In this more than in any of the stone objects we are able at
least partially to separate the Algonkian from the Iroquoian. The
earthenware of the Champlain valley is sometimes almost without
decoration, but by far the greater portion was ornamented at least
about the rim and usually over much of the upper portion and
sometimes even inside the upper part for one or two inches below the
rim. No animal or human form is found in any specimen. The form is
always globular below, the rim being contracted and variously shaped.
In some cases the rim is quadrangular or five or six sided, although
as stated, the lower part is always globular. Whole jars are, as is
to be expected, very rare, but three fine specimens from Vermont are
in the University Museum and one was in the fine collection of Dr.
D. S. Kellogg of Plattsburgh, which was found near that place.[3]
Large fragments, in some instances almost enough to reconstruct a
whole jar, have been found on both sides of the valley. For the most
part the pottery of the region is in fragments from the size of one’s
hand to mere bits not larger than a pea. These fragments have been
found in very great quantity. A short distance north of Plattsburgh
near what is locally called “The Creek,” there were evidently many
jars made, for some years ago the sand blown off revealed the old
fireplaces where the pots were burned and an immense number of
fragments were picked up. The decoration is in all cases indented,
none in relief. It consists of all sorts of figures, crescents,
key-shaped figures, circles, dots, triangles, squares, zigzags, etc.,
and groups of lines, arranged in every conceivable fashion, all
stamped or drawn on the clay when it was soft. Some of the patterns
are really very attractive and done with no little skill. Only by the
aid of plates can any adequate idea of the variety and elegance of
these designs or of the earthenware as a whole be given.
In quality the Champlain valley pottery varies as in every other
respect. Some of it is of the finest paste and carefully burned;
some is of very coarse material and more carelessly burned. Over the
surface of most specimens after the piece was shaped and perhaps
partly dried, a thin, smooth paste was added which covered the ruder
mass of which the jar was mainly composed. As to the size of most of
the jars it is only possible to give an approximate measure because
of their fragmentary condition, but, with those that are entire and
the larger fragments as guides, it may be said that they varied from
those holding a pint to those holding ten quarts. As to what may
be called the nationality of the pottery, it may be noticed that
while there is much resemblance there are important differences. The
entire jars and the finest of the fragments are to be regarded as
made by Iroquois, while the simpler forms, especially those found
on the eastern side of the valley are Algonkian. While the work of
the Iroquois is superior to that of the Algonkins, yet when it is
remembered that all of the pottery was made entirely by hand, the
regularity of form and general excellence are remarkable.
Soapstone dishes, such as are common in some parts of New England,
are also found here, but they are very infrequent and always badly
broken. Soapstone is not uncommon on the Vermont side of the valley,
but the ancient residents seem to have preferred to use pots of
earthenware.
Bone was probably used by the aborigines to a much greater extent
than now appears, for this material was used to so great an extent
by other tribes and is so readily fashioned into certain classes of
implements and was always at hand that it would surely have been a
common material for many of the smaller implements, such as awls,
needles, points for marking pottery, fishing spears and the like.
Until within a few years only a very few bone objects of any sort had
been found, but recently quite a number of various sorts have been
found on the east shore of the lake and a few on the west. Some of
these are like the many-barbed spear points of the Eskimo, but most
are the ordinary awls, blunt points, etc. These latter were probably
used mainly for drawing the lines and figures on the unbaked pottery.
Canine teeth of the bear were carefully and evidently with no little
labor cut or ground until half was removed and the remaining half
brought to a sharp edge. As would be expected, objects of shell are
uncommon and all that have been found are marine and from southern
species. The little marginella conoidalis of the Carolina coast was
used whole, evidently as beads, and the columella of the ordinary
conch was cut into large beads an inch or more long and nearly as
much in diameter. Like the beads made from the marginella these were
perforated longitudinally and the surface ground smooth. These shell
beads are interesting because they are proof of traffic between the
northern and southern tribes. Bits of coral several inches long, the
surface smoothed, have been found and furnish added evidence of trade
with other tribes, as none of these materials can be obtained from
northern waters.
