MAKING UP THE PAPER
=Importance of the “Make-Up.”= Although the editing of a newspaper is
often regarded as completed when the managing editor has passed upon
the proofs of all the matter that the newspaper is to contain, yet
the arranging of this material on the several pages, the so-called
“making up,” still remains to be done under the direction of one of
the editors. The arrangement, or “make-up,” particularly of the front
page, plays a very important part in the success of the newspaper. To
display the important news of the day in the most effective way is to
attract readers. What has been said elsewhere of the advertising value
of headlines applies equally to the “make-up.” The best arrangement
is that in which the important news stands out prominently, and
can therefore be most easily read. A symmetrical balancing of the
headlines, half-tones, and cartoons adds greatly to the attractiveness
and readableness of the newspaper. Although the average reader does not
analyze this element any more than he does any of the other elements of
the newspaper that he reads daily, still the “make-up” doubtless leaves
an impression upon him.
=How the “Make-Up” Varies.= Newspaper practice regarding make-up varies
as greatly as it does in the case of headlines. The seven-column
page is still the normal type, but the eight-column page is rapidly
superseding it, because the narrower columns and margins make possible
a considerable saving in paper. Some papers like the New York _Sun_,
the New York _Evening Post_, the Chicago _Daily News_, and the
Springfield (Mass.) _Republican_, follow a very simple plan of placing
large heads at the top of alternate columns, and of having small heads
on all the other stories on the front page, so that the four top heads
in the first, third, fifth, and last columns are the only ones that
stand out prominently. Other papers, like the Chicago _Tribune_, put
a three-column cartoon in the fourth, fifth, and sixth columns, an
arrangement which makes possible large heads in the first, third and
last columns and somewhat smaller heads of several decks in the fourth
and sixth columns under the cartoon. Still other papers, keeping to the
general scheme of alternate columns for large heads, use one-, two-,
three-, or four-column cuts of people, places, or events that figure in
the news, at the top of the columns and then use slightly smaller heads
under these cuts. Two-column heads in the first and second columns are
often balanced with two-column heads in the sixth and seventh columns.
Some newspapers have practically abandoned the symmetrical arrangement
of the front page, and spread headlines in black, red, or green ink,
and cuts over the front page in a way that seems to have no other
purpose than to produce as bizarre an effect as possible.
=Principle of Contrast.= The two general principles that underlie the
make-up are those of contrast and symmetry. Large heads are alternated
at the top of the column with smaller heads so that the large heads
will stand out in contrast with the other columns of less prominence.
Two or more large heads side by side at the top of the columns do not
stand out with as marked effect as when they alternate with smaller
heads or no heads at all at the tops of the columns. The same is true
when cuts or cartoons serve to furnish the contrast. With heads not
at the top of the columns, effort is made to secure contrast by some
form of alternation. A careful study of a number of papers will show
a variety of ways in which the principle of contrast determines the
arrangement of material on each page.
=Principle of Symmetry.= That this alternation of the prominent and the
less prominent should be closely related to symmetry in arrangement, is
evident. In the seven-column form, which is the usual one, the large
heads in alternate columns produce a naturally symmetrical effect.
When somewhat smaller heads are used lower down on the page, a similar
alternation continues to carry out the symmetry. Large two-column
heads in the first and second and in the sixth and seventh columns,
or smaller two-column ones in the second and third and in the fifth
and sixth columns, produce an even balance. In an eight-column page,
in which this regular alternation is impossible, some symmetry is
often maintained by means of cuts. Many papers do not attempt to have
perfect balance on the front page, because of the desire to have the
daily cartoon or a cut at the top of the right half of the page where
it will attract most attention. Usually when symmetry is sacrificed,
the regularity of arrangement is departed from by putting the largest
heads, or the illustrations, on the right half of the front page.
