We possess no MSS. of the Hebrew Bible older than the first half of the

ninth century. The reason of the non-existence of any very ancient MSS.

is probably owing to the fact of the Jews being in the habit of burying

old and worn-out copies of the Scriptures lest the worn material, the

valuable parchment or papyrus, should be employed for any secular

purpose. The text we now possess is, however, certainly that which was

current in the seventh and eighth centuries of the Christian era, and

there is little doubt that it accurately represents a much older text.

The Massoretic notes, something of the general purport of which is

described above, are written above and below the three columns into

which usually each page of the MS. of the Scriptures is divided. These

notes are termed the “Massorah Magna”; while on the margin and between

the columns are more Massoretic notes. These are termed the “Massorah

Parva.”

The composition of these notes, which included every phenomenon of

the text, as well as a vast number of interesting statistical facts

bearing on the text, went on for well-nigh a thousand years, and

eventually they amounted to an enormous bulk of material. It became

in time absolutely impossible to write down anything approaching to

the whole of the Massorah in any single MS. Hence, whenever a new copy

of the Scriptures was ordered by an individual or a community, the

Massoretic scribes were in the habit of transcribing only so much of

the Massorah as they deemed of especial importance and interest, or as

much of the Massorah as they considered a fair equivalent for the price

paid for the MS. Thus it has come about that there is no single MS. of

the Old Testament which contains the whole or anything approximating

to the whole Massorah. The present scholarly editor of the Massorah

(Dr. Ginsberg) has some seventy-two ancient MSS. of the Old Testament

collected in the British Museum, from which he is gathering the

different Massoretic notes for the monumental work on which he is

engaged.

The mass of material put together by successive generations of scribes

is so enormous that much of it has been even gathered into separate

treatises; it having been found in old time simply impossible to find

space for it in any codex, although all manner of abbreviations and

signs to compress the notes into a smaller compass have been devised by

the ancient scribes.

* * * * *

Such was the Massorah, that marvellous and unique apparatus devised by

the Rabbis for the preservation of the ancient text of the Scriptures.

A brief sketch showing the estimation in which these Scriptures, or

at all events the Law proper, the Pentateuch, was held by the great

Rabbinical schools, is indispensable to this little study on the Talmud.

VI

CONCLUDING MEMORANDA

THE TALMUDICAL VIEW OF THE INSPIRATION OF THE SCRIPTURE

We read in the Mishnah such statements as the following: “He who

asserts that the Torah is not from heaven has no part in the world to

come.” (Sanhedrim, x. 7.)

As time went on this view of inspiration was held with increasing

strictness. At first the commands of “the Law” were all that was

signified in such a saying as the one just quoted, but gradually the

whole Pentateuch was included in this assertion of the direct Divine

authority; in the Mishnah we read startling sayings, such as we have

already given, viz.: “He who says that Moses wrote even one word of his

own knowledge is a denier and despiser of the Word of God.” (Sanhedrim,

99.) Even the last verses of Deuteronomy which tell of the death of

Moses were affirmed to have been written by Moses himself,--having been

dictated to him by Divine revelation.

The only point in dispute was whether the whole Torah was given to

Moses by God complete at once, or handed to him by volumes. (Gittin

60_a_.)

In course of time Divine inspiration was taught as belonging to the

Prophets and the Hagiographa, to the Mishnah, the Talmud, and even to

the Haggadah.

A very singular _anticipatory_ revelation was believed to have been

made on Sinai to the prophets. In “Shemoth Rabba” we read: “What the

prophets were about to prophesy in every generation they receive from

Mount Sinai.” The revelation was apparently made to the souls of those

about to be created. And so Isaiah is represented as saying: “From the

day that the Torah was given on Mount Sinai, there I was and received

this prophecy,--and now the Lord God and His Spirit have sent me.”[167]

The Talmud conta ins a somewhat similar curious teaching as regards

“Miracles”--the course of creation was not disturbed by them, _they

were all primarily existing, as well as pre-ordained_. They were

“created” at the end of all things, in the gloaming of the sixth day.

Creation, together with these so-called exceptions, once established,

nothing could be altered in it. The laws of nature went on by their own

immutable force, however much evil might spring therefrom.

THE TALMUD--ITS STORY THROUGH THE AGES

The wonderful Jewish book--the Talmud--cannot complain of neglect or

of oblivion. Never has any writing in the whole human history been

so hated and hunted down. It has been proscribed and burnt again and

again. Before the marvellous compilation was fully completed the

Emperor Justinian, in A.D. 553, condemned it by name. Then

for more than a thousand years anathemas, edicts of the sternest

condemnation, were issued against the Jewish sacred volume which has

done so much for the Chosen People.

Emperors, kings, and Popes in all lands and in every age have warred

against it in each succeeding century. It was forbidden, cursed, often

publicly burnt.

To give an average example of the spirit with which it was universally

condemned by Christians, we would refer to a letter of Pope Honorius IV

to the Archbishop of Canterbury (A.D. 1286), in which he speaks of the

Talmud as “that damnable Book,” desiring him “to see that it is read by

no one, since all evils flow out of it.”

At last, after it had been put out about 1000 years, in the dawn of the

Reformation a great Christian scholar arose who defended it. Reuchlin,

the most eminent Hellenist and Hebraist of his time, remonstrated

against the wild and ignorant prejudice with which Christian men

regarded this wonderful compilation. Long and bitter was the

controversy, but the patient scholar, although formally condemned for

his noble advocacy of the great Jewish book, in the end triumphed, and

the Talmud this time was not burned but printed, and since Reuchlin’s

time has been allowed to live on unmolested. In our day and time it has

come to be regarded as one of the great works of the world, although

among Christian folk its contents are comparatively unknown; while

its surpassing influence in the past is acknowledged in the scholar

community, which recognizes neither land nor race.

* * * * *

It has been curiously suggested that the Talmud contains many of the

divine sayings of our Lord recorded in the Gospels. The fact really

is, that while some few of the beautiful words of Christ are without

doubt to be found in the Talmud, it is only such sayings as are common

to other great teachers and thinkers, such as Seneca and the Emperor

Marcus Antoninus. However, it is more than probable that the Child

Jesus was conversant with some of the more striking maxims of the early

Rabbis and teachers, such as Hillel and the elder Gamaliel, and that

occasionally sayings of theirs are repeated in the Gospel teaching.

But it is beyond all doubt that the general spirit of Rabbinism which

lives through the pages of the Talmud--in the Mishnah and Gemara--was

absolutely at variance with the spirit of Jesus Christ and His

disciples.

To take two notable examples--the position of women and the exclusive

position of Israel. The Gospel teaching is completely different on

the position of women from what we find in the authoritative teaching

of the Talmud treatises. With our Lord the woman was the equal in all

respects of the man, in this world and in the world to come.[168] The

striking inferiority of women in Israel is brought forward again and

again in the sayings of the great Rabbis. We would quote a very few of

their authoritative Talmudical teachings here:--

R. Meir--second century (Mishnah): “A man is bound to repeat three

benedictions every day.” One of these was, “Blessed art Thou, Lord our

God, who hast not made me a woman.”

And again: “Are not slaves and women in the same category? The slave is

more degraded.”

“Blessed is the man whose children are sons, but luckless is he whose

children are daughters.” (Baba-Bathra.)

“The testimony of one hundred women is only equal to the evidence of

one man.” (Yevamoth.)

The stern exclusiveness of Israel is pressed constantly in the Talmud.

This is diametrically opposed to the New Testament teaching so

conclusively formulated by S. Peter (Acts x. 34, 35): “Of a truth I

perceive that God is no respecter of persons, but in every nation he

that feareth Him and worketh righteousness is accepted with Him.”

While in the Talmud we read--

“Almsgiving exalteth a nation [that is, Israel], ... but benevolence

is a sin to nations,”--that is to say, for the Gentiles to exercise

charity and benevolence is sin. (Compare Baba-Bathra, fol. 10, col. 2.)

And again: “All Israelites have a portion in the world to come.”

(Sanhedrim, fol. 90, col. 1.) “The world was created only for Israel;

none are called the children of God but Israel, none are beloved before

God but Israel.” (Gèrim.)

“Three things did Moses ask of God”:--1. “He asked that the Shekinah

(the glory of God) might rest upon Israel.” 2. “That the Shekinah might

rest upon none but Israel.” 3. “That God’s ways might be made known

unto him: and all these requests were granted.” (Cf. Berachotk, fol. 7,

col. 1.)