Native copper is not found nearer the Champlain valley than Lake
Superior, and here again we find proof of traffic with distant
tribes, for copper implements and ornaments of different sorts have
been found in several localities on both sides of the lake. Spear
points, knives, celts, gouges made from copper, beaten into shape,
have been found, and one large specimen weighing thirty-eight ounces,
a celt eight inches long, was evidently cast in a mould. This was
found a few years ago at the mouth of Otter creek, on the Vermont
shore.
Besides those objects, which were for use as tools, there are copper
bars, which were probably ornaments, and small beads made by beating
the metal into sheets and rolling pieces of the thin copper into
cylinders. We cannot know much as to the age of the objects thus
far mentioned. It is certain that their use reaches back centuries
before the coming of the white men, but how far into the remote past
of this country none may say. When we find anything made from iron,
however, there is no difficulty in assigning it an age, since the
French adventurers came to the American wilderness and bartered their
hatchets and other articles of iron for that which they needed from
the savages. Queer shaped axes or tomahawks, pipes, etc., are now and
then found always much rusted, but always of interest.
In the preceding pages there has not been any attempt to give
more than a summary of what has been found during the past fifty
or seventy-five years in the Champlain valley, which illustrates
somewhat the life and handicraft of those to whom the region belonged
before it was taken from them by the incoming Europeans.
Those who may care to pursue the subject further are referred to Dr.
Beauchamp’s writings in Bulletins 16, 22, 50, 89 of the New York
State Museum and to articles by the writer of this paper in the
American Anthropologist, Vol. 11, pp. 607-623, plates XXIX-XXXVII;
Vol. 13, pp. 239-249, plates XII-XVII; Vol. 14, pp. 72-80, plates
I-V, also Seventh Report Vermont State Geologist, pp. 55-73, plates
V-XVIII.
V. FINANCIAL STATEMENT
ALBANY, N. Y., _May 26, 1913_.
_To the Comptroller of the State of New York:_
Pursuant to chapter 181 of the Laws of 1911, as amended by chapter
273 of the Laws of 1912, we, the undersigned Commissioners, submit
herewith a full report of all receipts and disbursements of the Lake
Champlain Tercentenary Commission of the State of New York, as of the
date of May 26, 1913.
Very respectfully,
H. WALLACE KNAPP, _Chairman_
HENRY W. HILL, _Secretary_
WALTER C. WITHERBEE, _Treasurer_
JOHN H. BOOTH
LOUIS C. LAFONTAINE
JAMES J. FRAWLEY
JAMES A. FOLEY
JAMES SHEA
JOHN B. RILEY
HOWLAND PELL
WILLIAM R. WEAVER
_Commissioners_
REPORT OF W. C. WITHERBEE, TREASURER, NEW YORK—LAKE CHAMPLAIN
TERCENTENARY COMMISSION, AS OF MAY 26, 1913.
Received from United States Government $20,000 00
By vouchers on file in Washington 20,000 00
===========
Received from
State Treasurer $125,833 72
Vermont Commission account Crown Point Memorial 13,325 00
Vermont Commission account cost of barges 2,000 00
Hudson-Fulton Commission account cost of barges 6,000 00
Sale of six barges 2,244 00
S. H. P. Pell—sale of dock at Ticonderoga 500 00
M. J. Farrell account sale of badges 1,395 00
W. W. Richards account sale of grandstand
at Ticonderoga 97 44
W. F. Miller account sale of badges 97 07
Henry W. Hill account sale of badges 25 10
Presbyterian Church, Whitehall 4 76
Parkhurst & Taylor, insurance rebate 8 73
Conscience money 1 00
H. W. Knapp, refund of transportation 3 76
Booth Bros. & H. I. G. Co. account overpayment
of voucher No. 485 to them 46 92
-----------
$151,582 50
===========
By vouchers on file with State Comptroller $149, 936 15
By cash on hand, retained for Secretary
of Commission, for expenses incurred and
to be incurred in connection with finishing
and distributing reports, and to be
accounted for in final report (estimated). 200 00
By cash on hand, retained for Plattsburgh contract
accepted by the Commission, for
retaining wall not yet completed,—vouchers
to accompany final report 1,346 35
(See accompanying letters.)
