_WOMEN IN THE TRADES._
[Sidenote: Census figures.]
Before 1841 the census occupation tables do not state the numbers
employed in the detailed trades, and even in that year we find either
that no separate return was made for some of the industries with which
this volume deals, or that no women were employed at all. Presumably,
therefore, previous statistics would not have shown that women were
employed in these industries to any appreciable extent.
The following tables show the employment of women in England and Wales
and Scotland in the Printing and Kindred Trades according to the census
returns from 1841 to 1901. The figures must be used with caution, as
they include employers as well as employed (an error, however, which is
immaterial in the case of women workers). Subsidiary helpers are also
classified with those actually entitled to be regarded as members of the
trade, and the tables do not discriminate sufficiently between the
various subdivisions of occupations. These last two errors considerably
affect the figures relating to women. In the bookbinding section, for
instance,[4] the figures are altogether misleading, since by far the
greater number of women included as bookbinders are really paper and
book-folders, and are no more entitled to the name bookbinder than a
bricklayer's labourer is to that of bricklayer.
[Footnote 4: Since 1881 in the Scottish returns.]
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Males. Females.
_Census 1841. (Employers and Employed included.)_
Booksellers, bookbinders, etc. 8,873 2,035
Printers 15,582 161
Lithographers, etc. 667 12
Paper manufacture 4,375 1,287
Paper rulers 113 16
Paper stainers 1,243 92
Type founders 629 6
Vellum binders 131 3
_Census 1851._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 5,501 } 3,926
Printers, etc 23,568 }
Lithographers (Great Britain) 1,984 6
Paper manufacture 6,123 4,686
Paper stainers 2,001 Not enumerated.
_Census 1861._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 6,556 5,364
Printers 30,171 419
Lithographers, etc. 3,588 --
Paper manufacture 7,746 5,611
Machine rulers 564 54
Envelope makers 179 860
Paper stainers 1,556 399
Type founders 863 11
_Census 1871._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 7,917 7,557
Printers 44,073 741
Lithographers, etc 3,785 Not enumerated.
Paper manufacture 10,142 6,630
Envelope makers Not enumerated. 1,477
Paper stainers 1,311 448
_Census 1881._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 9,505 10,592
Printers 59,088 2,202
Lithographers, etc 6,009 147
Paper manufacture 10,352 8,277
Envelope makers 175 1,933
Paper stainers 1,822 445
Type cutters and founders 1,137 32
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| _Census | Employ- | Employ- | Working | Others | TOTAL. |
| 1891._ | ers. | ed. | on | not | |
| | | | Own | Speci- | |
| | | | Account. | fied. | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Book- | M. 615 | 10,038 | 355 | 479 | 11,487 |
| binders | F. 72 | 13,401 | 74 | 702 | 14,249 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Printers | M. 3,979 | 73,288 | 1,052 | 3,640 | 81,959 |
| | F. 158 | 4,133 | 32 | 204 | 4,527 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Litho- | M. 499 | 7,486 | 359 | 292 | 8,636 |
| graphers, | F. 9 | 309 | 7 | 24 | 349 |
| etc. | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper | M. 396 | 11,081 | 97 | 440 | 12,014 |
| manu- | F. 12 | 7,598 | 29 | 390 | 8,029 |
| facture | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Envelope | M. 9 | 260 | 6 | 14 | 289 |
| makers | F. 2 | 2,339 | 13 | 104 | 2,458 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper | M. 135 | 1,861 | 60 | 78 | 2,134 |
| stainers | F. 10 | 370 | 7 | 16 | 403 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Type | M. 35 | 1,204 | 23 | 52 | 1,314 |
| cutters | F. 1 | 49 | 0 | 5 | 55 |
| and | | | | | |
| founders | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| _Census | Employ- | Employ- | Working | Others | TOTAL. |
| 1901._ | ers. | ed. | on | not | |
| | | | Own | Speci- | |
| | | | Account. | fied. | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Book- | M. 554 | 11,609 | 388 | 113 | 12,664 |
| binders | F. 46 | 18,933 | 82 | 162 | 19,223 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Printers | M. 4,805 | 89,306 | 1,603 | 774 | 96,488 |
| | F. 117 | 9,463 | 48 | 65 | 9,693 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Litho- | M. 496 | 9,648 | 445 | 93 | 10,682 |
| graphers, | F. 7 | 1,015 | 14 | 7 | 1,043 |
| etc. | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper | M. 337 | 14,920 | 47 | 55 | 15,359 |
| manu- | F. 11 | 8,815 | 7 | 18 | 8,851 |
| facture | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Envelope | M. 14 | 352 | 1 | 3 | 370 |
| makers | F. 6 | 3,113 | 1 | 23 | 3,143 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper | M. 45 | 1,928 | 34 | 25 | 2,032 |
| stainers | F. 2 | 280 | 1 | 4 | 287 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Type | M. 35 | 1,223 | 15 | 14 | 1,287 |
| cutters | F. 0 | 181 | 0 | 2 | 183 |
| and | | | | | |
| founders | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Sta- | M. 352 | 3,910 | 91 | 28 | 4,381 |
| tionary | F. 24 | 4,615 | 12 | 47 | 4,698 |
| manu- | | | | | |
| facture | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
SCOTLAND.