Such teachings as these from the Talmud might be multiplied

indefinitely.

THE AUTHORITY AND INFLUENCE OF THE TALMUD ON JUDAISM

The influence of the Talmud on Judaism has been measureless.

In the second, third, fourth, fifth, and part of the sixth centuries

which followed the destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple, the

Rabbinic schools of Palestine and Babylonia, where “the great book” was

thought out and compiled, became for the scattered people new centres,

where the old sacred learning was not only carried on, but made to

shine with a yet greater splendour--a splendour never possessed in any

of the ages of its long story.

And when the Book (the Talmud) was finally completed in the sixth

century it was recognized throughout the scattered Jewish people as

having put new life and new meaning into the sacred writings, which to

a certain extent, especially in the case of the Ritual Law, naturally,

after the fall of the Temple and the Holy City, had lost much of their

power and special application.

Then, as time went on, “the Book” became the strongest bond of union

between the exiles of the West and East; between the Jews of Rome and

Constantinople, of Alexandria and the distant East. And later, when the

old Empire of Rome was dissolved and the Teutonic tribes had become

masters of the Western world, the Talmud was still the bond of union

between all the Jews of “the Dispersion” through the Middle Ages.

Thus the Talmud has for centuries been the link which has welded into

one great people all the scattered Jewish race. For every professing

Jew has felt that the great compilation embodied all the ancient

cherished traditions of the people, and was persuaded that the Talmud

in some respects was equal to the Bible, especially as a source of

instruction and decision in the problems of religion.

It has preserved and fostered for some fifteen hundred years in the

“Dispersion” that spirit of deep religion and strict morality which

has kept the Jewish people separate and intact; and be it remembered

under the most unfavourable external conditions, for, with certain rare

exceptions, since the days of the Emperor Constantine and the victory

of Christianity the Jew has been generally hated, despised, persecuted,

an exile and a wanderer over the face of the earth.

In the Jewish race the study of the Talmud has awakened and stimulated

intellectual activity in an extraordinary degree. Its study has given

to the world of letters a vast number of scholars, men of the loftiest

character, belonging to the first rank of philosophers and writers,

whose works, limited though they mostly are by the Rabbinic area of

thought and speculation, have been of high service to civilization.

Among these great ones issuing from the Jews of no one land, and

who form a numerous band, it is difficult in this brief study to

particularize even the most distinguished, but the following names will

at once occur to any competent scholar as prominent examples of famous

men of the Rabbinic school, whose works have shed real light on the

so-called dark mediæval period:--

Raschi A.D. _circa_ 1040-1105

Maimonides " " 1135-1204

D. Kimchi " " 1158-1235

The names, however, of distinguished scholars and writers of the

Rabbinic school who have arisen during the last fifteen centuries in

different lands might be multiplied almost indefinitely.

And this people is with us still, more influential, probably more

numerous, than at any period of its immemorial history. The numbers at

the present day are variously computed as amounting to from seven to

eleven millions.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE TALMUD ON CHRISTIANITY

But not only among the Jewish peoples of the “Dispersion” has this

strange and wonderful book exercised a surpassing influence, but even

among the Christian nations of the world has its spirit percolated,

and in a remarkable way has influenced and coloured certain important

phases of religious thought and belief.

Among Christian peoples the Talmud is virtually unknown; to well-nigh

every individual in the Christian nations it is but the shadow of a

name, to the great majority scarcely even that; and yet the profound,

the awful reverence for the Old Testament Scriptures which lives among

all Christian folk, a reverence that often shades into a passionate

love, though they guess it not, springs largely out of the teachings of

that great Rabbinic book the _Talmud_, the very name of which so many

have scarcely heard.

For the Mishnah and Gemara which make up the Talmud, the thousand

treatises which have been written by learned Rabbis at different

periods during the last sixteen hundred years of the Jewish Dispersion,

are simply all comments upon, explanations and developments of

traditions and history bearing upon the Old Testament Scriptures,

the one precious heritage of the Jew handed down from generation to

generation of the Chosen People from time immemorial.

This story of the changeless love of the Hebrew race for their ancient

writings and records, which the Jew is never weary of reiterating, came

to him direct from God Almighty, and has found an echo in unnumbered

Christian hearts, and so it has come to pass that the Old Testament

Scriptures--the Torah (the Law) of Moses, the Prophets, and the other

sacred books--are received to this day with a deep reverential love as

the expression of the will of the Eternal of Hosts, alike in Christian

Churches as in the Jewish Synagogues.[169]

VII

(_A_) AN APPENDIX ON THE “HAGGADAH”

Before closing this little sketch of the Talmud and of the very early

Rabbinical writings, it will be well to give a somewhat more detailed

explanation of one of its more important features, which we have

already somewhat lightly touched upon--the “Haggadah.”

It is not too much to say that the widespread, the lasting popularity

of the mighty book--the Talmud--is largely owing to this special kind

of exposition, which includes the Historical, the Legendary, the

Homiletical, and the Comforting. It is absolutely peculiar to the

Talmud; there is nothing resembling it in the official or acknowledged

writings belonging to any other religious system.

In the Exile and in the lengthened period which directly followed

the Exile, _i.e._ in the five centuries which intervened between the

“Return from the Exile” and the Christian era, the Chosen People had

learned, as we have noticed, to love their Scriptures with a great

love, a love that may be termed a passion. It was then that the sacred

books became, and for long centuries remained, the centre of their

lives. The study of these books, the study which included research,

investigation, exposition, application to every event in their lives,

to every possible contingency which might happen to them, is known as

_Midrash_.

Legendary history which clustered round the events related in the

sacred books, details not chronicled in the text of the books, but

carefully treasured up, preserved and handed down, circumstances

more or less interesting and important connected with the lives of

the principal Biblical personages, were gradually gathered together,

were carefully sifted out and discussed by the scribes and doctors

of the law, and if finally received as authentic by the great Jewish

teachers, were written down[170] and handed on from generation to

generation.

This work and study especially connected with the non-legal portions of

the Scriptures known as “Haggadah,” certainly received a mighty impulse

in the times of the Scribes before the Christian era, and reached its

highest development in the famous Academies of Palestine and Babylonia

which arose after the events of A.D. 70. We may roughly compute this

great period of the development of the “Haggadah” as reaching from A.D.

72-100 to A.D. 500 or 550. The _creative_ Haggadic activity may be said

to have ceased after this last date.

Although “Haggadic” notices or comments appear not unfrequently in

the exclusively legal section of the Pentateuch, they belong more

especially to those Scriptures which treat of history, narrative,

and teaching--including, of course, the prophetic writings. In the

first instance the “Haggadic” Midrash confined itself to the simple

exposition of the Scripture text, but it very soon developed into

comments of a very varied nature, not unfrequently into homilies

inculcating religious truths and moral maxims, into disquisitions on

the past and future glories of Israel; roughly speaking, the “Haggadah”

on a passage or section of the canonical Scriptures endeavoured, by

penetrating beneath the mere literal sense, to arrive at the spirit of

the Scripture in question. In the Talmud (Sanhedrim Treatise) it has

been well compared to a hammer which awakens the slumbering sparks of a

rock.

Legendary additions, of course, form an important part of the Haggadah,

but these ancient traditions or legends by no means, as some suppose,

constitute the bulk of this vast and wonderful commentary on the

canonical or acknowledged Scriptures.

Among the sources where we find this curious Biblical literature which

has been a very important link in the Talmud chain which has been the

great bond of union of the scattered Jewish race for so many centuries,

of course primarily must be reckoned the Mishnah and the two Gemaras,

the Palestinian and the Babylonian, which constitute the Talmud.

Here are found many of those “Haggadic” comments which naturally are

regarded with the deepest reverence, as they have received the seal of

approval of the doctors of the great Academies of Sura, Pumbaditha, and

Tiberias, who flourished in the early centuries of the Christian era.

But there are “Haggadic” notices of great antiquity and in still

larger numbers preserved in writings which form the non-canonical

Mishnah, works subsidiary and auxiliary to the Mishnah proper, some

of which even date from the second and third century or even earlier,

and have ever possessed among the learned Jews a very high authority.

For example, in the Targums (Targumim) are very many pieces of an

“Haggadic” nature, not a few evidently of a remote antiquity and of the

highest interest.