By check to State Treasurer 100 00
------------
$151,582 50
===========
STATE OF NEW YORK, }
COUNTY OF ESSEX, } ss.:
WALTER C. WITHERBEE, being duly sworn, deposes and says that the
above is a true statement of the moneys received and expended
by him as Treasurer of the New York—Lake Champlain Tercentenary
Commission.
WALTER C. WITHERBEE.
Sworn to and signed before me this 26th day of May, 1913.
HALFORD E. KIDDER,
_Notary Public, Essex County_.
STATEMENT OF COST OF MEMORIALS
_Crown Point_
Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co.:
Contract for general work $34,850 00
Additional foundations 323 00
Model for carved work 50 00
Lower flight granite steps 2,925 00
Glass for lantern 125 00
Corbel for Rodin bust 56 10
Bronze hook, staple and lock for gallery door 16 50
Freighting, hauling and erecting models 35 00
Freighting, hauling and erecting bronze 95 00
Concrete paving 745 00
--------- $39,220 60
Statuary contract—Charles Augustus Heber 9,000 00
Architect’s fees—Dillon, McLellan & Beadel 2,893 23
Amount allowed for concrete wall at base of steps 200 00
-----------
Total $51,313 83
_Plattsburgh_
Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co. $10,366 42
Statuary contract—Charles Augustus Heber 6,775 00
Architect’s fees—Dillon, McLellan & Beadel 1,714 14
Ralph L. Signor, surveyor 60 35
Express and duty on plans— Ottawa to Plattsburgh 1 25
Amount allowed for retaining wall 1,346 35
---------- $20,263 51
----------
Grand total $71,577 34
==========
[Illustration: CHARLES ALEXANDER NELSON
Indexer]
ANALYTICAL INDEX
Compiled by
CHARLES ALEXANDER NELSON, A. M., Head Reference Librarian
(Retired) of Columbia University
Abercromby, James, General, defeated by Montcalm at Ticonderoga, 40,
102, 231;
the Black Watch in the assault under, 129.
Abnaki, The Algonkins or, 247.
Academy of Moral and Political Science, Paul Vidal de la Blache
delegate of the, 94.
Acadian and other boundary contentions, 231.
Action, La pensée américaine se formule en termes d’, 64.
Activities of the Tercentenary Commissioners, 217-18.
Adams, Harold J., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Adirondacks, M. Deschamps on the snow-capped, 82;
Vidal de la Blache on the, 95;
M. Bazin on the, 101;
Port Henry one of five gateways to the, 151;
Port Kent one of the gateways to the, 152;
wall in Lake Champlain on the West, 153;
as seen from Vermont, 167.
Aero Club of France represented by M. Léon Barthou, 17.
Æsthetics, Appreciation of ideals in, by the French and Italians,
18-19;
Croce’s intuitional theory of, 20.
Africa, M. Hanotaux on the future cities of, 14.
Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 230.
Alexander, Charles Beatty, Reception to French delegates and
Commissions by, 27;
at banquet, 32;
gift of Sèvres bisque group from French Government to, 111;
invited to dedications, 117;
Commission grateful to, 192.
Alexander, De Alva Stanwood, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Alexander, John White, welcomed French delegates to French Institute,
26.
Alger, George William, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Algonkian and Iroquian handiwork, Difficulty of distinguishing, 250.
Algonkins, The, or Abnaki, _see_ Algonquins, The.
Algonquians, _see_ Algonquins.
Algonquins, the, Warfare of, and Iroquois, 41, 145, 249;
high and mighty talk of chiefs of, 146;
Lake Champlain the battle ground of the, 226;
in possession of eastern shore of the Lake, 247;
territory occupied by the, 247, 248;
and French destroyed Schenectady, 248;
first inhabitants of eastern shore of the Lake, 249.
Allan, Montagu, Vice-Pres. of Franco-American Committee of Montreal,
89.
Allds, Jotham Powers, Chairman of Committee on Appropriations, 182.
Allegorical bust, The, “La France,” and the personnel and mission of
the French delegation, 11-21:
Interest in France, 13;
appeal of M. Hanotaux in _Le Figaro_, 13-16;
the French delegation, 16-17;
Rodin’s bust of “La France,” 17-18;
Allegorical interpretation by HENRY W. HILL, 18-21.
