_Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 46. 'Very fierce.' _Portlock's Voy._,

p. 291. 'Limbs straight and well shaped.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 171.

'Stolze gerade Haltung.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 16. 'Active and

clever.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 237. 'Bigote á manera de los Chinos.'

_Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 14. 'Limbs ill-proportioned.' _Kotzebue's New

Voy._, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Très supérieurs en courage et en intelligence.'

_La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54.

[144] The women 'are pleasing and their carriage modest.' _Portlock's

Voy._, p. 291. When washed, white and fresh. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 171.

'Dunkle Hautfarbe.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 16. 'Eran de color

blanco y habia muchos con ojos azules.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 14. As

fair as many Europeans. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Muchos de

ellos de un blanco regular.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 43.

[145] 'Leur chevelure, dure, épaisse, mêlée, couverte d'ocre, de duvet

d'oiseaux et de toutes les ordures que la négligence et le temps y ont

accumulées, contribue encore à rendre leur aspect hideux.' _Marchand_,

_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 46. 'A more hideous set of beings, in the form of

men and women, I had never before seen.' _Cleveland's Voy._, p. 91. The

men painted 'a black circle extending from the forehead to the mouth,

and a red chin, which gave the face altogether the appearance of a

mask.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 146. Pourraient même passer pour jolies,

sans l'horrible habitude qu'elles ont adoptée.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._,

tom. vi., p. 87. 'That person seems to be reckoned the greatest beau

amongst them, whose face is one entire piece of smut and grease.'

_Dixon's Voy._, p. 68. 'Ils se font des cicatrices sur les bras et sur

la poitrine.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 223. 'Um aus dem

Gesichte diese fette Farbenmasse abzuwaschen, gebrauchen sie ihren

eignen Urin, und dieser verursacht bei ihnen den widerlichen Geruch, der

den sich ihm nahenden Fremdling fast zum Erbrechen bringt.' _Holmberg_,

_Ethn. Skiz._, p. 20.

[146] Meares, _Voyages_, p. xxxi., states that at Prince William Sound,

'the men have universally a slit in their under lip, between the

projecting part of the lip and the chin, which is cut parallel with

their mouths, and has the appearance of another mouth.' Worn only by

women. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172.

[147] 'About three tenths of an inch below the upper part of the under

lip.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'In the centre of the

under-lip.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Fendue au ras des

gencives.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. 'In the thick part

near the mouth.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'When the first person having

this incision was seen by one of the seamen, who called out, that the

man had two mouths.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 369. 'In their

early infancy, a small incision is made in the center of the under lip,

and a piece of brass or copper wire is placed in, and left in the wound.

This corrodes the lacerated parts, and by consuming the flesh gradually

increases the orifice, until it is sufficiently large to admit the

wooden appendage.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 408. 'Les femmes de

Tchinkîtâné ont cru devoir ajouter à leur beauté naturelle, par l'emploi

d'un ornement labial, aussi bizarre qu'incommode.' _Marchand_, _Voy._,

tom. ii., p. 48.

[148] 'Simply perforated, and a piece of copper wire introduced.'

_Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'Les jeunes filles n'ont qu'une aiguille dans la

lèvre inférieure.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 226. 'On y prépare

les petites filles aussitôt qu'elles sont nées.' _Id._, tom. iv., p. 54.

'At first a thick wire.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. When

almost marriageable. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 51. 'The

children have them bored at about two years of age, when a piece of

copper-wire is put through the hole; this they wear till the age of

about thirteen or fourteen years, when it is taken out, and the wooden

ornament introduced.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'Said to denote

maturity.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 100. 'Se percer la lèvre inférieure

des l'enfance.' 'D'agrandir peu à peu cette ouverture au point de

pouvoir jeune fille y introduire une coquille, et femme mariée une

énorme tasse de bois.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'Never

takes place during their infancy.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'When the

event takes place that implies womanhood.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 243.

'Wenn zum ersten Mal beim Mädchen sich Spuren der Mannbarkeit zeigen,

wird ihre Unterlippe durchstochen und in diese Oeffnung eine

Knochenspitze, gegenwärtig doch häufiger ein Silberstift gelegt.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Pues les pareció que solo lo tenian

los casados.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 15.

[149] 'Concave on both sides.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280. 'So

lange sie unverheirathet ist, trägt sie diesen; erhält sie aber einen

Mann, so presst man einen grösseren Schmuck von Holz oder Knochen in die

Oeffnung, welcher nach innen, d. h. zur Zahnseite etwas trogförmig

ausgehöhlt ist.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'Une espèce d'écuelle

de bois sans anses qui appuie contre les gencives.' _La Pérouse_,

_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 224. Pieces of shell resembling teeth. _Meares'

Voy._, p. xxxi.

[150] 'As large as a large saucer.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'From one

corner of the mouth to the other.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. ii., p. 280.

'Frequently increased to three, or even four inches in length, and

nearly as wide.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 187. 'A communément un demi-pouce

d'épaisseur, deux de diamètre, et trois pouces de long.' _La Pérouse_,

_Voy._, tom. iv., p. 54. 'At least seven inches in circumference.'

_Meares' Voy._, p. xxxviii. 'Mit den Jahren wird der Schmuck

vergrössert, so dass er bei einem alten Weibe über 2 Zoll breit

angetroffen wird.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. From two to five

inches long, and from one and a half to three inches broad. Ladies of

distinction increase the size. 'I have even seen ladies of very high

rank with this ornament, full five inches long and three broad.' Mr

Dwolf affirms that he saw 'an old woman, the wife of a chief, whose lip

ornament was so large, that by a peculiar motion of her under-lip she

could almost conceal her whole face with it.' 'Horrible in its

appearance to us Europeans.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'Es

una abertura como de media pulgada debaxo del labio inferior, que

representa segunda boca, donde colocan una especie de roldana elíptica

de pino, cuyo diámetro mayor es de dos pulgadas, quatro lineas, y el

menor de una pulgada.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. 126.

