Making in this the proper substitutions, we have
P′ = ((7/6) × 3875969) / (240 × 13·8 × 0·55) − 164 = 2318;
which being in pounds per square foot, the pressure per square
inch will be 16-1/10 lbs.
FOOTNOTES:
[40] M. de Pambour states that the increased volume is 1364
cubic inches.
[41] Formulæ equivalent to some of the preceding are given,
with numerous others, by M. de Pambour, in his Theory of the
Steam Engine. These mathematical details contain nothing new
in principle, being merely the application of the known
principles of general mechanics to this particular machine. M.
de Pambour objects against the methods of calculating the
practical effects of steam engines generally adopted by
engineers in this country. Their estimates of the loss of
power by friction, imperfect condensation, and other causes,
are, as I have stated in this volume, vague, and can be
regarded at best as very rough approximations; but, subject to
the restrictions under which their methods of calculation are
always applied, they are by no means so defective as M. de
Pambour supposes. He proves what he considers to be their
inaccuracy, by applying them in cases in which they are never
intended to be applied by English engineers. Those who desire
to reduce to general algebraical formulæ the effects of the
different kinds of steam engines will, however, find the
volume of M. de Pambour of considerable use.
[Pg523]
INDEX.
Air, elasticity of, 28;
May be partially expelled from a vessel by the application of
heat, 44.
America, steam navigation first established in, 487;
Circumstances which led to it, 488;
Fitch and Rumsey, their attempts to apply the single-acting
engine to the propulsion of vessels, 489;
Stevens of Hoboken commences experiments on steam navigation,
489;
Experiments of Livingstone and Fulton, 489;
Fulton's first boat, 490;
The Hudson navigated by steam, 491;
Extension and improvement of river navigation, 492;
American steamers, 494;
Difference between them and European steamers, 494;
Steamers on the Hudson, 494;
American paddle-wheels, 495;
Sea-going American steamers, 496;
Speed attained by American steamers, 497;
Lake steamers, 499;
The Mississippi and its tributaries, 499;
Steam-boats navigating it, 500;
Their structure and machinery, 500;
New Orleans Harbour, 503;
Steam tugs, 503.
Atmosphere, 38;
Weight of, 39.
Atmospheric air, mechanical properties of, 38;
Composition of, 253.
Atmospheric engine, Thomas Newcomen the reputed inventor of, 62;
Description of, as first constructed by Newcomen, 67;
The operation of considered, 69;
Not unfrequently used in preference to the modern steam
engine, 72;
Advantages which it possessed over Savery's, 73;
Considerably improved by Beighton, 75;
John Smeaton investigates this machine, 76;
Brindley obtains a patent for improvements in, 76;
Applied by Champion of Bristol to raise water, 181;
Possessed but limited power of adaptation to a varying load,
151;
Expedient to remedy this, 151;
Working-beam, cylinder, and piston applied to by Newcomen,
322.
Atmospheric pressure rendered available as a mechanic agent by
Denis Papin, 38;
Means of measuring the force of, 39;
The idea of using against a vacuum or partial vacuum to work
a piston in a cylinder, suggested by Otto Guericke, 73.
Barometer gauge, 272.
Barton's piston, 248.
Beighton, his improvement of the atmospheric engine, 75.
Black, Dr., his doctrine of latent heat, 93.
Blasco de Garay, his contrivance to propel vessels, 16;
The contrivance of, probably identical with that of Hero, 17.
Blinkensop, his locomotive engine, 337.
Blowing-box, 429.
Blowing out, Seaward's method of, 454.
Blow-off cocks, 452.
Boiler, forms of, most convenient, 255;
The waggon boiler adopted by Watt, 255;
Furnace, 256;
Method of feeding, 257;
Combustion of gas in flues, 260;
Mr. Williams's method of consuming the unburned gases which
escape from the grate, and are carried through the flues,
260;
Construction of grate and ash-pit, 261;
Magnitude of heating surface of boiler, 262;
Capacity of, must be proportioned to the quantity of water to
be evaporated, 263;
Water-space and steam-space in boiler, 263;
Proportion of water-space in the boiler, how to be regulated,
264;
Position of flues, 264;
Method of feeding, 265;
The magnitude of the feed should be equal to the quantity of
water evaporated, 265;
Different methods for indicating the level of the water in
the boiler, 266;
Level guages, 266;
Self-regulating feeder, 267;
Another method of arranging, 269;
Steam gauge, 270;
Thermometer gauge, 271;
Barometer gauge, 272;
The indicator to measure the mean efficient force of the
piston invented by Watt, 274;
The counter contrived by Watt, 278;
Safety valve, 279;
Fusible plugs used in high pressure boilers, 280;
Self-regulating damper, 281;
Self-regulating furnace invented by Brunton, 283;
Duty of a boiler, 294;
Boilers of locomotive engines, 351;
Construction of the boiler of Gurney's steam carriage, 423;
All boilers require occasional cleansing, 427;
Gurney's method of removing crust of deposited matter in
boilers, 427;
The boiler of Dr. Church's engine formed of copper, 439;
Boilers in marine engines, 449;
Effects of sea-water in, 450;
Remedies for them, 451;
Substitution of copper for iron, 460;
Expedient of coating boilers with felt, applied by Watt, 463.
