THE ADMINISTRATION OF RAYMOND POINCARE
February, 1913
M. Fallieres' term expired on February 18, 1913. The two leading
candidates were Raymond Poincare, head of the Ministry, and Jules Pams,
who was supported by the advanced Radicals. M. Poincare's election was
looked upon, because of his personal vigor, as a triumph of sound
conservative republicanism, and it was predicted that he would prove a
strong leader, able to give prestige to the Presidency and to bring
order out of chaos. The early months of his Administration were less
productive of results than had been hoped, but the European War came too
soon to make definitive judgment safe.
After M. Poincare's election, M. Fallieres made M. Briand President of
the Council during the last weeks of his term, and M. Poincare kept the
same Cabinet. M. Briand, like M. Poincare, advocated proportional
representation. As the Chamber failed to take a vigorous position in
support of the measure, and defeated the Ministry on a vote of
confidence, the latter withdrew (March, 1913).
Louis Barthou next became Prime Minister, and the important legislative
measure of the year was the new military law. The Germans having largely
increased their army, it was deemed necessary, in spite of the violent
opposition of the Socialistic Radicals and the Socialists and the
attempts of the syndicalists of the _Confederation generale du travail_
to work up a general strike, to abrogate the Law of 1905 and to return
to three years of military service without exemption. M. Barthou pushed
the three-years bill already supported by the Briand Cabinet. France
took upon herself an enormous financial burden, coupled with a
corresponding loss of productive labor, yet events soon proved the
wisdom of the step.
The opposition to the Cabinet was virulent. There were now two great
groupings of the chief political parties.[18] The Radicals and
Socialistic Radicals, under the name of "Unified Radicals" waged war
against the President and the Ministry. They were under the inspiration
of men like Clemenceau and the active leadership of Joseph Caillaux and
tried to revive the methods of the old _Bloc_ of Combes. They
declared their intention of repealing the three-years law and
proclaimed the tenets of their faith at the Congress of Pau. The
Briand-Barthou-Millerand group, supporters of Poincare, soon formed a
Moderate Party with a programme of conciliation and reform known as the
"Federation of the Lefts."
The Barthou Cabinet had been overthrown early in December, 1913, after a
vote on a government loan. President Poincare had to call in a Radical
Cabinet led by Gaston Doumergue, the programme of which Ministry was,
after all, less "advanced" than the Pau programme, especially as to the
three-years bill. M. Caillaux, the master-spirit of the Radicals, was
the Minister of Finance and the object of the hostility of the
Moderates. They claimed that he used his position to cause speculation
at the Stock Exchange, and accused him of "selling out" to Germany in
the settlement after Agadir. The _Figaro_, edited by Gaston Calmette,
began a violent campaign. Among the charges was that during the
prosecution in 1911 of Rochette, a swindling promoter, the then Prime
Minister Monis, now Minister of Marine, had, at Caillaux's instigation,
held up the prosecution for fraud, during which delay Rochette had been
able to put through other swindles.
In the midst of the public turmoil over these charges Caillaux's wife
went to Calmette's editorial offices and killed him with a revolver.
Caillaux resigned and, the Rochette case having come up for discussion
in the Chamber, when Monis denied that he had ever influenced the law,
Barthou produced a most damaging letter. A parliamentary commission
later decided that the Monis Cabinet _had_ interfered to save Rochette
from prosecution.
It was under such circumstances that the Deputies separated for the
general elections. Three chief questions came before the voters, the
three-years law, the income tax, and proportional representation. The
results of the elections were inconclusive and the new Chamber promised
to be as ineffective as its predecessor. On the second ballots the
Socialists made a good many gains.
The Doumergue Ministry resigned soon after the elections which it had
carried through. President Poincare offered the leadership to the
veteran statesman Ribot, who with the co-operation of Leon Bourgeois,
formed a Moderate Cabinet with an inclination toward the Left. This
Ministry was above the average, but its leaders were insulted and
brow-beaten and overthrown on the very first day they met the Chamber of
Deputies. So then a Cabinet was formed, led by the Socialist Rene
Viviani, who was willing, however, to accept the three-years law, though
he had previously opposed it. But this victory for national defence was
weakened by parliamentary revelations of military unpreparedness.