It is, of course, impossible in the limits of such a brief sketch

of so vast a subject to give any adequate illustration of this

vast collection of Haggadah; we will simply quote two or three

examples taken from the Palestine Targum on the Torah on the Book of

Deuteronomy, where the original text is expanded by words of tradition

or legend, by homiletics, by words of teaching, of comfort and

encouragement.

* * * * *

From the Palestine Targum on the Torah (Deuteronomy chap, xxxiii.).

“And he (Moses) said: The Lord was revealed at Sinai to give the law

unto His people of Beth Israel, and the splendour of the glory of His

Shekinah arose from Gebal to give itself to the sons of Esau; but

they received it not. It shined forth in majesty and glory from Mount

Pharan, to give itself to the sons of Ishmael; but they received it

not. It returned and revealed itself in holiness unto His people of

Israel, and with Him ten thousand times ten thousand holy angels.

He wrote with His own right hand, and gave them His law and His

commandments, out of the flaming fire.”

* * * * *

“And he saw at the beginning that a place had been prepared there for

a sepulchre, a place strewn with precious stones and pearls, where

Mosheh the prophet, the scribe of Israel, was to be hidden, (who) as

he went in and out at the head of the people in this world, so will he

go in and out in the world to come; because he wrought righteousness

before the Lord, and taught the orders of the judgments to the sons of

Israel.”

* * * * *

“There is no God like the God of Israel, whose Shekinah and Chariot

dwell in the heavens. He will be your helper. He sitteth on His

glorious throne in His majesty, in the expanse of the heavens above.

The habitation of Eloha is from eternity; by the arm of His power

beneath the world is upborne. He will scatter your adversaries before

you, and will say by His Word, Destroy them. And Israel shall dwell

safely as of old according to the benediction with which Jakob their

father did bless them, for whose righteousness’ sake He will cause

them to inherit the good land that yieldeth corn and wine; the heavens

also above them will drop with the dews of blessing and the rains of

loving-kindness. Happy are you, O Israel: who of all the nations are

like you, a people saved in the Name of the Word of the Lord? He is the

shield of your help, and His sword, the strength of your excellency.”

* * * * *

From Deuteronomy chap. xxxiv. “Blessed be the Name of the Lord of the

world, who hath taught us His righteous way. He hath taught us to

clothe the naked, as He clothed Adam and Hava (Eve); He hath taught us

to unite the bridegroom and the bride in marriage, as He united Hava

(Eve) to Adam. He hath taught us to visit the sick, as He revealed

Himself to Abraham when he was ill from being circumcised; He hath

taught us to console the mourners, as He revealed Himself again to

Jakob when returning from Padan in the place where his mother had

died. He hath taught us to feed the poor, as He sent Israel bread from

heaven; He hath taught us to bury the dead by (what He did for) Mosheh;

for He revealed Himself in His Word, and with Him the companies of

ministering angels: Michael and Gabriel spread forth the golden bed,

fastened with chrysolites, gems, and beryls, adorned with hangings

of purple silk, and satin, and white linens. Metatron, Jophiel, and

Uriel, and Jephephya, the wise sages, laid him upon it, and by His Word

conducted him four miles, and buried him in the valley opposite Beth

Peor;--that Israel, as oft as they look up to Peor, may have the memory

of their sin; and at the sight of the burying-place of Mosheh may be

humbled; but no man knoweth his sepulchre unto this day.”

[Illustration: He, watch-ing o-ver Is-ra-el, slum-bers not, nor

sleeps.

(_From Mendelssohn’s Oratorio_, “Elijah.”)]

VIII

(_B_) ON THE “HALACHAH” AND “HAGGADAH”

We would add a few words further explanatory of the Halachah. The

Halachic Midrash (or exegesis and development of the passages of the

Law) dealt with the exact purport of the various Divine commands

contained in the Torah, or Law of Moses. It explained in detail how

these precepts were to be carried out in common life. It professed to

be nothing more than an exposition of the original Law; but in reality

it contained vast additions to what was written in the Books of Moses,

and claimed to possess an equal authority with the original charges

contained in the Pentateuch.

Roughly, these so-called Halachic developments were divided into three

classes or categories--

1. Halachah or commands traced back to Moses.

2. A great mass of Halachah--containing _traditional_ ordinances

professedly based on the original Mosaic commands, but in

reality connected with the Mosaic ordinances by the very

slightest of ties.

3. A number of enactments really only emanating from the schools

of the Scribes, but which were taught to be equally binding with

the original Pentateuch ordinances. These Halachah largely dated

from the years which preceded the Christian era; they were,

in the last half of the first century and during the second

century, codified and arranged in the Mishnah.

The general purport of the Halachic Midrash, which contains the rule

of Israelitic life and which so long occupied the Scribes and their

schools, was very largely connected in the first place with the

elaborate network of sacrifice, and the usages which followed and

preceded the many and complicated various offerings. The Halachah

might fairly be called The Law and Rule of Jewish Ritual. Its

subject-matter has been well and tersely summed up as follows: The

Halachic Midrash sought to establish, by laws which were absolutely

binding on every true Jew, the manner in which God desires to be

honoured; what sacrifices are to be offered to Him, what feasts and

fasts are to be kept in His honour, and generally what religious

rites are to be observed by the people. Other questions are, however,

discussed and resolved in the Halachah, but these other points fill

after all a comparatively small space in the great legal commentary

or ritual which occupies so important a place in the vast Talmud

compilation.

HAGGADAH

The writer of the foregoing “study” feels that a sadly incomplete

picture of the “Haggadah,” the popular division of the Talmud, has been

painted. A few more remarks on this singular and important portion of

the Talmud are given by way of further elucidation of this strange form

of exegesis (Midrash) of the Holy Scriptures.

We have already stated that broadly the “Halachic” Midrash or exegesis

belongs especially to the Books of the Pentateuch, and the “Haggadic”

Midrash rather to the other Books of the Old Testament writings.

But even in the Pentateuch, _narrative and history_ occupy a wide

space, and in the Pentateuch Midrash we find too a mass of Haggadic

commentary on the narrative and historic portions of the five Books of

Moses.

Here the “Book of Jubilees” (century 1) may be quoted as a striking

instance of early Haggadic Midrash or exegesis of Scripture. It

reproduces the Book of Genesis, and curiously amplifies and largely

supplements the original text.

Dwelling on the history of Creation, the Haggadic scribe tells us

how “in the twilight on the evening before the first Sabbath, ten

things were created--(1) The chasm in the earth, in which Korah and

his company were swallowed up. (2) The opening of Miriam’s well. (3)

The mouth of Balaam’s ass. (4) The Rainbow. (5) The Manna of the

Wilderness. (6) The famous Shamir, the worm which splits stones,

traditionally used in the making of the Tabernacle and its furniture.

(7) The Rod of Moses. (8) Alphabetic writing. (9) The writing of the

Tables of the Law. (10) The stone tables on which the Ten Commandments

were written.”

The devout student of the Old Testament will read with deep interest

the above-quoted reference to the purely Haggadic passage taken from

the “Book of Jubilees,” in which an allusion is made to the ass who

reproved Balaam.

This is one of the recitals in the Old Testament Scriptures which has

ever, for various reasons, been a difficulty, when regarded as a piece

of actual history. Its appearance in the “Book of Jubilees” among other

evidently Haggadic or purely legendary amplifications of the original

text, suggests that even in the Pentateuch the inspired compiler has

occasionally introduced in his narrative details which in the opinion

of the very early Scribes belonged evidently to the realm of Haggadah

or legend.

In the Haggadah of the Pentateuch a vast cycle of legends accompanies

the original Genesis account of famous heroes of Israelitic history,

such as Adam, Enoch, Abraham, Moses, and Aaron.

A good specimen of Haggadic legendary amplification is given above

in the extract from the Jerusalem Targum on Deut. xxxiv., where the

death of Moses and the circumstances attending his burial are related.

Again, one of the canonical writings of the Old Testament, the Book of

Chronicles, is a fair example of the less fanciful Haggadic historical

Midrash. Here the compiler of the book in question adds to the original

record of the Jewish kings a number of details not found in the Books

of Kings and in the older histories of Israel.

The Haggadah specially enlarges at great length, and with much detail,

the passages which even remotely refer to the future, to the angels,

and to the heavenly world; it amplifies all the mystic sections which

deal with the glory of the Eternal, such as the “chariot” of Ezekiel,

that wonderful introductory vision of his great prophecy.