Booth, Mr., his report on locomotive engines, 361.
Boulton and Watt's experiments on the horse power of engines,
288.
Branca, Giovanni, his machine for propelling a wheel by a blast
of steam, 22.
Brindley (James) obtains a patent for improvements in
atmospheric engine, 76;
Undertook to erect an engine at Newcastle-under-Lyne, 76;
Discouraged by the obstacles thrown in his way, 76.
Brougham, Lord, his sketch of Watt's character, 313;
Inscription from the pen of, on Watt's monument in Westminster
Abbey, 320.
Buffers, 404.
Cartwright's engine to use the vapour of alcohol to work the
piston, 245;
His piston, 247.
Cawley and Newcomen obtain a patent for the atmospheric engine,
64.
Champion applies atmospheric engine to raise water, 181.
Chapman, Messrs., their locomotive engine, 337.
Chlorine introduced in bleaching by Watt, 310.
Church, Dr., his steam engine, 439;
The boiler formed of copper, 439.
Coals, the virtues and powers which steam has conferred upon,
6;
The amount of labour a bushel of performs by means of the
steam engine, compared with horse power, 7;
Constituents of, 252;
Process of combustion, 252.
Coal mines, apprehensions as to the possibility of the
exhaustion of groundless, 8.
Cocks, friction on, 240.
Cocks and valves, 227.
Combustion of gas in flues, 260.
Condensation by injection, accidental discovery of, 69.
Condensation in the cylinder incompatible with a due economy
of fuel, 120.
Condensing principle, circumstance which led to Savery's
discovery of, 47.
Condensing pipe in Savery's engine, 52.
Condensing out of the cylinder, 120.
Condensing jet, 191.
Conical steam valves, 228.
Conversion of ice into water, 103;
Of water into steam, 105.
Copying press invented by Watt, 302.
Cornish system of inspection, 297.
Cornish engines, improvement of, 298;
Historical detail of the duty of, 299.
Cylinders, Wilkinson's machine for accurately boring the
insides of, 149.
D valve, 230.
Dalton and Gay-Lussac, law of, relating to the pressure of
elastic bodies, 171.
Dixon, Mr. The substitution of brass for copper tubes in
locomotive engines ascribed to him, 370.
Double clack-valve, 228.
Eccentric, 225;
Two expedients to reverse the position of, 379.
Effect of an engine, 285.
Elastic fluids. The law according to which the pressure of,
increases with their temperature, discovered by Dalton and
Gay-Lussac, 171.
Evaporation of water and other liquids, physical and
mechanical principles connected with, 97.
Expansion of common steam, effects of, 173.
Expansive action of steam, 159;
Stated by Watt in a letter to Dr. Small, 157;
Its principle explained, 158;
Mechanical effect resulting from it, 161;
Computed effect of cutting off steam at different portions
of the stroke, 162;
Involves the condition of a variation in the intensity of
the moving power, 163;
Expedients for equalising the power, 164;
The expansive principle in the engines constructed by
Boulton and Watt, limited, 165;
Its more extensive application in the Cornish engines, 165;
Methods of equalising, 174;
Description of Hornblower's engine for this purpose, 174.
Expansive principle, application of in marine engines, 466.
Farey on the steam engine, quotation from, relative to
Savery's engine, 58;
His evidence before the House of Commons, 435.
Field, construction of his split paddle, 478.
Fitch and Rumsey, their attempts to apply the single-acting
engine to the propulsion of vessels, 489.
Flues, position of, 264.
Fluids, of two kinds, 25;
Mechanical properties of, 25;
Elastic, 27;
Experimental proof that they press equally in all
directions, 41.
Fly-wheel, 205.
Four-way cock, 239;
Disadvantages of, 240.
Fuel, means of economising, in marine furnaces, 463.
Fulton and Livingstone, their experiments in steam navigation,
489.
