small, globose-conical, reddish or yellowish, pale at the apex.
Whorls 4--4½, the least convex above, sculptured with lines of
growth and fine spiral striæ both on the upper and lower surfaces,
very faintly margined above at the suture; last whorl rounded at the
periphery, obsoletely angled near the junction of the outer lip and
the least descending in front, so that the faint angulation is
visible for a short distance above the sutural line. Aperture
somewhat semicircular and oblique, small; peristome slightly
expanded; umbilical callosity yellowish or pellucid whitish, defined
towards the base of the columellar margin. Greatest width 4⅔
millim., smallest 4; height 3½.
(44) _Melania subgradata._(Plate XXXVII. fig. 3, 3 _a_). Shell
elongate, turreted, rather solid, covered with an (olive?)
epidermis, and marked with fine longitudinal oblique red lines which
extend from suture to suture. Whorls probably about 10, flat or even
a little concave at the sides, shouldered above, usually with a
spiral shallow groove and a few striæ near the shoulder, and marked
with fine incremental striæ. Suture deep, slightly oblique. Last
whorl long, finely transversely striated, most distinctly at the
base. Aperture elongate-pyriform, acute above, effuse at the base.
Outer lip thin, sharp, accurate, and prominent at the middle.
Columellar margin rather thickly covered with callus, united above
to the outer lip. Length of two specimens, consisting of five whorls
30 and 25 millim.; diameter 11 and 10½; aperture 14 and 12 long, 6
and 5 wide.
(45) _Melania ugiensis._ (Plate XXXVII. fig. 4.) Shell subulate,
acuminate, beneath the epidermis (which is wanting in the specimens
at hand), of a dirty, pale, livid, or purplish tint. Whorls probably
about 14 in number; the eleven remaining are a little convex, rather
slowly enlarging, and sculptured with close-set, obliquish, fine
riblets, which are crossed by crowded spiral striæ. Last whorl
large, with the riblets rather obsolete below the middle, and very
close together, much more numerous than those upon the upper whorls.
Aperture obliquely pear-shaped. Length 25 millim., diameter 8;
aperture 8½ long, 4½ wide.
(46) _Melania sanctæ annæ._ (Plate XXXVII. figs. 5, 5 _a_.) Shell
small, acuminately pyramidal, somewhat eroded towards the apex,
covered with a yellowish-olive epidermis, and sometimes marked with
a few indistinct, reddish, irregular spots, and lines near the
middle of the body-whorl. Whorls 5-6 remaining, flattish at the
sides, divided by a slightly, oblique, distinct suture, all with the
exception of the last one or two more or less distinctly,
longitudinally, finely plicate; the plicæ are more conspicuous in
some specimens than in others, being at times entirely eroded. The
other sculpture consists of fine lines of growth, and a few rather
distant spiral striæ, which cut across the incremental lines and
produce a puckered appearance. Aperture elongate, pyriform, pale
bluish within. Length of specimen consisting of six whorls 13
millim., diameter 5; aperture 5 long and 2½ wide.
(47) _Melania guppyi._ (Plate XXXVII. figs. 6, 6 _a_.) Shell
slenderly acuminate, covered with an olive-brown epidermis. Whorls
about 14, divided by a very oblique, deepish suture, concave above
the middle and somewhat convex below it, and then contracted;
ornamented with a few spiral series of nodules (about five on the
upper whorls) and rather indistinct, very oblique and flexuous,
longitudinal ridges, upon which the nodules rests, also exhibiting
very sloping and flexuous lines of growth; the most conspicuous rows
of granules are near the middle of the whorls. Aperture pyriform.
Outer lip thin, remarkably sinuated above towards the suture, and
arcuately prominent below. Columellar margin oblique, straightish,
covered with a callus, curving into the broad basal sinus. Length 31
millim., diameter 7; aperture 9 long, 4 wide.
This is a very remarkable and distinct species, with a very
drawn-out spire, peculiar granuled sculpture, and a deeply sinuated
labrum. I have much pleasure in naming it after Mr. Guppy.
(66) _Unio guppyi._ (Plate XXXVII. figs. 8-8 _b_.) Shell elongate,
very inequilateral, usually a little longer than twice the height,
compressed, covered with a blackish-brown epidermis, exhibiting
strong lines of growth, and very faint radiating substriation, and
marked with fine wrinklings at the eroded beaks, which are small and
placed quite near the anterior extremity. Dorsal margin behind the
umbones almost straight or the least excurved for some distance,
then at an obtuse angle becoming oblique before rounding into the
extremity, which is a little more sharply curved than the anterior
end. Ventral outline either faintly excurved, straight, or the least
concave. Interior bluish-white, most iridescent at the hinder
extremity, generally stained in parts with olive-brown. Cardinal
tooth of the right valve moderately large, four or five-lobed at the
top, situated just in front of umbo. Between it and the outer margin
is a short ridge, the space between the tooth and the ridge
receiving the single, smaller, roughened, and striated tooth of the
left valve. Lateral tooth of the right valve long, obliquely
truncate behind, fitting in between two teeth in the opposite valve.
Anterior adductor scar deep, posterior superficial, squarish in
front. Pedal scar in both valves under the cardinal tooth very deep.
Ligament elongate, prominent.
Length 80 mm.; height 38; diameter 21.
„ 70 mm.; „ 35; „ 18.
This species recalls to mind some of the forms from Australia and
New Zealand. Its principal features are the elongate compressed
form, dark brown colour, wrinkled apices, and coarse incremental
lines. It is the only species as yet recorded from the Solomon
Islands.
ADDITIONAL NOTE. (H. B. GUPPY.)
A species of the _Litoritinidæ (Littorina scabra)_ is commonly found in
this group on the leaves and trunks of mangroves, Barringtonias, and
other littoral trees, the branches of which overspread the rising tide.
These molluscs occur at heights varying from one or two feet to eight or
nine feet above the high-water level; and they possess an unusually
delicate operculum as compared with those of other species of the same
family. They do not seem to be able to withstand immersion in salt water
for any length of time, since out of six individuals kept submerged for
twenty-four hours, three died. When first placed in the water, they were
evidently very much out of their element, and tried in vain to creep out
of the vessel. The delicate character of the operculum indicates a
transitional stage between marine and terrestrial molluscs; and the
experiment above referred to, throws a little light on this subject,
since only the younger of the six individuals survived. One would have
expected that the younger individuals would have been less able to
withstand immersion in sea-water, but such was not the case, since they
recovered from an immersion which killed the older individuals. In
explanation of this unexpected result, I would infer that, on the theory
of the inheritance of peculiarities at corresponding ages, the younger
individuals would retain more of the marine habits of the original
parent of the species, because in the first place only the adults of
this parent species would have been modified to suit the new condition.
CHAPTER XVII.
THE CLIMATE OF THE SOLOMON ISLANDS.
AMONGST the matters to which I devoted some attention in this group of
islands, was the annual rainfall. As far as I know, there have been no
continuous observations previously made there; and the only record of
rain-measurement, which I have been able to find referring to this
region, was an observation made on board the Austrian frigate “Novara”
in the middle of October, 1858, whilst to the northward of St.
Christoval, when three inches of rain were registered in five
hours.[491] I therefore set myself to work to do what I could in this
matter, making rain-gauge stations at Santa Anna and Ugi and keeping a
register myself on board. Mr. Fred Howard undertook to make these
observations at Ugi, and I supplied him with a rain-gauge for this
purpose. His register, which extended over a period of fifteen months
from October, 1882, to the end of the following year, was kept with
great regularity; and as I was able to compare his observations with my
own on board for a few days, I have every confidence in the accuracy of
his observations. At Santa Anna, Mr. William Henghan, to whom I had
supplied a gauge, undertook at first to keep the record, beginning in
the last week of October, 1882; but he left the island two months after,
when Mr. Charles Sproul voluntarily undertook to measure the rainfall,
which he did with great regularity until the end of the following year.
I regret to learn that Mr. Sproul has recently died at Sydney. He was
one of those men who in a quiet inoffensive way have done much towards
preparing the way for future settlers in this group. I have the greatest
confidence in his observations, since for a few days at Santa Anna we
were able to compare our daily measurements.
[491] Scherzer’s “Voyage of the ‘Novara,’” Eng. edit., 1861.
Before proceeding to consider the results of these rain-measurements, I
will endeavour to convey to the mental eye of my readers a general idea
of the most striking atmospheric phenomenon in connection with the
rainfall of these regions. I refer to the oncoming of the _black
squall_.
A clear and serene sky at first gives no token of the sudden change that
is to quickly follow; but the stillness of the air and its increased
dryness, together with the consequent greater scorching power of the
sun’s rays and the apparent nearness of surrounding shores, give
sufficient warning of the onset of the rain squall to those acquainted
with these seas. In a short time a low black arch appears above the
horizon, often in an unexpected quarter, and rising rapidly it sweeps
majestically with great swiftness until it appears to span the heavens.
Onward it rushes, quicker far than one imagines; and now must the
navigator beware. Under yonder advancing arch a white line of foam marks
its van. There, away towards one of its corners, a waterspout rises in
fantastic shape; sea and cloud meet in mid-air and become intermingled
in the whirling column. Lightning plays about beneath the arch and
within its black mass, illuming for the moment its dark recesses and
leaving it in the next far blacker than before. Peals of thunder herald
on the advance of the black squall.
“Clear lower deck!” “Hands aloft!” “Shorten sail!” Such were the words
of command which were almost daily issued during our cruises in these
islands. In a few brief minutes, the ship is prepared to meet the
squall. The temperature falls very perceptibly, and the officer of the
watch gives a slight shiver as he dons his oilskins. The wind is
freshening, a few large drops of rain fall, the men crouch under the
bulwarks, and now the arch is overhead and we are in the thick of the
squall. Down comes a deluge of rain which in less than a minute wets all
who are unprotected through and through. The ship heels well over, even
with her scanty canvas. There is nothing more to be done. We listen to
the whistling of the wind in the rigging and patiently wait until the
weather clears. In half-an-hour the arch has swept over us, and is
pursuing its rapid course towards the neighbouring mountain-peaks,
perhaps of Bougainville or it may be of Guadalcanar. The blue sky begins
to show itself; and in less than an hour all is as before. With reefs
shaken out and more sail made, the ship proceeds, plunging cheerily on
under a fresh breeze as though glad to shake herself clear of the
squall. The sea losing its murky colour reflects the bright hue of the
sky now serene; and its white-topped waves sparkle in the sun. The
wizard of the storm has shaken his wand, and the scene is changed, as
though by magic.
All nature seems invigorated by this short battle of the elements and to
be indebted to the bounty of the black squall. Whilst everything before
was depressed and lowering, all is now bright and cheerful. Nature has
in truth had its accustomed shower-bath, and the reaction that ensues
does good to all; makes men the happier and the stronger, elicits a loud
chorus from the lower creation in which bird, reptile, and insect,
before hushed in the depressing gloom, now combine in strange medley;
and the inanimate world shares in the bright change which has followed
the storm.
If it be night, the increased luminosity of the sea may be the warning
of the arched squall. The ship throws off a bright wave of
phosphorescence on either side of the bow, and leaves a luminous track
in her wake. Overhead the cloudless star-lit sky conveys _its_ warning;
for the stars shine with increased brilliancy, those of less magnitude
usually invisible with the naked eye are now distinctly seen; and if the
navigator, who has often tried in vain to count the six stars in the
Pleiades, can do so now, let him look out for the black squall. Such are
the warnings. Then sweeps along the lowering arched mass with its rain
and its waterspouts, its wind and its thunder and lightning. On it
comes, looking all the blacker as it spreads athwart the heavens and
turns the star-lit night into a lightless gloom. Overtaken in the night
by such a squall, unable to see more than half a cable’s length on
either side, and perhaps in the vicinity of sunken reefs the position of
which is uncertain, a sailor has need of all his wits. On one occasion,
when in this situation, we came unexpectedly in soundings, whilst, as we
thought, a hundred good fathoms and more lay beneath our keel. The time
was anxious, but nothing could be done until the squall was over. When
the arch has passed, the stars begin to show themselves, and in a short
time they shine out with all their lustre.
