ACBAR, contemporary with Elizabeth, firmly established the Mogul rule
in India; Aurungzebe (1659-1707) extended the Mogul Empire over South
India.
Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer; forfeited most of his huge
profits.
Alexander VI., Pope, father of Lucretia and Caesar Borgia. He obtained
his office by bribery and held it by a series of infamous crimes (d.
1503).
Alguazils, “a Spanish adaptation of the Arabic al-wazir, the minister
and used in Spanish both for a justiciary and a bailiff.” Here it
implies cruel and extortionate treatment.
Allipore, a suburb of Calcutta.
Amadis, the model knight who is the hero of the famous mediaeval
prose-romance of the same title. Of Portuguese origin, it was afterwards
translated and expanded in Spanish and in French.
Aminta, a pastoral play composed by Tasso in 1581.
Antiochus and Tigranes, overthrown respectively by Pompey, B.C. 65, and
Lucullus, B.C. 69.
Atahualpa, King of Peru, captured and put to death by Pizarro in 1532.
Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester and champion of the High Church and Tory
party (1662-1732).
Aumils, district governors.
Aurungzebe, dethroned and succeeded Shah Jehan in 1658 (d. 1707).
Austrian Succession, War of (see the Essay on Frederic the Great, vol.
v. of this edition).
BABINGTON, Anthony, an English Catholic, executed in 1586 for plotting
to assassinate Elizabeth. Everard Digby was concerned in the Gunpowder
Plot of 1605.
Babington, an English Catholic executed in 1586 for plotting to
assassinate Elizabeth under the instruction of a Jesuit named Ballard.
Ballard. See Babington.
Barbariccia and Draghignazzo, the fiends who torment the lost with hooks
in the lake of boiling pitch in Malebolge, the eighth circle in Dante’s
Inferno.
Baretti, Giuseppe, an Italian lexiographer who came to London, was
patronised by Johnson and became Secretary of the Royal Academy.
Barillon, the French Ambassador in England.
Barnard, Sir John, an eminent London merchant, and Lord Mayor
(1685-1764).
Barras, a member of the Jacobin (q. v.) club; he put an end to
Robespierre’s Reign of Terror and was a member of the Directory till
Napoleon abolished it (d. 1829).
Batavian liberties, Batavia is an old name for Holland; the Celtic tribe
known as Batavii once dwelt there.
Bath, Lord, William Pulteney, Sir R. Walpole’s opponent, and author of a
few magazine articles (1684-1764).
Belisarius, Justinian’s great general, who successively repulsed the
Persians, Vandals, Goths, and Huns, but who, tradition says, was left to
become a beggar (d. 565).
Benevolences, royal demands from individuals not sanctioned by
Parliament and supposed to be given willingly; declared illegal by the
Bill of Rights, 1689.
Bentinck, Lord William, the Governor. General (1828-1835) under whom
suttee was abolished, internal communications opened up, and education
considerably furthered.
Bentivoglio, Cardinal, a disciple of Galileo, and one of the Inquisitors
who signed his condemnation (1579-1641).
Berkeley and Pomfret, where Edward II. and Richard II. respectively met
their deaths.
Bernier, a French traveller who wandered over India, 1656-1668.
Blues, The, Royal Horse Guards.
Board of Control, a body responsible to the Ministry with an
authoritative parliamentary head established by Pitt’s India Bill
(1784).
Bobadil, the braggart hero in Johnson’s Every Man in his Humour,
Bolingbroke, Viscount, Tory Minister under Anne; brought about the Peace
of Utrecht, 1713. His genius and daring were undoubted, but as a party
leader he failed utterly.
Bolivar, the Washington of South America, who freed Venezuela, Colombia,
and Bolivia from Spain (1783-1830).
Bonner, Bishop of London, served “Bloody” Mary’s anti-Protestant zeal,
died in the Marshalsea Prison under Elizabeth.
Bonslas, a Maratha tribe not finally subdued till 1817.
Bradshaw, President of the Court that condemned Charles I.
Braganza, House of, the reigning family of Portugal; Charles II married
Catherine of Braganza in 1662.
Breda, Peace of, July 21, 1667. Breda is in North Brabant, Holland.
Brissotines, those moderate republicans in the French Revolution who are
often known as the Girondists.
Broghill, Lord, better known as Rope Boyle, author of Parthenissa, etc.
Brooks’s, the great Whig Club in St. James’s Street amongst whose
members were Burke, Sheridan, Fox, and Garrick.
Brothers, Richard, a fanatic who held that the English were the lost ten
tribes of Israel(1757-1824).
Browne’s Estimate (of the Manners and Principles of the Times), the
author was a clergyman noted also for his defence of utilitarianism in
answer to Shaftesbury (Lecky, Hist. Eng. in 18th Cent., ii, 89 f.).
Brutus, i. The reputed expeller of the last King of Rome; ii. One of
Caesar’s murderers.
Bulicame, the seventh circle in the Inferno, the place of all the
violent.
Buller, Sir Francis, English judge, author of Introduction to the Law of
Trials at Nisi Prius (1745-1800).
Burger, Gottfried, German poet (1748-1794), author of the fine ballad
“The Wild Huntsman.”
Burgoyne, afterwards the General in command of the British troops
whose surrender at Saratoga practically settled the American War of
Independence.
Burlington, Lord, Richard Boyle, an enthusiastic architect of the
Italian school (1695-1753).
Button, Henry, a Puritan divine, pilloried, mutilated, and imprisoned by
the Star Chamber (1578-1648).