Even in the New Testament Epistles and in the “Acts,” Haggadic

influence is noticeable in several well-known passages; for instance,

in S. Paul’s 2nd Epistle to Timothy iii. 8, the names of the Egyptian

magicians Jannes and Jambres, which do not appear in the Genesis

history, are given. A still more remarkable example of Haggadic

influence is the singular legendary account of the Rock in 1 Cor. x. 4,

where the rock from which, at Moses’ bidding, the water gushed forth

is represented as positively accompanying the Israelites during their

desert wanderings. Again, in Acts vii. 53, Gal. iii. 19, Heb. ii.

2, the Law is represented, not as given to Moses by God Himself, as

related in the Pentateuch, but as reaching him through the medium of

angels.

IX

WOMEN’S DISABILITIES

Among the disabilities of the women[171] of Israel nothing is more

remarkable than the position they occupied in the public services of

the congregation. The Inner Court of the Temple, within which the whole

of the official worship was celebrated, was divided by a wall into two

divisions--a Western and an Eastern. The latter (the Eastern)--the more

remote from the Temple proper--was called “the Court of the Women,” not

however because none but women were admitted to it, but because women

as well as men were allowed to enter it.

The _Western_ division was reserved exclusively for men; in this

division stood the Temple proper, including the Holy Place and the Holy

of Holies.

In front of the Temple, to the West, stood the great altar of

burnt-offering, at which, except in the matter of incense-burning,

every act of sacrifice had to be performed. In this Western division of

the Inner Court the victims were slaughtered. The Temple itself with

the great altar of burnt-offering was again surrounded by an enclosure,

within which as a rule none but priests might enter. This enclosure was

sometimes called the Court of the Priests.

The men of Israel, however, being admitted into the Western division of

the Inner Court, were spectators of and so assisted at the sacrifices

offered on the great altar, from which they were only separated by the

enclosure--into which, however, in certain circumstances, they were

admitted.

But the women were never allowed to enter the Western division of the

Inner Court--never might pass the wall of separation--never as it were

assist at the sacrifices and the solemn ritual of the great altar which

stood at the Western entrance of the Temple.

INDEX

“Aboth,” treatise, 358 _n._ 1

Acilii Glabriones family, Crypt of, 265, 267, 268-9, 270-1;

was Pudens a member of?, 270

Acilius Glabrio, Consul, martyrdom of, 41-2, 230-1, 269

_Acta Sincera_, of Ruinart, on Martyrdom of Theban legion, 148

_n._ 1

_Acts of the Apostles_, Haggadic influence seen in, 379;

model of, 72;

on Christian assemblies, 107;

on S. Paul’s prison life at Rome, 22;

on status of women, 367 _n._ 1

_Acts of S. Cecilia_, in the light of catacomb discoveries, 289

_et seq._

_Acts of S. Hermes_, 274

_Acts of Martyrdom_, or _Acts and Passions of the Martyrs_,

archæological and literary corroboration of, 81, 82, 94

& _n._ 1

Critical estimates of, 81 & _nn._, 82, 258

Few in early days, 33, 35, 48, 53

Pagan contempt shewn in, 158

Value of, in exploring Catacombs, 226

on Numbers of Christians, 104

on Persecutions, 163

_Acts of the Martyred Slaves_, 136

_Acts of the Passion of S. Felicitas_, 299;

authenticity of, 300, 304

_Acts of Pastor and Timotheus_, tradition in, on Pudens and his

family, 263-5

_Acts of S. Valentinus_, 276

Ælia Capitolina, site of, 77;

insults at, to Christians, 78;

results of building, 332, 335-6 _et seq._

Ælius Verus, adopted by Hadrian, 83

Æneas, piety of, 87

Æneid, teaching of, 88

Africa (_see_ Carthage, _see also_ Egypt), Christian congregations

in, mid-second century, 36

Agaunum (S. Maurice), Martyrdom legend concerning, 148 _n._ 1

Agrippa, builder of Pantheon portico, 280

Akiba, Rabbi, eminence of, and of his pupils, 337, 354-6

Fate of, 355 _& n._ 1

Supporter of Bar-cochab, 78, 336-7

on Massorah, 362 _n._ 1

Alcuin, 278

Aldus Manutius, supporting Pliny’s letter, 46

Alemanni, death of, 283

Alexander, son of S. Felicitas, tomb of, 259

Alexandria, Jewish revolts in, 330, 334-5, 346;

literary support from, of Petrine tradition, 10, 13;

plague of, 155 _n._ 2

Alexandrian-Jewish influences in Revelation of S. John, 72

Allard, --, on Acilius Glabrio, 269;

on Archæology as rehabilitating legend, 289;

on Jewish fecundity, first century, in Rome, 5 _n._ 1;

on the Jews in the Augustan age, 4;

on Nero’s persecution and popular disgust, 42 _n._ 2;

on the Martyrdom of the Theban legion, 148 _n._ 1;

on Pliny’s letter, 46;

on S. Peter’s arrival in Rome, 19 _n._ 1;

on Trajan’s personality, 48

Translation by, of the Epitaph of Pope Damasus, 215 _n._ 1

Almsgiving, in the early Church, 113, 119-22, 123, 130 _et seq._,

138, 139

America, Civil War of, cause of, 135 _n._ 1

Amoraim, the, 345, 358 _n._ 1, 359

Amphitheatre games, horrors of, 50;

Martyrdoms in, 110, 172, 175-6;

training of Christians for, 198

Ampliatus, Chapel or Crypt of, Domitilla Cemetery, 240

Tomb of, identification of, 241-2

Anacletus, Pope, cemetery of, 287;

discoveries in, seventeenth century, 280 _et seq._

Memoriæ erected by, over tombs of SS. Peter and Paul, 233, 237,

281 _et seq._

Ananias and Sapphira, gift of, voluntary, 120 _n._ 1

Anchor, as Christian Emblem, 310

Angels, Haggadic references to, 378, 379

Animals, wild, in amphitheatre games, exposure to, of Christians,

&c., 175-6, 178, 183, 185, 187, 191, 203, 204, 269

Anniversaries of Martyrs, first celebrated, 35

Antioch (_see also_ Ignatius), literary support from, of Petrine

tradition, 9, 13

Antipas, martyr, 169

Antonines, the (_see also_ Antoninus Pius _and_ Marcus Aurelius),

reigns of, 63;

characteristics of, 84 _et seq._;

table of succession of, 83

_Antonins, Les_, by De Champagny, on Hadrian’s character, 77 _n._ 1;

on the number of Jews slain in the last wars, 338 & _n._ 2

Antoninus Pius, 186, 277;

adopted by, and successor to, Hadrian, 83;

family and character of, 83, 84, 85

Attitude of, to Christians, 158;

ignorance of their faith, 77

Coinage of, 87, 90

Persecutions by, and reasons for, 33, 80, 81, 84, 91-3, 95, 137,

163 _n._ 2, 194, 207

Relations of, with Hadrian, 83, 85

_Apocalypse_ of S. John, 72;

place of, in early Christian thought, 156-7;

references in, to Persecution, 37, 157, 165, 167-70

_Apologies, The_, of Justin Martyr, 128, 184

on Assemblies, 108, 113-4

on Persecution, 185-6

_Apology_ of Aristides, on Burial of the dead by Christians, 132,

133;

on Christian charity, 124 & _n._ 1, 126, 130, 138;

on Christians as civil judges, 148;

on Hospitality, 128;

on Slavery, 135

_Apology_, or _Embassy_, of Athenagoras, on Persecution, 188-9

_Apology_ of Tertullian, and the _Octavius_ of Minucius Felix, 186

Apostasy, encouraged by Roman rulers, 195, 197;

Hermas on, 181;

results of, 197, 203;

some causes, 201

_Apostolical Constitutions, The_, on Almsgiving, 122;

on Hospitality, 128

Apostolic Fathers, writings of, cast in Letter form, 73

_Apostolic Fathers_, by Lightfoot, _cited_ on Pliny’s Letters,

46 _n._ 1;

on S. Hippolytus, 251

Apostolic remains, authors and form of, 73;

characteristics and special value of, _ib._, meant for

publication, 74 _& n._ 1

Apronienus, catacomb of, 248

Aquila and Priscilla, associations of, with S. Paul, and with

Pudens, 265-6;

burial-place of, 262, 266;

church founded by, 262

Arch of Titus, witness of, 333 _& n._ 1

Archæological Relics of S. Peter, Chair, and place of baptism, 12

Archæology, witness of, to literature and tradition (_see also_

Catacombs), 17, 19 _n._ 1, 81, 82, 108, 147, 152 _n._ 1,

209 _et seq._, 289, 295, 298, 304

to Pagan and Christian views on Death, 154-5

to Social Status of many early Christians, 111-2

Arenaria, in Jordani catacomb, 260

Aristides, _see Apology_ of, _supra_

Aristotle, works of, 146

Arles, Church of S. Hippolytus at, 255

Armellini, Prof., on Inscription concerning S. Agnes, 256-7;

