Produced by Jon Richfield
EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY
PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.
Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, &c.
PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
BROOKLYN, N. Y.
1906
PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.
{Scanner's note: This book is about a century old at the time of
scanning. I found it in the discard pile of a local university library. I
find the book to be of exceptional historical interest in the insights it
gives into the development of early modern entomological science. It
also is of practical value as a source for terms that are obscure to
modern users because they are no longer current.
I have edited the text as well as I could and I think it is by now very
usable, but do treat any really suspicious looking passages with
reserve. I have avoided the use of non-alphabetic symbols as far as I
could, for example Greek letters and male, female and hermaphroditic
symbols, but if you encounter difficulties you might find the
problem there. Also, the colour table at the end is not really much
good for anything beyond general impressions; not only are the paper
and ink old, but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there
is room for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to
take it seriously.
In any case, enjoy. The book is a valuable product of serious workers
in an age of exploration.}
FOREWORD.
When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the
Brooklyn Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of
its Explanation of Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the
writer and two associates with the task of preparing the same, it was
believed that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few
obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would be all
that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle time in
summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed since that
time; the associates have dropped by the way; the manuscript
contains five times the number of terms in the original "Explanation."
and if it is published now, it is not because I believe it to be complete;
but because I do not believe it can be made complete except as the
result of criticism and voluntary addition by specialists throughout
the country.
It is twenty-six years since the original list was published and nothing
can better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between
the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes better than I the fact
that as students have increased in each order, each has followed an
independent line of research, absolutely without regard to the work
done elsewhere. In consequence, we have several terms for the same
thing in many cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the
same term. As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of
Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely partly
upon books and partly upon the good nature of correspondents to
make the work even approximately complete.
The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom,
of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms collected by
himself and his assistants, and these added materially at the
beginning of the work. A number of correspondents were good enough
to send in lists of terms in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera,
Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to refer me to literature where
explanations of other special terms could be found.
After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary
manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania.
Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D.C., and Mr. C. W. Johnson of
the Boston Society of Natural History went carefully over the entire
work and by their criticisms and additions contributed materially to
such merit as it possesses. To these gentlemen and to the many
others not specifically mentioned I give thanks for their assistance,
and if there have not been more co-workers it has been only because
of the time element that seems to demand the best that is ready,
rather than a delay to secure perfection.
It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the
correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or should not
be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies existing; but
all that is important here is to state briefly what has been included
and what omitted.
Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their
ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but this
is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if
used in their usual sense have been generally included; but
compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are
generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted
whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed by
sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In doubtful
cases the terms have been included and defined. All terms of venation
are, so far as possible, reduced to the Comstock system which is the
only one that has been satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a
series of figures is added to explain this system so far as seems
necessary. It has not been considered feasible to determine the proper
use of terms applied differently in different orders or families; that is
scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind.
Terms used in embryological and histological study have been
included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of the
general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the terms
applied to musculature and other details of microscopic structure:
this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of the present essay.
All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the
Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in the
English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of
those colors that seem necessary to explain all modifications except
metallics, blacks and whites. {Scanner's note: color plate may be
excluded, partly because it is in poor condition.}
The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been
drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, and are
meant to be guides merely - else the glossary would exceed its scope.
In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is intended
for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to encourage
constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those
who note errors or omissions will communicate them to the writer so
that when another edition is needed, as it will be before many years
are past, a standard work may be possible.
JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.
New Brunswick, N.J. April 1906
EXPLANATORY.
Definitions of general application are as a rule given first, where
more than one is necessary; next those of limited use, and finally
the specific meaning in each order in which there is any notable
difference.
Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given after a
hyphen which represents the stem word: e.g. ametabola -ous; the
latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the
characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a
Latin ending, the former is usually given with the word and the other
is added: e.g. aequilate -us, instead of aequilatus, there being no
difference in the application. Usually the singular form of the word
is first given, and the plural ending is added; e.g.
antenna -ae,
cenchrus -ri,
desideratum -ata;
but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e.g.
epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is added: when
the two are different in form, e.g. foot and feet, the words are given
separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in
uncus and unci.
In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] refer to the
equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to
produce it.
The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose definitions
are used, or who have used the term in the sense defined. In the
terms of venation, these parentheses occur most frequently.
Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use
:= equal to, or the same as;
q.v. which see;
pl. plural;
abb. abbreviated.