Allen, Ethan, captured Ticonderoga, 145, 231-32;
speech of, to soldiers before the attack, 146;
on witnessing lowering of His Majesty’s colors, 146;
reply of, to British officer, 232;
ordered by Edward Mott to take Ticonderoga, 243.
Allen, Ira, on Ticonderoga, 72;
“Natural and political history of the State of Vermont,” 197, 209;
gave all his property to University of Vermont, 199;
papers of, 209;
a Major-General of State Militia, 209.
Allen, John Johnson, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Allens, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
Alliance Française, of Boston, welcomed French delegation, 27.
Ambassadors of France and Great Britain, invited to dedications, 117;
participated in Tercentenary exercises, 119;
sent representatives to
dedicatory exercises, 119, 133;
at the Tercentenary celebrations, 143.
America, Closer relations between France and, 90;
honors herself in honoring Frenchmen, 97;
raised monuments to French heroes, 142;
century of peace between France, England, and, 164.
American Arts Society, Loan exhibition in building of, 26.
American flag, Largest, unfurled from masthead of any vessel, 27.
American hospitality, M. Poincaré on, 92;
M. Bazin on, 101.
American memorials to Champlain examined, 2.
American people, Tribute of French delegates to the, 109.
Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, General, erected the English forts, 52, 77,
127, 239-40;
portrait of, on Tablet, 127;
list of regiments under, 127;
deeds of, 128;
besieged Fort Carillon, 145;
correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198, 239-40;
took possession of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, 231.
Andrews, George R., M. C., Justice of Supreme Court, 205.
Andromeda, The nebula in, 21.
Angelus, Call of the, at Saint Jean, 86.
Annapolis, Monument to French soldiers and sailors at, 142.
Appropriation for New York Commission, 226;
for Vermont Commission, 226.
Arbitration treaties, Hope for French and English, 79.
Archæology of the Champlain valley, Notes on the, (G. H.
PERKINS), 247-58.
Archives, foreign and American, Transcripts of documents in, 198.
Arms on base of Memorial Lighthouse, 5.
Armstrong, Louis Olivier, and his company of Indians, Obligations of
Commission to, for pageants, 191;
manager of the Indian pageants, 235.
Armstrong, William W., Senator, Chairman of Committee on
Appropriations, 182.
Army, Natives of the Champlain valley in the, 207, 209.
Arnold, Benedict, commanded American fleet at battle of Valcour, 40,
152-53;
not yet traitor, 128;
extraordinary naval battle of, 232;
demanded command of the men to capture Fort Ticonderoga, 243.
Arnold, Matthew, James Buckham compared with, 214.
Arquebuse, Champlain’s, 8, 137.
Arrow and spear points, Chipped, 251.
Art, An interpretation of French, by H. W. Hill, 18-20;
civilization expressed through, 64-65.
_Art L’_, by Auguste Rodin, 20n.
Arthur, Chester Alan, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Artists, American and French, 26.
“As You Like It,” Quotation from, 168-69.
Ashley, Jerold Myers, Captain Company “M,” 1st Infantry, N. G., Vt.,
at Crown Point Forts, 121, 125.
Athene Parthenos, The, and “La France,” 19.
Atlantic, Nine voyages across the, by Champlain, 138.
Attendance at Crown Point and Plattsburgh exercises, 119.
Authors from the Champlain valley, A few of the works of, 209-14.
Axes, Large stone, grooved, found, 254.
Babcock, Joseph Weeks, from the Champlain valley, 204.
Babcock’s, Col., Rhode Island Rangers and Indians, under Gen.
Amherst, 127.
Bacon, Robert, accompanied French delegation on tour, 16;
gift of American flag to S.S. _France_ by, 27;
accompanied French delegation to Boston, 27;
guest at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 31;
Commission grateful to, 192.
Badges, Souvenir, presented to French delegates, 17.
Bailey, Horace Ward, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 224, 226.
Baker, Charles Whiting, editor of _Engineering News_, from the
Champlain valley, 213.