Ubaldi’s memoranda published by, 281;

work of, in Catacomb exploration, 239

Army, Christians in, 148 _& n._ 1

Arnold, Matthew, on the Good Shepherd with the Kid, 320

Arsacius, Letter to, from Emperor Julian, on Christian

characteristics, 123 _n._ 1, 128, 131

Arval Brotherhood, College of, 236;

M. Aurelius a member, 95 _n._ 1

Asia, Christian congregations in, mid-second century, 36

Asia Minor (_see also_ Antioch, &c.), 71

Christianity in (_see also_ Pliny’s Letter), founder, and

effects on Paganism, and spread of, 51, 107

S. John’s prominence in, 9

Assemblies, Christian, composition of, 110-12, 113, 114, 240, 242

Importance of, 101;

evidenced in literary references, 107-9

Joy in, 155

Places where held (_see also_ Catacombs), 139

Proceedings at, various writers _cited_, 113 _et seq._

References to, in N.T. and later writers, Christian and Pagan,

107 _et seq._

Sunday, 108;

observance of, Justin Martyr on, 113-4

Teaching, doctrines and ritual at, 101, 113 _et seq._, 124, 126,

128-30, 131-3, 138, 139

Astolphus, 293

Athenagoras, 319 _n._ 1;

on Persecutions, 188-9

Attire, Rigourist teaching on, 153-4

Aubé, on the Acts of S. Felicitas, 300;

on Domitian’s persecution, 42 _n._ 2;

on Trajan’s Rescript, 49

Augustus Cæsar, 91, 280;

attitude of, to Imperial cultus, 42;

favour shown by, to the Jews, 3;

and the source of Rome’s greatness, 88, 89

Ausonius, poems of, 64

Autolycus, letters or books to, from Theophilus of Antioch, 108-9,

189

Auvergne, 66

Aventine Hill, church on, 262;

house, &c., of Pudens on, 12, 15

Avitus, made Emperor, 65

Baba-Bathra treatise, in the Talmud, 343 _n._ 1

Babylon, mystic name for Rome, 8, 10, 14

Babylonia (_see also_ Exile), Jews in, 346

Rabbinic Schools of, 326, 362-3, 368, 373

Chief, 358 _n._ 1

Mode of teaching in, 357, 358-60

Work of, 344, 345, 346, 372

Babylonian Gemara, the, 356 _& n._ 4

Talmud, the, 345,

Haggadic notices in, 358 _n._ 1

Baiæ, death at, of Hadrian, 83

Balaam and his ass, Haggadah on, 377, 378

Balbina, tomb of, 247

Baptisteries (_see also_ Wells) in Catacombs of Pontianus, and

S. Priscilla, 236

Baptistery of S. Peter, site of, identified by Marucchi, 12, 257,

267, 271-3

Barberini (Pope Urban VIII), epigram on, 280

Bar-cochab, false Messiah, cause of last war of the Jews, 336-7;

his Rabbinical supporters, 78, 336-7, 354, 355

Barnabas, Epistle of, _see_ Epistles

Barnes, --, _cited_ on Neronic burning of Christians, 285-6;

on S. Peter’s tomb, 281 _& n. et seq._

Baronius, Cardinal, 263;

present at finding of S. Cecilia’s body, 294 _& n._ 1, 297;

on S. Petronilla, 277

Basil of Cappadocian Cæsarea, 138

Basilicas:--

of S. Lawrence “ad Corpus,” Popes buried in, 250

Domitilla, 278

Prætextatus, 247

SS. Hermes and Basilissa, 274-5

in Cœmeterium Majus, subterranean, 258

in Rome, third century number and appointments of, 112

Ruined, crypts beneath, 228

of S. Agnes, 256-7

of S. Cecilia, 292, 293 _et seq._

of S. Felicitas, 302

of S. Hippolytus, 251, 254

of S. Laurence, 250, 254

of S. Sylvester, burials in, 266 _& n._ 1, 272

When and why erected, 272

Benson, Archbishop, on S. Cyprian, 122 & _n._ 1, 127 _n._ 1

Bernini, Baldacchino by, in S. Peter’s, discoveries on erection of,

233 _n._ 1, 280 _et seq._

Bethel, the old prophet of, 321

Bethia, Zealot headquarters, 336

“Billicum confessionis,” nature of, that of S. Peter, 237, 282

Bishops and Popes of Rome (_see under_ Names), claim to be

successors of S. Peter, undisputed, 16

Catalogues of, on date of Linus’s accession, 14;

to Eleutherius, 15

Early, buried around S. Peter, _see_ Papal Crypt

Bithynia and Pontus, 57, 58, 62

Christians in (_see also_ Pliny’s letter), 27, 32, 35 _n._ 1,

45 _et seq._, 50, 71, 75, 77, 103 _& n._ 2, 110, 177

Bliss, instant, after Death, Christian hope of, 156

“Book of Jubilees,” subject-matter of, 377, 378

Borghesi, Cardinal, 300;

re-interment by, of S. Sebastian, 244

Bosio, --, pioneer of Catacomb exploration, 223-4;

present at discovery of S. Cecilia’s body, 294 _& n._ 1, 297

Bourges, mention at, of S. Petronilla as S. Peter’s daughter, 278

Brescia, relics of S. Hippolytus at, 255

Brotherhood character of early Christianity, 38, 122-3, 270

Builders, of Basilicas, &c., injury done by, to Catacombs, 250, 257

Burial customs, Jewish, Christian, and Pagan, 4, 5, 131-3, 264

Bury St. Edmunds, cult of S. Petronilla in, 278

Cæcilian family, the, Christians and martyrs of, burial-place of,

245, 291, 296-7 _& n._ 1

Cæcilius, pagan interlocutor in _Octavius_ of Minucius Felix, 146,

186;

arguments of, source of, 145;

contempt of, for Christians, 158;

on Christian love, 119, 129

C. Aurelius, Censor, 233

Caius, Bishop or Pope of Rome, burial-place of, identified, 231;

martyred relations of, 259 _n._ 1

Caius, Presbyter, 282;

on the Memoriæ of the Apostles in Rome, 11

Caligula, Emperor, and the Imperial cultus, 42 _n._ 1

Callistus, Bishop or Pope of Rome, and martyr, once a slave, 136

_n._ 1

Cemetery or Catacomb of, 234, 236-7, 239, 240, 242, 244-6, 251,

261

Inscription of Damasus once in, on numbers of martyrs, 215

_& n._ 1

Papal burial-place (_q.v._), 231, 245-6, 273

Callistus group of Catacombs, 212

Carthage, Church of (_see also_ S. Cyprian), aid from, to other

Churches, 131

Literary support from, of Petrine tradition, 10-11, 13

Plague at, charity of S. Cyprian and his flock during, 123

_n._ 1, 127

“Catacombas, ad,” _see_ S. Sebastian

Catacombs or Cemeteries, _see also under_ Names of Saints, _&c.,

and under_ Via, _and see_ Inscriptions, Itineraries, and

Translation

Decorations of, deductions from, 133, 147, 219, 220, 221

Exploration of--

beginning, 223 _& n._ 1

progress, 224 _et seq._

results, 219, 220-1, 224, 225, 230 _et seq._

Workers, _see_ Bosio, De Rossi, Marchi, Marucchi

Extent and content of, 133 _et seq._, 220, 233 _et seq._

Jewish burials in, 4

Literature bearing on, 209-14, 226-8

Number of, De Rossi on, 232

Origin of, in general, 38

Rediscovery of, 223 _& n._ 1, 244

Restorations of, by Pope Damasus, 152 _n._ 1

Teaching in, _passim_;

on Death, 309-11

Three oldest, 266

Tombs in, _passim_

Uses of, 133, 139, 220 _et alibi_;

for worship, 118, 253, 258

Witness of, to _Acts of Martyrs_, 81, 82

to Christ, 308, 310, 311, 316-20 _& nn._

to Early Christian history and tradition, 105, 111-2, 133, 163

_n._ 1, 209 _et seq._, 219-21

Catalogues of Roman Bishops on date of Linus’s accession, 14

Celestinus, Pope, burial-place of, 272

Cemeteries (_see also_ Catacombs), Christian names for, 155

Cerinthian heresy, 23 _n._ 1

Chair of S. Peter, long shown, 12

Charity among Jews in Rome, 4

Charlemagne, 278

Christ, Sayings of, 366

Teaching of, contrasted with Talmudic, 366-8

With a Kid, Tertullian on, 319;