[151] 'Une énorme tasse de bois, destinée à recevoir la salive qui s'en

échappe constamment.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 87. 'L'effet

de cet ornement est de rabattre, par le poids de sa partie saillante la

lèvre inférieure sur le menton, de développer les charmes d'une grande

bouche béante, qui prend la forme de celle d'un four, et de mettre à

découvert une rangée de dents jaunes et sales.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom.

ii., p. 49. 'She is obliged to be constantly on the watch, lest it

should fall out, which would cover her with confusion.' _Lisiansky's

Voy._, p. 244. 'The weight of this trencher or ornament weighs the lip

down so as to cover the whole of the chin, leaving all the lower teeth

and gum quite naked.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 289. 'L'usage le plus

révoltant qui existe peut-être sur la terre.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom.

ii., p. 226. 'Always in proportion to a person's wealth.' 'Distorts

every feature in the lower part of the face.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 68,

172. 'In running the lip flaps up and down so as to knock sometimes

against the chin and sometimes against the nose. Upon the continent the

kaluga is worn still larger; and the female who can cover her whole face

with her under-lip passes for the most perfect beauty,' 'The lips of the

women held out like a trough, and always filled with saliva stained with

tobacco-juice, of which they are immoderately fond, is the most

abominably revolting part of the spectacle.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol.

ii., p. 52. 'Dadurch entsteht eine im selbigen Maasse ausgedehnte Lippe,

die höchst widerlich aussieht, um so mehr, da sich nun mehr der Mund

nicht schliessen kann, sondern unaufhörlich einen braunen Tabaksspeichel

von sich gibt.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 21. 'So distorts the face

as to take from it almost the resemblance to the human; yet the

privilege of wearing this ornament is not extended to the female slaves,

who are prisoners taken in war.' _Cleveland's Voy._, p. 91. 'Look as if

they had large flat wooden spoons growing in the flesh.' _Langsdorff's

Voy._, pt. ii., p. 115. 'The sight is hideous. Our men used jocosely to

say, this lower lip would make a good slab to lay their trousers on to

be scrubbed.' _Dunn's Oregon_, p. 277. 'On ne connaît point

d'explication plausible de cette mutilation, qui, chez les Indiens,

passe pour un signe de noblesse.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 336.

[152] 'Die Männertracht unterscheidet sich in Nichts von der Weiber;

sie besteht nämlich aus einem bis zu den Knieen gehenden Hemde.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 18. Some of their blankets 'are so

curiously worked on one side with the fur of the sea-otter, that they

appear as if lined with it.' 'Some dress themselves in short

pantaloons.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 238. 'Las mugeres visten

honestamente una especie de túnica interior de piel sobada.' _Sutil y

Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. 'Se vestian las mugeres tunicas de

pieles ajustadas al cuerpo con brazaletes de cobre o hierro.' _Perez_,

_Nav._, MS. p. 15. 'Usual clothing consists of a little apron.'

_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 49. 'Their feet are always bare.'

_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 114.

[153] 'Usan sombreros de la corteza interior del pino en forma de cono

truncado.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. Their wooden masks

'are so thick, that a musket-ball, fired at a moderate distance, can

hardly penetrate them.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 150.

[154] Pluck out their beard. _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 112. 'Ils

ont de la barbe, moins à la vérité que les Européens, mais assez

cependant pour qu'il soit impossible d'en douter.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._,

tom. ii., p. 229. 'The women in general are hair-dressers for their

husbands.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 290.

[155] 'Der Eingang, ziemlich hoch von der Erde, besteht aus einem

kleinen runden Loche.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 25. 'Ils se

construisent des maisons de bois ou de terre pour l'hiver.' _Laplace_,

_Circumnav._, vol. vi., p. 87. 'The barabaras of the Sitcan people are

of a square form, and spacious. The sides are of planks; and the roof

resembles that of a Russian house.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Habitan

estos Indios en chozas ó rancherías de tablas muy desabrigadas.' _Sutil

y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvi. At Sitka the roof 'rests upon ten or

twelve thick posts driven into the ground, and the sides of the house

are composed of broad thick planks fastened to the same posts.'

_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 129. 'Dans l'intérieur des terres, des

habitations bien construites, spacieuses et commodes.' _Marchand_,

_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 74. 'Shanties on a large scale.' _Whymper's

Alaska_, p. 100. 'Their huts are made of a few boards, which they take

away with them when they go to their winter quarters. It is very

surprising to see how well they will shape their boards with the

shocking tools they employ; some of them being full 10 feet long, 2½

feet broad, and not more than an inch thick.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 292.

'High, large, and roomy, built of wood, with the hearth in the middle,

and the sides divided into as many compartments as there are families

living under the roof.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 410. 'Lebt in

Schoppen aus Balken gebaut, wo an den Seiten für jede Familie besondere

Plätze abgetheilt sind, in der Mitte aber Feuer für alle zusammen

angemacht wird. So pflegen gemeiniglich 2 bis 6 Familien eine einzige

Scheune einzunehmen.' _Baer's Ethn. u. Stat._, p. 97.

[156] 'Vingt-cinq pieds de long sur quinze à vingt pieds de large.' _La

Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 220. 'Roof in the whole with the bark of

trees.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 53. 'Las casas en que estos

habitan en las playas son de poca consideracion y ninguna subsistencia.'

_Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 49. 'A few poles stuck in the ground,

without order or regularity.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 172. 'Gebäude besteht

aus langen, sorgfältig behauenen Brettern, die kartenhausartig über

einander gestellt, an zahlreichen in die Erde gesteckten Stangen

befestigt, recht eigentlich ein hölzernes Zelt bilden. Es hat die Form

einer länglichen Barake mit zwei Giebeln.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i.,

pp. 220, 221.

[157] All kinds of fish; 'such as salmon, mussels, and various other

shell-fish, sea-otters, seals and porpoises; the blubber of the

porpoise, they are remarkably fond of, and indeed the flesh of any

animal that comes in their way.' _Portlock's Voy._, p. 290. 'Vom Meere,

an dessen Ufern sie sich stets ansiedeln, erhalten sie ihre

hauptsächlichste Nahrung; einige Wurzeln, Gräser u. Beeren gehören nur

zu den Leckerbissen des Sommers.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 22.

Cakes made of bark of spruce-fir, mixed with roots, berries, and

train-oil. For salt they use sea-water. Never eat whale-fat.

_Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 131. At Sitka, summer food consists of

berries, fresh fish, and flesh of amphibious animals. Winter food, of

dried salmon, train-oil, and the spawn of fish, especially herrings.

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Sus alimentos se reducen á pescado cocido ó

asado ya fresco ó ya seco, varias hierbas y raizes.' _Bodega y Quadra_,

_Nav._, MS. p. 50. They chew 'a plant which appears to be a species of

tobacco.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 175. 'Sont couverts de vermine; ils font

une chasse assidue à ces animaux dévorans, mais pour les dévorer

eux-mêmes.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 52. 'Tägliche Nahrung der

Einwohner--sind hauptsächtlich Fische, doch häufig auch Mollusken und

Echinodermen.' _Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., p. 222.

[158] 'Le poisson frais ou fumé, les oeufs séchés de poisson.'

_Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 62. 'Is sometimes cooked upon red-hot

stones, but more commonly eaten raw.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii.,

p. 53. 'Not so expert in hunting as the Aleutians. Their principal mode

is that of shooting the sea animals as they lie asleep.' _Lisiansky's

Voy._, p. 242. They boil their victuals in wooden vessels, by constantly

putting red-hot stones into the water. _Portlock's Voy._, p. 291. 'Das

Kochen geschieht jetzt in eisernen Kesseln, vor der Bekanntschaft mit

den Russen aber wurden dazu aus Wurzeln geflochtene Körbe angewandt.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 23.

[159] To their fishing lines, bladders are fastened, 'which float upon

the surface of the water, so that one person can attend to fourteen or

fifteen lines.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 134. 'Ils pêchent,

comme nous, en barrant les rivières, ou à la ligne.' _La Pérouse_,

_Voy._, tom. ii., p. 232. 'For taking the spawn, they use the branches

of the pine-tree, to which it easily adheres, and on which it is

afterwards dried. It is then put into baskets, or holes purposely dug in

the ground, till wanted.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 239. 'Su comun alimento

es el salmon, y es ingenioso el método que tienen de pescarle.' _Sutil y

Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii. 'Their lines are very strong, being made of

the sinews or intestines of animals.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 174. 'Die

Riesenbutte, die in Sitcha bisweilen ein Gewicht von 10 bis 12 Pud

erreicht, wird aus der Tiefe mit grossen hölzernen Angeln, die mit

Widerhaken aus Eisen oder Knochen versehen sind, herausgezogen. Die

Angelschnur besteht aus an einander geknüpften Fucusstängeln.'

_Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 32.

[160] 'Bows and arrows were formerly their only weapons; now, besides

their muskets, they have daggers, and knives half a yard long.'

_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 55. Their weapons were bows, arrows,

and spears. _Dixon's Voy._, p. 67. 'Leur lances dont l'ancienne forme

n'est pas connue, est à présent composée de deux pièces: de la hampe,

longue de quinze ou dix-huit pieds, et du fer qui ne le cède en rien à

celui de la hallebarde de parade dont étoit armé un Suisse de paroisse.'

_Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 68. Knives, some two feet long, shaped

almost like a dagger, with a ridge in the middle. Worn in skin sheaths

hung by a thong to the neck under their robe, probably used only as

weapons. _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 373. 'Las armas ofensivas que

generalmente usan son las flechas, lanzas de seis y ocho varas de largo

con lenguetas de fierro.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 46. 'The

daggers used in battle are made to stab with either end, having three,

four or five inches above the hand tapered to a sharp point; but the

upper part of those used in the Sound and River is excurvated.'

_Portlock's Voy._, p. 261. 'Principally bows and arrows.' _Langsdorff's

Voy._, pt. ii., p. 131. 'Sus armas se reducen al arco, la flecha y el

puñal que traen siempre consigo.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxvii.

'Comme nous examinions très attentivement tous ces poignards, ils nous

firent signe qu'ils n'en faisaient usage que contre les ours et les

autres bêtes des forêts.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 172. 'Der

Dolch ist sehr breit und hat zwei geschliffene Blätter auf jeder Seite

des Griffes, das obere jedoch nur ein Viertel von der Länge des

unteren.' 'Beide Blätter oder Klingen sind mit ledernen Scheiden

versehen.' _Holmberg_, _Ethn. Skiz._, p. 28.

[161] 'A kind of jacket, or coat of mail, made of thin laths, bound

together with sinews, which makes it quite flexible, though so close as

not to admit an arrow or dart.' _Cook's Third Voy._, vol. ii., p. 372.