With this description of the rain-squall, or black-squall, or
arched-squall, as it may be also conveniently termed, I return to the
consideration of the rainfall of this region; and first with regard to
the observations at the east end of the Solomon Group. During 1883,
125·03 inches of rain were measured at Santa Anna, a small island lying
at the extreme eastern limit of these islands. Two-thirds of the total
amount fell in the live months between the beginning of April and the
end of August. At Ugi, which lies nearly 60 miles north-east of Santa
Anna, 146·24 inches of rain were registered during the same year. About
one-third of the total rain for the year fell in the two months of April
and July. On comparing the totals for each month at these two
localities, there will be found to be but little agreement, which is due
to the circumstance that the daily rainfalls of these two places have
little relation one with the other, a heavy fall at one island being
often only indicated by a slight fall of rain at the other. It is thus
evident that locality has a great influence on the rainfall in this part
of the group; and probably Ugi owes its greater rainfall to the
proximity of the high land of St. Christoval. Here, as in other parts of
this group, I often had opportunities of observing how the contiguity of
land affected the rainfall in a single shower. I might have been in the
interior of an island exposed to a deluge of rain for a couple of hours,
and have found, as I did once in the Shortland Islands, that there had
been very little rain on board. Another time, when in my Rob Roy canoe
on the south side of Treasury harbour and not more than a mile from the
ship, a rain-squall passed over me leaving scarcely a drop behind; but
as it swept over the ship and was approaching the steep slopes of the
island, a smart shower of 20/100 of an inch fell on the deck.
I cannot gather from the observations made in this eastern part of the
group, that one season of the year has a heavier rainfall than another.
On comparing the two records for 1883 of Ugi and Santa Anna, it might be
thought that the closing months of the year would usually prove to be
the driest; but on referring to the register kept on board the ship in
this locality in the latter part of 1882 (page 365), which is one of the
heaviest records we had in the Solomon Group, such an inference would be
negatived. Nor do I find from these registers of rainfall that there
appears to be any relation between the amount of rain and the prevalence
or non-prevalence of the south-easterly trade, which usually becomes
well established in May and lasts till the end of November or the
beginning of December, when the north-westerly and westerly winds set
in. These observations point towards the inference, therefore, that the
distribution of rain through the seasons in this part of the group is
capricious; and they do not warrant the conclusion that one season is
wetter than another.
Perhaps a comparison of the number of rainy days, or days on which not
less than 2/100 of an inch of rain were measured, may help us to form a
more definite conclusion. It will be seen that at Santa Anna and Ugi
there were much the same number of rainy days, 182 in the former island
and 178 in the latter, or in round numbers about half the total number
of days in the year were rainy.[492] At Santa Anna, during the
prevalence of the trade wind, there were on the average 15 rainy days
per month, and at Ugi 13 per month; whilst during the months from
December to April inclusive, when westerly and variable winds prevailed,
there were 18 rainy days per month at Santa Anna, and 19 per month at
Ugi; so that we may infer that in this year of 1883 there were fewer
rainy days per month during the prevalence of the south-east trade,
_i.e._, from May to November, than during the period of westerly and
variable winds, _i.e._, from December to April.
[492] From the record of the rainy days during the six months from
June to November of the previous year (1882), it appears that at
least 110 days were rainy. During the same months of the following
year, only 84 days were rainy.
I come now to the subject of the greatest daily fall of rain in this
eastern end of the group. On the 13th of June, 1883, 7·73 inches were
registered at Santa Anna; whilst at Ugi on the same day only an inch and
a half of rain fell, a circumstance showing how confined in their areas
some heavy rainfalls may be. At Ugi the heaviest daily fall of 5·75
inches was recorded on the 28th of January of this same year; whilst at
Santa Anna only a little more than two inches fell on this day; and here
is another proof of the restricted locality of heavy rainfalls. On the
20th of November, 1882, when H.M.S. “Lark” was off the east end of St.
Christoval, 5·74 inches of rain fell on the ship; whilst only a small
amount of rain was measured at Santa Anna and Ugi. . . . . . With
reference to the character of the rain in this part of the Solomon
Group, I may remark that as in other tropical regions it is very heavy.
A fall of an inch in an hour is very frequent during a rain-squall; but
not uncommonly the rain falls far more heavily. Thus, on one occasion on
board H.M.S. “Lark,” when in this part of the group, 2·90 inches fell in
an hour; and at another time 1·03 inches fell in 25 minutes, and on
another occasion an inch fell in half-an-hour.
But inasmuch as heavy falls of rain are not peculiar to the tropics,
since far greater falls than those above named have occurred in
temperate Europe, we can only judge of the character of the rainfall in
this region by the total annual fall and by the frequency of heavy
falls. Thus we find that at Ugi, in 1883, on 56 days the fall exceeded
an inch; and that at Santa Anna, more than an inch of rain fell on 41
days. At Ugi, the daily records on eighteen occasions exceeded two
inches; at Santa there was a lesser number of falls of over two inches,
viz. 11.
If I were to estimate the probable annual rainfall at the _coast_ in
this part of the Solomon Group, I should place it at not far under 150
inches. Although only possessing the rain-register for a small portion
of 1882, I am of the opinion, from having spent a large part of the year
in this eastern end of the group, that the fall for 1882 was heavier
than the rainfall actually registered for 1883;[493] although this is
but a conjecture, it enables me to estimate the probable annual fall
with some confidence at about 150 inches at the _coast_ in this eastern
end of the group.
[493] _Vide_ footnote referring to number of rainy days in 1882 on
p. 356.
The observations made on board the ship amongst the islands of
Bougainville Straits (Treasury, Shortlands, Faro, etc.) during portions
of the year 1883 and 1884 now claim our notice. As shown on page 365,
60·43 inches of rain fell in the five months from June to October of
1883, this amount being a little under that which fell at Ugi (65·70
inches) and at Santa Anna (67·72 inches) in the same period, the two
regions lying towards the opposite ends of the group. During the same
period of the following year, we measured 67·66 inches of rain in
Bougainville Straits, an amount a little in excess of that of the
previous year. During the same periods, _i.e._, from June to October
inclusive, in 1883 and 1884, there were the following number of rainy
days, 120 in the one year and 118 in the other. At Santa Anna and Ugi,
at the opposite end of the group, the total of rainy days for the same
period in 1883, numbered only two-thirds of the amount in Bougainville
Straits. During these five months in 1883 there were 16 daily records of
over an inch of rain in Bougainville Straits; at Santa Anna and Ugi, in
the same period, there were 23 and 26 daily records exceeding an inch.
In the same period of 1884, in Bougainville Straits, there were 22 such
daily records, but the total fall was about 7 inches greater than in the
previous year.
I may now draw some inferences from the above observations. In the first
place, it is probable that the annual coast rainfall of Bougainville
Straits and that of the eastern end of the Solomon Group are much about
the same, viz., about 150 inches: the chief difference between the two
regions being, that in the former region, there are a greater number of
rainy days and fewer heavy falls. The heavy falls, when they do occur,
are not easily forgotten; thus, at Treasury we measured, in July, 1884,
11 inches of rain in 10 successive hours; but the daily record was only
8·09 inches, since the rain began in the evening of one day and lasted
well into the following morning.
During the heavy rainfalls in these regions the streams swell in an
astonishingly quick manner. Rivulets become turbid streams, the whole
hill-slope discharges a continuous sheet of water, and the water rushes
down the permanent stream-courses with the roar of a mountain-torrent.
Large blocks of stone are swept some distance along the lower courses of
the streams; and the trunks of trees are carried by each successive
flood further and further towards the mouth of the stream.
It should be now remarked that the average rainfall for the year, which
I have estimated from observations made in different parts of the
Solomon Group at about 150 inches, only applies to the _coast_. It is
probable that this estimate is generally applicable to the coasts of
these islands, except on the lee sides of the loftier islands.[494]
[494] By the lee sides, I mean those sheltered from the prevailing
S.E. trade.
This brings me to the question of the rainfall in the higher regions.
The rainfall will increase with elevation until a certain height is
reached, where the clouds attain their maximum density; at such a level
the greatest rainfall will occur. I learn from an interesting paper by
Mr. Bateman on this subject,[495] that it may be inferred that in the
Lake District of England the greatest rainfall occurs at an elevation of
2,000 feet, which is the level of maximum cloud density. In India, an
elevation of 4,500 feet represents the level at which the greatest
rainfall occurs. In the Solomon Islands, a greater height will have to
be attained before the level of maximum cloud density or that of the
greatest rainfall will be attained. Probably I shall not greatly err if
I assume it to be between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. I have already observed
that the south-east trade, subject to its usual variations, is the
prevailing wind in the eastern part of the group for nearly two-thirds
of the year. Coming laden with its watery burden, it first strikes the
eastern slopes of St. Christoval; but although the higher regions of
this island must cause the rain-clouds to precipitate a large amount of
their moisture, the higher peaks do not rise in sufficient mass to a
height that would receive the greatest rainfall, the extreme height
being 4,100 feet. The rain-clouds, with the bulk of their moisture,
would therefore be driven over the higher regions of this island, and
would deposit the greater part of their burden on the higher slopes of
the mountainous eastern portion of Guadalcanar. Since this island, in
its eastern portion, rises in mass to a height of some 5,000 feet and
attains a maximum elevation of 8,000 feet, it does not seem probable
that, during the prevalence of the trade for nearly two-thirds of the
year, a considerable quantity of rain would be deposited on the western
side of the island; and, that such is the case, is shown in the fact
that the dense forest-growth that clothes the steep eastern and southern
slopes of the island gives place, on the lee or west side of the
mountains, to a vegetation which gives to the western portion of
Guadalcanar, when viewed from seaward, the appearance of a savannah or a
prairie.
[495] Journal of the Victoria Institute. Vol. XV. No. 59.
The lofty mountain-masses of the east end of Guadalcanar, which forms
one of the finest specimens of coast-scenery in the world, are usually
enveloped in rain-clouds at their summits. But occasionally one of the
peaks is visible above the thick cloud-covering, marking by its
elevation, as it were, the line of greatest rainfall lying below. In the
same manner the high peaks at the east end of Bougainville, which have
an elevation of between 7,000 and 8,000 feet, may be seen occasionally
to project above the rain-clouds; but there is, probably, a smaller
quantity of rain deposited on the higher slopes of this island than on
those of Guadalcanar, because the mountains are more isolated, possess
for the most part the tapering volcanic profile, and do not rise “en
masse,” as in the case of the high lands of Guadalcanar. The greatest
rainfall in the Solomon Group takes place on the steep southern and
eastern slopes of this island of Guadalcanar. Huge mountain-masses
appear to rise directly from the sea to a height of some 5,000 feet,
ultimately attaining a height of 8,000 feet. The fall there must be
tremendous, especially when, as is frequently the case, the land of St.
Christoval does not interpose itself in the path of the moisture-laden
trade-wind. Then, loaded with vapours after its passage across a wide
expanse of ocean, and with but a thin tract of intervening lowland to
rob it of its moisture, the trade strikes at once upon the precipitous
mountain-slopes as against some Cyclopean rampart. There is no ravine or
breach in the mountain-mass to ease the tension. There, on those
mountain-slopes, a terrific precipitation must occur, which, if the
annual rainfall of the coast is 150 inches, will here be three or four
times that amount. This is no exaggerated language, but is the opinion I
have formed, after having carefully considered the physical geography of
these regions.
The subjoined rainfalls of a few localities in other parts of the world
may be interesting to compare with that of the Solomon Group:[496]
[496] Somerville’s “Physical Geography,” 7th edit. pp. 331-334.