M. Arnold’s verses on, 320

Witness to, of the Catacombs, 308, 310, 311, 316-20 _& nn._

_Christian Institutions_, by Dean Stanley, on the Good Shepherd,

318 _& n._ 1, 319 _n._ 1

Christian, name treated as crime, 39, 189, 191

Relatives of Emperors, 110, 112, 148, 240, 241

Religion, powerful factor in spread of, 102-3

Testimony to spread of Christianity, in the New Testament and

after, 107-9

Unity, its double bond of Doctrine and Love, 118-9

Writers, early, on Numbers of Christians, 101, 208;

words _cited_, 103-6

on Persecutions, &c., 36, 37, 81, 82, 163-5, 166-7, 177-91, 208;

words _cited_, 103-6

Christianity, _see also_ Martyrs, Persecutions, _&c._

Early, connection of, with Judaism, 325

Growth of, 37 _et seq._, 107, 150 _& n._ 1, 151

Importance to, of history of the Jews after the last Wars, 326

_et seq._

of the Talmud, 326, 327, 348, 370 _& n._ 1

Influence on, of Rabbinical studies, 326-7

Menace of, to Judaism after the Dispersion, 355

Roman view of, after Jewish War of Extermination, 78, 79, 80

Christians, _see_ Pliny’s Letter, _see also_ Idol-worship, Incense,

_and_ Persecutions

Accused of burning Rome, 27;

and burned by Nero, 28-9

Classes composing, 101, 110-12, 148, 240, 241, 291, 296-7 _& n._

1, 299, 307-8

Discriminated from Jews, 27, 30, 92, 164, 341

Expelled from Rome by Claudius, 25

Fanatics among, 97

Guerdon of the faith of, 154 _et seq._

Jewish opposition to, in Rome, 18

Life of, in early days, 33-7, 101 _et seq._, 78-81, 140 _et seq._

Numbers of, and of Martyrs (_q.v._), 28, 46 _n._ 1, 53, 215;

witnesses to, 82 _& n._ 1, 101, 103-6

Schools of teaching among, two, 101

Christology of the Catacombs, 220;

of S. Paul, 23-4

_Chronicles_, Book of, Haggadic expansion of, 378

Church calendars, Martyrs first mentioned in, 208

_Church, The, in the Empire_, _cited, see under_ Ramsay

Church of the Propaganda, S. Hyacinthus’s remains in, 275

Church of Rome (_see also_ Rome, Christians in, _&c._), early

importance of, 16, 17

Cicero, the first great letter-writer, epistolary style of, 67, 71;

fashion set by, 56-7, 58, 64;

period of, 56;

popularity of, 69

on the Jews in Rome, 3;

on Slaves, 134

Circumcision forbidden to Jews in Rome, 335

Civil service, Christians in, 144, 145, 148-9

Civil War, U.S.A., causes of, 135 _n._ 1

Claudian, poems of, 64

Claudius, Emperor, 235;

expulsion by, of Jews, from Rome, 8, 18, 25;

S. Peter at Rome during reign of, 11, 12, 14

Claudius Gothicus, Emperor, martyrs in reign of, 262, 276

Clement of Alexandria, 179;

teaching of, 138;

writings by, _see Pædagogus_;

_cited_ in support of Petrine tradition, 10, 13;

on Christians living in the world, 146;

on Christians of wealth, 111 _& n._ 1

Clement VIII, Pope, and the finding of S. Cecilia’s body, 294, 297;

and S. Peter’s tomb, 282

Clermont, Sidonius Apollinaris, bishop of, 66

Clitumnus fountain, Pliny’s description of, 60

“Clivium Cucumeris, ad,” Catacomb so called, 275

Codex Sinaiticus, _The Shepherd_ of Hermas included in, 179-80

Cœlian Hill, church on, Saints buried in, 249

“Cœmeterium Majus,” chief interest of, and other names of, 255,

257-8;

subterranean church in, 258

Cœmeterium Ostrianum, 255, 257, 271

“Cognitiones,” the, 43, 50

Cologne, relics of S. Laurence at, 255

Colosseum, the, martyrdoms in, 172

Column of the Passion, at S. Zeno’s chapel, 263

_Commentaries_ on the Gospels, &c., by Theophilus of Antioch, 189

Commodilla, catacomb of, 236, 238

Commodus, Emperor, 333 _n._ 2;

_Apology_ of Athenagoras addressed to, 188

Attitude of, to Christians, 97, 147, 164, 208

Communion of Saints, early Christian view on, 307 _et seq._

Communism and the early Church, 120 _& n._ 1, 130

Constantine the Great (_see also_ Peace of the Church), 197, 369

Basilicas built by, to

S. Agnes, 256-7

S. Paul, 237, 238

S. Peter, 233, 237-8, 273, 279-80, 282-3

Edict of Milan issued by, 150

Memoria built by, to S. Laurence, 250

Corinth, Epistles to, of S. Clement, S. Ignatius, S. Paul, and Pope

Soter, _see under_ Epistles

Literary support from, of Petrine tradition, 10, 13

SS. Peter and Paul at, 10

Cornelius, Bishop or Pope, of Rome, and martyr, tomb of, 243;

discovery of, 246

on Almsgiving by the Roman Church, 105, 120;

on the number of the Christians at Rome, 105, 106

Council, the, of Jerusalem, 8

“Couples,” the, and the oral Law, 339, 340

Crassus, Consul, 56

Creation legends in “Book of Jubilees,” 377-8

Cremation, not practised by Jews, 4

Crescentius, martyr, tomb of, 266

Cross on S. Peter’s sarcophagus, 282-3

Cruelty, Pagan and Christian, Rutilius on, 159

Crusaders, Itineraries for, 210, 227

Crypts, famous, _see_ Acilii Glabriones Lucina, Papal, Platonia,

Prætextatus, SS. Cecilia, Januarius, Priscilla, Silanus, _&c._

Age of, how determined, 267

Identification of, by De Rossi, 225, 230 _& n._ 1, 242

Local indications of presence of, 228-9

Cureton, Canon, and the Ignatian Epistles, 173 _n._ 1

Cyprus, Zealot revolt in, 334-5

Cyrene, Jews of, 346;

revolt of, 334-5

Cyrinus, martyr, tomb of, 243

Damasus, Pope, 263, 272, 301

Epistle of, honouring S. Felicitas, 259

Inscriptions of, aid of, to Catacomb explorers, 229-30;

one _cited_ on many martyrs buried together, 215 _& n._ 1

and the Martyrs at tomb of SS. Chrysanthus and Daria, 261

Work of, in the Catacombs, decoration, inscriptions, and epitaphs,

152 _n._ 1, 215 _& n._ 1, 229-30, 249, 252, 275, 291-2, 296

_n._ 1, 297, 302, 305

Daniel, the prophet, and Idol-worship, 149

Book of, _cited_ on Almsgiving, 121

David, King, 352

Dead, burying of, by Early Christians, 120, 131-3, 264

Death, Christian attitude to, 154-5, 309, 311

Pagan attitude to, 59 _n._ 1, 83, 313-4

De Boissier, --, on Pliny’s letter, 46;

on the School for Martyrdom, 198 _n._ 1

De Broglie, --, on Toleration shown by early Christian teachers,

142-3

De Champagny, --, on Hadrian’s character, 77 _n._ 1;

on number of Jews destroyed in the last wars, 338 _& n._ 2

Decius Aurelius, Emperor, persecutions under, 40, 97, 163 _n._ 2,

250, 254;

martyrs in, 236;

reason for, 194

Decoration of Catacombs, evidence from, and teaching of, 225, 267,

268, 269, 292, 301-2, 308 _et seq._;

portraits among, 296;