Fulton's first boat, 490.
Furnace, self-regulating, invented by Brunton, 283.
Fusible plugs used in high-pressure boilers, 280.
Galloway, his paddle-wheel described, 476.
Gas, elasticity of, 28.
Gay-Lussac and Dalton, law of, relating to the pressure of
elastic bodies, 171.
Governor, adaptation of, 209.
Gradients, restrictions on, 411;
Disposition of, should be uniform, 415.
Great Western Railway, Dr. Lardner's experiments on, 408.
Griff, proposals to drain a colliery at, mentioned by
Desaguliers, 64.
Gurney's steam carriage, 423;
Construction of the boiler of, 423;
His method of removing crust of deposited matter in boilers,
427;
His experiments on common roads, 432.
Hall, his condensers described, 458.
Hancock, his steam carriage, 436;
In what manner it differs from that of Gurney, 437.
Harris, Dr., mentions Savery's engine in his "Lexicon
Technicum," 56.
Heat, effects of upon water, 29;
Waste of in atmospheric engine, 89;
An examination of the analogous effects produced by the
continued application of, to water in the liquid state,
102;
Radiation of, 254.
Heating by steam brought forward by Watt, 303.
"Hecla," experiments with the, 412.
Hero of Alexandria, description of his machine, 12.
High pressure engines described, 321;
One of the earliest forms of the steam engine, 322;
Obscurely described in the "Century of Inventions," 322;
Construction of the first, by Messrs. Trevethick and Vivian,
324.
Hooke exposes the fallacy of Papin's project, 64.
Horse carriages compared with steam, 435.
Horse power of steam engines, 288;
Smeaton's estimation of, 288;
Boulton and Watt's experiments on, 288.
Howard's description of his marine engine, 464.
Hudson, the, navigated by steam, 491.
Hull, Jonathan, his application of the steam engine to water
wheels, 180.
Humphrey. His marine engine described, 470.
Huskisson, Mr., death of, 329.
Hydrogen, 253.
India, steam navigation to, 483.
Indicator invented by Watt, 274.
Jeffrey, Lord; his sketch of the character of Watt, 315.
Kinneal, description of Watt's experimental engine at, 131.
Lake steamers, 499.
Lardner's, Dr., experiments on the Manchester Railway in 1832,
357;
His experiments in 1838, 406;
Experiments on the Great Western Railway, 408.
Leupold's engine, description of, 323.
Level gauges, 266.
Linen, machine for drying by steam, invented by Watt, 303.
Liverpool and Manchester railroad, effects of the introduction
of steam transport on, 329;
Want of experience in the construction of the engines, 329;
Death of Mr. Huskisson, 329;
Proceedings of the directors, 342;
Premium offered by them for the best engine, 344;
Experimental trial, 344.
Livingstone and Fulton, experiments of in steam navigation,
489.
Locomotive engine, history of, 328;
Blinkensop's engine, 337;
Chapman's engine, 337;
Walking engine, 337;
Mr. Stephenson's engine at Killingworth, 339;
Defect of, 341;
Description of the "Rocket," 345;
The "Sanspareil," 347;
The "Novelty," 349;
Superiority of the "Rocket," 350;
Subsequent improvements in the locomotive engine, 352;
Table, showing the economy of fuel gained by subdividing the
flue into tubes, 354;
Engines constructed in the form of the "Rocket" subject to
two principal defects, 354;
These defects remedied, 355;
Improved by the adoption of a more contracted blast pipe,
356;
Dr. Lardner's experiments in 1832, 357;
Adoption of brass tubes, 361;
Mr. Booth's report, 361;
Detailed description of the most improved locomotive
engines, 364;
Substitution of brass for copper tubes ascribed to Mr.
Dixon, 370;
Mr. Stephenson constructed the driving wheels without
flanges, 383;
Pressure of steam in the boiler limited by two safety-
valves, 402;
Buffers, 404;
Steam whistle, 404;
Water tank, 404;
Power of locomotive engines, 405;
Evaporation of boilers, 406;
Dr. Lardner's experiments in 1838, 406;
Resistance to railway trains, 407;
Dr. Lardner's experiments on the Great Western Railway, 408;
Restriction on gradients, 411;
Experiment with the "Hecla," 412;
Disposition of gradients should be uniform, 415;
Method of surmounting steep inclinations, 415;
Steam carriages on common roads, 419;
Difference between steam engines on railways and those used
to propel carriages on turnpike roads, 422;
Gurney's steam carriage, 423;
Construction of the boiler of, 423;
Escape of steam from the engines on the Liverpool road, 428;
Blowing-box, 429;
Separator, 430;
Difficulties in the practical working of steam carriages
upon common roads, 432;
Gurney's experiments on common roads, 432;
Prejudice against locomotive engines on common roads, 432;
Not more destructive to roads than carriages drawn by
horses, 433;
Report of the committee of the House of Commons, 433;
Weight of steam carriages, 433;
Two methods of applying locomotives upon common roads, 434;
Horse carriages compared with, 435;
Farey's evidence before the House of Commons, 435;
Risk of accident from explosion extremely slight, 435;
Hancock's steam carriage, 436;
In what manner it differs from that of Gurney, 437;
Ogle's steam carriage, 438;
His evidence before the House of Commons, 439;
Dr. Church's steam engine, 439;
The boiler of formed of copper, 439.