In mid-July President Poincare and M. Viviani left France for a round of
state visits to Russia and Scandinavia. Paris was engrossed by the
sensational trial of Madame Caillaux, which resulted in her acquittal,
but this excitement was suddenly replaced by the European crisis, and
President Poincare cut short his foreign trip and hastened home. France
loyally supported her ally Russia, and, on August 3, Baron von Schoen,
the German Ambassador, notified M. Viviani of a state of war between
Germany and France.
Indeed, no sooner had the Moroccan question been settled than danger had
loomed in the Orient, in which France was likely to be involved through
her alliance with Russia. Moreover, Germany had not got over the Agadir
fiasco and was furious with England as well as France. Thus the European
balance of power had long been in danger through the hostility of the
Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente. It is beyond the scope of the
present volume to analyze in detail the Balkan question. The role of
France was consistent in the interest of peace by helping to maintain
the balance of power, but obviously she was loyal toward her partners of
the Triple Entente and acted in solidarity with them.
So far as the outbreak of the war in 1914 is concerned, France stands
with a clear conscience. She had nothing to do with the disputes between
Austria and Serbia, or between Austria, Germany, and Russia. Once war
proved inevitable France faithfully accepted the responsibilities of the
Russian alliance. Against France, Germany was an open aggressor.
Germany's strategic plans for the quick annihilation of France, before
attacking Russia, are well known to the world. Everybody is aware how
scrupulously France avoided every hostile measure, and, during the
critical days preceding the war, withdrew all troops ten kilometres from
the frontier to prevent a clash. The Germans were obliged, in order to
justify their advance, to invent preposterous tales of bombs dropped by
aeroplanes near Nuremberg or of the violation of Belgium neutrality by
French officers in automobiles. France had no idea of invading Belgium.
All the French strategic plans aimed at the protection of the direct
frontier, and they were dislocated by the dishonest move of Germany
through Belgium.
In 1914 France was not even prepared for war. The pacification of
Morocco immobilized thousands of her troops. Revelations in Parliament
as late as July 13 showed, as mentioned above, great deficiencies in
equipment. Public attention was taken up by the Caillaux trial and by
political strife apparently reaching the proportions of national
weakness.
Since Agadir it is true that France, conscious of the constantly
provocative attitude of Germany, had seen the folly of plans for
disarmament. Love for the army had grown again, through realization of
its necessity. But no nation ever looked forward with more horror and
dread to military conflict than the French. They had been the last
victims of a great European war, of which the memories were still alive.
However much the loss of Alsace-Lorraine rankled in their hearts, they
knew too well the madness of war to seek it again. A new generation had
grown up reconciled to fate and willing to let bygones be bygones.
But Germany would not. The new Empire, a _Bourgeois gentilhomme_ among
nations, but without even the breeding of the _parvenu_, dreamed of
world-supremacy. As the boor in society makes himself conspicuous, so it
was one of the tenets of Pan-Germanism to let no international agreement
take place without German interference.
Some people, reading the annals of forty-four years since the
Franco-Prussian War, have been disposed to sneer at France. Some have
called the country degenerate because of its small birth-rate, its
fiction sometimes brutal, sometimes neurotic, its inefficient
Parliament, its vindictive political and religious contests. Such
critics should remember that the French Government is the result of
tactical compromise in presence of the Monarchical Party. Nobody denies
that it might be improved. As to religious persecution, Americans might
remember their own righteous feelings toward fellow citizens with
"hyphenated" allegiance, when they rebuke the French for fighting vast
organizations working against their Government under foreign orders.
In 1914 France, bearing on her shoulders proportionably the greatest
burden of all the Allies, presented to the world a spirit of firmness,
unity, and national resolve that won the admiration of neutral nations.
Religious persecution and clerical manoeuvre were alike put aside.