value of, to explorers, 229

Deissmann, Prof., on the Epistles, as written for publication, 71

Deities associated with Rome, 87, 89

De Rossi, G., Archæological work of, 209, 239, 246, 260, 261, 267

Excavations and discoveries by, 12, 42, 224, 246, 247, 254, 266

_n._ 1, 274

Results, 225, 230 _et seq._

Value to, of Itineraries, 226 _et seq._, 242, 243, 246, 247

on Acilius Glabrio, 269;

on the _Acts of S. Felicitas_, 300;

on Cœmeterium Majus as S. Peter’s Baptistery, 257;

on Common tombs of martyrs, 215 _n._ 1;

on Crypt of Lucina, 245;

on Epitaphs in the Catacombs, 310;

on the “Ostrian” Cemetery, 255, 257;

on the place of martyrdom of S. Chrysanthus, 260;

on Pudens, 265, 270;

on S. Cecilia’s burial-place, 289, 291, 292, 293 _n._ 1, 295-7,

298;

on scenes of S. Peter’s work, 12, 257, 267, 271;

on S. Petronilla, 277;

on S. Priscilla’s Catacomb, 261-2;

on the Tomb of Ampliatus, 241-2;

on the Tombs of Sons of S. Felicitas, 301-2

Despots, the malady of, 26, 82

Deuteronomy, Rabbinic claim for last verses of, 343, 364

“Devising new things,” a crime under Domitian, 269

_Dialogue with the Jew Trypho_, by Justin Martyr, 184;

on Persecution, 185-6

Diana, worship of, 195

_Didaché_, the, teachings of, 138;

on Almsgiving, 121, 123;

on Assemblies, 108;

on Hospitality, 128;

on Slaves and Masters, 135

Dill, Prof., _cited_ on Roman wish for posthumous remembrance, 59

_n._ 1

Diocletian, Emperor, 75

Baths of, 302

Christian relations of, 148

Christians at Court of, 147

Persecutions under, 97, 163 _n._ 2, 236, 244, 246, 249, 266

Martyrs in, 234, 239, 259 _n._ 1, 260, 276;

official records of Roman martyrdoms destroyed in his reign,

225

Protracted, light on, from Catacombs, 231

Reasons for, 42 _& n._ 1, 194

Severity of, reaction after, 151

Diognetus, Letter to, by unknown writer, on Persecution, 177-8;

suggested date, 178 _& n._ 1

Dion Cassius, 75, 269;

on Domitian’s executions, 41;

on the last wars of the Jews, 338 _n._ 1;

on Nerva’s treatment of Christians, 171

Dionysius, Bishop of Alexandria, on Christians at Court, 147;

on Roman generosity to other Churches, 131

Dionysius of Corinth, _cited_ on Alms to other Churches from Rome,

130-1;

in support of Petrine tradition, 10, 13

Dionysius, Pope, martyr, tomb of, 243

Docetic teaching, heresy of, 23 _n._ 1

“Domine quo vadis,” Church, and legend of, 239

Domitian, Emperor, Arch of Titus finished by, 333 _n._ 1

Christian relatives of, 110, 112;

burial-place of, 240, 241

Emperor-worship enforced by, 170

Fate of, 42 _& n._ 2, 43, 48, 171

Persecutions under, 32, 171, 172, 173, 174, 207, 255, 269;

reasons for, and severity of, 40-2, 194

Triumph of, 333

Domitilla, catacomb of, 261

Age, grandeur, and size of, 240, 266

Basilica in, 278

Builder of, 112

Discovery of, 230;

and discoveries in, 239, 240-2

Flavian tombs in, 277

S. Petronilla buried in, 279

Domitilla, two Princesses so named, martyred by Domitian, 41, 230

Doulcet,--, ref. to, 300

Dove, in Christian symbolism, 310

Drei, Benedetto, plan by, of Vatican Cemetery (ancient), 287-8

Dryden, John, poem by on S. Cecilia, 294 _n._ 1

Duchesne,--, on Christianity as equivalent to Martyrdom, 37;

on _The Shepherd_ of Hermas, 179 _& n._ 1, 181;

on S. Cecilia’s burial-places, 293 _n._ 1;

term used by, for Church of Rome, 16 _& n._ 1

Eadburg, Queen, 279

Early Christian writers and teaching on Slavery, 135, 136-7

Ebert and others on relative dates of Tertullian and Minucius

Felix, 186

Edict against Christians issued by Nero, 32, 54;

of Milan, 150

Education, difficulties concerning, of Early Christians, 141-2

_Église, L’, Chrétienne_, ref. by Renan, on Hermas’s _Shepherd_,

180

_Église, L’, et l’Empire Romain_, by De Broglie, on early Christian

toleration, 142-3

Egypt, _see_ Alexandria

Einsiedeln, Itinerary of, _cited_, 212;

date, 227

“Syllogæ” at, 230

Elders and Judges, and the Law, 339, 349

_Elements of the Faith_, by Theophilus of Antioch, 189

Eleutherius, Bishop or Pope of Rome, burial-place of, 287;

list of predecessors of, 15

Elisha, prophet, on Ceremonial idolatry, 149

Emblems used in the Catacombs, 310 _et alibi_

Emperor-worship, 42 _& n._ 1, 169, 170, 181, 194, 195

England, crusade of, against Slavery, Lecky on, 135 _n._ 1

Ephesians, Epistles to, _see_ Epistles

Ephesus, the “highway of martyrs,” 173

Epistles or Letters, anonymous, _see_ Diognetus, Hebrews, Polycarp

Apostolic, 73-4;

on Persecution, 165, 166-7

of New Testament writers, 70-2

Catholic, 71, 72

Pastoral, 72

Patristic, on Persecution, 165, 170-6

by Various writers, Christian and Pagan;

_see also_ S. Cyprian

Barnabas, 74

on Assemblies, 108;

on Christ’s atonement, 116-7

tradition on, 73

Cicero, 56-7, 58, 64, 67, 69, 71

Dionysius of Corinth to the Roman Church, 130-1

Fronto, to M. Aurelius, 63-4 _& n._ 1, 85, 86-7

Horace, 69 _n._ 1

Julian, Emperor, to Arsacius, 123 _n._ 1, 128, 131

Ovid, 69 _n._ 1

Pliny the younger (_q.v._), 57, 59-62

Polycarp, 73, 125

S. Clement of Rome,

to the Corinthians, 73

First, 37, 104 _& n._ 2, 126, 128, 165, 170-2;

teaching of, 138;

_cited_ in support of Petrine tradition, 9

Second, so called, 104 _n._ 2, 121 _& n._ 1

S. Ignatius of Antioch, 73

Authenticity of, 165, 172-3 _& n._ 1

to Corinth, 108, 172-6

to Ephesus, 173

to Magnesians, 174

to Polycarp, 108

to Rome, 9, 37, 154, 173, 174-5, 199, 204-5

to Tralles, 173

S. James, meant for publication, 71;

on Assemblies, 107;

on wealthy Christians, 110;

on “pure religion,” 126

S. John,

First, meant for publication, 71, 72

Third, on Hospitality, 129

S. Jude, meant for publication, 71, 72

S. Paul, two classes of, 70-2

to Colossians, 23-4, 70

to Corinthians, 21

First, 134-5;

Haggadic influence in, 379

Second, 71

to Ephesians, nature of, 23, 70

to Galatians, 21, 135, 379

to Philemon, 71, 134

to Philippians, 23, 70, 154

to Romans, 17, 19 _& n._ 1, 21, 24, 107, 129;

Linus mentioned in, 283

to Thessalonians, 21

to Timothy, First and Second, 72, 379

to Titus, 72, 135

on the Church at Jerusalem, and its poverty, 120 _n._ 1,

130

S. Paulinus of Nola to Sulpicius Severus, on his slave, 136-7

S. Peter, First, 71, 129;

date and place of writing, 8 _& n._ 1, 16, 18, 19, 51, 107,

135, 165, 166 _n._ 1, 167;

to whom addressed, 107

Seneca, 57, 69, 71;

to Lucilius, 29

Sidonius Apollinaris, 64, 66-7

Soter, to Corinth, 104

Theophilus of Antioch, to Autolycus, 108-9, 189

Epitaphs (_see also_ Inscriptions) in the Catacombs, Characteristics

of, Christian, 154-5, 307-9;