Lunar Society, Boulton and Watt leading members in, 302.
Marine engines, form and arrangement of, 441;
Difference between marine and land engines, 443;
Engine-room, arrangement of, 446;
Boilers in, 449;
Effects of sea-water on boilers, 450;
Remedies for them, 451;
Blow-off cocks, 452;
Indicators of saltness, 452;
Seaward's indicator, 454;
His method of blowing out, 454;
Method of Maudslay and Field to preserve freshness of water
in the boiler, 456;
Brine pumps, 457;
Tubular condensers applied by Mr. Watt, 457;
Hall's condensers, 458;
Substitution of copper for iron boilers, 461;
Process of stoking, 462;
Marine furnaces, 463;
Expedient of coating boilers with felt applied by Watt, 463;
Means of economising fuel, 463;
Description of Howard's engine, 464;
Application of the expansive principle in marine engines,
466;
Recent improvements of Messrs. Maudslay and Field, 467;
Humphrey's engine, 470;
Common paddle-wheel, 472;
Defect of, 474;
Feathering paddles, 474;
Galloway's paddle-wheel, 476;
Field's split paddle, 478;
Proportion of power to tonnage, 480;
Iron steam vessels, 482.
Mariotte's law relating to pressure, 171.
Maudslay and Field, their method to preserve the requisite
freshness of water in the boiler, 456;
Brine pumps, 457;
Recent improvements of in marine engines, 466.
Metallic pistons, 244;
Cartwright's engine, 245;
An improved form given to by Barton, 248.
Mill work, Stewart's application of the steam engine to, 182.
Mines, the drainage of, Watt endeavours to bring to perfection
the application of the steam engine to, 178.
Mississippi and its tributaries, 499;
Steam-boats on, 500;
Their structure and machinery, 500.
Morland, Sir Samuel, his application of steam to raise water,
34;
The reputed inventor of several ingenious contrivances, 34;
His work in French upon the raising of water, 35;
Extract from it, 35;
Evelyn's account of his visit to, 36.
Murray's slide-valve, 229.
Newcomen, Thomas, the reputed inventor of the atmospheric
engine, 62;
His acquaintance with Dr. Hooke, 62;
Acquainted with Papin's writings, 64;
The merits of his engine ascribed principally to its
mechanism and combinations, 73;
Obtains with Cawley a patent for the atmospheric engine, 64;
Resumes the old method of raising water from mines by
ordinary pumps, 65;
The means proposed to effect this, 66;
First conception of the atmospheric engine, 66;
Description of his construction of atmospheric engine, 67;
Suggestion of a better method of condensation than the
application of cold water on the external surfaces of the
cylinder, 69;
He abandons the external cylinder, 69;
Applied the working-beam, cylinder, and piston to the
atmospheric engine, 322.
New Orleans Harbour, 503.
"Novelty," description of the, a locomotive engine, 349.
Ogle, his steam carriage, 438;
His evidence before the House of Commons, 439.
Otto Guericke, his suggestion relative to atmospheric
pressure, 73.
Oxley made the first attempt to drive water-wheels by the
steam engine, 182.
Paddle-wheel described, 472;
Defect of, 474;
Feathering paddles, 474;
Galloway's paddle-wheel, 476;
Field's split paddle, 478.
Paddle-wheels of American steamers, 495.
Papin, Denis, conceived the idea of rendering atmospheric
pressure available as a mechanical agent, 37;
Description of his contrivance, 37;
His discovery of condensation of steam, 45;
Quotation from his work relative to this discovery, 45;
Explanation of this important discovery, 46;
Discovers the method of producing a vacuum by the
condensation of steam, 178;
His projected applications of the steam engine, 178;
His proposition for the construction of an engine working by
atmospheric pressure, 62;
Abandons the project when informed of the principle and
structure of Savery's engine, 62;
His engine described, 62;
This project nothing more than a reproduction of the Marquis
of Worcester's engine, 63;
The fallacy of his project exposed by Hooke, 64;
His project for producing a vacuum under a piston by
condensing the steam, published in the "Actæ Eruditorum,"
64.