France forgot all lassitude and discouragement. Atheist, Protestant, and
Catholic felt a great wave of spiritual as well as of patriotic fervor,
and took as symbol of love of country the heroic peasant girl of
Lorraine, Jeanne d'Arc, who, coming from the people and leading the
nation's army, sought to drive from the soil its foes and invaders.
FOOTNOTES:
[18] It must be obvious to the reader, after following all the changes
in nomenclature recorded in this volume, that in France party-names give
little hint of party-views: "In French political parlance 'Progressivs'
ar retrograde, 'Liberals' ar conservativ, 'Conservativs' ar
revolutionary in aim and methods, 'Radicals' ar trimmers and
time-servers, whilst one of the most reactionary administrations of
recent years was heded by three 'Socialists.'" A.-L. Guerard in _Pub.
Mod. Lang. Assoc. of America_, vol. xxx, p. 624. Compare also the
following: "Suivant les regions de la France, c'est-a-dire selon la
moyenne de l'opinion locale et les termes de comparaison ou les
traditions propres a chaque province, les mots changent de
signification. Dans le Var un radical passe pour un modere, dans l'ouest
un republicain est considere par certains comme un revolutionnaire,
ailleurs les candidats qui ne sont pas au moins radicaux-socialistes ne
sont pas tenus pour de bons republicains." L. Jacques, _Les partis
politiques sous la troisieme republique_, p. 429.
THE END
APPENDIX
PRESIDING OFFICERS OF FRENCH CABINETS
VICE-PRESIDENTS DU CONSEIL
_Administration of Thiers_
Feb. 19, 1871, Jules Dufaure.
May 18, 1873, Jules Dufaure.
_Administration of Mac-Mahon_
May 25, 1873, Duc de Broglie.
Nov. 26, 1873, Duc de Broglie.
May 22, 1874, General de Cissey.
{Louis Buffet.
March 10, 1875,{
{Jules Dufaure.
PRESIDENTS DU CONSEIL
_Administration of Mac-Mahon (continued)_
March 9, 1876, Jules Dufaure.
Dec. 12, 1876, Jules Simon.
May 17, 1877, Duc de Broglie.
Nov. 23, 1877, General de Rochebouet.
Dec. 13, 1877, Jules Dufaure.
_Administration of Jules Grevy_
Feb. 4, 1879, William-Henry Waddington.
Dec. 28, 1879, Charles de Freycinet.
Sept. 23, 1880, Jules Ferry.
Nov. 14, 1881, Leon Gambetta.
Jan. 30, 1882, Charles de Freycinet.
Aug. 7, 1882, Eugene Duclerc.
Jan. 29, 1883, Armand Fallieres.
Feb. 21, 1883, Jules Ferry.
April 6, 1885, Henri Brisson.
Jan. 7, 1886, Charles de Freycinet.
Dec. 11, 1886, Rene Goblet.
May 30, 1887. Maurice Rouvier.
_Administration of Carnot_
Dec. 12, 1887, Pierre-Emmanuel Tirard.
April 3, 1888, Charles Floquet.
Feb. 22, 1889, Pierre-Emmanuel Tirard.
March 17, 1890, Charles de Freycinet.
Feb. 27, 1892, Emile Loubet.
Dec. 6, 1892, Alexandre Ribot.
Jan. 11, 1893, Alexandre Ribot.
April 4, 1893, Charles Dupuy.
Dec. 3, 1893, Jean Casimir-Perier.
May 30, 1894. Charles Dupuy.
_Administration of Casimir-Perier_
July 1, 1894, Charles Dupuy.
_Administration of Felix Faure_
Jan. 26, 1895, Alexandre Ribot.
Nov. 1, 1895, Leon Bourgeois.
April 29, 1896, Jules Meline.
June 28, 1898, Henri Brisson.
Nov. 1, 1898, Charles Dupuy.
_Administration of Emile Loubet_
Feb. 18, 1899, Charles Dupuy.
June 22, 1899, Rene Waldeck-Rousseau.
June 7, 1902, Emile Combes.
Jan. 24, 1905, Maurice Rouvier.
_Administration of Armand Fallieres_
Feb. 18, 1906, Maurice Rouvier.
