The Decline of San Luis Rey and Pala.
The original purpose of the Spanish Council, as well as of the Church,
in founding the Missions of California, was to train the Indians in
the ways of Christianity and civilization, and, ultimately, to make
citizens of them when it was deemed they had progressed far enough and
were stable enough in character to justify such a step.
How long this training period would require none ventured to assert,
but whether fifty years, a hundred, or five hundred, the Church
undertook the task and was prepared to carry it out.
When, however, the republic of Mexico fell upon evil days and such
self-seekers as Santa Anna became president, the greedy politicians of
Mexico and the province of California saw an opportunity to feather
their own nests at the expense of the Indians. Let the reader for a
few moments picture the general situation. Here, in California, there
were twenty-one Missions and quite a number of branches, or
_asistencias_. In each Mission from one to three thousand Indians were
assembled, under competent direction and business management. It can
readily be seen that fields grew fertile, flocks and herds increased,
and possessions of a variety of kinds multiplied under such
conditions. All these accumulations, however, it must not be
forgotten, were not regarded by the padres as their own property, or
that of the Church. They were merely held in trust for the benefit of
the Indians, and, when the time eventually arrived, were to be
distributed as the sole and individual property of the Indians.
Had that time arrived? There is but one opinion in the minds of the
authorities, even those who do not in all things approve of the
missionaries and their work. For instance, Hittell says:
In other cases it has required hundreds of years to educate
savages up to the point of making citizens, and many hundreds
to make good citizens. The idea of at once transforming the
idle, improvident and brutish natives of California into
industrious, law-abiding and self-governing town people was
preposterous.
Yet this--the making of citizens of the Indians--was the plea under
which the Missions were secularized. The plea was a paltry falsehood.
The Missions were the plum for which the politicians strove. Here is
what Clinch writes of San Luis Rey:
Under Peyri's administration, despite its disadvantages of
soil, San Luis Rey grew steadily in population and material
prosperity. In 1800 cattle and horses were six hundred and
sheep sixteen hundred. The wheat harvest gave two thousand
bushels, but corn and beans were failures and barley only
gave a hundred and twenty fanegas. Ten years later 11,000
fanegas of all kinds of grain were gathered as a crop. Cattle
had grown to ten thousand five hundred and sheep and hogs
nearly ten thousand. The Indians had increased to fifteen
hundred. Fourteen hundred and fifty had been baptized while
there had been only four hundred deaths recorded. By 1826 the
parent mission counted nearly three thousand Christian
Indians and nearly a thousand gathered at Pala, six leagues
from the central establishment. A church was built there and
a priest usually resided at it. At its best time San Luis Rey
counted nearly thirty thousand cattle, as many sheep and over
two thousand horses as the property of its three thousand
Indians. Its average grain crop was about thirteen thousand
bushels. San Gabriel surpassed it in farming prosperity with
a crop which reached thirty thousand bushels in a year, but
in population, in live stock, in the low death rate among its
Indians and in the character of its church and buildings, San
Luis Rey continued to the end first among the Franciscan
missions.
It can well be imagined, therefore, that when the Mexican politicians
decided that the time had arrived to secularize the Missions, San Luis
Rey would be one of the first to be laid hold of. Pablo de la Portilla
and later, Pio Pico, were appointed the commissioners, and it seems to
be the general opinion that they were no better than those who
operated at the other Missions, and of whom Hittell writes:
The great mass of the commissioners and their officials,
whose duty it became to administer the properties of the
missions, and especially their great numbers of horses,
cattle, sheep and other animals, thought of little else and
accomplished little else than enriching themselves. It cannot
be said that the spoliation was immediate; but it was
certainly very rapid. A few years sufficed to strip the
establishments of everything of value and leave the Indians,
who were in contemplation of law the beneficiaries of
secularization, a shivering crowd of naked, and, so to speak,
homeless wanderers upon the face of the earth.
It is almost impossible for one who has not given the matter due study
to realize the demoralizing effect upon the Indians and the Mission
buildings of this infamous course of procedure. The Indians speedily
became the prey of the vicious, the abandoned, the hyenas and vultures
of so-called civilization. Deprived of the parental care of the
fathers, and led astray on every hand, their corruption spelt speedy
extinction, and two or three generations saw this largely
accomplished. Only those Indians who were too far away to be easily
reached escaped, or partially escaped, the general destruction. The
processes were swift, the results lamentably certain.