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APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
Including the Effects of Alcohol and Narcotics
by
FRANK OVERTON, A.M., M.D.
Late House Surgeon to the City Hospital, New York
Primary Grade
New York Cincinnati Chicago
American Book Company
Copyright, 1898, 1910, by
Frank Overton
OV. PHYSIOL. (PRIM.)
E-P 42
PREFACE
This primary text-book of applied physiology follows a natural order
of treatment. In each subject elementary anatomical facts are
presented in a manner which impresses function rather than form, and
from the form described derives the function. The facts and principles
are then applied to everyday life. Anatomy and pure physiology make
clear and fix hygienic points, while applied physiology lends interest
to the otherwise dry facts of physiology and anatomy. From the great
range of the science there are included only those subjects which are
directly concerned in the growth and development of children.
The value of a primary book depends largely upon the language used. In
bringing the truths within the comprehension of children, the author
has made sparing use of the complex sentence. He has made the
sentences short and simple in form, and logical in arrangement.
A child grasps new ideas mainly as they appeal directly to the senses.
For this reason, physiological demonstrations are indispensable.
Subjects for demonstrations are not given, because they cannot be
performed by the children; but the teacher should make free use of the
series given in the author's advanced physiology.
Cuts and diagrams are inserted where they are needed to explain the
text. They are taken from the author's _Applied Physiology,
Intermediate Grade_. Each was chosen, not for artistic effect, but
because of its fitness to illustrate a point. Most of the cuts are
adapted for reproduction on the blackboard.
The effects of alcohol and other narcotics are treated with special
fulness. The subject is given a fair and judicial discussion, and
those conclusions are presented which are universally accepted by the
medical profession. But while this most important form of intemperance
is singled out, it should be remembered that the breaking of any of
nature's laws is also a form of intemperance, and that the whole study
of applied physiology is to encourage a more healthy and a more noble
and self-denying mode of life.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. CELLS 7
II. OF WHAT CELLS ARE MADE 10
III. DIGESTION OF FOOD IN THE MOUTH 13
IV. DIGESTION OF FOOD IN THE STOMACH 17
V. FOODS 23
VI. TOBACCO 31
VII. FERMENTATION 37
VIII. KINDS OF STRONG DRINK 42
IX. THE BLOOD 49
X. BREATHING, HEAT, AND CLOTHING 59
XI. THE SKIN AND KIDNEYS 75
XII. THE NERVES, SPINAL CORD, AND BRAIN 84
XIII. THE SENSES 100
XIV. BONES AND JOINTS 109
XV. MUSCLES 115
XVI. DISEASE GERMS 123
XVII. PREVENTING SICKNESS 132
INDEX 139
APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER I
CELLS
Our body is made of many parts. Its head thinks. Its legs carry it,
and its arms and hands take hold of things. The leg cannot do the work
of the arm, nor the head do the work of the hand; but each part does
only its own work.
=1. The simplest animal.=--Some animals have parts like a man's; but
these parts are fewer. No animal has arms or hands like a man. A fish
has little fins in place of legs and arms, while a worm has not even a
head, but only a body, and yet it moves. An oyster has only a body and
cannot move. The simplest of all animals is very small. A thousand of
them would not reach an inch. Yet each is a complete animal. It is
called the _ameba_. It is only a lump of jelly. It can put out any part
of its body like an arm and take a lump of food. This same arm can eat
the food, too. It can also put out any part of its body like a leg and
move by rolling the rest of its body into the leg. It can do some things
better than a man can do them, for any part of its body can do all kinds
of work. So the ameba grows and moves and does as it likes.
[Illustration: =Different forms of an ameba (x400).=]
[Illustration: =Cells from the human body (x200).=
_a_ A colored cell from the eye.
_b_ A white blood cell.
_c_ A connective tissue cell.
_d_ A cell from the lining of the mouth.
_e_ Liver cells.
_f_ A muscle cell from the intestine.]
=2. Cells.=--A man's finger moves and grows something like a separate
animal, but it must keep with the rest of the body. A little piece of
a finger moves and grows, too. If you should look at a finger, or any
other part of your body, through a microscope, you would see that it
is composed of little lumps of jelly. Each little lump looks like an
ameba. We call each lump a cell. The cells make up the finger.
=3. What cells do.=--Each cell acts much as an ameba does. From the
blood it gets food and air and takes them in through any part of its
body. It also grows and moves. But the cells are not free to do as
they wish, for they are all tied together in armies by very fine
strings. We call these strings _connective tissue_. One army of cells
makes the skin, and other armies make the bones and flesh. Some armies
make the fingers, and some the legs. Every part of our body is made up
of armies of separate cells.
=4. The mind.=--The body is a home for the mind. The cells obey the
mind. The mind pays the cells by feeding them and taking good care
of them. When an army of cells is hurt, the body feels sick, and
then the mind tells the whole body to rest until the cells are well
again. When we study about a man's body, we learn about the separate
cells in his body.
WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED
1. Our body is made up of many small parts.
2. The smallest parts are each like a little animal, and are
called _cells_.
3. Each cell eats and grows.
4. One army of cells makes a finger and another a leg, and so on
through the body.
5. The mind lives in the body.
6. The mind takes care of the cells.