=Positions of Prominence.= The most important news is generally put
in the last column to the right on the first page. This is done for
two reasons: first, because a long story in this column can run
on continuously to the first column of the second page without a
jump-head; and second, because, as the papers are laid out on the news
stand, the right side of the paper is prominently displayed. This fact
accounts for the placing of cuts and cartoons on the right side. If
there are two very important stories carrying larger heads than usual,
the one second in importance is put into the first column, partly for
symmetry and partly for the reason that, as the paper is read, the
first column is prominent. In fact, some papers, especially those that
do not count much on street sales, put the most important news in the
first column in preference to the last. On all pages except the front
one, the first column is usually considered the best.
=“Breaking Over” Front Page Stories.= In order to preserve the
alternation of large heads with smaller ones on the front page, as
well as to get as much of the most important news as possible on this
page, long stories with large heads are continued from the first page
to one of the inside pages. One column of these stories, or often only
one-half or two-thirds of a column, is put on the first page, according
to the make-up of the lower half of the page, and the remaining part is
put with a jump-head on an inside page. When a story is “broken over”
from the front page, a dash or rule is put at the end, with the words
“Continued on third page” beneath, if the break is at the end of a
column; and a dash, or rule, and these words followed by another rule
are used if the break is not at the end of a column, the purpose of the
second rule being to set off the explanation “Continued on third page,”
from the following matter. The jump-heads, as was shown in Chapter XI,
are of several kinds: (1) a reproduction of the whole of the original
head, (2) a reproduction of the top deck of the original head, or (3)
an entirely new head, usually in smaller type than the original one.
=Grouping News.= Various kinds and forms of news matter are grouped
in various ways. Local, state, national, and foreign news is often
arranged each kind on a separate page, as is also the society, the
sporting, and the market news. Short one-paragraph news stories,
usually with one line of type for a head, are often assembled under
such heads as “City News In Brief,” “News of the State,” “Sporting
Gossip,” and are arranged in order of size, the smallest being put
first, or vice versa. The society news is also frequently arranged in
order of size, the longest stories being put at the beginning. In some
papers, the heading of these one-paragraph stories, instead of being
a separate line, forms a part of the first line of the story and is
separated by a dash from the beginning of the story, which fills the
remaining third or quarter of the first line.
=The “Make-Up” Page by Page.= The pages that contain little or no live
news matter are made up as far as possible in advance of the first
edition of the paper so that they will be out of the way when the news
pages are to be arranged. The editorial page, and special pages such as
the woman’s page, the theatrical page, the continued story or feature
page, can usually be made up, stereotyped, and put on the press ready
for printing before the news pages are made up. The first page is, as
a rule, made up last, so that all of the very latest news may be given
a prominent place. Evening papers that make a special feature of the
financial and market page, make up that page last in order to print the
closing quotations of the day and to get the papers out on the street
as soon as possible after the closing hour of the exchanges.
=The Man Who “Makes Up.”= The actual work of arranging the type in
the page forms is done by the make-up men of the composing room under
the direction of one of the editors. On some newspapers the managing
editor directs the make-up, on others the assistant managing editor,
and on still others the night editor, or the news editor. With a set
of proofs at hand the editor directing the make-up indicates where
all the important stories and cuts are to be placed, and then usually
allows the make-up men to fill in the shorter matter with the smaller
heads. The experienced editor can picture in his mind the appearance of
the first page in print, as he directs the arrangement of the masses of
type and the cuts. A diagram, or schedule, is usually made out by the
editor in advance to indicate the position of the most important news
and cuts.
