Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine.
Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering
to each end: fusiform.
Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one each side of
each segment of the pygidium.
Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines.
Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine.
Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for
silk spinning: any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in
a pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre: in the
plural, the organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony
filaments of which the scales or sacs of Coccidae are produced: =
fusulus.
Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines.
Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate,
united at their bases, or setaceous, like bristles.
Spinulae: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called
spines, spurs or heels.
Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules.
Spinules: little spines.
Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae.
Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural the lateral
openings on the segments of the insect body through which air enters
the tracheae:= stigmata.
Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and
pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first
pleural area.
Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: =
stigmatal.
Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved
linear channel extending from spiracle to apical margin.
Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw.
{Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct to regard the
corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.}
Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a
trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic
appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium.
Spirignath: = spiritrompe.
Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera.
Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of
the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm which,
becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into
the muscle fibres thereof.
Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter.
Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute
characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize
them.
Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.
Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge.
Spoon: = bouton; q.v.
Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v.
Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not
articulated at its base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform
processes at or near the end of tibia:.
Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4;
two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior; in
Trichoptera.
Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal
Lepidoptera.
Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.).
Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which
resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently
constant to be useful in classification.
Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla
and labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a
scale-like appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera,
and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera:
in this order Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts
alula to the lobe-like appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the
posterior scale alone and antisquama for the anterior.
Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of
the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the lobes and true spines: =
"plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of Maskell.
Squamiform: having a scale-like form.
Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales.
Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in
some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = alula.
Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction,
standing upright, or not parallel to the surface.
Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae:= instar q.v.:
any one period in the development of an insect.
Stage: refers to the period of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc.
Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales; q.v.
Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines.
Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are
supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see
poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.
Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura and other
Notodontid larvae.
Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v.
Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg,
which starts a series of agamic summer generations.
Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head.
Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted.
Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax.
Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement.
Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind.
Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum,
extending inward and ending blindly := furcal orifice.
Sternal spatula: = breast-bone; q.v.
Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the
mesosternum in Hymenoptera.
Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic
segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be
widely separated.
Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment.
Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, below the
sternopleural suture and above the front coxa.
Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the sternopleura
below the sternopleural suture.
Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with
dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the
sternopleura.
Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite.
Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum
apparently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae; e.g.
plant lice, etc.
Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of
thorax, between the coxal cavities.
Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages.
Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion
of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius; see
anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the
auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on
the primaries of Hesperidae.
Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and
reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths.
Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v.
Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or
stigmata.
Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larva, especially wood-borers
Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera.
Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head,
partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts: modified into a
piercing structure in some Diptera and into a lever for flexing the
proboscis in others.
Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle.
Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate
Hymenoptera see sagittae.
S. T. line: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths
just before the outer margin.
S. T. space: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. line in moths.
Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to
super-family: not used at present.
Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; q.v.
Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following
the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive
juices are poured = chylific ventricle.
Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the
mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.
Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the
dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop.
Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures.
Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow].
Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords.
Stratified: arranged or made up in layers.
Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic
Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera.
Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow,
frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in
Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any longitudinal
impressed line.
Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in
Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse lines.
Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or
roughened surfaces.
Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two
striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of stridulating or
the noise produced by it.
Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or
impressed. {Scanner's note: the proper plural is strigae}
Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are
impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation
composed of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is
strigae}
Strigile -is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a
deep sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus.
Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; q.v.
Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough,
with sharp bristles: = hispid.
Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line.
Strigulated: with numerous strigulae.
Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines.
Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground.
Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the
abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the
abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor
(Loew); the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in
male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of
the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually
pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the
terminal segments of abdomen.
Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth
structures in Diptera and Hemiptera.
Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point,
like the antenna in some Diptera.
Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidae.
Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case;
as the pupa of some Diptera.
Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process.
Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable,
but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g. sub-ovate,
may be either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline.
Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved.
Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; q.v.
Sub-apical lobe: of male genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical
lobe of the side piece.
Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only.
Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite
club-shaped.
Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery.
Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc.
Subcosta: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the
costa and reaching the outer margin before the apex; not branched as
a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.).
Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1
(Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by
the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first
radial 1 (Comst.).
Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on
the basal side of the first antecubital.
Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius.
Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media 1 (Comst.):
s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 (Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius
3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.).
Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen)
radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to
or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the
outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.).
Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in
Orthoptera.
Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the
skin of animals or within the substance of a leaf.
Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata.
Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between
it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the
lateral.
Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the
sub-dorsal row of abdominal tubercles.
Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other
characters.
Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented.
Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex.
Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely
allied genera; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make
a family series: opinionative, and ending in -inae.
Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified.
Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin.
Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: rarely present.
Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped.
Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and
bearing the galea or outer lobe.
Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short,
thick scope.
Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in
Orthoptera.
Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not
sufficient for generic separation; opinionative.
Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the
mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum.
Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerida
just after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during
flight: that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when
the insect is fully colored but yet retains its pupal position.
Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; q.v.
Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in
bees.
Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk
and within the margin: a line is submarginal when it is well within
the margin but close to it.
Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and
the 1st strong vein.
Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.): in
Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).
Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the irregular line of
veins extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin;
composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and
cubitus 1 (Comst.).
Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1
(Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).
Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st
anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to
the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series.
Submental: pertaining to the sub-mentum.
Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula
supporting the mentum.
Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is
attached to the head.
Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.).
Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae;
also to a supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and
thus = pseudo-pupa.
Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil.
Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes.
Sub-oesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the
oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head
ganglia.
Sub-order: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a
character common to a large series of species; e.g. the Homoptera
and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera.
Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between
pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of
a narrow waist.
Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes
attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids.
Sub-parallel: nearly parallel.
Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal
segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the
primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax:
constant.
Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle.
Sub-servate: denticulate.
Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in
some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does
not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite and opinionative division.
Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly.
Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in
bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line in caterpillars =
subspiracular.
Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical.
Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful.
Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle.
Subtus: beneath; at the under surface.
Subulate: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at tip.
Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of
Odonata and Ephemerida.
Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate.
Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the
base of the feet at lie edge between lateral and ventral.
Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the
sub-ventral series of abdominal tubercles.
Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side,
between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains
the spiracles.
Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a
silken cord passing around the body: see suspensi.
Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance.
Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular
enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food
= pharyngeal pump.
Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae,
used for puncturing prey and sucking its juices.
Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the
end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly
present except in some Lepidoptera.
Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas.
Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate.
Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the
oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking; but
this is disputed.
Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color.
Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another.
Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus.
Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed
lines.
Sulciform: resembling a sulcus.
Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation.
Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon].
Superans: exceeding in size and length.
Superciliary: placed above the eyes.
Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot.
Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including
a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to
similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea:
sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder
when both terms are employed.
Superficies: the upper surface.
Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antenna inserted on the
upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. Coreidae: see infericornia.
Superior wings: the primaries; q.v.
Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in
Thysanura.
Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head.
Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface.
Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures.
Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidae, between the head and first
thoracic segment.
Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnaean Neuroptera.
Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some
moths.
Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q.v.
Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present.
Supra-: over; above.
Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar
callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar
depression.
Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove.
Supra-alar depression: in Diptera = supra-alar groove.
Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above
the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above
the root of the wings.
Supra-anal: situated above the anus.
Supra-anal hook: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached
to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus.
Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above;
present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both:
see anal operculum.
Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above
the brain in bees.
Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus.
Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus.
Supra-Oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two
large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick
commissure; - the brain.
Supra-orbital: situated above the eye.
Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to a cord or band
of connective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult
Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart.
Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly.
Supra-stigmatal line: = supra-spiracular lines.
Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular
space.
Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle,
occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera:
hyper-trigonal space.
Suranal: = supra-anal.
Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the l0th abdominal
segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal opening: a supra-
anal tergite of a caterpillar.
Sursum: directed upwardly.
Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail
only: see succincti.
Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and
other internal structures in place.
Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis.
Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct
parts of body wall: the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera.
Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight
impressed line is visible.
Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of
worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a
new colony.
Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some
Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion.
Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae.
Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish.
Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas.
Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation
among ants and other insects.