Busiris, a mythological King of Egypt who used to sacrifice one
foreigner yearly in the hope of ending a prolonged famine.
Buxar, between Patna and Benares, where Major Munro defeated Sujah
Dowlah and Meer Cossim in 1765.
CALAS, Jean, a tradesman of Toulouse, done to death on the wheel in
1762 on the false charge of murdering his son to prevent his becoming a
Romanist. Voltaire took his case up and vindicated his memory.
Camden, Lord, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas who declared general
warrants illegal and released Wilkes in 1763.
Capel, Lord Arthur, at first sided with the Parliament, but afterwards
joined the King; executed for attempting to escape from Colchester in
1649.
Caracci, Annibal, an Italian painter of the Elizabethan age.
Carlton House, the residence of George IV. when Prince of Wales.
Cartoons, the, the famous designs by Raphael, originally intended for
tapestry.
Cato, Addison’s play, produced in 1713.
Cavendish, Lord, first Duke of Devonshire (d. 1707). He gave evidence in
favour of Russell and tried to secure his escape.
Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI. and brother of Lucrezia, whose
infamous ability, cruelty, and treachery he even surpassed.
Chandernagora, on the Hooghly twenty miles from Calcutta. Pondicherry,
in the Carnatic (i.e. the S.E. coast of India) is still a French
possession.
Chemnitius, a seventeenth-century German historian who wrote a History
of the Swedish War in Germany.
Chicksands, in Bedfordshire.
Childeric or Chilperic, the former was King of the Franks (c460-480),
the latter King of Neustria (c. 560-580); both were puppets in the hands
of their subjects.
Chorasan, a Persian province.
Chowringhee, still the fashionable quarter of Calcutta.
Chudleigh, Miss, maid of honour to the Princess of Wales (mother of
George III.); the original of Beatrix in Thackeray’s Esmond.
Churchill, John, the famous Duke of Marlborough.
Clootz, a French Revolutionary and one of the founders of the Worship of
Reason; guillotined 1794.
Cocytus, one of the five rivers of Hades (see Milton’s Paradise Lost,
ii. 577ff).
Coleroon, the lower branch of the river Kaveri: it rises in Mysore and
flows to the Bay of Bengal.
Colman, the Duke of York’s confessor, in whose rooms were found papers
held to support Oates’s story.
Conde, a French general who, fighting for Spain, besieged Arras but had
to abandon it after a defeat by Turenne.
Conjeveram, south-west from Madras and east from Arcot.
Conway, Marshal, cousin to Walpole; fought at Fontenoy and Culloden;
moved the repeal of the Stamp Act (1766).
Corah, one hundred miles north-west from Allahabad, formerly a town of
great importance, now much decayed.
Cornelia, a noble and virtuous Roman matron, daughter of Scipio
Africanus and wife of Sempronius Graccus.
Cortes, conqueror of Mexico (1485-1547).
Cosmo di Medici, a great Florentine ruler, who, however, understood the
use of assassination.
Cossimbuzar (see the description in the Essay on Hastings).
Court of Requests, instituted under Henry VII. for the recovery of small
debts and superseded by the County Courts in 1847.
Covelong and Chingleput, between Madras and Pondicherry.
Craggs. Secretary of State: a man of ability and character, probably
innocent in the South Sea affair.
Crevelt, near Cleves, in West Prussia; Minden is in Westphalia.
Cumberland... single victory, at Culloden, over the young Pretender’s
forces, in 1745.
Cutler, St. John, a wealthy London merchant (1608?-1693) whose permanent
avarice outshone his occasional benefactions (see Pope, Moral Essays,
iii. 315).
DAGOBERTS... Charles Martel, nominal and real rulers of France in the
seventh and eighth centuries.
D’Aguesseau, a famous French jurist, law reformer, and magistrate
(1668-1751).
D’Alembert, a mathematician and philosopher who helped to sow the
seeds of the French Revolution. Macaulay quite misrepresents Walpole’s
attitude to him (see letter of 6th Nov. 1768).
Damien, the attempted assassinator of Louis XV. in 1757.
Danby, Thomas Osborne, Esq. of, one of Charles II.’s courtiers,
impeached for his share in the negotiations by which France was to
pension Charles on condition of his refusal to assist the Dutch.
Danes, only had a few trading stations in India, which they sold to the
British in 1845.
Demosthenes and Hyperides, the two great orators of Athens who were also
contemporaries and friends.
De Pauw, Cornelius, a Dutch canon (1739-99), esteemed by Frederic the
Great among others, as one of the freest speculators of his day.
Derby, James Stanley, Earl of, one of Charles I’s supporters, captured
at Worcester and beheaded in 1651.
Derwentwater... Cameron, Stuart adherents who suffered for their
share in the attempts of 1715 and 1745.
Dido, Queen of Carthage, who after years of mourning for her first
husband, vainly sought the love of Aeneas.
Dionysius, the tyrant of Syracuse (367-343 B.C.) who gathered to his
court the foremost men of the time in literature and philosophy.
Dodd, Dr., a royal chaplain and fashionable preacher whose extravagance
led him to forge a bond of Lord Chesterfield’s, for which he was
sentenced to death and duly executed (1729-77).
Dodington, George Bubb, a time-serving and unprincipled politician in
the time of George II., afterwards Baron Melcombe.
Dubois, Cardinal, Prime Minister of France. An able statesman and a
notorious debauchee (1656-1723).
Duke of Lancaster, Henry IV., the deposer and successor of Richard II.
Dumont, Pierre, a French writer who settled in England and became the
translator and exponent of Bentham’s works to Europe (1759-1829).