Males. Females.
_Census 1841. (Employers and Employed included.)_
Booksellers, etc. 2,164 283
Printers 2,446 21
Lithographers, etc. 234 1
Paper manufacture 732 738
Paper rulers 61 8
Paper stainers 31 1
Type founders 292 --
_Census 1851._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 1,09 } 710
Printers, etc. 3,526 }
Paper manufacture 1,265 2,159
Paper stainers 49 Not enumerated.
_Census 1861._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 1,174 100
Printers 4,400 70
Lithographers, etc. 1,101 2
Engravers 651 6
Bookfolders 2 1,094
Machine rulers 171 18
Paper manufacture 1,648 2,773
Envelope makers 5 309
Paper stainers 77 --
Type founders 434 --
_Census 1871._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 1,293 174
Printers 5,476 113
Lithographers, etc. 1,125 36
Print and map colourers 192 57
Bookfolders -- 1,646
Paper manufacture 2,770 3,504
Envelope makers 7 412
Paper rulers 214 100
Paper stainers 110 50
Type founders 496 --
_Census 1881._ (_Employers and Employed included._)
Bookbinders 1,433 2,587(a)
Printers 6,936 839
Lithographers, etc. 1,269 153
Map and print colourers and sellers 50 41
Paper rulers 188 115
Paper manufacture 3,363 4,612
Envelope makers 32 580
Paper stainers 34 97
Type cutters and founders 471 71
(a) Bookfolders are included here.
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| _Census | Employ- | Employ- | Working | Not | TOTAL. |
| 1891._ | ers. | ed. | on | Speci- | |
| | | | Own | fied. | |
| | | | Account. | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Book- |M. 68 | 1,413 | 13 | 22 | 1,516 |
| binders |F. 3 | 2,865 | 3 | 18 | 2,889 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Printers |M. 322 | 8,367 | 69 | 84 | 8,842 |
| |F. 5 | 1,417 | 1 | 7 | 1,430 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Litho |M. 109 | 1,516 | 22 | 10 | 1,657 |
| graphers, |F. -- | 397 | 1 | 2 | 400 |
| etc. | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper |M. 10 | 315 | 1 | 13 | 339 |
| rulers |F. 1 | 192 | -- | 4 | 197 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper |M. 107 | 4,332 | 21 | 51 | 4,511 |
| manu- |F. 3 | 4,546 | 4 | 66 | 4,619 |
| facture | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Envelope |M. 3 | 33 | 2 | -- | 38 |
| makers |F. -- | 698 | 1 | -- | 699 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper |M. 6 | 113 | 1 | -- | 120 |
| stainers |F. -- | 28 | -- | -- | 28 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Type |M. 9 | 496 | 3 | 4 | 512 |
| cutters |F. -- | 75 | -- | -- | 75 |
| and | | | | | |
| founders | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| _Census | Employ- | Employ- | Working | Not | TOTAL. |
| 1901._ | ers. | ed. | on | Speci- | |
| | | | Own | fied. | |
| | | | Account. | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Book | M. 67 | 1,422 | 16 | -- | 1,505 |
| binders | F. 4 | 3,522 | 4 | -- | 3,530 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Printers | M. 378 | 9,643 | 54 | 2 | 10,077 |
| | F. 7 | 2,852 | 1 | -- | 2,860 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Litho | M. 87 | 1,640 | 25 | -- | 1,752 |
| graphers, | F. 2 | 728 | 1 | -- | 731 |
| etc. | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper | M. 103 | 4,860 | 6 | 1 | 5,000 |
| manu- | F. 2 | 4,653 | -- | -- | 4,655 |
| facture | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Envelope | M. 4 | 53 | -- | -- | 57 |
| makers | F. 1 | 895 | -- | -- | 896 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Paper | M. 1 | 120 | 1 | -- | 122 |
| stainers | F. -- | 52 | 1 | -- | 53 |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Type | M. 6 | 419 | 5 | -- | 430 |
| cutters | F. -- | 53 | -- | -- | 53 |
| and | | | | | |
| founders | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
| Sta- | M. 22 | 95 | 1 | -- | 118 |
| tionery | F. 1 | 492 | 3 | -- | 496 |
| manu- | | | | | |
| facture | | | | | |
+-----------+----------+---------+----------+--------+--------+
[Sidenote: Chief Factory Inspector's figures.]