England 32 inches.
Singapore 97 „
Atlantic Doldrums 225 „
Western Ghats 302 „
Cherraponjee 10 „
SOLOMON ISLANDS.
(_a._) at the coast 150 „
(_b._) on the higher slopes of Guadalcanar 400 to 500 inches probably.
Comparing the rainfall of the Solomon Islands with some results obtained
in other parts of the Pacific, I would draw attention to the small
rainfall of Port Moresby on the south-east coast of New Guinea, where
34·44 inches were registered at the Mission Station in 1875.[497] In
Fiji the rainfall appears to vary between 60 and 250 inches per annum,
according to the degree of elevation above the sea, and to the position
of the station on the lee or weather sides of the islands, the greatest
annual falls occurring in the interior of the large islands.[498] In
Oahu, one of the Sandwich Islands, during 1873, the rainfall at the
coast was 37·85 inches; whilst at a distance of 2¾ miles in the
interior, it was 134·06 inches, the elevation being only 550 feet above
the sea.[499]
[497] Stone’s “A Few Months in New Guinea,” p. 143.
[498] Rain-gaugers have been numerous in this colony, and their list
would extend beyond the limits of a foot-note. (Vide Home’s “Year in
Fiji,” &c., &c.)
[499] Mosely’s “Naturalist on the ‘Challenger,’” p. 497.
I will now make a few remarks on the barometric pressure, temperature,
and other features of the meteorology of this group. They are based on
the results of the observations made by Lieutenant Leeper on board the
ship, and by Mr. F. Howard at Ugi. (Tables appended.)
As is usual in these regions of the Pacific, the fluctuation of the
barometer, whether daily, yearly, or monthly, is very small. Thus, the
range during the 22 months we passed in the group, was from 29·83 to
30·18 inches, or about a third of an inch; whilst the average monthly
range was rather under a quarter of an inch, and the usual diurnal
variation about ·04 of an inch.
Whilst endeavouring to compare the temperatures of the different
seasons, I have mainly used the Ugi register, since it gives a
continuous record for more than a year. At Ugi in 1883, the portion of
the year from June to September inclusive was slightly the coolest, but
the difference in the means was not 2°; and, in truth, taking all the
thermometric observations into consideration, the seasons are scarcely
distinguished by their temperatures. As Lieutenant Leeper[500] remarks
in his report, the temperature varies but little all the year round, the
monthly mean varying between 80° and 85°. The annual mean temperature
may be placed at 82° to 83°, and the range from 75° to 95°. The daily
variation is considerably affected by the exposed or protected position
of any locality at the coast. Judging, however, from the data at my
disposal, it is usually less than 10°, _e.g._, 79° at night, and 88° at
mid-day.
[500] _Vide_ Quart. Journ. Roy. Met. Soc. vol. XI., p. 309. The
instruments used on board were previously verified at Kew. From want
of leisure, Lieut. Leeper was unable to do much more than tabulate
his observations. I have therefore extracted from them such general
facts and inferences as they sustain.
From the hygrometrical observations, it may be inferred that the climate
of these islands is generally very moist. The _relative humidity_,
taking 100 as saturation, ranged at Ugi in 1883 from 54 to 100; but the
monthly range was usually from 72 to 95, the mean for the year being
83.[501] This mean degree of relative humidity is much greater than that
of Levuka in Fiji which would seem to average about 70;[502] but in
truth there is little necessity for me to remark further on this
well-known feature of the climate of these islands. Yet, I should add
that this proportion of aqueous vapour would not necessarily be
oppressive in a temperate latitude. In a tropical climate, however, any
influence that retards the evaporation from the skin of the normally
excessive perspiration, is a cause of personal discomfort, such as would
not be experienced in a drier locality lying in the same latitude. The
effects of this combination of heat and moisture are to be seen in the
rankness of the vegetation, and in the rapid rusting of steel. Although
the foregoing remarks may be taken as generally applicable to the group,
it should be stated that on the lee side of a mountainous island, such
as the western end of Guadalcanar, there is a comparatively dry
atmosphere, and the difference is also shown in the character of the
vegetation.
[501] There are no observations for January, but since the mean
relative humidity varies with the rainfall, I have approximately
estimated that for January to be 83.
[502] Lieut. Lake’s observations for 1876 and 1877. (Quart. Journ.
Met. Soc.)
The moderate intensity of the sun’s rays in these islands is to be
ascribed to the presence of aqueous vapour in quantity in the
atmosphere. When, however, a thunderstorm and its accompanying
rain-squall are portending, the air is unusually dry, and the sun’s rays
are very fierce. At such times it often happens that the sky is
overcast; and thus it comes about that the unwary traveller, by rashly
baring his legs and arms, suffers severe sun-burns when he least expects
it. Waterton and other travellers have, through ignorance of this fact,
been laid up for several days, and even weeks. I was unable to walk any
distance for about ten days, after experiencing a severe sun-burn of the
legs as the result of baring them during an overcast day. The affection
is peculiarly painful, though it often excites but little sympathy.
My remarks on the meteorology of this group will not be complete without
a short reference to the prevailing winds. The South-east Trade Wind and
the North-west Monsoon carry on a continual struggle for the mastery in
these islands. However, for two-thirds of the year the Trade prevails,
viz., from April to November. The appended record of winds, which
extends over a considerable period, I have prepared from the
observations made on board H.M.S. “Lark” in different parts of the
group, and from the registers kept by Mr. Sproul and Mr. Howard at Santa
Anna and Ugi. It will be there seen that at the eastern extremity of
these islands, viz., in the vicinity of St. Christoval, the Trade
announces its onset in April by unsettled weather, and frequent
thunderstorms. In May, it becomes established, but, as Lieutenant Leeper
remarks, it blows in fits and starts, is interrupted by calms, variable
winds, and heavy rain-squalls, and does not blow home as in Fiji and the
groups to the eastward. At the opposite end of the group, in
Bougainville Straits, the Trade appears a month later, and does not
become established until June. In this locality, however, it is more
fitful than in the eastern islands, blows lighter, and is less to be
depended on by the navigator.
It may be generally stated that the north-west and west winds set in
about the end of November or the beginning of December, and prevail
until the end of March. Although heavy gales accompany the frequent
shiftings of the wind, especially when it is from the S.W., these
islands are beyond the sweep of the hurricanes which in this season of
the year occasionally devastate the groups to the eastward. The period
of the westerly winds in the Solomon Islands is also characterised by
calms and variable winds. The exhilarating freshness of the Trade then
gives place to the enervating influence of the Monsoon; and, in
consequence, the period of westerly winds is the sickly season.
RAIN-REGISTER AT SANTA ANNA.
(Kept by Mr. Charles Sproul[503] between October 25th, 1882, and
December 31st, 1883.)
[503] I am indebted to Mr. William Heughan for commencing this
register.
The rain-gauge used was of the common round funnel pattern (5·7 inches).
The observations were made at Port Mary on the west side of the island.
The elevation of the guage was some four or five feet (or less) above
the high tide level.
+------------------+---------------+-------------+-----------+
| MONTH. | Total in | Number of | Greatest |
| | inches and | rainy | daily |
| | hundredths. | days.[504] | fall. |
+------------------+---------------+-------------+-----------+
| 1882. | | | |
|October, 25th-31st| 3·06 | 5 | 1·70 |
|November | 7·06 | 15 | 1·97 |
|December | 13·96 | 24 | 2·24 |
| | ----- | -- | |
| | Total, 24·62 | Total, 44 | |
| 1883. | | | |
|January | 5·23 | 12 | 2·03 |
|February | 9·63 | 20 | 2·00 |
|March | 4·40 | 13 | ·84 |
|April | 14·96 | 24 | 3·22 |
|May | 11·28 | 16 | 3·33 |
|June | 26·88 | 19 | 7·73 |
|July | 18·61 | 23 | 3·45 |
|August | 11·74 | 15 | 2·02 |
|September | 4·81 | 12 | 2·52 |
|October | 5·68 | 9 | 1·67 |
|November | 6·57 | 11 | 1·20 |
|December | 5·24 | 8 | 1·68 |
| | ------ | --- | |
| | Total, 125·03 | Total, 182 | |
+------------------+---------------+-------------+-----------+
[504] By _rainy days_ are meant those days on which not less than
2/100 of an inch of rain were measured.
_Results for 1883._--_Total rainfall_ for 1883; 125·03 inches.
Two-thirds of the total fall, _i.e._, 83·47 inches, were recorded during
the five months from April to August. _Greatest daily fall_, 7·73
inches. _Total number of rainy days_ 182, _i.e._, one half of the year.
On 41 days, more than an inch of rain fell.
RAIN-REGISTER AT UGI.
(Kept by Mr. Fred Howard between October 1st, 1882, and December
31st, 1883.)
The rain-gauge used was of the round funnel pattern (about 5½ inches).
The observations were made at the residence of Mr. John Stephens at
Selwyn Bay on the west side of the island. The elevation of the gauge
was from four to six feet above the high-tide level.
+-----------+---------------+-------+----------+---------------+
| | | | | Relative |
| | | Number| | humidity |
| | Total in | of | Greatest | taking 100 as |
| MONTH. | inches and | rainy | daily | saturation |
| | hundredths. | days. | fall. | (see table, |
| | | | | p. 367) |
+-----------+---------------+-------+----------+---------------+
| 1882. | | | | |
| October | 10·68 | 18 | 2·45 | |
| November | 10·16 | 16 | 4·60 | |
| December | 9·57 | 21 | 1·36 | |
| | ------ --- | | |
| | Total, 30·41 | 55 | | |
| | | | | |
| 1883. | | | | |
| January | 13·46 | 16 | 5·75 | (83) |
| February | 13·89 | 17 | 4·00 | 82 |
| March | 10·02 | 16 | 3·00 | 83 |
| April | 23·28 | 26 | 3·00 | 88 |
| May | 6·39 | 9 | 1·65 | 83 |
| June | 12·83 | 12 | 3·70 | 84 |
| July | 24·60 | 25 | 2·85 | 89 |
| August | 15·76 | 15 | 4·75 | 83 |
| September | 7·36 | 14 | 1·50 | 81 |
| October | 5·15 | 7 | 1·75 | 76 |
| November | 5·30 | 11 | 1·10 | 79 |
| December | 8·20 | 10 | 1·30 | 83 |
| | ------ | --- | | |
| | Total, 146·24 | 178 | | |
+-----------+---------------+-------+----------+---------------+
_Results._--During the last quarter of 1882, the rainfall was 30·41
inches; and the number of rainy days was 55.
During 1883, the _total rainfall_ was 146·24 inches. The greatest
monthly records were those of April and July: during these two months
47·88 inches fell, or about one-third of the total fall for the year.
The _greatest daily fall_ was 5·75 inches. The _total number of rainy
days_ was 178, or about one half of the number of days in the year. On
56 days more than an inch of rain fell; and in 18 days more than two
inches fell.
RAIN-REGISTER KEPT ON BOARD H.M.S. “LARK.”
(I am indebted to Lieutenant Leeper for assistance in keeping this
register.)
The rain-gauge was raised about eleven feet above the water-level. I did
not commence these observations until towards the close of the first
season; and since, during the two following years, we spent about
two-thirds of each year in this region, the record is, in consequence,
not continuous.
(_A_) OFF THE NORTH COAST OF ST. CHRISTOVAL AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS
IN 1882.
Total in Number Greatest
inches and of rainy daily
1882. hundredths. days. fall.
Sept. (from the 9th), 18·40 15 3·32
October, 10·84 21 2·38
Nov. (to the 21st), 18·31 12 5·74
------ --
Total, 47·55 48
_Results._--_Total Rainfall_ for this interval of 74 days from Sept. 9th
to Nov. 21st, 1882, was 47·55 inches. The _greatest daily fall_ was 5·74
inches. The _number of rainy days_ was 48, or about two-thirds of the
whole. On 17 days, more than an inch of rain fell; and on 8 days, more
than two inches fell.