Baker, Moses Nelson, author and editor, from the Champlain valley,
213.
Bakers, Independence and resolution of the, 199.
Balaklava, The Light Brigade at, and the Black Watch at Fort
Ticonderoga, 129.
Ball given to French delegation by Mr. John Barrett, 27.
Banner stones, and other problematical objects, found, 254.
Banquet at Waldorf-Astoria, May 1, 1912, 31-55:
Guests, 31-32;
address of John H. Finley, toastmaster, 33-34;
address of George W. Wickersham, 34-37;
address of Ambassador Jusserand, 37-39;
address of Lieut.-Governor Thomas F. Conway, 40-43;
address of Mayor Gaynor, 43-44;
address of Gabriel Hanotaux presenting bust to Commissions, 44-50;
address of Henry W. Hill receiving gift on behalf of the two
Commissions, 51-55;
photograph of, given to each delegate from France, 90;
Lake Champlain Association took charge of, 118.
Barber, Joel Allen, M. C., born in the Champlain valley, 203.
Barnes, Albert Crane, Judge, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Barrett, John, gave a ball in honor of the French delegation, 27.
Barrett, Oliver Dana, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, presented statue of Liberty, 54, 60.
Barthou, Jean Louis, member of French delegation, 16;
speaker at luncheon at Metropolitan Club, 25;
made a glowing address at the Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50;
spoke in French at Chamber of Commerce reception, 67;
President of the Council of Ministers, 67;
guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 91;
remarks at dinner, 93;
urbanity and eloquence of, 110.
Barthou, Léon, member of French delegation, 17, 44;
address of, at luncheon at the Metropolitan Club, 25;
made address at Waldorf-Astoria banquet, 50.
Bartlett, Paul, Carl A. Heber in studio of, 2;
sculptor of statue of Lafayette, 163.
Bascom, Robert O., Bibliography of papers by, 213.
Battle of Champlain with the Iroquois reproduced in pageants, 235.
“Battle of Lake Champlain,” painting, 159.
BAZIN, RENÉ, of the French Academy, member of the French
delegation, 16, 44;
impressed by the Memorial Lighthouse, 72;
Impressions, as given in “Paysages d’Amérique,” in the _Revue des
Deux Mondes_, 101-6:
Of New York and Washington, 101;
of early morning at Ticonderoga, 101;
at the home of S. H. P. Pell, 102;
Carillon, 102;
of visit to ruins of the forts, 103-4;
the standards of the regiments of France, 103;
house at the fort a museum, 104;
Americans at the exercises at Crown Point, 104-5;
what the flags say, 105;
tribute to Champlain by, 105-6;
beauty of style of, 110.
Beadel, Henry Ludlow, architect of Memorials, 2, 6, 8;
welcomed the French delegation, 16.
Beauchamp, William Martin, Description of slate knives by, 252;
writings of, 258.
Beauharnois, Charles de la Brische, Marquis de, built Fort Frédéric,
52, 85, 227, 239.
Beaupre, Frederick Oliver, member of Vermont Commission, 5, 226;
at dedication of the Memorial Lighthouse, 133.
Beauty, C. W. Eliot on Democracy and, 140.
Beckwith, George Mather, lawyer, from the Champlain valley, 207.
Bégin, Mgr. Louis Nazaire, helped entertain French visitors in
Canada, 89.
Beman, Nathan, guide to Ethan Allen at capture of Fort Ticonderoga,
243.
Benedict, Charles Linnæus, Judge, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Benedict, George Grenville, Colonel, Works of, 211.
Benedict, Robert Dewey, lawyer, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Bennet, William Stiles, M. C., assisted the Commission, 179.
Bennett, Edmund Hatch, Judge, Editorial work of, 210.
Bensel, John Anderson, invited to dedications, 117.
Benton, Guy Potter, LL.D., invited to dedications, 118.
Bi-State programme of International Tercentenary exercises, A fitting
postlude to the, 51.
Birds of France and America, M. Blériot on the, 67.
Birdshead stones found, 254.
Bissell, Daniel G., Brig.-Gen. of the American troops at Plattsburgh,
233.