In 1896 the Home Office began to publish as an appendix to the Chief
Factory Inspector's Report a series of figures of occupation which were
exceedingly valuable for purposes of comparison, and in time would have
been the best existing statistical index of industrial movements.
Unfortunately these figures have not been published since 1899; but for
the years that they were issued, those relating to the printing trades
were as follows:--
FACTORY INSPECTOR'S REPORTS.
_Paper, Printing, Stationery, Etc. (Includes all the industries
under this section.)_
Total Total Male Female
Male. Female. over 18. over 18.
1895 Factories 159,987 63,626 123,895 42,904
Workshops 3,355 4,692 2,224 3,073
------- ------ ------- ------
Total 163,342 68,318 126,119 45,977
1896 Factories 169,500 68,769 131,166 45,632
Workshops 4,508 5,919 3,152 3,898
------- ------ ------- ------
Total 174,008 74,688 134,318 49,530
1897 Factories 171,151 69,898 134,221 45,479
Workshops 4,458 6,305 3,192 4,192
------- ------ ------- ------
Total 175,609 76,203 137,413 49,671
1898-99(a) 173,964 72,833 137,504 46,681
SOME DETAILS OF ABOVE.
Total Total Male Female
Male. Female. over 18. over 18.
_Paper-making._
1895 Factories 21,263 11,008 18,271 8,935
1896 " 22,091 11,744 18,777 9,403
1897 " 22,174 11,309 19,086 9,138
1898-99(a) " 22,340 11,506 19,158 9,197
_Bookbinding._
1895 Factories 11,791 16,098 9,304 10,802
1896 " 13,300 17,159 10,580 11,498
1897 " 14,661 20,877 11,705 13,985
1898-99(a) " 14,893 22,555 12,046 14,653
_Letter-press Printing._
1895 Factories 104,162 19,974 80,232 12,699
1896 " 104,860 20,634 80,719 12,732
1897 " 100,629 14,473 79,124 8,725
1898-99(a) " 102,800 13,348 81,598 8,283
_Lithography, Engraving and Photography._
1895 Factories 12,789 4,516 9,024 2,735
Workshops 2,226 1,425 1,494 943
1896 Factories 14,854 5,252 10,572 3,076
Workshops 3,116 2,146 2,224 1,437
1897 Factories 17,960 6,278 12,867 3,451
Workshops 2,794 2,115 2,076 1,477
1898-99(a) Factories 17,737 6,457 12,727 3,522
_Machine Ruling._
1895 Factories 664 482 408 170
Workshops 233 134 97 45
1896 Factories 981 599 594 197
Workshops 269 168 135 59
1897 Factories 1,764 1,414 1,115 538
Workshops 322 166 163 57
1898-99(a) Factories 2,062 1,571 1,328 534
_Paper Staining, Colouring and Enamelling._
1895 Factories 4,254 983 2,916 540
Workshops 102 28 74 16
1896 Factories 4,468 1,065 3,114 577
Workshops 138 70 111 42
1897 Factories 4,795 1,368 3,395 784
Workshops 40 66 33 38
1898-99(a) Factories 4,874 1,320 3,529 746
_Envelope Making._
1897 Factories 1,203 4,156 8 96 2,865
Workshops 37 292 25 191
1898-99(a) Factories 1,405 4,996 1,030 3,313
(a) Factories only.
These figures must not be compared with the census returns as they
relate only to those establishments making reports to the Factory
Inspectors under the Factory and Workshop Law.