(_B_) OFF THE NORTH COAST OF ST. CHRISTOVAL AND THE NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS
IN 1883.
Total in Number Greatest
inches and of rainy daily
1883. hundredths. days. fall.
April 13th-30th, 10·43 15 1·62
(_C_) BOUGAINVILLE STRAITS IN 1883.
Total in Number Greatest
inches and of rainy daily
1883. hundredths. days. fall.
June, 16·32 26 2·23
July, 10·25 24 2·12
August, 7·78 23 1·10
September, 15·07 22 2·20
October, 11·01 25 2·10
------ ---
Total, 60·43 120
_Results._--During these 153 days, there fell 60·43 inches of rain. The
greatest fall in one day was 2·23 inches. The total number of rainy days
was 120, or about four-fifths of the whole. On 14 days, more than an
inch of rain fell; and on 7 days, more than two inches fell.
(_D_) BOUGAINVILLE STRAITS IN 1884.
Total in Number Greatest
inches and of rainy daily
1884. hundredths. days. fall.
April (from the 8th), 7·82 12 4·32
May, 4·02 17 1·02
June, 9·22 22 1·58
July, 18·16 19 8·09
August, 11·87 21 2·58
September, 17·46 23 3·76
October, 10·95 23 1·84
------ ---
Total, 79·50 137
_Results._--During these 207 days, there fell 79·50 inches of rain. The
greatest daily fall was 8·09 inches. The total number of rainy days was
137, or about two-thirds of the whole. On 24 days, more than an inch of
rain fell; and on 7 days, more than two inches fell.
OBSERVATIONS[505] OF THE BAROMETER AND THERMOMETER IN THE SOLOMON GROUP,
BY LIEUT. LEEPER, R.N.
(Taken on board H.M.S. “Lark.”)
[505] The observations were taken at 4 a.m., 8 a.m., 4 p.m., and 8
p.m.
+-------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| | THERMOMETER. | BAROMETER. |
| +--------+-------+------+--------+-------+------+
| |Highest.|Lowest.| Daily|Highest.|Lowest.| Daily|
| | | | Mean.| | | Mean.|
|MONTH. | | | | | | |
+-------------------+--------+-------+------+--------+-------+------|
|1882 | ° | ° | ° | In. | In. | In. |
|April, | 94 | 74 | 84·4 | 30·09 | 29·88 |30·041|
|May, | 94 | 78 | 84·5 | 30·09 | 29·89 |29·994|
|June, | 92 | 77 | 83·7 | 30·18 | 29·86 |30·013|
|July, | 90 | 75 | 81·8 | 30·14 | 29·92 |30·05 |
|August, | 94 | 75 | 81·1 | 30·16 | 29·96 |30·067|
|September, | 92 | 76 | 80·9 | 30·14 | 29·93 |30·041|
|October, | 89 | 77 | 81·4 | 30·18 | 29·88 |30·021|
|Nov. 1st to 22d,. | 88 | 78 | 81·5 | 30·13 | 29·84 |29·981|
+-------------------+--------+-------+------+--------+-------+------+
|1883 | | | | | | |
|April 14th to 30th,| 92 | 75 | 82·1 | 30·08 | 29·86 |29·974|
|May, | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
|June, | 93 | 78 | 81·8 | 30·08 | 29·91 |29·99 |
|July, | 94 | 75 | 82·3 | 30·12 | 29·88 |29·96 |
|August, | 92 | 78 | 83·5 | 30·08 | 29·92 |29·992|
|September, | 95 | 76 | 82·6 | 30·10 | 29·91 |29·992|
|October, | 95 | 75 | 83·3 | 30·12 | 29·86 |29·993|
|Nov. 1st to 12th, | 90 | 76 | 81·5 | 30·08 | 29·91 |29·982|
+-------------------+--------+-------+------+--------+-------+------+
|1884 | | | | | | |
|April 5th to 30th, | 90 | 76 | 82·2 | 30·15 | 29·83 |29·984|
|May, | 95 | 78 | 84·5 | 30·13 | 29·86 |29·992|
|June, | 94 | 77 | 82·2 | 30·14 | 29·93 |30·023|
|July, | 87 | 76 | 81·5 | 30·10 | 29·87 |29·985|
|August, | 87 | 76 | 81·0 | 30·15 | 29·85 |30·009|
|September, | 90 | 75 | 82·3 | 30·15 | 29·92 |30·025|
|October, | 96 | 75 | 81·1 | 30·12 | 29·85 |30·007|
+-------------------+--------+-------+------+--------+-------+------+
Results calculated from observations of the temperature in the
shade, and of the wet and dry bulb thermometers taken at Ugi at 9
a.m., by Mr. F. Howard.[506]
[506] The instruments were supplied by me. The Thermometer was by
Negretti and Zambra: and the wet and dry bulbs were good reliable
instruments. They were all first compared with the ship’s
instruments, which were supplied by the Meteorological Office after
being verified at Kew.
+--------------------------------++
| THERMOMETER IN SHADE. ||
+---------+--------+-------+-----++
| | | | ||
| MONTH. |Highest.|Lowest.|Mean.||
| | | | ||
+---------+--------+-------+-----++
| 1882. | | | ||
|October | 87 | 76 | 81·7||
|November | 84 | 78 | 80·5||
|December | 84 | 80 | 81·4||
| 1883. | | | ||
|January | 86 | 79 | 82·0||
|February | 85 | 79 | 81·5||
|March | 86 | 78 | 81·8||
|April | 83 | 76 | 80·0||
|May | 85 | 78 | 81·6||
|June | 84 | 77 | 80·6||
|July | 83 | 77 | 80·2||
|August | 84 | 77 | 80·3||
|September| 84 | 77 | 80·9||
|October | 85 | 76 | 82·0||
|November | 86 | 77 | 82·0||
|December | 84 | 79 | 81·3||
+---------+--------+-------+-----++
81·2--Mean for 1883.
+---------++--------------------------------------------------+
| || HYGROMETER.[507] |
+---------++-----+-----+------+---------------+---------------+
| ||Mean |Mean |Mean | Mean Elastic |Mean Relative |
| MONTH. || Dry | Wet | Dew | Force of | Humidity, |
| ||Bulb.|Bulb.|Point.|Aqueous Vapour.|Saturation 100.|
+---------++-----+-----+------+---------------+---------------+
| 1882. || | | | | |
|October || ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
|November || ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
|December || ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
| 1883. || | | | | |
|January || ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
|February || 81·6| 78·0| 75·6 | ·885 | 82 |
|March || 81·7| 78·3| 76·0 | ·898 | 83 |
|April || 80·1| 77·8| 76·2 | ·904 | 88 |
|May || 81·6| 78·2| 75·9 | ·895 | 83 |
|June || 80·6| 77·5| 75·4 | ·880 | 84 |
|July || 80·2| 78·0| 76·4 | ·912 | 89 |
|August || 80·3| 76·9| 74·6 | ·857 | 83 |
|September|| 80·9| 76·9| 74·2 | ·846 | 81 |
|October || 82·0| 77·0| 73·6 | ·830 | 76 |
|November || 82·0| 77·8| 74·9 | ·867 | 79 |
|December || 81·4| 78·0| 75·7 | ·891 | 83 |
+---------++-----+-----+------+---------------+---------------+
[507] Calculated from Glaisher’s Tables.
WIND-RECORD FOR EACH MONTH.
Prepared from the observations taken on board H.M.S. “Lark,” and by
Messrs. Sproul and Howard, at Santa Anna and Ugi.
_January._
1883. At Ugi, S.W. to W. in first half; variable in latter half;
S.E. 1 day. At Santa Anna, N.W. and W.; S.E. 5 days; occasional
squalls.
_February._
1833. At Ugi and Santa Anna, N.W. to S.W.; no S.E.; latter part,
fresh winds and squalls.
_March._
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, N.W. to W. in first half, with strong
winds and thunderstorms; latter part variable; S.E. 4 days at Ugi,
none at Santa Anna.
_April._
1882. Amongst the eastern islands (east of Florida); first part,
calms and light northerly winds; latter part, calms and light S.E.
winds; thunderstorms frequent.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, first part, N.W. and S.E.; latter part,
calms and E. to S.E.; S.E. for 7 days at Ugi; heavy rain; squalls in
middle of month.
1884. In Bougainville Straits, light northerly and westerly winds,
with calms; easterly during the last few days.
_May._
1882. Between Bougainville Straits and west end of Guadalcanar,
numerous calms and light winds from N.W. through S. to S.E.;
thunderstorms frequent.
1883 At Ugi and Santa Anna, E. to S.E.; usually strong.
1884 In Bougainville Straits, light N.E. and easterly winds, with a
great deal of calm weather.
_June._
1882. At the north coast of St. Christoval, Ugi, and Santa Anna;
calms, N.N.E. and easterly winds; average force 2.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna. S.E. often strong, with variable winds.
In Bougainville Straits; first part light E. and S.E. winds; latter
part, S.E.; very squally; frequent thunderstorms.
1884. In Bougainville Straits; first half, light E. and E.S.E.
winds; latter half, light S.E. and S.S.E.
_July._
1882. At the north coast of St. Christoval and Ugi, first part S.E.,
with frequent heavy squalls; latter part, light S.E. and S.W. winds,
though squally.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, E.S.E. to S.E.; fresh and squally,
sometimes blowing hard, interrupted by calms and varying winds.
In Bougainville Straits, light varying winds from N.E. to S.E.
1884. In Bougainville Straits, first part light S.E. winds and
calms; latter part fresh easterly winds and bad weather.
_August._
1882. At the north coast of St. Christoval and Ugi, E.N.E. to S.;
average force, 3 to 4; frequent rain-squalls.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, S.E. strong; in latter part heavy
squalls, interrupted by calms.
In Bougainville Straits, E.N.E. to S.E.; force 2 to 3.
1884. In Bougainville Straits, S.S.E. to S.; thick weather with
rain-squalls in first part.
_September._
1882. At Ugi and the Three Sisters, S.E. and S.S.E.; in latter part
of month heavy, and accompanied by thick weather and violent
squalls.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, E.S.E. to S.E. strong. In Bougainville
Straits, calms, and light E. to S.E. winds.
1884. In Bougainville Straits, first part light S.E. winds and heavy
rain-squalls from N.E.; latter part fresh S.S.E. and dirty weather,
followed by light N. to E. winds.
_October._
1882. At Ugi, Santa Anna, and off the north coast of Guadalcanar; in
first part, strong S.E.; in latter part, easterly winds with calms.
At Ugi, S.E. in first half, variable with calms in latter half.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, S.E., fresh. In Bougainville Straits,
first part S.E. to S.; latter part N.E. to S.E., squalls and
thunderstorms.
1884. In Bougainville Straits; first week, light N.E. to S.E. winds;
second week, S.S.E. to S., force 2 to 4; third week, N.W. to N.N.E.,
force 3 to 8, rain-squalls and thunderstorms; last part, variable
and E.S.E. winds.
_November._
1882. At Ugi and Santa Anna; first half, N.W. and S.E.; latter half,
S.E. and variable.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna, fresh E.S.E. to S.E; northerly towards
end of month with squalls and thunderstorms.
_December._
1882. At Ugi and Santa Anna, westerly and variable; S.E. for 6 days:
latter part, squally.
1883. At Ugi and Santa Anna; in first half, E. to S.E.; in latter
half, N.W. to S.W. and squally.
THE EFFECTS OF THE CLIMATE ON THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
During the last two surveying-seasons in these islands, the officers and
crew were weighed with the object of determining the effect of service
in this climate on the body-weight. The period spent in this region
during each year extended from April to November.