The abbreviated names are: Comst. for Comstock; Coq. for
Coquillett; Meig. for Meigen; Nort. for Norton: O. S. for
Osten-Sacken: and Will. for Williston.
A
A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without.
Ab: off; away from.
Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length.
Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists
normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a
mooted question: bears no functional legs in the adult stage.
Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen.
Abdominal feet: see pro-legs.
Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries
enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies.
Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity,
formed by material secreted during copulation.
Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or
draw it away from the body: see adductor.
Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the mandibles.
Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course.
Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way from the normal
type; either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals.
Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation.
Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal.
Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function
obsolete or atrophied.
Abraded: scraped or rubbed.
Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation.
Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin.
Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another.
Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are absent or
rudimentary.
Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle.
Acaudal -ate: without a tail.
Accessory: added, or in addition to.
Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of the face.
Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the group; in some
orders of definite location as, e.g. in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell
at the end of the subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7
to 10:= 1st radius 2 (Comst.); = areole.
Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the
reproductive system.
Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive
system containing a sticky secretion.
Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and
branching toward the apex of the wing in Perlidae.
Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or of the nature of.
Acephalous: without a head.
Acerata: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and Limulus
Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity.
Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less incurved sides.
Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated;
specifically the coxal cavity, - q.v.; also applied to a
cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots.
Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family
Platypsyllidae.
Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain readily.
Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender point.
Aciculate: a surface that appears as if scratched with a needle.
Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor.
Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the terminal secreting
tubes of glands.
Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini.
Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli have
no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. {Scanner's note: this is no
longer a valid usage for the word "ocelli". Currently the term is. See
"ocellus" and "ommatidium".}
Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing
with special ganglia.
Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers.
Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on the middle of the
dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles on the dorso-central
region of Dolichopodidae.
Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and wasps.
Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in
Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor
and connected with a poison sac.
Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor,
especially when sting-like, as in Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a
slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, projected when the
forceps is open.
Acuminate: tapering to a long point.
Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made with a needle.
Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle.
Acute: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a right angle.
Acutilingual: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth structure, as in
some bees.
Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see obtusilingues.
Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum.
Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a little to one
side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal line.
Adductor: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to the body
or bring parts into apposition: see abductor.
Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes
the mandible.
Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see cryptocerata.
Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous, predatory,
terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and predatory habits: see
hydradephagous.
Adherent: attached or clinging to.
Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body.
Adiscota: insects that develop into adults without forming imaginal
discs; see discota.
Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on the
abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae.
Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected.
Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous.
Adsperse -us: with markings of closely crowded small spots.
Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum.
Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and ready to
reproduce normally.
Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through its whole extent.
Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course,
without apparent reason.
Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the under side between
the middle and the base of legs.
Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the
inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on the apodal segments;
constant: is number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar).
Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brassy.
Aenescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.
Aequale: equal.
Aequilate-us: of equal breadth throughout.
Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying insects.
Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like structures of aquatic
larvae: more specifically the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots
and some aquatic Hemiptera.
Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located
in the antenna.
Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric changes: supposed
to be located in the antenna.
Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Diptera.
Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue green].
Aestival: occurring in summer.
Aestivation: applied to summer dormancy.
Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre.
Affinis: related to: similar in structure or development.
Afternose: a triangular piece below antennae and above clypeus: see
postclypeus.
Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male.
Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see
parthenogenesis; gamogenesis.
Agglomerate: heaped or massed together.
Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass.
Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible.
Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid
series in which the mouth structures are obsolescent.
Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in some insects; see
tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v.
Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy
insects, capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity.
Air-tube: a respiratory siphon.
Ala -ae: a wing or wings.
Alar appendage: see alulet.
Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar groove toward
the root of the wing: Hymenoptera.
Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing muscles of heart.
Alate -us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in appearance though
not necessarily in function.
Albi, albus: white.
Albicans: formed or made of white.
Albidus: white with dusky tinge.
Albinic: of the character of an albino.
Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence of color or a
whitening in a form usually colored.
Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is normally colored.
Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have
the same characteristics.
Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg.
Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen.
Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole; begins at the mouth
and extends through the body to the anus.
Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings are attached: in
many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal segment.
Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson].
Alleghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition zone comprising
the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, New York,
Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern N. Dakota, n.
e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia.
Alligate -us: fastened or suspended by a thread;
like the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.
Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of
generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids.
Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be
attractive to the opposite sex.
Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in Rhynchophora.
Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q.v.
Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes
periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; the latter, in
turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in Cynipidae and some
Homoptera: see heterogeny.
Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual level.
Alulae: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the halteres,
behind the root of the wing, one above or before the other; the
anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the posterior
fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra; squama;
squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae: Coleoptera;
a membranous appendage of the elytra which prevents dislocation.
Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; = alar
appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as = alula.
Alutaceous: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with
minute cracks, like the human skin.
Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted.
Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb.
Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of
amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber].
Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the
apex and practically margins the wing.
Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain Scolytid beetles.
Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the legs are fitted for
walking only; Phasmids.
Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface.
Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the
ventral segments of the abdomen of some Coleoptera.
Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking.
Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses, in which
the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active.
Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses.
Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an
amethyst [between mauve and lilac].
Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo.
Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral plate of the
embryo, extending cephalad.
Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of
the amnion cavity in the embryo.
Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost
immediately after emergence from the egg.
Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amoeba.
Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amoeba.
Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are
aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies; May-flies;
dragonflies.
Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals.
Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing
mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont;
=mesodont.
Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to
the anterior and terminal segments.
Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size.
Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity
of the prothorax; e.g. Hister.
Ampliate -us: moderately dilated.
Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged.
Ampulla: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and prothorax
used by the young in escaping from oötheca, and later, in molting:
Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the middle of the anterior
margin of the pro-thorax.
Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of
antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head and its
appendages.
Amygdaliform: almond-shaped.
Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to animal tissue:
see katabolic.
Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the abdomen; the
point or angle of any wing or other appendage that is near to or at any
time reaches the tip of the abdomen.
Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest the end of the
abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle between the inner
and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of primaries.
Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external genital parts.
Anal area: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or anal portion of a
wing within the anal vein = axillary area.
Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.): in Diptera,
anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, inclosed by the 5th and
6th veins sometimes called the third basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal
(Comst.).
Anal field: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina corresponding to the
anal area of the secondaries.
Anal filaments: see caudal setae.
Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae.
Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which
is modified to serve as a hold-fast.
Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st anal vein.
Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal, opening into it near
the posterior extremity, secreting either a lubricant, a silk-gum, or
some other specialized material.
Anal horns: in Collembola, are small processes borne on the last
abdominal segment.
Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes
forming a valve which covers the anal orifice.
Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations of 1st anal
vein.
Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure:
e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see homologous.
Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in
caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v.
Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising
from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and
usually curving caudo-dorsad.
Anal orifice: see anus.
Anal papilla: Collembola; see anal tubercle.
Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the
last segment: in the embryonic larva the 11th tergite.
Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccidae.
Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae,
lying outside and below the lateral scale.
Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae.
Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the
abdomen in Homoptera.
Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs: =
anal papilla.
Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical processes,
situate one on each side of the anus in certain Coccids.
Anal valves: see podical plates.
Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base
to outer margin below the cubitus; the first anal, also termed vena
dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it
may be followed by several others which are numbered in order to the
inner margin.
Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other.
Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to wing veins, often
to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.; also in Neuroptera, a
series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row; a connecting series of
veinlets.
Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v.
Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor.
Anchor process: = breastbone, q.v.
Anchylosed: grown together at a joint.
Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles.
Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form,
found localized on some male butterflies.
Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes.
Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa.
Angle: of tegmina, "is the longitudinal ridge formed along the
interno-median by the sudden flexure from the horizontal
to the vertical portion when closed."
Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the
metanotum between the lateral and pleural
carinae; = 3rd pleural area.
Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle.
Angulose: having angles.
Angulus: forming an angle: = angulate.
Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out.
Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the hind wings are
wider, especially at base, than the front wings.
Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms.
Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between scape and
funicle.
Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands.
Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus.
Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments.
Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes
applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening.
Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal
segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal sclerite.
Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type.
Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizoötic,
thoracic segments similarly developed: a composite aggregation which
includes both the biting and sucking lice.
Ante: before; used as a prefix.
Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely
immediately in front of the base of each front wing.
Ante-apical: just before the apex.
Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions of the
clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any
apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior; infra-clypeus;
rhinarium; second clypeus.
Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; that portion of the metasternum lying
in front of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and
meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the
clypeus; - one on each side.
Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and spaces.
Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which
muscles are attached.
Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin of wings.
Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe, approximately
parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q.v.
Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q.v.
Antemedian: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated before the
middle.
Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on each side of
the head, commonly termed horns or feelers.
Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the 1st
segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by
the movable process from the end of the tibia, forms an opening
through which the antennae may be drawn: similar structures are on
the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles: tarsal claws are also used by
various insects to clean antennae.
Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the 1st or
3rd segment in the male.
Antennal formula: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the antennal
joints in the order of their length, beginning with the longest and
bracketing together those of the same length.
Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located
or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary fossa.
Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face
as though for the lodgment of the antennae; bounded on the sides by
the facial ridges.
Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal costa and
lateral carinae, in which the antennae are inserted.
Antennal grooves: see antennal fossa.
Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum.
Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the distal
segment.
Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance upon which the
antennae are inserted.
Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis.
Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head.
Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa.
Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under side of the
head in which the antennae lie.
Antenniferous: bearing antennae.
Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of antennae.
Antennule: a small antennae or feeler-like process.
Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells included between the
short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1,
Comst.), and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein
descending from the nodus.
Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa and sub-costa,
and between sub-costa and media, from the base to the nodus,
forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = ante-cubital.
Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and
subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = ante-cubitals.
Anteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in
Collembola to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in
front of the eyes: = prostemmatic.
Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax.
Antepenultimate: the last but two.
Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the leg which is visible
from the front when the leg is laterally extended and bristles on that
face are anterior.
Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.).
Anterior field: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal field.
Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.); of Loew =
discoidal vein.
Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal
segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket.
Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes.
Anterior squama: = antisquama; q.v.
Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of
caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior;
sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal series, IV of the
thorax (Dyar).
Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of
caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II: it
is I of the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar).
Antero: to the front; anteriorly.
Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of
anterior and dorsal face.
Antero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of
anterior and ventral face.
Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellicorn
Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the mentum.
Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal joint of the hind
tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees.
Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish tinge.
Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix).
Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the front.
Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms
of secondary sexual diversity.
Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and
subcosta, from the base to the modus; = antecubitals.
Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves with the
wings; = antitegula; see also squama.
Antitegula: see antisquama.
Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lepidoptera.
Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally applied to
Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically to Diptera.
Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front.
Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the food remnants
are passed: the posterior part of the individual: specifically, in
Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the
pygidium, varying in location as regards the circumgenital gland
orifices: = anal orifice.
Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head.
Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the base by which it is
attached; that point of a wing furthest removed from base or at the
end of the costal area.
Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera.
Aphideine: see aphidilutein.
Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich
violet by alkaline reagents.
Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of a wing.
Apical area: see petiolar area.
Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera.
Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera
(Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d medial 2 (Comst.);
inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.).
Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the series of cells along the outer
margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus.
Apically: toward or directed toward the apex.
Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the apical part of wing of
Neuroptera.
Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the metanotum
behind middle and separates the median from the posterior cells or
areas.
Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point.
Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points.
Apivorous: devouring bees.
Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration is through
the skin or through tracheal gills.
Apocrita: = petiolate, q.v.
Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae;
without feet = apodous.
Apode: one that has no feet.
Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front
of the scutellum in male Coccidae.
Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle is attached.
Apodous: without feet; see apodal.
Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating
processes applied to cells.
Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha
trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in
Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax.
Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites
covering the gonapophyses.
Apotypes: = hypotypes; q.v.
Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a joint to the
body or to any other main structure.
Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an appendix.
Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices.
Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small sclerite at tip of
labrum.
Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae where the
joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have
membranous processes at base.
Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is on costa just beyond 2d radius 1
and 2.
Appendigerous: bearing appendages.
Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part, added to or
attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, q.v.
Appress -ed: to press against; closely applied to.
Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together.
Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term formerly employed
for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now distributed in other orders:
later used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanura
and Collembola.
Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae.
Apterous: without wings.
Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and
presumed to be descended from ancestors which never were winged:
see pterygogenea.
Apterygota: = apterygogenea; see pterygote.
Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant blue and a
little gray [nile green].
Aquatic: living wholly in water.
Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic habit.
Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb.
Araneiform: spider-like in appearance.
Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees.
Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree.
Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time.
Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis =
Pseudo-neuroptera.
Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree
growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area above timber line on the
summits of high mountains: = alpine.
Arcuate: curved like a bow: = arcuate.
Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved excision.
Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and cubitus near
the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptera; a
point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post
cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a cross-veinlet nearly
reaching posterior margin at same point as in Trichoptera: in other
orders applied to a cross-vein in similar position, apparently giving
rise to the median.
Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one half.
Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the
mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera.
Areae or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins.
Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas.
Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty.
Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: see also areae
Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on the metanotum: =
2d median area; upper median area.
Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network.
Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and cellule.
Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of net-veined insects.
Argentate: shining, silvery white.
Argenteous: silvery.
Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay.
Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to
produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert
conditions prevail: see humid.
Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the Dakotas,
northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small
areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great
Basin and the plateau region generally, the eastern base of Cascade
Sierras and local areas in Oregon and California.
Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of certain Diptera.
Aristate: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an arista: =
athericerous.
Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista.
Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs,
body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures.
Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes.
Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or different tissue.
Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many insects: one of the
lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used only for the terminal pad
between the claws: see empodium; pulvillus; palmula; plantula;
onychium, paronychium, pseudonychium.
Arquate: see arcuate.
Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring only, as in worker
bees and some saw-flies.
Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all
males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.
Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in
pseudotetramera and trimera.
Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of articulates.
Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction.
Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite.
Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere.
Arthropods: all those articulates having jointed legs.
Article: a joint or segment.
Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming the socket into
which an articulation is fitted.
Articulate: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are
made up of rings, segments or articulations.
Articulate: divided into joints or segments.
Articulated apex: see clasp filament.
Articulation: the point or place where two parts or segments are
joined: also applied to an individual joint or segment.
Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the
wings are attached to the thorax.
Artus: the organs of locomotion generally.
Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely
developed and eggs or young are produced by cell-budding: =
parthenogenetic.
Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like
ashes of anthracite coal.
Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it
is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral.
Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations.
Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots.
Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin female is
exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to secure a
pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called sembling.
Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position.
Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not symmetrical.
Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of
symmetry in form or in the development of members.
Ater: deep black; not shining.
Aterimus: the deepest black.
Athericerous: see aristate.
Atom -us: a minute dot or point.
Atomarius: with minute dots or points.
Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible constriction
between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some Heteromera.
Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding
structure to the trachea.
Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue.
Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use.
Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve
and black].
Atrous: jet black.
Atrovelutinus: velvety black.
Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green].
Attenuated: drawn out; slender; tapering.
Attingent: touching.
Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure.
Atypic -ical: off type; not of the usual form.
Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the inferior portion of
head, as in Homoptera.
Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing.
Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tense
membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of abdomen; any structure
that functions as an ear.
Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome
orange].
Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also = auratus.
Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].
Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies.
Aurelian: a lepidopterist.
Aureolate: with a diffused colored ring.
Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly.
Aureous -eus: gold-colored.
Aurichalceous: brassy yellow.
Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the
tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal segment: in
Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed laterally on the
ligula.
Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding the dorsal
vessel.
Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, with the basal
joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest
of the structures.
Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between the
auricular space and the chamber.
Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings into the heart
by means of which the blood is admitted into it.
Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages.
Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot at the apical
area of Anthocharis.
Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake].
Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole of the United
States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands:
divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf strip: see boreal and
tropical.
Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering
the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Begins near
mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and
South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and
Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of
Arkansas and parts of Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so.
Illinois, s. w. corner of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and
Tennessee.
Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as an illustration
of his species and compared with the type or co-type.
Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing.
Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.).
Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the lateral basal angles of
the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae.
Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of two bodies; arising
from the angle of ramification.
Axillary area: see anal area.
Axillary calli: see calli axillary.
Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst.).
Axillary excision: = a. incision, q.v.
Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin of wing, near
base, which separates the alula from the main part.
Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the wing in Diptera; see
also alula and posterior lobe.
Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the inner margin
from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several (10-20) radiate
veins that occupy the anal field in Orthoptera.
Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it turns.
Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue].
Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to
an unpaired oviduct specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at
the junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus.
B
Baccate -us: berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the
surface of which the short ovarian tubes arise.
Back: the dorsum or upper surface.
Baculiform: rod or staff-like.
Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than
castaneus [dragon's blood].
Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.
Baenopoda: the thoracic legs.
Baenosome: the thorax.
Balancers: see halteres.
Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture: see bare.
Band: a transverse marking broader than a line.
Bar: a short, straight band of equal width.
Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward.
Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or spurs directed
backward.
Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles of hair or short
bristles on each side of each joint; = brush-like: on the abdomen,
with flat tufts at the sides or tip.
Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage.
Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald.
Basad: in the direction of or toward the base.
Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest
the main body.
Basal area: in wings: that space nearest the point where they are
attached to the body: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, the anterior
of the three median cells or areas = 1st median area.
Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); 2d (Will.), = media
(Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three cells enclosed by the
branches that form-the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata; an elongate
cell between radius and cubitus, just before the arculus.
Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are
distinguishable, to which all other parts are jointed; corresponds to
the stipes in the maxilla.