'Für den Krieg besitzen die Kaloschen auch von Holz gearbeitete

Schutzwaffen: Brustharnische, Sturmhauben und seltsam geschnitzte

Visire, mit grellen Farben bemalte Fratzengesichter darstellen.'

_Kittlitz_, _Reise_, vol. i., p. 216.

[162] 'They never attack their enemies openly.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._,

vol. ii., p. 55. 'Les guerriers tués ou faits prisonniers à la guerre,

passent également sous la dent de leurs vainqueurs qui, en dévorant une

proie aussi distinguée, croient y puiser de nouvelles forces, une

nouvelle énergie.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 155.

[163] 'Bien hechas de una pieza con su falca sobre las bordas.' _Perez_,

_Nav._, MS. p. 17. 'On n'est pas moins étonné de leur stabilité: malgré

la légèreté et le peu de largeur de la coque, elles n'ont pas besoin

d'être soutenues par des balanciers, et jamais on ne les accouple.'

_Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 72. 'Las regulares canoas de que se

sirven son de pino, y no tienen mas capacidad que la que basta para

contener una familia, sin embargo que las hay sumamente grandes.'

_Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 48. 'Rudely excavated and reduced to

no particular shape, but each end has the resemblance of a butcher's

tray.' _Dixon's Voy._, p. 173. 'Their canoes are much inferior to those

of the lower coast, while their skin "baidarkes" (kyacks) are not equal

to those of Norton Sound and the northern coast.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p.

101. At Cook's Inlet, 'their canoes are sheathed with the bark of

trees.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 188. These canoes 'were made from a solid

tree, and many of them appeared to be from 50 to 70 feet in length, but

very narrow, being no broader than the tree itself.' _Meares' Voy._, p.

xxxviii. 'Their boat was the body of a large pine tree, neatly

excavated, and tapered away towards the ends, until they came to a

point, and the fore-part somewhat higher than the after-part; indeed,

the whole was finished in a neat and very exact manner.' _Portlock's

Voy._, p. 259.

[164] 'Ont fait beaucoup plus de progrès dans les arts que dans la

morale.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 233. Thlinkeet women make

baskets of bark of trees, and grass, that will hold water. _Langsdorff's

Voy._, pt. ii., p. 132. They have tolerable ideas of carving, most

utensils having sculptures, representing some animal. _Portlock's Voy._,

p. 294. 'Ces peintures, ces sculptures, telles qu'elles sont, on en voit

sur tous leurs meubles.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 71. 'De la

vivacidad de su genio y del afecto al cambio se debe inferir son

bastantemente laboriosos.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 48. 'Tienen

lana blanca cuya especie ignoraron.' _Perez_, _Nav._, MS. p. 16. 'Masks

very ingeniously cut in wood, and painted with different colors.' A

rattle, 'very well finished, both as to sculpture and painting.' 'One

might suppose these productions the work of a people greatly advanced in

civilization.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 150, 241. 'Found some square

patches of ground in a state of cultivation, producing a plant that

appeared to be a species of tobacco.' _Vancouver's Voy._, vol. iii., p.

256.

[165] 'The skins of the sea-otters form their principal wealth, and are

a substitute for money.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 54. 'In one

place they discovered a considerable hoard of woolen cloth, and as much

dried fish as would have loaded 150 bidarkas.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p.

160.

[166] 'Le Gouvernement des Tchinkitânéens paroîtroit donc se rapprocher

du Gouvernement patriarchal.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 83. 'De

su gobierno pensamos cuando mas, oiendo el modo de someterse á algunos

viejos, seria oligárhico.' _Bodega y Quadra_, _Nav._, MS. p. 50. 'Though

the toyons have power over their subjects, it is a very limited power,

unless when an individual of extraordinary abilities starts up, who is

sure to rule despotically.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 243. 'Chaque famille

semble vivre d'une manière isolée et avoir un régime particulier.' _La

Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv., p. 61. 'Ces Conseils composés des

vieillards.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._, tom. vi., p. 155.

[167] Tribes are distinguished by the color and character of their

paint. _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 51. They 'are divided into

tribes; the principal of which assume to themselves titles of

distinction, from the names of the animals they prefer; as the tribe of

the bear, of the eagle, etc. The tribe of the wolf are called

_Coquontans_, and have many privileges over the other tribes.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, pp. 238, 242.

[168] 'The women possess a predominant influence, and acknowledged

superiority over the other sex.' _Meares' Voy._, p. 323. 'Parmi eux les

femmes jouissent d'une certaine considération.' _Laplace_, _Circumnav._,

tom. vi., p. 87. They treat their wives and children with much affection

and tenderness, and the women keep the treasures. _Portlock's Voy._, p.

290. The Kalush 'finds his filthy countrywomen, with their lip-troughs,

so charming, that they often awaken in him the most vehement passion.'

_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 56. 'It is certain that industry,

reserve, modesty, and conjugal fidelity, are the general characteristics

of the female sex among these people.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p.

133. 'Quoiqu'elles vivent sous la domination d'hommes très-féroces, je

n'ai pas vu qu'elles en fussent traitées d'une manière aussi barbare que

le prétendent la plupart des voyageurs.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. iv.,

p. 61.

[169] 'Weddings are celebrated merely by a feast, given to the relatives

of the bride.' _Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 57.

[170] 'Ils ne s'écartent jamais de deux pas pour aucun besoin; ils ne

cherchent dans ces occasions ni l'ombre ni le mystère; ils continuent la

conversation qu'ils ont commencée, comme s'ils n'avaient pas un instant

à perdre; et lorsque c'est pendant le repas, ils reprennent leur place,

dont ils n'ont jamais été éloignés d'une toise.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._,

tom. ii., p. 221.