After eliminating various sources of error, such as sickness,
immaturity, etc., I find that during the surveying-season of 1883, which
occupied between 6½ and 7 months, eighteen out of twenty persons lost
weight, the average loss being 6¾ lbs., and the range of the loss 1 to
12 lbs. Of the two exceptions, one gained 3 lbs. and the other
experienced no change. On returning to the colonies, we spent between 3
and 4 months in the genial climate of northern New Zealand, at the end
of which period I find that the average gain of weight was about 6½ lbs.
In other words, the loss was regained.
During the season of 1884, which lasted 7 months, eleven out of the
twenty persons weighed in the previous year were alone available for
these observations. All of them lost weight, the average loss being 5¾
lbs., and the range 1 to 8 lbs. This diminution in the average loss of
weight during this season should be noted. . . . . I should add that
five individuals, who had not been on board in the previous year, lost
during this season on the average 5 lbs. per man.
I may therefore conclude that the effect of seven months’ service in
this region on the body-weight is, on the average, a loss of from 6 to 7
lbs. Although this loss of weight is mainly attributable to the climate,
it is evident that the character of the diet has an important influence
in the matter. For the greater part of the time spent in these islands,
the crew were on preserved and salt rations, a diet which reduces the
weight of the body. One of the results of an elaborate series of
observations made by Dr. A. Rattray of H.M.S. “Salamander,” whilst
serving in the Western Pacific from 1864-67, was to show that salt diet
in a tropical climate is an important factor in reducing weight, and
that other influences, such as that of hard work, increase the loss.
During various cruises in the tropics, usually lasting about three
months, he weighed between 70 and 100 men with the following results.
The effect of a tropical climate alone was to reduce the weight of 64
per cent., the average loss being 5 lbs. When the unfavourable
conditions of a wet season and salt diet were added, 76 per cent. lost
weight, the average loss being 7 lbs. By the further addition of hard
work, 91 per cent. lost weight, the average loss being about the same.
The loss of weight after each cruise was regained in 7 or 8 weeks during
the stay in Sydney.[508]
[508] Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. XIX., p. 295 (1870-71). In this paper
Dr. Rattray treats at length of the effects of a tropical climate on
the various organs and functions of the body.
GENERAL INDEX.
A.
Achras, 293.
Acosta, 255.
Adenanthera pavonina, 293.
Agassiz, A., on scypho-medusæ, 335.
Agassiz, L., on scypho-medusæ, 334.
Aleurites, 88.
Algæ, edible, 89; microscopic, on cliffs, 327.
Alpinias, 283, 288, 294.
Alu, _see_ Shortland Islands.
Angiopteris, 283, 294.
Annexation in the Western Pacific, remarks upon, xi.
Anoga resin, 66.
Anson Island, 259.
Anumi, 25.
Apes, anthropoid, legends of, 335.
Archer, H., 334.
Areca palms, their frequency, 294; their station, 283, 285, 287;
growing tops, edible, 88; fruits substitutes for betel-nuts, 95;
trunks used for beds, 61; dispersal of fruits, 293, 305; list of
palms, 303.
Arias, Dr. J. L., 254.
Armlets, 132, 133.
Arracises Island, 211, 275.
Arrowroot, South Sea, 89.
Arrows, 72.
Asclepiads, 289, 290, 298.
Asplenium nidus, 285, 329.
Assent, gesture of, 126.
Astonishment, gesture of, 125.
Atkin, Rev. J., 15.
Australia del Espiritu Santo, 252.
Awi-sulu, 154, 285.
B.
Bagana, volcano of, vii, 39, 53.
Baker, J. G., on the fungi, 294.
Balalai Island, 53.
Baldness, 119.
Ball, Lieut., 266.
Bamboos, brakes of, 288.
Bananas, _see_ Plantains.
Banyans, 284, 285, 286, 290, 293, 294, 301.
Barometrical observations, 361, 366.
Barringtonia edulis, 85.
Barringtonia speciosa, 101, 156, 158, 188, 290, 291, 292, 305.
Bateman, Mr., 18.
Batrachians, 308; new family of, 315; dispersal of, 317.
Bats, 82, 211.
Bauro, St. Christoval, 100, 229, 252, 277.
Béa 37.
Beaumont, Dr., R.N., 114.
Beccari, Signor, 289, 295.
Beckoning, mode of, 125.
Beds, 61.
Begonia, 288.
Behrens, 257.
Belcher, Capt. Sir E., R.N., 269.
Beliefs, religious, 53.
Bennet, Mr. G., 71, 319.
Bennet, Dr. G., 187.
Bernstein, Dr., 326.
Betagh, Capt, 256.
Betel-chewing, 95.
Betel palm, 81, 95.
Betel-pepper plant, 95.
Bikkia, 289.
Bird’s-nest, edible, 325.
Bird’s-nest fern, 285, 329.
Birgus latro, 92, 319.
Bita, sister of Gorai, 23, 31, 50.
Biu Island, 222.
Blanche, H.M.S., 23.
Boar’s tusks, 76.
Bond, Captain, 275.
Botanical notes, 280.
Bougainville, M., 26, 38, 149, 259, 269.
Bougainville Island, vi., 21, 27, 34, 39, 53, 91, 120, 136, 138.
Bougainville Straits, Islands of, 38, 56, 94, 123, 124, 139; chiefs,
20, 27; position of women, 44; modes of burial, 51; dwellings, 58;
pottery, 62; tambu-houses, 71; weapons, 72, 74; cultivation, 81, 84;
modes of cooking, 86; physical characters of natives, 103, 113, 114,
118-120; dress, &c., 130, 133; cicatrices, 136; tunes and songs,
141; canoes, 147; modes of fishing, 155; vocabulary, 180; botany,
280; geological characters, vi., vii., 280.
Bouka Island, 34, 118, 138, 259, 260.
Boulenger, Mr., on the reptiles and batrachians, 308, 313, 316.
Bouro Island, 100, 277.
Bow-drill, 76.
Bowen, Captain, 154, 266.
Bower, Lieut., R.N., murder of, 11, 17.
Bows, 72.
Boyd, Mr. B., murder of, 270.
Brachycephaly, 111, 114.
Brady, Mr. H. B., on the Solomon Island deposits, ix.; on the New
Ireland chalk, 79.
Brains, human, as food, 224.
Brandt on scypho-medusæ, 334.
Breadfruit trees, 81, 82, 84, 190.
Brenchley, J. L., 16, 36, 70, 75, 79, 344.
Broca, M., 111, 114, 118, 120.
Broth, vegetable, 25.
Bua tree, 188.
Buache, M., 192, 234, 255, 263.
Buenavista Island, 207, 274.
Bulimus cleryi, 338.
Burial, modes of, 51.
Burney, 234, 273, 274.
Burning-glasses, 66.
Bush-hens, 325.
Bush-men, 14, 32, 91, 120.
Buttress-trees, 285, 286, 290, 294.
Byron, Commodore, 258.
C.
Cabbage, mountain, 88, 90.
Cabo de Cruz, 237.
Cabo de Fortunas, 239, 241.
Cacones, Isles of, 243.
Cæsalpinia nuga, 289.
California, Old, 243.
Calophyllum, 66, 189, 287, 295, 305.
Calophyllum inophyllum, 290, 291, 292, 305.
Calvert, Rev. J., 63.
Canarium, 85, 87, 189, 285, 287, 291, 293, 295.
Canarium commune, 85, 189.
Candelaria Shoals, 199, 262, 273, 275.
Canna indica, 305.
Cannibalism, 35, 260.
Canoes, 67, 71, 146; canoe-deities, 149.
Cap Oriental, 262.
Cape Prieto, 206.
Cape Satisfaction, 278.
Capron, Mr. Rand, on the visual powers of savages, 123.
Careri, Gemelli, 257.
Carter, Mr. Brudenell, on the visual powers of savages, 122.
Carteret, Captain, 80, 258.
Cartographers, the early, 255.
Caryota, palm, 284, 285, 287, 305; edible top or cabbage, 88;
sago-yielding, 91.
Casuarina trees, 290, 292.
Catarrhal diseases, 176.
Caulerpa, 89.
Cerbera, 25, 288.
Cerbera odollam, 289, 290, 292.
Ceratobatrachidæ, 315.
Cetacean, a rare, 335.
Chalcedony, 78.
Chalk, 79.
Chalmers, Rev. J., 325.
Chamisso, 90; on the Radack Islanders, 128.
Chest-girth, 105.
Chevron-line pattern, 139.
Cheyne, Capt., 16, 39, 185, 269.
Choiseul Island, viii, discovery of, 212, 275; native shields, 75.
Choiseul Bay, visit of Bougainville to, 260; physical characters of
natives, 103; chiefs, 26; cannibalism, 38.
Cicatrices, 136.
Circumcision, 137.
Clerodendron inerme, 289.
Climate, xi, 352; rainfall, 355; temperature, 361; winds, 362;
humidity, 361; influence on body-weight, 369.
Clothing, 130.
Clubs, 73.
Cocoa-nut palms, 84, 305, 321; mode of climbing, 82; dwarf trees, 52.
Cocoa-nut Crab, 92, 319.
Codiæum variegatum, 305.
Codrington, Rev. Dr., 53, 71, 137, 335; on the Solomon Island
languages, 185; on head-hunting raids, 16.
Cœnobita, 330, 333.
Coix lachryma, 131, 305.
Collocalia, 325.
Colours, names of, 124.
Colour-sense, 123.
Combs, 137.
Comrie, Dr., R.N., on Tokelau ringworm, 173.
Conches, 143.
Constellations, names of, 56.
Contrarieté Island, 221, 261, 275.
Cook, Capt., on the supposed position of the Solomon Islands, 264.
Cooking, modes of, 86, 92; cooking-stones, 56, 86; cooking vessels,
62, 86.
Coral islet, vegetation of, 289.
Coral reefs, viii.
Cord, knotted for recording time, 56.
Cornelian, 78.
Corucia zebrata, 312.
Couches, 61.
Crawfurd, Mr., 88, 189; on the introduction of tobacco, 95.
Crinum, 290.
Crocodiles, 6, 9; habits of, 309; captures of, 91, 311; impressions on
sand, 309.
Cucumis melo, 84.
Cultivation, 81.
Cumming, Miss Gordon, on Fijian pottery, 63.
Curacoa, H.M.S, 16.
Cuscus, 91, 92, 311; habits, 161; hunting, 160.
Cycas circinalis, station of, 287, 290, 292; sago yielding, 90; edible
top or cabbage, 90; fruits edible, 90; medicinal use, 169; dispersal
of fruits, 292, 305.
Cyrenæ, 76, 91.
Cyrtostachys, 88, 283.
D.
D’Albertis, Signor, 76, 141.
Dalrymple, 192, 234, 263, 274.
Dampier, 264.
Dances, 48, 143.
Danville, 256.
Darwin, 179, 319, 331, 339.
Davies, Mr. T., on the rocks of St. Christoval, vi.
Davis, Dr. Barnard, on the hair of Papuans, 117.
De Brosses, 257.
Decaying flesh, taste for, 92.
Deformities, spinal, 175; of feet, 177; hare-lip, 177.
Delight, gesture of, 125.
Delisle, 256.
Délivrance, Iles de la, 262.
Denham, Capt., R. N., 271.
Dentrecasteaux, 149, 174, 260, 266, 269, 278.
Deposits, deep-sea, upraised, viii., ix.
Dillon, Capt. P., 266.
Dioscorea sativa, 84.
Diseases, 163; epidemics, 176.
Dispersal of plants, 291, 305; of batrachians, 317; of Iuli, 329; of
Neritinæ, 339.
Disposition, 127.
Dogs, 159, 191.
Dolichocephaly, 111, 114.
Dolicholobium, 283, 288.
Domestic utensils, 62.
Drake, Sir Francis, 244, 247.