March 14, 1906, Ferdinand Sarrien.
Oct. 25, 1906, Georges Clemenceau.
July 23, 1909, Aristide Briand.
March 2, 1911, Ernest Monis.
July 27, 1911, Joseph Caillaux.
Jan. 13, 1912, Raymond Poincare.
Jan. 21, 1913, Aristide Briand.
_Administration of Raymond Poincare_
Feb. 18, 1913, Aristide Briand.
March 21, 1913, Louis Barthou.
Dec. 2, 1913, Gaston Doumergue.
June 9, 1914, Alexandre Ribot.
June 13, 1914, Rene Viviani.
Aug. 26, 1914, Rene Viviani.
Oct. 29, 1915, Aristide Briand.
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INDEX
Abd-el-Aziz, 168.
Africa, 89, 104, 106,132.
Agadir, 172, 174, 179, 181, 183.
Aix, 104.
Albert of Saxony, 15, 16, 18.
Alexander III, Czar, 105.
Algeciras, 158, 159, 162, 168, 172.
Algeria, 81, 110, 168.
Algiers, 104.
Alsace, 11, 13, 34, 35, 43, 157, 162, 183.
Amiens, 23.
Andre, General, 143, 152, 153, 154, 157, 166.
Annam, 89, 90.
Antony of Hohenzollern, 8, 9.
Arques, 54.
Arton, 109, 111, 118, 134.
Artenay, 19, 22.
Asquith, 172.
Aurelle de Paladines, General d', 22, 23, 39.
Austria, 3, 4, 52, 89, 155, 182.
Auteuil, 136.
Avellan, Admiral, 106.
Bac-Le, 90.
Baihaut, 111.
Bapaume, 24.
Barthou, Louis, 177, 178, 179.
Basly, 97.
Bazaine, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21.
Beaugency, 23.
Beaumont, 16.
Beaune-la-Rolande, 22.
Belfort, 24, 25, 34.
Belgium, 4, 16, 182, 183.
Benedetti, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Berlin, 11, 51, 73, 81.
Bert, Paul, 80.
Beule, 51.
Beziers, 168.
Bienvenu-Martin, 156.
Billot, General, 124, 126.
Bismarck, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 18, 21, 26, 28, 34, 51, 61,
73, 81, 93, 157.
Bitche, 24.
Blanqui, 38.
Boeschepe, 164.
Boisdeffre, General de, 106, 125.
Bordeaux, 22, 31, 35, 36, 40, 43, 45, 46.
Borny, 14.
Boulanger, General, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103.
Bourbaki, General, 23, 24, 25.
Bourgeois, Leon, 121, 122, 180.
Briand, Aristide, 151, 153, 156, 163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 170,
176, 177, 178.
Briere de l'Isle, 90.
Brisson, Henri, 84, 92, 97, 109, 120, 129, 130, 131, 138.
Broglie, due de, 48, 51, 55, 56, 57, 67, 69, 71, 72, 83.
Brussels, 35, 102.
Buffet, Andre, 141.
Buffet, Louis, 48, 60, 61.
Buisson, Ferdinand, 151.
Burdeau, 116, 120.
Busch, Moritz, 11.
Buzenval, 27.
Caffarel, General, 94.
Cahors, 20.
Caillaux, Joseph, 171, 173, 174, 178, 179.
Caillaux, Madame, 179, 181, 183.
Calmette, Gaston, 179.
Cameroons, 173.
Canrobert, Marshal, 21.
Carcassonne, 168.
Carnot, President, 96-114.
Casablanca, 168, 169.
Caserio Santo, 114.
Casimir-Perier, President, 115-120.
Cavaignac, Godefroy, 129, 130.
Chalons, 14.
Chambord, comte de, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 88.
Champigny, 23, 26.
Chanoine, General, 130.
Chanzy, General, 20, 23, 24.
Chateaudun, 19.
Chatillon, 18.
Chesnelong, 53, 54.
China, 90, 91, 143.
Christiani, Baron de, 136.
Cissey, General de, 57, 60.