[171] 'Ont un goût décidé pour le chant.' _Marchand_, _Voy._, tom. ii.,

p. 75. 'The women sit upon the ground at a distance of some paces from

the dancers, and sing a not inharmonious melody, which supplies the

place of music.' _Langsdorff's Voy._, pt. ii., p. 114. 'They dance and

sing continually.' _Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 240. Besides the tambourine,

Captain Belcher saw a castanet and 'a new musical instrument, composed

of three hoops, with a cross in the centre, the circumference being

closely strung with the beaks of the Alca arctica.' _Voy._, vol. i., p.

103.

[172] They lose at this game all their possessions, and even their wives

and children, who then become the property of the winner.' _Kotzebue's

New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 62. 'Ce jeu les rend tristes et sérieux.' _La

Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom. ii., p. 235.

[173] Upon one tomb, 'formaba una figura grande y horrorosa que tenia

entre sus garras una caxa.' _Sutil y Mexicana_, _Viage_, p. cxviii. 'The

box is frequently decorated with two or three rows of small shells.'

_Dixon's Voy._, p. 176. 'The dead are burned, and their ashes preserved

in small wooden boxes, in buildings appropriated to that purpose.'

_Kotzebue's New Voy._, vol. ii., p. 57. 'Nos voyageurs rencontrèrent

aussi un morai qui leur prouva que ces Indiens étaient dans l'usage de

brûler les morts et d'en conserver la tête.' _La Pérouse_, _Voy._, tom.

ii., p. 205. 'On the death of a toyon, or other distinguished person,

one of his slaves is deprived of life, and burned with him.'

_Lisiansky's Voy._, p. 241.

[174] Called by Gallatin, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p.

17, _Athapasca_, the name 'first given to the central part of the

country they inhabit.' Sir John Richardson, _Jour._, vol. ii., p. 1,

calls them 'Tinnè, or 'Dtinnè, Athabascans or Chepewyans.' 'They style

themselves generally Dinneh men, or Indians.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol.

i., p. 241.

[175] _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., pp. 1-33.

[176] 'Les Indiens de la côte ou de la Nouvelle Calédonie, les Tokalis,

les Chargeurs (Carriers) les Schouchouaps, les Atnas, appartiennent tous

à la nation des Chipeouaïans dont la langue est en usage dans le nord du

Continent jusqu'à la baie d'Hudson et à la Mer Polaire.' _Mofras_,

_Explor._, tom. ii., p. 337.

[177] Are 'known under the names of _Loucheux_, _Digothi_, and

_Kutshin_.' _Latham's Nat. Races_, p. 292. 'They are called Deguthee

Dinees, or the _Quarrellers_.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 51. 'On Peel's

River they name themselves _Kutchin_, the final _n_ being nasal and

faintly pronounced.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 378. They are

also called _Tykothee-dinneh_, Loucheux or Quarrellers. _Franklin's

Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83. 'The Loucheux proper is spoken by the Indians of

Peel's River. All the tribes inhabiting the valley of the Youkon

understand one another.' _Hardisty_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p.

311.

[178] Gallatin, in _Am. Antiq. Soc. Transact._, vol. ii., p. 17,

erroneously ruled the Loucheux out of his Athabasca nation. 'Im

äussersten Nordosten hat uns Gallatin aufmerksam gemacht auf das Volk

der Loucheux, Zänker-Indianer oder Digothi: an der Mündung des

Mackenzie-Flusses, nach Einigen zu dessen beiden Seiten (westliche und

östliche): dessen Sprache er nach den Reisenden für fremd den

athapaskischen hielt: worüber sich die neuen Nachrichten noch

widersprechen.' _Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 713.

Franklin, _Nar._, vol. ii., p. 83, allies the Loucheux to the Eskimos.

[179] Tnai, 'man;' Tnaina Ttynai, Thnaina, Kinai, Kenai, Kenaize.

[180] See notes on Boundaries at the end of this chapter.

[181] Besides the 'Umkwa,' being outlying members of the Athabaskan

stock,' there are the 'Navahoe, the Jecorilla, the Panalero, along with

the Apatsh of New Mexico, California, and Sonora. To these add the

Hoopah of California, which is also Athabaskan.' _Latham's Comp. Phil._,

p. 393.

[182] William W. Turner was the first to assert positively that the

Apaches spoke a language which belongs to the Athabascan family.

_Buschmann_, _Spuren der Aztek. Sprache_, p. 316.

[183] Face 'oval.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 180. 'Broad faces,

projecting cheek-bones, and wide nostrils.' _Id._, vol. i., p. 242.

Foreheads low, chin long. _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. iii., p. 524. An

exact compound between the Usquemows and Western Indians. _Barrow's

Geog. Hudson Bay_, p. 33.

[184] Generally more than medium size. _Hearne's Trav._, p. 305. 'Well

proportioned, and about the middle size.' _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol.

iii., p. 524. 'Long-bodied, with short, stout limbs.' _Ross_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 304.

[185] 'Dingy copper.' _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. iii., p. 526.

'Swarthy.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. cxix. Dingy brown, copper cast.

_Hearne's Trav._, p. 305. 'Very fresh and red.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol.

ii., p. 180. 'Dirty yellowish ochre tinge.' _Ross_, in _Smithsonian

Rept._, 1866, p. 304.

[186] 'Small, fine eyes and teeth.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., 242.

[187] 'Hair lank, but not always of a dingy black. Men in general

extract their beard, though some of them are seen to prefer a bushy,

black beard, to a smooth chin.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. cxix. Beard in

the aged 'between two and three inches long, and perfectly white.'

_Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 180. 'Black, strait, and coarse.'

_Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. iii., p. 524. 'Neither sex have any hair

under their armpits, and very little on any other part of the body,

particularly the women; but on the place where Nature plants the hair, I

never knew them attempt to eradicate it.' _Hearne's Trav._, p. 306.

[188] Tattooing appears to be universal among the Kutchins. _Kirby_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 419. The Chepewyans tattooed 'by entering

an awl or needle under the skin, and, on drawing it out again,

immediately rubbing powdered charcoal into the wound.' _Hearne's Trav._,

p. 306. 'Both sexes have blue or black bars, or from one to four

straight lines on their cheeks or forehead, to distinguish the tribe to

which they belong.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. cxx.

[189] Women 'destitute of real beauty.' _Hearne's Trav._, p. 89. 'Very

inferior aspect.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 8. Women nasty.

_Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 126. 'Positively hideous.' _Ross_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 304.

[190] A Deer-Horn Mountaineer's dress 'consisted of a shirt, or jacket

with a hood, wide breeches, reaching only to the knee, and tight leggins

sewed to the shoes, all of deer's skins.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii.,

p. 180. The cap consists of the skin of a deer's head. _Mackenzie's

Voy._, p. cxxii.

[191] As witness this speech of a noble chief: 'Women were made for

labor; one of them can carry, or haul, as much as two men can do. They

also pitch our tents, make and mend our clothing, keep us warm at night;

and, in fact, there is no such thing as traveling any considerable

distance, in this country without their assistance.' _Hearne's Trav._,

p. 55.

[192] An Indian desiring another one's wife, fights with her husband,

principally by pulling hair. If victorious, he pays a number of skins to

the husband. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 303.

[193] 'Continence in an unmarried female is scarcely considered a

virtue.' 'Their dispositions are not amatory.' 'I have heard among them

of two sons keeping their mother as a common wife, of another wedded to

his daughter, and of several married to their sisters. _Ross_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 310. Women carry their children on the

back next the skin, and suckle them until another is born. They do not

suspend their ordinary occupations for child-birth. _Mackenzie's Voy._,

p. cxxii. 'A temporary interchange of wives is not uncommon; and the

offer of their persons is considered as a necessary part of the

hospitality due to strangers.' _Id._, p. xcvi. Women are 'rather the

slaves than the companions of the men.' _Bell's Geog._, vol. v., p. 293.

[194] They are harsh towards their wives, except when enceinte. They are

accused of abandoning the aged and sick, but only one case came to his

knowledge. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., pp. 250, 251.

[195] Beeatee, prepared from deer only, 'is a kind of haggis, made with

the blood, a good quantity of fat shred small, some of the tenderest of

the flesh, together with the heart and lungs cut, or more commonly cut

into small shivers; all of which is put into the stomach, and roasted.'

_Hearne's Trav._, p. 144. 'Not remarkable for their activity as hunters,

owing to the ease with which they snare deer and spear fish.'

_Mackenzie's Voy._, p. cxxiii. The Deer-Horn Mountaineers 'repair to the

sea in spring and kill seals; as the season advances, they hunt deer and

musk oxen at some distance from the coast. They approach the deer either

by crawling, or by leading these animals by ranges of turf towards the

spot where the archer can conceal himself.' Do not use nets, but the

hook and line. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 181. 'Nets made of lines

of twisted willow-bark, or thin strips of deer-hide.' _Richardson's

Jour._, vol. ii., p. 25. Curdled blood, a favorite dish. _Simpson's

Nar._, p. 324.

[196] The weapons of the Chepewyans are bows and arrows; stone and bone

axes and knives. _Harmon's Jour._, p. 183. The bows of the Deer-Horns

'are formed of three pieces of fir, the centre piece alone bent, the

other two lying in the same straight line with the bowstring; the pieces

are neatly tied together with sinew. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p.

180. In preparing for an attack, each Coppermine Indian paints his

shield with figures of Sun, Moon, or some animal or imaginary beings,

each portraying whatever character he most relies upon. _Hearne's

Trav._, p. 148. In some parts hunting grounds descend by inheritance,

and the right of property is rigidly enforced. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 75.

[197] 'Their cooking utensils are made of pot-stone, and they form very

neat dishes of fir.' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 181. Make

fishing-lines and nets of green deer-thongs. _Mackenzie's Voy._, p.

cxxvi.

[198] 'They are great mimics.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 13.

Men dance naked; women dressed. A crowd stand in a straight line, and

shuffle from right to left without moving the feet from the ground.

_Hearne's Trav._, p. 335. 'The men occasionally howl in imitation of

some animal.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 35.

[199] 'They manifest no common respect to the memory of their departed

friends, by a long period of mourning, cutting off their hair, and never

making use of the property of the deceased.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p.

cxxviii. The death of leading men is attributed to conjuring. They never

bury the dead, but leave them, where they die, for wild beasts to

devour. _Hearne's Trav._, p. 341. The Chepewyans bury their dead. When

mourning for relatives they gash their bodies with knives. _Richardson's

Jour._, vol. ii., pp. 21, 22.

[200] 'The Northern Indians seldom attain a great age, though they have

few diseases.' _Martin's Brit. Col._, vol. iii., p. 525. For inward

complaints, the doctors blow zealously into the rectum, or adjacent

parts. _Hearne's Trav._, p. 189. The conjurer shuts himself up for days

with the patient, without food, and sings over him. _Franklin's Nar._,

vol. ii., p. 41. Medicine-men or conjurers are at the same time doctors.