Dress, 130.
Drinking-vessels, 62.
Drums, 143.
Dudley, 256.
Duff Group, 251.
Dugongs, 6.
Dug-out canoes, 146, 150.
D’Urville, 16, 103, 265, 268, 269; his opinion of the Solomon
Islanders, 129.
Dutaillis, M., 270.
Dyed Grass, 74, 132, 138.
Dynamite, use of, in fishing, 158.
E.
Ear ornaments, 133.
Earl, G. W., 189; on the hair of Papuans, 117; on the prevailing skin
eruption, 172.
Echoes, superstition concerning, 54.
Eddystone Island, _see_ Simbo Island.
Elæocarpus, 287, 293.
Elephantiasis, 176.
Elevation, see Upheaval.
Ellis, 153, 175; on the deification of sharks, 71.
Emerald, H.M.S., 26.
Emotions, expressions of, 125.
Epalle, Monsignor, murder of, 270.
Epidemic diseases, 176.
Epiphytes, 282, 285, 289.
Epilation, 118.
Eranthemum variabile, 305.
Erosion of freshwater shells, 340.
Erythrina, 289.
Escondido Harbour, 219.
Espiritu Santo, 252.
Estrella Harbour, 202.
Eugenia, 291, 293.
Eugenio, Point, 243.
Evered, Mr., 106.
Evodia hortensis, 135, 305.
F.
Facial angle, 115.
Fagræa Berteriana, 188, 288.
Fanarite, district of St. Christoval, 19.
Fan-palms, _see_ Licuala.
Fans, 66.
Faro Island, _see_ Fauro Island.
Farquhar, Dr., on Tokelau ringworm, 171.
Fat, fondness of, 92.
Fauro Island, chiefs of, 25, 46; villages, 60, 82; tambu-houses, 71;
canoes, 149; physical characters of natives, 103, 113; vegetation,
287, 289; geology, vii, 280.
Feasts, 50, 68, 93.
Features, 115.
Female sex, their drudgery, 41; their chastity, 43; polygamy, 44.
Ferguson, Captain, murder of, 21, 54.
Ferns, 283, 294; edible, 89.
Ficus, 190, 301.
Figueroa, Dr., 192, 234, 254, 272, 274.
Figure-heads of ships, probable origin of, 150.
Filet, G. J., on the Malay names of plants, 186.
Fire, mode of producing, 65.
Fishing, 151; nets and lines, 154; hooks, 156; snares, 157;
fish-spear, 153.
Flagellaria indica, 290.
Fleurieu, M., 192, 234, 262, 265, 273, 274, 278.
Flints, worked, 77.
Florida Islands, discovery of, 208, 274; natives, 114, 119, 130;
head-hunting, 17; dances, 143; pile-dwellings, 60; weapons, 73, 75;
geological structure of, vii.
Flotation of fruits and seeds, 292, 305.
Flower, Prof., on the varieties of the human species, 98.
Flowers, used in decorating the person, 134; rare in the forests, 284;
conspicuous at the coast, 289.
Flying-fish, superstitions concerning, 153; wounds caused by, 153.
Fonfono Island, 277.
Food, vegetable, 84; animal, 91.
Forbes, H. O., on ringworm in the Malay Archipelago, 172; on
Myrmecodia, 282; on the Birgus, 322.
Forrest, Captain, on Port Dory pottery, 64; on pig-hunting in New
Guinea, 159.
Forster, J. R., 87.
Forster, G., 135.
Fox, Dr. Tilbury, on Tokelau ringworm, 171.
Freycinetia, 289.
Fries, Mr., on Pachyma, 306.
Frogs, 8, 190, 308; new family of, 315; development of, 316.
Frontlets, 131.
Fruits, 84, 87, 89.
Fumaroles, vii., 66, 86.
Fungi, 89, 285, 304.
G.
Galera Island, 207, 274.
Gallego, suggested compliment to, 234; supposed discoverer of the
Southern Continent, 248; error in latitudes, 274.
Gallego’s journal, 192; unpublished, 247; compared with Figueroa’s
account, 272.
Galvano, 275.
Games, boyish, 76, 145.
Gar-fish, superstition concerning, 153; wounds caused by, 153.
Gâtah, 189.
Geological structure of the Solomon Islands, general remarks upon, vi.
Gestures, 125.
Gill, Rev. Wyatt, 187, 319, 325.
Ginsima Island, 257.
Glæocapsa, 327.
Gleichenia, 5, 95, 132, 281, 288.
Gnetum, 88, 288.
Gnetum gnemon, 89, 288.
Gomphandra, 295, 305.
Gorai, the Shortland chief, 6, 27, 28, 47; his power, 14, 21; his
wives, 44; his residence, 59.
Goura pigeon, pebbles in gizzard, 325.
Gourds for betel-lime, 95.
Government, system of, 13.
Gower Island, 80, 259, 261.
Graves, 51.
Green, Mr. J. R., on edible birds’ nests, 327.
Grinding-stones, 6, 77.
Groningen Island, 257.
Guadalcanar, discovery of, 210, 214, 220; reported mineral wealth,
247; excessive Spanish estimate of its size, 275; characters of
natives, 104, 120; weapons, 74, 75; head-hunting and cannibalism,
18, 35; murder of Mr. Boyd, 270; legends of apes, 335; fine coast
scenery, 359; heavy rainfall, 359; probable geological structure,
vi.
Guadalupe Island, 209.
Guali, 210; _see_ Sesarga.
Guantopo (Guaytopo) Island, 276.
Guettarda speciosa, 289, 290.
Gulf Island, 262, 267; _see_ Ugi Island.
Gums, _see_ Resins.
Günther, Dr., 314.
H.
Hair, characters of and mode of wearing, 116, 137; cut in mourning,
49; staining, 118.
Hakluyt, Richard, 254.
Hale, Mr., on the Pouro of Quiros, 100, 277.
Hare-lip, 177.
Harpullia cupanioides, 289, 305.
Hats, 138.
Head-hunting, 16, 27.
Head-money, 17, 20.
Height, _see_ Stature.
Heliconias, 283, 294.
Heming, Lieut., R.N., 25, 28, 114, 294, 332.
Hemsley, Mr. Botting, on the dispersal of plants, 291, 293.
Herbst, on the Birgus, 319.
Heritiera littoralis, 290, 292, 305.
Hermit-Crabs, 330.
Hernandia peltata, 289.
Herrera, 192, 235, 254, 273, 274.
Heughan, Mr. W., 306, 352.
Hibiscus tiliaceus, 134, 289, 290, 292.
Hombron, Dr., vi.
Home, Sir E., on the edible birds’ nests, 326.
Home-sickness, 167.
Honey, wild, 93.
Hood, Mr. T. H., 319.
Hoplocephalus par, 314.
Hornbills, 191, 284.
Horne, Mr., 83, 87; on South Sea arrowroot, 89.
Hot-stone treatment for injuries, 166.
Houses, dwelling, 57; on piles, 60.
Howard, Mr. F., 77, 352, 360; meteorological register, 364, 367.
Howe, Hon. J. Curzon, 113, 158.
Hoya, 289, 290; H. guppyi, 298.
Human sacrifices, 33, 35, 67.
Humidity of climate, 361, 367.
Hunger, gesture indicating, 125.
Hydnophytum guppyanum, 282; H. inerme, 282.
Hydrographical features, ix.
Hygrometrical observations, 367.
I.
Ill-wishing, 54.
Impressions on sand; of crocodiles, 309; of hermit-crabs, 333.
Inattendue Island, 261: _see_ Gower Island.
Infanticide, 35, 42.
Injuries, treatment of, 165; wonderful recoveries from, 165.
Insanity, 179.
Ipomœa, 289, 290.
Isabel Island, discovery of, 202, 211, 213, 275; visit of Surville,
261; visit of D’Urville, 269; murder of Monsignor Epalle, 270;
characters of natives, 103, 129; slavery, 33; tattooing, 136;
canoes, 149.
Isabell, Mr. W., 24, 141, 314, 321.
Iulus, 329; singular habit of, 330; means of dispersal of, 329.
J.
Jacobs, Mr., 267.
Jesus, Isle of, 199, 273.
Jews, island inhabited by, 261.
Jew’s harps, 142.
Judd, Prof., vii.
K.
Ka-i (Canarium), 85, 87, 189, 285, 291, 293.
Kaika, wife of Gorai, 23; her death, 47.
Kæmpfer, 326.
Kalikona, 17.
Kanary-nut, 85, 87, 189.
Katari (Calophyllum), 189, 295; resin of, 66.
Kauri pine, origin of name, 190.
Kava plant, 96.
Keane, Prof., on the Pacific races, 99; on a vocabulary of
Bougainville Straits, 186.
Kennedy Island, 273.
Kermadec, Capt. Huon, 269.
Kinsima Island, 257.
Kite-fishing, 151.
Kleinhovia hospita, 305.
Kopana, 28; fate of his wives, 30.
Kotzebue, 128.
Krepas, chief of Choiseul Bay, 26.
Krusenstern, 265, 273.
Kurra-kurra, Faro chief, 25.
L.
Labillardière, 86, 118, 125, 260, 278.
Labour-trade, 42.
Lammas, Mount, 263.
Lane Fox, _see_ Pitt-Rivers.
Languages of Solomon Islands, 185.
Latitudes of Gallego, 274.
Lawa, St. Christoval, 14, 39, 68.
Lawes, Rev. Mr., 139.
Layard, Mr. 326.
Leeper, Lieut., R.N., 48, 114, 125, 180, 294, 335; meteorological
observations, 360, 361.
Leprosy, 176.
Licuala, 283, 287, 288, 303, 305.
Limbs, measurements of, 106.
Lime, for betel-chewing, 95; for the hair, 118; for sickness, 163; as
a token of mourning, 48.
Lime-tree, 81, 85.
Litsea, 293.
Littoral trees, 289; native names widely spread, 101, 186.
Littorina scabra, experiment on, 351.
Liversidge, Prof., on the worked flints, 78, 79.
Lizards, 8, 191, 312; monitors, 91, 313.
Lomlom Island, 277.
Longmore, Prof., on testing vision, 122.
Lopez Vaz, 246, 247.
Lumnitzera coccinea, 292.
Luther, Dr., R.N., 158.
Lycopods, 285.
Lygonia, 148, 285.
Lyonsia, _see_ Awi-sulu.
M.
Macaulay’s Archipelago, 266.
Macdonald, Capt. J., vii., 15, 17, 36, 79, 131, 163, 335.
Macdonald, Mr. W., 42, 70, 306.
Macgillivray, Mr., 135, 344.
Maclay, Miklouho, 86, 97; anthropological observations and
measurements, 105, 111, 116, 118; on the introduction of tobacco,
94.
Maclay Coast, 86, 94, 105, 111, 189.
Mai, Santa Anna chief, 17-20, 36, 39.
Maize, 84.
Makira, 36, 147, 277; cannibalism, 36; murder of missionaries, 270.
Malaita, head-hunting, 18; characters of natives of north coast, 103,
113, 114, 120, 136; legends of apes, 335; first discovery of the
island, 205, 219, 220, 274, 275.
Malan, Lieut., R.N., 24, 52, 53, 180.
Mallicolo Island, 277.
Man, Mr., on the Andaman pottery, 64.
Mana, supernatural power, 16.
Mango, 85.
Mangrove swamps, 282.
Manicolo Island, 277.
Manning, Capt., 266.
Maramasiki Passage, discovery of, 220.
Marau Sound, discovery of, 219.
Markham, Commander, R.N., 235.
Marquesas Group, discovery of, 249.
Marsden, Mr., 88, 90, 172.
Marshall Group, discovery of, 238, 275.
Matches, wax, 65.
Mate, 210.
Matema Islands, 277.
Mats, 58; making mats, 61.
Matthews, Mr., 281.