Clemenceau, Georges, 78, 83, 97, 98, 109, 160, 161, 163,
164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 178.
Clermont-Ferrand, 94.
Clinchant, 25.
Cluseret, 40.
Combes, Emile, 145, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 178.
Congo, 132, 171, 173.
Cottu, Henri, 108, 110, 111.
Coulmiers, 22.
Courbet, Gustave, 42.
Cremieux, 19.
Cronstadt, 105, 106.
Crown Prince of Prussia, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18.
Decazes, duc, 56.
Delahaye, 108.
Delcasse, 158, 166, 169.
Delegorgue, 127.
Delescluze, Charles, 37.
Demange, Maitre, 119.
Denfert-Rochereau, 24.
Deroulede, Paul, 101, 135, 140, 141.
Devil's Isle, 119.
Dijon, 151.
Dillon, 102.
Dombrowski, 41.
Dordogne, 99.
Douay, Abel, 13.
Doumer, Paul, 160.
Doumergue, Gaston, 178, 180.
Dreyfus, Alfred, 105, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126,
127, 128, 130, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142, 143, 145, 154, 162.
Dreyfus, Madame, 131.
Dreyfus, Mathieu, 123, 124, 125, 126.
Drumont, Edouard, 118.
Duclerc, 86.
Ducrot, 16, 22.
Dufaure, Jules, 66, 72.
Du Lac, Pere, 125.
Dumas fils, Alexandre, 42.
Dupuy, Charles, 112, 114, 116, 120, 131, 135, 136.
Edward VII, 154.
Egypt, 86, 132, 155.
Eiffel, G., 108, 110.
Ems, 8, 9.
England, 17, 61, 86, 106, 111, 128, 132, 133, 154, 155, 157, 158, 174, 181.
Ernoul, 49.
Esterhazy, 117, 123, 124, 126, 127.
Eugenie, Empress, 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 17, 20.
Evans, Dr., 17.
Faidherbe, General, 23, 24.
Failly, General de, 16.
Fallieres, Armand, 86, 159-175, 176.
Fashoda, 132, 133, 155, 157.
Faure, Felix, 115-133, 134.
Favre, General, 23.
Favre, Jules, 17, 18, 25, 27, 28, 29.
Ferrieres, 18.
Ferry, Jules, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96.
Fez, 171.
Fiaux, 42.
Floquet, Charles, 84, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109.
Flourens, Gustave, 37, 40.
Fontane, Marius, 108, 110.
Foo-chow, 90.
Forbach, 13.
Formosa, 90.
Fourichon, Admiral, 19.
Francis I, 45.
Frankfort, 35, 43.
Frederick, Empress, 105.
Frederick the Great, 3.
Frederick Charles, 12, 13, 15, 21.
Freycinet, Charles de, 20, 24, 30, 77, 79, 85, 86, 93, 109.
Frohsdorf, 52.
Froeschwiller, 13.
Frossard, 13.
Gabes, 82.
Galliffet, General de, 137, 139, 143.
Gambetta, Leon, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 33, 44, 47, 66, 67, 68,
70, 76, 77, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 91, 92, 97, 136.
Garibaldi, 24, 25.
Geay, Monseigneur, 151.
Gerault-Richard, 120.
Germany, 31, 34, 48, 60, 81, 89, 94, 119, 128, 132, 154, 155,157, 158, 159,
162, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 179, 182, 183, 184.
Gervais, Admiral, 105.
Glais-Bizoin, 19.
Goblet, 93.
Gouthe-Soulard, 104.
Gramont, duc de, 6, 7, 9.
Gravelotte, 15.
Grevy, Albert, 110, 111.
Grevy, Jules, 32, 75-95, 96, 110.
Grey, Sir Edward, 158.
Guerard, A.-L., 178.
Guerin, Jules, 140, 141.
Habert, Marcel, 135, 141.
Henry IV, 45.
Henry, Colonel, 116, 117, 123, 124, 126, 130.
Henry, Emile, 114.
Hericourt, 25.
Herve, Gustave, 166.
Herz, Cornelius, 109, 111, 118.