=“Making Up” Different Editions.= As every large newspaper prints
several editions, the page forms, after being stereotyped, are returned
to the composing room to be made over for the next edition. On a
morning paper the first edition, intended for places at a considerable
distance, is made up to leave the composing room about 9.30 in the
evening. A second mail edition follows this at about 11.30 P.M.,
another at 1.30 A.M., and the regular city edition at about 2.30 or
3.30 A.M.
On an afternoon paper the first edition may be made up at 6 o’clock in
the morning, and other editions may follow at intervals of about two
hours throughout the day. Generally, however, the noon edition, made up
about 10.30, is the first. This is followed by a mail edition made up
at about 12.30; by the home edition for distribution by carriers made
up at 2.30; and by the market edition made up at about 3.15, or as soon
as the closing quotations are received from the leading exchanges all
over the country. The sporting extra, following the market edition,
is made up the instant the complete score is received of the baseball
game in which the local team played, or whenever the result of the
most important sporting event of the day is announced. Following the
sporting edition, many afternoon papers get out a special mail edition,
dated the following morning, for distribution to distant points in
competition with the earliest mail edition of the morning papers.
In making up the several editions, it is desirable to change as few
pages as possible in order to save time and to avoid additional
stereotyping. When arranging the news on the inside pages for the first
edition, the editor can make up some of the news pages so that they
need not be made over for several editions at least. The front page is
made over for each edition and usually one or two inside pages. As the
value of news changes considerably in the five or six hours between the
first and the last editions, the longer stories with large heads that
occupy prominent places on the front page in the earlier editions are
often cut down, given smaller heads, and put in less conspicuous places
when later news requires the best position. Front-page stories of the
first editions often go over into the inside pages with headlines
unchanged, sometimes with the story cut down and sometimes in the
original form. Often only the top deck of the head is rewritten to be
set in smaller type, and one or two of the decks are cut off to reduce
the size and prominence of the head.
=Composing-Room Terms.= In the composing-room the editor in charge of
the make-up finds a number of technical terms in common use in addition
to those pertaining to type that are explained in Chapter X.
When all the “takes,” or pieces, of copy have been given out to the
linotype operators or compositors, the copy is said to be “all in
hand”; when it is all in type, or all set, it is said to be “all up.”
Each operator puts a “slug” containing his number at the beginning of
matter that he sets as his take. Advertisements are set in the part of
the composing-room known as the “ad alley.” Matter set by hand or on a
linotype machine is arranged by “bank men” in proper order in galleys
on a “bank,” or sloping shelf. After type has been used or has been
killed, it is “distributed” by hand, letter by letter, into the cases.
Linotype slugs, and usually all type smaller than 12-point that is
cast on a monotype, are thrown into the “hell-box” to be taken to the
stereotyping-room and melted up, so that the metal can be used again.
Page forms are made up on the “stone,” a smooth table top, formerly of
stone, now of metal. Forms are “justified” to make all of the columns
exactly the same length by inserting leads here and there between the
lines when a column is too short, and by taking out a few leads when
it is too long. After being “justified,” the forms are “planed down,”
or leveled, with a “planer,” or wooden block, which is tapped with a
mallet to force all type and cuts down to the level surface of the
stone. Type that does not stand squarely on its base is said to be “off
its feet.” The forms are “locked” by means of screws, or of wedges
known as “quoins.” After the first page form is thus “closed,” it may
have to be “ripped open” for late news. The forms are “put away” when
they are sent to the stereotyping-room.
SUGGESTIONS
1. Observe carefully the “make-up” of representative newspapers in
different parts of the country.
2. Study the “make-up” of your own paper.
3. Display the important news in a conspicuous position on the front
page.
4. Arrange the front page to secure as much symmetry as possible.
5. Put the most important news story in the last, or outside, column of
the first page.
6. Place the second best story in the first column of the front page.
7. Break over into the inside pages front-page stories of more than a
column in length.
8. Alternate large and small heads at the top of the columns for
contrast.
9. Remember that the upper right hand quarter of the first page is the
most conspicuous.
10. Group on separate pages market, society, sporting, state, foreign,
and other distinct kinds of news.
11. See that all guide lines are taken out when the type is assembled
in the form.
12. Don’t use any matter before it is “released.”
13. Have some good two or three line “fillers” on hand.
14. Don’t “hold over” or “kill” really live news matter.
15. Remember that the number of street sales depends considerably upon
the “make-up” of the front page.