Maurelle, 262.
Mayer, on the height of Papuans, 105.
Meals, 93.
Mécaraylay Island, 277.
Medicine-men, 55, 163.
Medusæ in mangrove-swamps, 333.
Megapodiidæ, 191, 216, 325.
Melanesian Mission, 15, 140, 271.
Melanesians, _see_ Papuans.
Melaniæ, 338, 345; Melania guppyi, 337, 350.
Mendana, his first expedition, 195, 235, 275; his second expedition,
246, 248.
Mesocephaly, 111, 114.
Meta Island, 204, 205.
Meteorology, chapter on, 352.
Migration of Pacific races, lines of, 99, 101, 186.
Millipedes, 329.
Missionaries, murder of, 270; _see_ Melanesian Mission.
Mollusca, land and fresh water, 336; list of, 344.
Monitor lizards, 91, 313.
Moon, eclipse of, in 1568, 244.
Moore, Mr. C., 293, 306.
Morinda citrifolia, 89, 124, 188, 290.
Morrell, Capt., 267.
Morse, Prof., on arrow-release, 73.
Mosely, Mr. H. N., 73, 137, 334.
Motuiti Island, 273.
Mourning customs, 48, 69, 133, 137.
Mueller, Baron F. von, 289, 294.
Mule, the Treasury chief, 27, 28, 55, 76; his power, 23; his wives,
45; his residence, 59.
Mullen, Dr., R.N., on Tokelau ringworm, 171.
Mumps, 176.
Murders: of Mr. Boyd, 270; of Monsignor Epalle, 270; of Lieut.
Bower, R.N., 11, 17; of Captain Ferguson, 21, 54; of Roman Catholic
missionaries, 270; of the crew of the Superior, 23, and the Zephyr,
26.
Murray Island, vii., 16.
Murray, Mr. G., on Tuber regium, 306; on Glæocapsa, 326.
Murray, Dr. John, on the Solomon Island deposits, ix.
Muskets, introduction of, 75.
Musquillo Islands, discovery of, 238, 275.
Myristica, _see_ Nutmeg-tree.
Myrmecodia salomonensis, 282.
N.
Names of men, 184; of women, 184; curious custom concerning the names
of the dead and of women, 47, 49.
Narovo Island, _see_ Simbo.
Natica mamilla, 132, 147.
Nautical surveying, nature of the work, 11.
Navicellæ, 338, 341.
Necklaces, 131.
Negrito race, 79, 99.
Neritinæ, 338, 346; dispersal of, 339; origin of tree-nerites, 341.
Nets, fishing, 154; netting-stitch, 154.
New Georgia, vi., 120; head-hunters of, 16; cannibals, 39; discovery
by the Spaniards, 211, 275; Shortland’s visit, 262.
New Guinea, flints in, 80; reference by Gallego to its first
discoverer, 237, 275; _see_ Maclay Coast.
Nicobar pigeon, 293, 323.
Nipa fruticans, 87, 282, 291, 305.
Nisbet, Mr., 168.
Nito paitena (evil spirit), 50, 53.
Nixon, Mr. L., 35.
Nombre de Dios Island, 273.
Nose ornaments, 133.
Nostalgia, 167.
Nouma-nouma, 21, 54.
Numerals, 183.
Nupani Island, 277.
Nutmeg-tree, 288, 289, 293, 305.
Nuts, edible, 85, 87.
O.
Ochre, red, for staining hair, 118.
Ochrosia parviflora, 87, 292, 305.
Ocymum sanctum, 135, 305.
Oima Island, 52.
Oldham, Lieut., ix., 24, 29, 36, 55, 279, 291.
Oliver, Prof., 289, 294.
Onomatopœia, 190.
Ontong-Java, 92, 200, 262, 273, 275.
Opossums, _see_ Cuscus.
Orchids, 285, 289.
Orika Island, _see_ Santa Catalina.
Orion’s Belt, 56.
Ornaments, personal, 131.
Ortega, 195, 203.
Outrigger-canoes, 146, 147, 149.
Ovulum ovum, 131, 147.
P.
Pachyma, 306.
Pacific races, _see_ Polynesians.
Paddles, 150; modes of paddling, 150.
Pagurus, 332.
Palms, 285, 303; palm-tops as food, 88.
Pandanus trees, 290, 291, 292, 305; different species, 302; native
names widely spread, 101, 186; new genus, 289, 302; fruits eaten by
natives, 87, and by the Birgus, 323; leaves made into mats, 61.
Pandean-pipes, 141.
Papal Bull, 255.
Papaw-tree, 84.
Papuans, 98, 105, 117.
Parinarium laurinum, 62, 146, 148, 296, 305.
Parrot, M, on syphilis in prehistoric times, 178.
Path-finding, 162.
Patterns, decorative, 139.
Patterson, Bishop, 15, 148.
Paubro, St. Christoval, 100, 229, 252, 277.
Pérouse, 128, 155, 178, 264, 266, 269.
Phalangers, _see_ Cuscus.
Phosphorescence, as a guide to coral reefs, 205.
Physical characters of Solomon Islanders, chapter on, 98.
Pigeons, Fruit, 85, 292, 293, 325; Nicobar pigeon, 293, 323.
Pigments, 124.
Pigs, 7; hunting wild pigs, 159; jaws hung inside dwellings and
tambu-houses, 58, 68; pork eaten, 91, 92, 93.
Pile-dwellings, 60.
Pileni Island, 277.
Pingré, M., 234, 257, 274.
Piper Betel, 95.
Pipes, tobacco, 94.
Pitt-Rivers, Major-Gen., 73, 74.
Plantains, 82; mountain, 89.
Plants, dispersal of, 291; list of, 294; rubbish-plants, 305.
Pleiades, 56.
Plerandra, 283.
Poisoned arrows, 73.
Poisonous snake, 314.
Polyclonia, 334.
Polygamy, 44.
Polynesians, source of, 99; line of migration, 101.
Pongamia glabra, 289, 290, 305.
Port La Palma, 232.
Port Praslin, 33, 56, 66, 75, 80, 149, 261.
Potato, sweet, 82, 84.
Pottery-making, 62.
Pouro, St. Christoval, 100, 229, 252, 277.
Powell, Mr. Wilfred, 173, 191.
Prichard, Mr., on the hair of Papuans, 117.
Pritchard, Mr., 90.
Protective resemblances, 317, 338.
Pruner-Bey, Dr., on the hair of Papuans, 117.
Pryer, Mr. H., on edible birds’ nests, 325.
Puerto de la Cruz, discovery of, 214; massacre at, 224, 235.
Puerto de Nuestra Senora, 232.
Pumpkins, 84.
Pustular disease of children, 175.
Pyrazus palustris, 91, 343.
Pythia scarabæus, 343.
Q.
Quipu, elementary, 56.
Quiros, 100, 248, 251, 253, 276.
Quoy, M., 319.
R.
Races, Pacific, 98.
Rainbow, superstition concerning, 124.
Rainfall, 355; registers of, 363.
Ramos, Isle of, 205, 219, 274, 275.
Rana guppyi, 315.
Ratonia, 285.
Rayleigh, Lord, on the visual powers of savages, 122.
Redcoat, labour-vessel, 39.
Redlich, Capt., 36.
Religion, 53.
Reptiles, 308.
Resins, 66, 78; native names of resin-yielding trees widely spread,
189.
Retes, Inigo Ortez de, 237, 275.
Riedelia curviflora, 305.
Ringworm, _see_ Tokelau ringworm.
Rio Gallego, 214.
Rio Ortega, 210, 214, 216.
Rio San Bernardino, 216.
Rio Santa Elena, 217.
Rob Roy canoe, 9.
Roberts, Mr. C., on the visual powers of savages, 121.
Rochon, Abbé, 261.
Rocks, volcanic, vi.; calcareous, vii.; of deep-sea formation, viii.,
ix.
Roggewein, Admiral, 256.
Rollin, M., 178.
Romilly, Mr. H., 167, 168.
Roncador Reef, 199, 262, 273.
Ronongo Island, viii., 278.
Rora, chief of Ugi, 20.
Rubbish-plants, 305.
Rubiana, _see_ New Georgia.
Rumphius, on Tuber regium, 306; on edible birds’ nests, 326.
Russell Islands, 266.
S.
Sabo, Guadalcanar, 215.
Sago palms, station of, 83; native names of, 189; leaves for
thatching, 58, 71; extraction and preparation of sago, 83, 87, 90;
sago also yielded by the Cycas, 90, and Caryota, 91.
St. Christoval, discovery of, 222, 227, 229, 248, 275; native names of
island, 100; physical character of natives, 103, 112, 114, 118, 119,
120; bush-tribes, 14; head-hunting, 15, 18; cannibalism 35-38;
female chastity, 43; dwellings, 57; tambu-houses, 67-69; weapons,
72-75; worked flints, 77; cooking, 86; vegetable food, 84; legends
of apes, 335; geological structure, vi.
St. George’s Island, 211, vi.
San Bartolomeo Islands, 238, 275.
Sandfly, H.M.S., 11, 17.
San Francisco, Isle of, 239, 276.
San German Island, 209.
San Juan Island, 222, 227, 275.
San Lucas, Cape, 243.
San Marcos Island, 212, 275.
San Nicolas Island, 211, 275.
Santa Anna Island, discovery of, 231, 262, 266; physical characters of
natives, 103, 112; chiefs, 19; villages at war, 18; trading in human
flesh, 36; mode of burial, 53; tambu-house, 70; grinding slabs, 77;
crocodiles, 91; land and freshwater shells, 337; geological
structure, viii.
Santa Catalina Island, discovery of, 230, 262, 266; physical
characters of natives, 103, 112, 120; chiefs, 42; tambu-house, 69.
Santa Cruz Islands, discovery of, 249; lost, 252; re-discovered, 259.
Santiago Island, 222, 227, 223.
San Urban Island, 222, 223.
Sapium indicum, 88.
Sapuna, village of, 18, 53, 67, 70, 93.
Savo Island, 73, 132; identical with Sesarga, 209, 215, 268, 274, 275;
language, 185; geological characters, vii.
Scævola Kœnigii, 290, 305.
Schizmatoglottis, 25, 88.
Scitamineæ, 283, 288, 294.
Scorpions, 328.
Seasons, temperature of, 361.
Sebastian Vizcaino, Bay of, 243.
Seemann, Dr., 90, 91, 319.
Selaginellæ, 285.
Selwyn, Bishop, 15, 141.
Semper, Prof., on erosion of fresh-water shells, 340; on Neritinæ,
341.
Serpentines, vi., vii.
Sesarga, 209, 210, 215, 268, 274, 275.
Sham fight, 75.
Sharks, 9; deification of, 70; carved figures of, 53, 68, 70.
Shell-fish as food, 91.
Shell-money, 38, 134.
Shells, land and fresh-water, _see_ Mollusca.
Shields, 75.
Shortland Islands (_see_ also under Gorai and Kaika), physical
characters of natives, 103, 113; dwellings, 58; tambu-houses, 71;
cultivation, 81; modes of burial, 51; pit containing flints, 80;
canoes formerly with sails, 149; excursion to the north-west coast,
6; geological structure, viii.
Shortland, Lieut., 262, 278.
Sick, treatment of, 164.
Sikyana Islands, 187, 276.
Simbo Island (Eddystone Island), 59, 66, 72, 86, 134; chief, 14;
vocabulary, 185; head-hunting, 16; fish-hooks, 156; measurements of
natives, 113; mode of burial, 52; misconception of the names
Eddystone and Simbo, 278; fumaroles, 86; geological character, vii.
Simpson, Capt, R.N., visit to Treasury Island, 23.
Sinasoro, 4, 25, 59, 71.
Sinimi, _see_ Gleichenia.
Skin, colour of, 120; prevailing disease of, 169.
Skull measurements, 111.