_Hooper's Tuski_, pp. 317, 318. 'The Kutchins practice blood-letting _ad

libitum_.' _Jones_, _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 325. 'Their principal

maladies are rheumatic pains, the flux, and consumption.' _Mackenzie's

Voy._, p. cxxiv.

[201] According to the report of the Dog-ribs, the Mountain Indians are

cannibals, casting lots for victims in time of scarcity. _Simpson's

Nar._, p. 188. 'Instances of suicide, by hanging, frequently occur among

the women.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 198. During times of starvation, which

occur quite frequently, the Slavé Indians eat their families. _Hooper's

Tuski_, p. 303. 'These people take their names, in the first instance,

from their dogs. A young man is the father of a certain dog, but when he

is married, and has a son, he styles himself the father of the boy. The

women have a habit of reproving the dogs very tenderly when they observe

them fighting. "Are you not ashamed," say they, "to quarrel with your

little brother?"' _Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., pp. 85, 86. 'Whether

circumcision be practiced among them, I cannot pretend to say, but the

appearance of it was general among those whom I saw.' _Mackenzie's

Voy._, p. 36. Dog-rib Indians, sometimes also called Slavés, 'a name

properly meaning 'strangers.' _Gallatin_, in _Am. Arch. Soc. Trans._,

vol. ii., p. 19.

[202] 'Order is maintained in the tribe solely by public opinion.'

_Richardson's Jour._, vol. ii., p. 26. The chiefs are now totally

without power. _Franklin's Nar._, vol. i., p. 247. 'They are influenced,

more or less, by certain principles which conduce to their general

benefit.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. cxxv.

[203] 'Many consider a broth, made by means of the dung of the cariboo

and the hare, to be a dainty dish.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 324. They 'are

lazy, dirty, and sensual,' and extremely uncivilized. 'Their habits and

persons are equally disgusting.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62.

'They are a tall, well formed, good-looking race.' _Nicolay's Ogn.

Ter._, p. 154. 'An utter contempt of cleanliness prevailed on all hands,

and it was revolting to witness their voracious endeavors to surpass

each other in the gluttonous contest.' _Ind. Life_, p. 156.

[204] The women 'run a wooden pin through their noses.' _Harmon's

Jour._, p. 287. At their burial ceremonies they smear the face 'with a

composition of fish-oil and charcoal.' When conjuring, the chief and his

companions 'wore a kind of coronet formed of the inverted claws of the

grizzly bear.' _Ind. Life_, pp. 127, 158.

[205] The Tacullies have 'wooden dishes, and other vessels of the rind

of the birch and pine trees.' 'Have also other vessels made of small

roots or fibres of the cedar or pine tree, closely laced together, which

serve them as buckets to put water in.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 292.

[206] 'In the summer season both sexes bathe often; and this is the only

time, when the married people wash themselves.' The Tacullies are very

fond and very jealous of their wives, 'but to their daughters, they

allow every liberty, for the purpose, as they say, of keeping the young

men from intercourse with the married women.' _Harmon's Jour._, pp. 289,

292, 293. A father, whose daughter had dishonored him, killed her and

himself. _Ind. Life_, 184.

[207] 'The people of every village have a certain extent of country,

which they consider their own, and in which they may hunt and fish; but

they may not transcend these bounds, without purchasing the privilege of

those who claim the land. Mountains and rivers serve them as

boundaries.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 298.

[208] Mackenzie, _Voy._, p. 238, found on Fraser River, about latitude

55°, a deserted house, 30 by 20, with three doors, 3 by 3½ feet; three

fire-places, and beds on either side; behind the beds was a narrow

space, like a manger, somewhat elevated, for keeping fish. 'Their houses

are well formed of logs of small trees, buttressed up internally,

frequently above seventy feet long and fifteen high, but, unlike those

of the coast, the roof is of bark; their winter habitations are smaller,

and often covered over with grass and earth; some even dwell in

excavations of the ground, which have only an aperture at the top, and

serves alike for door and chimney.' _Nicolay's Ogn. Ter._, p. 154.

[209] 'Quelques peuplades du nord, telles que les Sikanis, enterrent

leurs morts.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 339. 'The Sicaunies

bury, while the Tacullies, burn their dead.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 196.

They 'and the Chimmesyans on the coast, and other tribes speaking their

language, burn the dead.' _Lord's Nat._, vol. ii., p. 236. See also

_Dunn's Oregon_, pp. 79, 80; _Ind. Life_, pp. 128, 136; _Domenech's

Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 362, 363.

[210] They fire guns as a warning to their friends not to invade their

sorrow. _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 139.

[211] 'In the winter season, the Carriers often keep their dead in their

huts during five or six months, before they will allow them to be

burned.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 249.

[212] 'She must frequently put her hands through the flames and lay them

upon his bosom, to show her continued devotion.' _Parker's Explor.

Tour_, p. 239. They have a custom of mourning over the grave of the

dead; their expressions of grief are generally exceedingly vociferous.

_Ind. Life_, pp. 185, 186.

[213] 'On the end of a pole stuck in front of the lodge.' _Lord's Nat._,

vol. ii., p. 237.

[214] Women cut off a joint of one of their fingers. Men only cut off

their hair close to their heads, but also frequently cut and scratch

their faces and arms. _Harmon's Jour._, p. 182. With some sharp

instrument they 'force back the flesh beyond the first joint, which they

immediately amputate.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 148.

[215] 'The men are completely destitute of beard, and both men and

women, are intensely ugly.' _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p.