Parallel motion, 195.
Physical science, the rapid progress of, 8.
Pistons, 242;
The common hemp-packed, 242;
Woolf's method of tightening the packing of, without
removing the lid of the cylinder, 244;
This method further simplified, 244;
Metallic, 244;
Cartwright's engine, 245;
Cartwright's piston, 247;
Invention of the indicator by Watt to measure the mean
efficient force of, 274.
Piston rod and beam, methods of connecting in the double-
acting engine, 193.
Pneumatic institution at Clifton, Watt one of the founders of,
310.
Potter, Humphrey, his contrivance for working the valves, 71;
Improved by the substitution of a plug-frame, 72.
Power, proportion of, to tonnage in marine engines, 480.
Power and duty of steam engines, 287.
Priestley, Watt's letter to, relative to the composition of
water, 307.
Pump, an illustration of force attained by a vacuum, 43.
Puppet clacks, or button valves, 144.
Rack and Sector, 194.
Railways, speed of coaches on, compared with that of stage-
coaches on a common road, 7.
Railway transport, effects of, 328. 330.
Railways and stone roads compared, 420.
River navigation, extension and improvement of, 492.
"Rocket," description of the, a locomotive engine, 345;
Engines constructed in the form of, subject to two principal
defects, 354;
These defects remedied, 355;
Improved by the adoption of a more contracted blast-pipe, 356.
Roebuck, Dr., Watt's partnership with, 130.
Rotatory motion, method of producing by sun and planet wheels,
187.
Safety-valve not adopted by Savery, 57;
Invented by Papin, 57;
Description of, 57;
First applied to Savery's engine by Desaguliers, 58.
"Sanspareil," description of the, a locomotive engine, 347.
Savery, Thomas, obtains a patent for an engine to raise water,
47;
Circumstance which led to his discovery of the condensing
principle, 47;
An account of his engine, 49;
Description of the working apparatus in which the steam is
used as a moving power, 51;
His engine described in a work entitled "The Miner's Friend,"
56;
Mentioned by Dr. Harrison in his "Lexicon Technicum," 56;
Quotation from his address to the Royal Society, 56;
Quotation from his address to the Miners of England, 57;
Mentioned by Bradley in his "Improvements of Planting and
Gardening," 57;
The safety-valve not adopted by him, 57;
The safety-valve first applied to his engine by Desaguliers,
58;
Farey on the steam engine quoted, 58;
Further Improvements made by Desaguliers, 58;
Defects of his engine, 59;
His engine applied to the drainage of mines, 59;
Further defects of, 60;
The first to suggest the method of expressing the power of
an engine with reference to that of horses, 61;
Failure of his engine in the work of drainage, 61;
The tendency of high pressure to weaken and gradually destroy
the vessels, 72;
The power of his engines restricted, 73;
The atmospheric engine superior to, 73;
The boiler, guage-pipes, and regulator borrowed from his
engine, 73;
Proposes to apply his engine as a prime mover for all sorts
of machinery, 180.
Scott, Sir Walter, his sketch of the character of Watt, 314.
Sculpture, Watt's invention of machine for copying, 318.
Sea-going American steamers, 496.
Sea-water, effects of upon boilers, 450.
Seaward's slides, 235;
Indicator of saltness, 454;
His method of blowing out, 454.
Self-regulating damper, 281;
Furnace, 283.
Separator, 430.
Single-acting engine, description of Watt's, 133. 144.
Single clack-valve, 227.
Single cock, 238.
Slide-valves, 229;
That contrived by Mr. Murray, 229.
Smeaton, John, investigates the atmospheric engine, 76;
Applies himself to the improvement of wind and water mills,
181;
His estimate of the horse power of engines, 288.
Solomon De Caus, description of the apparatus of, 17;
M. Arago claims for him a share of the honour of the
invention of the steam engine, 21;
Republished, with additions, the work of Isaac De Caus, 22.
Somerset, Edward, Marquis of Worcester. Invention of the steam
engine ascribed to him, 23;
Description of his contrivance, 23;
His "Century of Inventions," 24;
Brief account of his engine described in this work, 31;
His contrivance compared with that of De Caus, 33;
Many of his inventions have been reproduced and brought into
general use, 34.