Slavery, 32.
Smith, Mr. E., on the land and fresh-water shells, 336, 344.
Snakes, 313.
Soil, characters of, x.
Solomon Islander, typical characters of a, 102, 110.
Songs, 140.
Sorcery, 54, 163.
Southern continent, supposed discovery by Gallego, 248; by Quiros,
252; by Roggewein, 257.
Span of arms, 109.
Spears, 72.
Spinal disease, 175.
Spirits, evil, 50, 53.
Sproul, Mr., 91, 310; his wind and rain records, 362, 363.
Spurges, 305.
Squall, black, 353.
Stature, 104, 115.
Stephens, Mr., 18, 37, 56, 92, 124, 157, 176, 306, 335.
Stewart Islands, _see_ Sikyana.
Stirling Island, viii.
Stone, Mr. O. C, 80, 135.
Stone-boiling, 86.
Stone implements, polished, 76, 120.
Stones, grinding, 6, 77; cooking-stones, 58, 77.
Strabismus, 177.
Submersion, experiments on, of Iuli, 329; of Neritinæ, 339; of
Littorina scabra, 351; of a monitor-lizard, 313.
Suenna, 57.
Sugar-cane, 84.
Sulagina Bay, 38.
Sun-burns, 362.
Sun-shades, 139.
Superior, barque, massacre of crew of, 23.
Superstitions, 53, 78, 124, 153, 165.
Surville, 33, 56, 80, 149, 261, 269.
Suspicion, an inherent quality, 31.
Swallow Islands, 277.
Symonds, Lieut., 314.
Syphilis, 177.
T.
Taboo or Tambu ban, 32; tambu marks, 32.
Tacca pinnatifida, 89, 290.
Tactics in war, 75.
Taki, the Wano chief, 15, 20.
Tambu-house, 35, 53, 67.
Taro, 82, 84.
Tattooing, 135.
Taucalo Island, 277.
Taumaco Island, islands in the vicinity of, 251, 276.
Temperature, 361, 366, 367; susceptibility of natives to slight
changes, 178.
Temples, _see_ Tambu-house.
Terminalia catappa, 85, 87, 290, 292.
Terre des Arsacides, 262, 265, 269.
Thermometrical observations, 361, 366, 367.
Thespesia populnea, 124, 289, 290, 292, 305.
Thigh-twisting, 154.
Three Sisters’ Islands, viii., 58; discovery of, 222, 261, 275.
Tienhoven Island, 257.
Tin, discovery of, vii.
Tinakula Island, 277.
Tita, _see_ Parinarium laurinum.
Tobacco-smoking, 94; introduction of tobacco, 94.
Tokelau Ringworm, 169; its distribution, 172.
Toma, village of, 25, 59, 71.
Tomahawks, 75.
Tomimas, Faro chief, 25, 46.
Tonali Harbour, 28.
Topinard, M., 102, 105, 109.
Torches, 66.
Torre, Bernardo de la, 237, 275.
Torres, 251, 252.
Tournefortia argentea, 290, 305.
Trading amongst natives, 27.
Tragedy, a domestic, 28.
Treasury Island, 53, 54, 56, 77, 78, 133, 144; _see_ also under Mule;
excursion to the summit, 7; physical characters of natives, 103,
113; change in their disposition, 23; dwellings, 58; tambu-houses,
71; mode of burial, 51; slaves, 34; cultivation, 81, 83; geological
structure of, viii.
Tree-ferns, 283, 294.
Treguada Island, 221, 261, 275.
Tres Marias Islands, _see_ Three Sisters.
Trichomanes, 283, 285.
Tridacna gigas, 76, 91, 132.
Trotter, Mr. Coutts, 275.
Tuber regium, 306.
Tucopia Island, 252, 277.
Tuluba Islet, fighting at, 30.
Turner, Rev. Dr. G., 76, 154, 171, 287.
Turner, Rev. Dr. W., 64.
Tyerman, Rev. D., 71, 319.
Tylor, Dr., 49, 77, 171.
U.
Ugi Island, 52, 54, 55, 56, 124, 137, 139; discovery of, 222, 262,
267, 275; physical characters of natives, 103, 112; cannibalism, 38;
infanticide, 35, 42; dwellings, 57; tambu-houses, 68, 70; flints,
77; geological structure, viii.
Ulaua or Ulawa Island, 71; discovery of, 221, 261, 266, 275; flints,
78, 79; probable geological structure of, viii.
Ulcers, 168.
Unio guppyi, 343.
Unios as food, 91.
Upheaval, evidence of great, ix., x.
Uraba Island, 221; _see_ Ulaua.
Uri, 190.
V.
Vanikoro Island, 277.
Varanus indicus, 91, 313.
Vegetable drift, 291.
Vegetables, cultivated, 82, 84.
Vegetation, of the stream-courses, 282; of the forest, 284; of the
slopes of Faro Island, 287; of the coast, 289; of a coral islet,
289; of waste ground and of old clearings, 305.
Vella-la-vella, vii.
Venereal diseases, 177.
Venus, transit of, in 1769, 257.
Veru Island, 210.
Vision, powers of, 121.
Vitex, 285, 287, 300.
Vocabulary of Bougainville Straits, 180.
Volcanoes, active, quiescent, and extinct, vii.
W.
Waitz, Prof., 165.
Wake’s Island, 239, 276.
Wallace, Mr. A., 172.
Wallis, Capt., 258.
Walsch, Capt., 24.
Wanderer, yacht, 270.
Wano, village of, 15, 36, 57, 68.
Waterton, 362.
Wax, 93.
Weapons, 71.
Wedelia biflora, 288, 290.
Weeds of plantations, 305.
Weight of body of Solomon Islanders, 106; influence of the climate on
the weight of Europeans, 369.
Wharton, Capt., R.N., 273.
Wilkes, Commodore, 63, 76, 170, 173, 276.
Williams, Mr., 63.
Winchelsea Island, 259.
Winds, 362; registers of, 367.
Wind-prophets, 55.
Withrington, Capt., 248.
Women, measurements of, 102, 115.
Wood, Mr. C. F., 69, 330.
Wounds, _see_ Injuries.
Y.
Yams, 82, 84, 88.
Z.
Zephyr, massacre of portion of crew of, 26.
_S. Cowan & Co., Strathmore Printing Works, Perth._
* * * * *
Transcriber's note:
Remarks on the text:
Inconsistent spelling, lay-out, capitalisation, hyphenation,
punctuation, use of accents etc. and duplications in the text have been
left as in the original work, except as mentioned below.
Mendana (Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira) is consistently spelled without
tilde in the original work, this has not been changed; Curacoa is mostly
spelled without cedilla, this has not been changed.
In various places the author refers to snider; this is probably a
reference to the Snider-Enfield rifle.
Page 137, ... the engraving here given, ...: It is not clear which
illustration this refers to; none of the illustrations appear to show
the described cicatrices.
Page 138, ... as shown in one of the figures. It is not clear to which
illustration this refers; none of the illustrations appear to show the
described instrument.
Page 235: The full title of Pingré’s publication (abbreviated in the
text) is Mémoire sur le choix et l’état des lieux où le passage de Vénus
du 3. juin 1769 pourra être observé avec le plus d’avantage: et
principalement sur la position géographique des îles de la mer du Sud.
Page 256, Admiral Roggewein: Jacob Roggeveen (1659-1729).
Page 262, footnote “Discoveries of the French ...”: the last
digit of the last page number is missing from the original.
Page 268, footnote 386: fabricateur du contes, as printed in the
original, not changed.
Page 275, Bernaldo de la Torre: Bernardo de la Torre (Galvano refers to
him as Bernaldo de la Torre).
Page 276, footnote [416]: the last digit of the year is unclear in the
original; most likely the year is 1791, but it might also be 1797.
Page 328, they are not usually more than 1½ in length: the unit
(probably inches) is missing in the original work.
Page 367, Table: from the lay-out of the original page it is not
immediately clear to which column the Mean for 1883 refers. Numerically
it could be either the Mean Temperature or the Mean Dry Bulb
Temperature. The former seems more logical.
Changes made to the text:
Multi-page tables have been combined to single tables; “Carry
forward” and “Brought forward” have been deleted from
these tables.
Some minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected
silently.
Footnotes have been moved to under the paragraph where they are
indicated.
Some illustrations have been moved.
Some tables have been re-arranged.
Throughout book the following words have been corrected or standardised:
Ipomæa to Ipomœa; Kænigii to Kœnigii; Scœvola to Scævola; palœolithic to
palæolithic; Elœocarpus to Elæocarpus; Gœrtn to Gærtn; Adenosma cœrulea
to Adenosma cærulea; guage to gauge; Labillardiére to Labillardière;
memoire(s) to mémoire(s); redigé to rédigé; Oceanie to Océanie.
The map (frontispiece) is not explicitly referred to in the text; where
the author refers to contemporary (Admiralty or English) charts, a
hyperlink to the frontispiece is provided, on the assumption that this
map gives a realistic impression of the knowledge of the Solomon Islands
at the time the work was published. Not all of the names the author
mentions are to be found on this map.
Other changes:
Page vii: calcareons changed to calcareous; Geologie changed to Géologie
Page ix: Bougain- changed to Bougainville
Page 19: thus dampened changed to this dampened
Page 73: agenerally changed to generally
Page 101, footnote [85]: page 185 changed to page 186
Page 104: Curzon Howe changed to Curzon-Howe
Page 113: extremely changed to extremity
Page 115, first table: ditto marks added to last column
Page 136: Pteropidae changed to Pteropidæ as elsewhere
Page 138: an instrument three prongs changed to an instrument of three
prongs
Page 141: ... sang with as true ... changed to ... sung with as true ...
Page 153: (p. 155) changed to (p. 74) (page 155 shows a fishing net)
Page 168: labour-scooner changed to labour-schooner
Page 187: Bataviasch changed to Bataviaasch; Hara-hagh changed to
Haragh-hagh as elsewhere
Page 201: rodoleros changed to rodeleros
Page 202: 7° 50″ changed to 7° 50′
Page 216: Megapodidæ changed to Megapodiidæ
Page 224: nãmes changed to ñames as elsewhere
Page 234: Contrariété changed to Contrarieté as elsewhere
Page 235: òu changed to où; Découvertes des François ou 1768 and 1769
changed to Découvertes des François en 1768 et 1769
Page 247: goe changed to go
Page 261: augmentee changed to augmentée
Page 262: Isles de la Déliverance changed to Iles de la Délivrance
Page 265: Decouvertes changed to Découvertes
Page 273: p. 202 changed to p. 205; p. 205 changed to p. 202
Page 274, Note V.: V. missing from original, added; óu changed to où
Page 278: à peu prés changed to à peu près
Page 292: Gomphranda changed to Gomphandra
Page 298: tubo corollœ changed to tubo corollæ
Page 300: Euphorbia Atota changed to Euphorbia Atoto; Litsæa changed to
Litsea
Page 303: Drymophlorus changed to Drymophloeus
Page 305: Cycas circinails changed to Cycas circinalis; Commelyne
nudiflora changed to Commelyna nudiflora; Erianthemum variabile changed
to Eranthemum variabile (Erianthemum is a mistletoe, which seems
improbable given the description)
Page 319: Dr. Seeman changed to Dr. Seemann as elsewhere
Page 327: fur changed to für
Page 337: Helix (nanina) solidiuscida changed to Helix (nanina)
solidiuscula
Page 347: collumellar changed to columellar
Page 349: Tapparone Canfri changed to Tapparone Canefri
Page 363: not less 2/100 changed to not less than 2/100.
Index entries changed to conform to the text:
Melaniaguppyi changed to Melania guppyi; Erianthemum variabile to
Eranthemum variabile; Maté to Mate; Mulé to Mule; Pitt Rivers to
Pitt-Rivers; Vella-la vella to Vella-la-Vella.