Hugues, Clovis, 97.
Italy, 81, 89, 106, 107, 150, 154.
Ivry, 54.
Jacques, L., 178.
Japan, 158.
Jaures, Jean, 166.
Jeanne d'Arc, 45, 185.
Jerome Napoleon, 86.
Josnes, 23.
Kairouan, 82.
Kiel Canal, 121.
Kitchener, 132.
Koeniggraetz, 4.
Kroumirs, 81, 82.
Labori, 128.
La Cecilia, 41.
La Motterouge, 19.
Lang-son, 90.
Laval, 24, 151.
Lavigerie, Cardinal, 104.
La Villette, 141.
Lazare, Bernard, 124, 125.
Leblois, Maitre, 125.
Le Boeuf, Marshal, 12, 21.
Le Bourget, 26.
Lecomte, General, 39.
Le Mans, 24.
Le Nordez, Monseigneur, 151.
Leo XIII, 87, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 144, 150.
Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 5, 7, 8, 9.
Lesseps, Charles de, 108, 110.
Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 86, 107, 108.
Lille, 70.
Lisaine, 25.
Lloyd George, 172.
Loigny, 22.
Loir, 24.
Loire, 19, 22, 23.
Loisy, Abbe, 150.
London, 26.
Longchamps, 136.
Lorraine, 11, 13, 34, 35, 43, 157, 162, 183, 185.
Loubet, Emile, 109, 134-158, 160.
Louis XIV, 26, 36.
Louis XVI, 45.
Louis-Philippe, 115.
Luneville, 13.
Lur-Saluces, comte de, 141.
Luxembourg, Duchy of, 4.
Lyautey, General, 174.
Lyons, 114.
McKinley, 114.
Mac-Mahon, marechal de, 13, 14, 15, 16, 40, 49, 50-74, 75, 77.
Madagascar, 89, 122.
Madrid, 21.
Mainz, 13.
Marchand, Captain, 132, 133.
Marne, 22.
Marrakesh, 168.
Mars-la-Tour, 14.
Mauchamp, Dr., 168.
Mayer, Captain, 118.
Mediterranean, 81.
Meline, Jules, 107, 122, 129, 134.
Mercier, General, 118, 139.
Merry del Val, Cardinal, 150.
Metz, 14, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 34.
Meuse, 16.
Mexican expedition, 1.
Millerand, Alexandre, 97, 137, 178.
Miribel, General de, 85.
Moltke, 18, 26.
Monis, Ernest, 171, 179.
Montbeliard, 25.
Montmartre, 39, 52.
Montmedy, 16.
Montretout, 27.
Morel, E. D., 158.
Mores, marquis de, 118.
Morocco, 155, 157, 158, 159, 168, 171, 172, 174, 181, 183.
Muley-Hafid, 168, 174.
Muley-Yussef, 174.
Mun, comte de, 105.
Nancy, 13.
Napoleon I, 1, 87.
Napoleon III, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 35.
Narbonne, 168.
Negrier, General de, 90.
New Caledonia, 42.
Newfoundland, 155.
Nicholas II, Czar, 123, 145.
Nile, 132.
Nord, 99.
North Germany, 4, 12.
Nuremberg, 182.
Offenbach, 3.
Ollivier, Emile, 6, 8, 9.
Omdurman, 132.
Orleans, 19, 22, 26.
Orleans, Duke of, 141.
Palikao, comte de, 14, 15, 17.
Pams, Jules, 176.
Panama, 97, 107, 111, 134, 161.
Paray-le-Monial, 52.
Paris, 2, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 32, 33,
34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 40, 46, 64, 84, 101, 105, 106, 120, 128, 134, 140, 154,
181.
Paris, comte de, 44, 52, 53, 55, 100.
Patay, 22.
Pau, 178, 179.
Pelletan, Camille, 97, 166.
Pellieux, General de, 135.
Pere-Lachaise, 41.
Peronne, 24.
Perpignan, 168.
Picquart, General, 123, 124, 125, 126, 162, 163.
Pie, Monseigneur, 52.