320. 'They reminded me of the ideal North American Indian I had read of

but never seen.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 239. Distinguished from all

other tribes for the frankness and candor of their demeanor, and bold

countenances. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 100. 'Males are of the average hight

of Europeans, and well-formed, with regular features, high foreheads,

and lighter complexions than those of the other red Indians. The women

resemble the men.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 379.

[216] 'Tunic or shirt reaching to the knees, and very much ornamented

with beads, and Hyaqua shells from the Columbia.' _Kirby_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 418. The Tenan Kutchins are 'gay with

painted faces, feathers in their long hair, patches of red clay at the

back of their head.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 239. Jackets like the

Eskimos. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 221. 'Both sexes wear

breeches.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 103.

[217] 'The Kutch-a-Kutchin, are essentially traders.' _Kirby_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 418. Appear to care more for useful than

ornamental articles. _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 213. 'Dentalium and

arenicola shells are transmitted from the west coast in traffic, and are

greatly valued.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 391.

[218] Some wear 'wampum (a kind of long, hollow shell) through the

septum of the nose.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 270. They pierce the nose and

insert shells, which are obtained from the Eskimos at a high price.

_Franklin's Nar._, vol. ii., p. 84.

[219] The Loucheux live in huts 'formed of green branches. In winter

their dwellings are partly under ground. The spoils of the moose and

reindeer furnish them with meat, clothing, and tents.' _Simpson's Nar._,

pp. 103, 191. The Co-Yukon winter dwellings are made under ground, and

roofed over with earth, having a hole for the smoke to escape by, in the

same manner as those of the Malemutes and Ingaliks. _Whymper's Alaska_,

pp. 175, 205. Their movable huts are constructed of deer-skin, 'dressed

with the hair on, and sewed together, forming two large rolls, which are

stretched over a frame of bent poles,' with a side door and smoke-hole

at the top. _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 321.

[220] The Loucheux are 'great gormandizers, and will devour solid fat,

or even drink grease, to surfeiting.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 271. 'The

bears are not often eaten in summer, as their flesh is not good at that

time.' _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 321. Some of their

reindeer-pounds are over one hundred years old and are hereditary in the

family. _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 394. 'The mode of fishing

through the ice practiced by the Russians is much in vogue with them.'

_Whymper's Alaska_, p. 211.

[221] The Kutchins 'have no knowledge of scalping.' 'When a man kills

his enemy, he cuts all his joints.' _Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._,

1866, 327. The Loucheux of Peel River and the Eskimos are constantly at

war. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 273.

[222] 'At Peace River the bark is taken off the tree the whole length of

the intended canoe, which is commonly about eighteen feet, and is sewed

with watupe at both ends.' _Mackenzie's Voy._, p. 207. When the Kutchins

discover a leak, 'they go ashore, light a small fire, warm the gum, of

which they always carry a supply, turn the canoe bottom upward, and rub

the healing balm in a semi-fluid state into the seam until it is again

water-tight.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 225. The Tacullies 'make canoes

which are clumsily wrought, of the aspin tree, as well as of the bark of

the spruce fir.' _Harmon's Jour._, p. 291. Rafts are employed on the

Mackenzie. _Simpson's Nar._, p. 185. 'In shape the Northern Indian canoe

bears some resemblance to a weaver's shuttle; covered over with birch

bark.' _Hearne's Jour._, pp. 97, 98. 'Kanots aus Birkenrinde, auf denen

sie die Flüsse u. Seen befahren.' _Baer_, _Stat. u. Ethn._, p. 112. The

Kutchin canoe 'is flat-bottomed, is about nine feet long and one broad,

and the sides nearly straight up and down like a wall.' _Jones_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 323.

[223] As for instance for a life, the fine is forty beaver-skins, and

may be paid in guns at twenty skins each; blankets, equal to ten skins

each; powder, one skin a measure; bullets, eighteen for a skin; worsted

belts, two skins each. _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 272. 'For theft, little or

no punishment is inflicted; for adultery, the woman only is

punished'--sometimes by beating, sometimes by death. _Jones_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 325.

[224] Kutchin 'female chastity is prized, but is nearly unknown.'

_Jones_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 325. Loucheux mothers had

originally a custom of casting away their female children, but now it is

only done by the Mountain Indians, _Simpson's Nar._, p. 187. The Kutchin

'women are much fewer in number and live a much shorter time than the

men.' _Kirby_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 418. The old people 'are

not ill-used, but simply neglected.' _Whymper's Alaska_, p. 229. The

children are carried in small chairs made of birch bark. _Id._, p. 232.

'In a seat of birch bark.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 384.

[225] The Loucheux dances 'abound in extravagant gestures, and demand

violent exertion.' _Simpson's Nar._, p. 100. See _Hardisty_, in

_Smithsonian Rept._, 1866, p. 313. 'Singing is much practiced, but it

is, though varied, of a very hum-drum nature.' _Hooper's Tuski_, p. 318.

'At the festivals held on the meeting of friendly tribes, leaping and

wrestling are practised.' _Richardson's Jour._, vol. i., p. 395.

[226] 'Irrespective of tribe, they are divided into three classes,

termed respectively, Chit-sa, Nate-sa, and Tanges-at-sa, faintly

representing the aristocracy, the middle classes, and the poorer orders

of civilized nations, the former being the most wealthy and the latter

the poorest.' _Kirby_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 418.

[227] On Peel River 'they bury their dead on stages.' On the Yukon they

burn and suspend the ashes in bags from the top of a painted pole.

_Kirby_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1864, p. 419. They of the Yukon 'do not

inter the dead, but put them in oblong boxes, raised on posts.'

_Whymper's Alaska_, pp. 207, 211.

[Illustration: NATIVE RACES of the PACIFIC STATES

COLUMBIAN GROUP]