Bitter, Karl Theodore Francis, C. A. Heber worked under, 2.
Bixby, Dr. George Fairbanks, “The first Battle of Lake Champlain,”
197;
papers by, 214.
Black Watch—42d Royal Highlanders, under Gen. Amherst, 127;
a soldier of the, on the Tablet, 127, 129;
loss of the, at Fort Ticonderoga, 129.
Blair, Charles Francis, a native of the Champlain valley, 207.
Blériot, Louis, member of French delegation, 17;
remarks of, at Chamber of Commerce luncheon, 66-67;
French admiration for American aviators and scientists, 67;
guest at dinner to French delegation on its return to Paris, 92.
Blériot, Madame, member of French delegation, 17.
Block House in Germain Redoubt at Fort Ticonderoga, 71.
Bluff Point, M. Jusserand on visit to, 38;
Commissioners and guests at, 120, 153.
Board of Trade of Montreal joined in reception, 89.
Boardman, Rev. George Nye, author of “History of New England
theology,” 211.
Boardman, Samuel Ward, Works of, 211.
Boire, Victor Francis, welcomed French visitors to Plattsburgh, 77-79:
Welcomed individually, 78;
peace projects between United States and British Empire, 78;
arbitration treaties between French speaking and English speaking
nations hoped for, 79.
Boizot, Louis Simon, sculptor of bisque group “Télémaque chez
Calypso,” 111.
Bone, Objects made of, found, 257.
Booth Brothers, contractors for Memorial Lighthouse, 3;
for Plattsburgh Memorial, 8.
Booth, John Henry, member of New York Commission, iii, 4, 8, 218,
225, 226;
supervised Plattsburgh Memorial, 6, 119;
escorted Commissioners and guests to Plattsburgh, 77;
at dedication of Memorial Lighthouse, 133;
at dedication of Champlain Memorial Statue, 163;
Judge, 207;
services rendered by, 218.
Booth, Miss Katharine M., unveiled Champlain Memorial Statue at
Plattsburgh, 163.
Boston, Site of, fixed by Champlain, 48.
Boston and Cambridge, Hospitalities extended to members of French
delegation at, 27.
Botsford, Samuel Booth, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Bouquet, Ceci, c’est véritablement le, 86.
Bourbons, The white coated, 128.
Bourlamaque, M. —— De, forced to withdraw from Isle aux Noix, 231.
Boynton, Adelbert Wesson, lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Bradford, Gerard, Midshipman, of the flotilla, Obligations of
Commission to, 191.
Brainerd, Ezra, President of Middlebury College, 209.
Brazza, Pierre Paul François Camille Savorgnan, Count de, French
explorer in Africa, 14.
Brébeuf, Jean de, French explorer, 35.
British, The red attired, 128.
British fleet, The, defeated by De Grasse, 59-60.
British officers, Graves of, at Plattsburgh, visited, 158.
British regiments commanded by Gen. Amherst, List of, on Tablet, 127.
Bronze memorial tablet presented to State of New York by the Society
of Colonial Wars, 121;
unveiling of, 125-29.
_See_ Tablet.
Bronze statue of Champlain by Heber 3, 7;
description of, 8, 9.
Brouage, birthplace of Champlain, Arms of, 5;
keystone from doorway of Champlain’s house in, 32, 33, 34;
the sleepy town of, 105;
the poor French boy of, 169.
Brown, Allen Danvers, President of Norwich University, 209.
Brown, Rome G., lawyer, born in the Champlain valley, 207.
Brugère, Général Henri Joseph, President of United States section of
Franco-American Committee, 91.
Bryce, James, M. Jusserand on, 37, 38;
represented Great Britain at Tercentenary in 1909, 52, 158, 187;
invited to dedications, 117;
addresses and works of, 188.
Buckham, James, essayist and poet, born in the Champlain valley, 214.
Buckham, Matthew Henry, President of University of Vermont, 208.
Buel, Alexander Woodruff, from the Champlain valley, 203.
Burgoyne, John, General, Inspiring deeds of, 128;
correspondence of, with William Pitt, 198;
at Fort Ticonderoga, 232.
Burke, Edmund, in land controversy, 227.