Piou, Jacques, 105.
Pius IX, 54, 68, 87.
Pius X, 150, 164.
Poincare, Raymond, 175, 176-185.
Poitiers, 52.
Pont-Noyelles, 24.
Portsmouth, 105, 106.
Prince Imperial, 13, 86.
Prussia, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12.
Rampolla, Cardinal, 150.
Ravachol, 114.
Raynal, 85.
Regnier, 21.
Reichsoffen, 13.
Reims, 16.
Reinach, Jacques de, 108, 109, 110, 111, 118, 134.
Remusat, Charles de, 48.
Rennes, 135, 138, 140, 143, 162.
Rezonville, 14, 15.
Rhenish provinces, 2.
Rhine, 2, 4.
Ribot, Alexandre, 109, 121, 180.
Rigault, Raoul, 37.
Riviere, 89.
Rochebouet, General de, 71.
Rochefort, Henri, 102.
Rochette, 179, 180.
Roget, General, 134, 135, 138.
Rome, 150.
Rossel, 40.
Rouvier, 85, 93, 94, 109, 111, 155, 158, 160, 164, 169.
Russia, 61, 105, 121, 123, 145, 154, 155, 158, 181, 182.
Saarbruecken, 12, 13.
Sadowa, 4, 6.
Saint-Cloud, 2.
Saint-Mande, 137.
Saint-Privat, 15.
Saint-Quentin, 24, 27.
St. Petersburg, 106.
Salisbury, Lord, 81, 106.
Salzburg, 53.
Sans-Leroy, 110.
Sarrien, Ferdinand, 160.
Say, Leon, 85.
Scandinavia, 181.
Scheurer-Kestner, 125.
Schnaebele, 94.
Schoen, Baron von, 181.
Schwartzkoppen, Colonel, 117, 128, 130.
Sedan, 16, 17, 49.
Selves, M. de, 173.
Serbia, 182.
Sfax, 82.
Sicily, 81.
Simon, Jules, 28, 67, 68, 69, 84.
South Germany, 4, 7, 12.
Spain, 5, 8, 155, 158, 159, 171, 174.
Spicheren, 13.
Spuller, Eugene, 113.
Steinheil, Madame, 132.
Steinmetz, 12, 13, 15.
Strassburg, 11, 18.
Sudan, 89.
Suez, 86, 107, 132.
Switzerland, 26.
Syveton, 152.
Tangier, 158.
Thiers, Adolphe, 17, 18, 31-49, 50, 51, 58, 61, 70, 76, 86.
Thomas, General Clement, 39.
Tien-tsin, 90.
Tirard, 102.
Tonkin, 89, 90, 93.
Toulon, 106, 167.
Tours, 19, 22.
Trochu, General, 17, 19, 22, 27, 29, 52.
Tuileries, 2, 17.
Tunis, 81, 93.
Ujda, 168.
United States, 62, 159.
Uzes, duchesse d', 100.
Vaillant, 114.
Var, 178.
Vendome, 24.
Verdun, 14.
Versailles, 18, 27, 34, 36, 40, 41, 56, 64, 120, 128, 134.
Victor-Emmanuel II, 68, 104.
Victor-Emmanuel III, 150.
Victoria, 106.
Villepion, 22.
Villers-Bretonneux, 23.
Villersexel, 25.
Villiers, 23.
Villorceau, 23.
Vinoy, General, 27.
Vionville, 14.
Viviani, Rene, 161, 180, 181.
Von der Thann, 22.
Vosges, 12, 25.
Waddington, 77, 78, 79, 81.
Waldeck-Rousseau, 85, 120, 136, 137, 138, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148,
153.
Wallon, 59.
Weiss, J.-J., 85.
Welschinger, 30.
William I, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 18, 26, 35.
William II, 157, 158, 173.
Wilson, Daniel, 88, 94, 98.
Wimpffen, General de, 16.
Wissembourg, 12, 13.
Woerth, 13.
Wrobleski, 41.
Zola, Emile, 127, 128, 130, 135, 163.
Zurlinden, General, 130.
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