Pagan, 154-5, 313-4

Equality without democracy among Early Christians, 38

Eschatologic trend of the Haggadah, 378

Esquiline Hill, church on, 262

Essenes, the, 330

Europe, Christian congregations in mid-second century, 36

Eusebian catalogue of Roman Bishops, value of, in support of Petrine

tradition, 14, 15,

Armenian version of above, _ib. ib._

Eusebius, Bishop or Pope of Rome, 128, 147, 187-8;

attempted exculpation by, of Trajan, 49;

burial-place of, 243;

identified, 243

_cited_ in support of Petrine tradition, 10, 11-12, 14;

on Almsgiving, 120, 127;

on high offices filled by Christians, 149;

on the Plague, and on Christian charity, 127;

on Pliny’s correspondence with Trajan, 45;

on Theophilus of Antioch, 189

Evander, home of, 87

_Évangiles, Les_, by Renan, _cited_ on Pliny’s letter, 46 _n._ 1;

on Trajan as persecutor, 49

Evaristus, Bishop or Pope of Rome, burial-place of, 287

_Exhortatio ad Martyrum_, by Origen, 199

Exile of the Jews, in Babylonia,

Effect of, on their character, 348, 361, 371

Return from,

Rise of the Scribes on, 343, 356

Talmud, origin of, coeval with, 348

Ezra, 342, 343

Fabius, Bishop of Antioch, 105

Faith, in Early Christian Church, 39

Fame, posthumous, Roman yearning for, 59 _& n._ 1, 65

Family life, early Christian difficulties in, 140-1

Fasting, early Church, 124 _& n._ 1;

Rigourist teaching on, 153

Filocalus, Furius Dionysius, inscriptions cut by, 230;

fame of, 301

Fire of Rome, the great, 25;

attributed to Nero, 26-7, 28, 31, 285;

consequence of, to Christians and to Jews, 27-30

Martyrdom by, 28-30, 256;

unusual, 275

Fish, mystic, explained, 310, 316-7 _& n._ 1

Flaccus, 3

Flavian Emperors, the (_see also_ Domitian, Titus, _and_

Vespasian), persecutions under, and reasons for, 39-42, 163

_n._ 1, 172, 173, 174;

tombs of, 277

Flavianus, Pope, martyr, tomb of, 243

Flavius Clemens, Consul, martyred by Domitian, 41

Florus, Procurator of Judea, 330

Forgiveness of Sin, consciousness of, joy from, 155-6

Formula for reply, of possible Martyrs, 199

Fortitude under Torture, Justin Martyr on, 185;

moral effect of, Lecky on, 193-4;

Roman view, 193, 205

Forum, the, 86, 89

Freedmen, in Rome, 137

Freeman, Prof., on S. Petronilla’s altar, at Gloucester, 279

Friedländer,--, views of, on Trajan’s Rescript, 49

Fronto, 95, 145;

contempt of, for Christians, 158;

correspondence with Marcus Aurelius and his colleague, 63-4;

letters of, on Antoninus Pius, 85, 86-7

Galatians, Epistle to, _see_ Epistles

Galba, Emperor, 39, 331

Gallerius, Emperor, and the cemeteries, 237

Gallus, Cestius, siege by, of Jerusalem, 330

Gamaliel, the elder, 366

Gaul (_see also_ Lyons, Vienne, _&c._), Visigoth invasion of, 66

_Gemara_, the, 344-5 _& n._ 1, 346, 362, 370;

basis of, 358 _n._ 1, 360, 361;

exclusive spirit in, 366-8;

extravagances of, 347;

Rabbis of, 358, _n._ 1, 359;

study of, 362-3;

two versions of, 356 _& n._ 4

Generosa, catacomb of, 235, 236

_Genesis_, Book of, Haggadic commentary on, 377-8

Gentle School of Christian teaching, 101, 157

Gieseler,--, views of, on Trajan’s Rescript, 49

Ginsberg, Dr., work of, on Massoretic notes, 363-4

Gloucester Abbey, altar and chapel of S. Petronella at, 279

Gnosticism, rise of, concurrent with Rabbinism, 326

Teachers of, classes addressed by, 112 _n._ 1

_Golden Age, The, of the Church_ (by author), _cited_, on Saints’

power over Animals, 176 _n._ 1

Good Shepherd, the, paintings of, in Catacombs, 248, 301, 308, 310,

317-20 _& nn._

Gospel, the, at Rome, problem of its beginnings, tradition as to

founder, 7;

literary quotations sustaining, 8, 9 _et seq._

Gospels (_see also under_ Names), Canonical, in circulation _temp._

Antonines, 96;

form of, 72;

power of, 103;

woman’s position in, 367 _& n._ 1

Government service, Christians in, difficulties of, 141, 144, 145,

147, 148-9

Graffiti in the Catacombs, 248, 251, 259

Great Synagogue, the Men of, 339, 340

Greece (_see also_ Corinth), S. Paul’s missionary success in, 107

Gregory the Great, additions by, to Basilica of S. Paul, 238;

and the Monza labels, 214, 228, 303-4;

homily by, on S. Felicitas, 305;

prayer of, for Trajan, 49;

on the _Acts_ of S. Felicitas, 300;

on reverence for tombs of great Saints, 283

Gregory IV, Pope, 275

Hadrian, Emperor, 104, 164, 182, 274;

accession and reign of, authorities on, 75;

buildings by, at Jerusalem, 77-8, 332, 335-6 _et seq._;

character of, 75, 85;

cities founded by, 76 _n._ 1;

death, last days, and insanity of, 82-3, 84, 335

Persecutions by, and attitude towards Christianity, 77, 81-3, 163

_n._ 2, 247;

reason for, 194

Rescript of, 80;

effect of, 180

Villa of, 82

Wars of, 325

Zealot revolt under, 334

Haggadah, the, 343 _& n._ 2, 344;

detailed explanation of, 371 _et seq._, 377-9;

Divine inspiration claimed for, 365;

edited by R. Akiba, 356;

in the Exile, and after, 349-50, 351 _& n._ 1, 371 _et seq._;

Talmud popularity largely due to, 371;

sources of, 372-3

Haggadic notices, nature of, 373;

where met with, 358 _n._ 1, 372, 373

Haggai, the prophet, and the oral Law, 339

Hagiographa, Divine inspiration ascribed to, 365

Halachah, the, 343 _& n._ 2, 344, 349, 350;

developments of, 376-7;

discussions on, 360;

editions of, by R. Akiba, 354-6,

by “Rabbi,” 358 _n._ 1;

reduced to writing by “Rabbi,” 372 _& n._ 1

Harnack, A., on authorship of _2nd Epistle_ of Clement of Rome,

104 _n._ 2;

on _The Shepherd_ of Hermas, its date, 179 _& n._ 1;

and various classes in the Church, 124-5;

on the Martyrdom of Theban legion, 148 _n._ 1;

on numbers of early Christians, inference from size of Catacombs,

105-6 _& n._ 1;

on the _Pædagogus_ of Clement of Alexandria, 111 _n._ 1

Hebrews, Epistle to the, 71, 72;

Haggadic influence seen in, 379;

on Christian Assemblies, 107;

on Charity, 130;

on Hospitality, 128-9;

on Persecution, 165, 166

Hegesippus, list by, of Roman Bishops, 15

Heracleon, Gnostic teacher, 112 _n._ 1

Heresies and Heretics, first century, at Rome, 22, 23 _& n._ 1

Heretical teachers, second century, successful contentions of

Christians with, 37

Hermas, author of _The Shepherd_ (Pastor) (_q.v._), 136 _n._ 1, 178;

teaching of, 138, 179, 182-3

Herod Antipas, and S. Peter, 19 _n._ 1

Herod family, 3, 329

Herod the Great, 340

Herodians, 329

Hilary of Poitiers, on persecuting Roman Emperors, 40 _& n._ 3

Hillel, 356;

attempt of, to edit Mishnah material, 351;

codification work of, 356 _n._ 1;

and Shammai, 339,

debt to, of Rabbinism, 340

_Histoire Ancienne de l’Église_, by Duchesne, _cited_, 16 _& n._ 1,

179 _& n._ 1, 181, 293 _n._ 1

_Histoire des Persécutions_, by Allard (_q.v._), _cited_, 19 _n._ 1,

42 _n._ 1, 48

_Histoire des Persécutions_, by Aubé, _cited_, on Domitian, 42

_n._ 2

_Historia Monasterii S. Petri Gloucestriæ_, on Royal burials near S.

Petronilla’s altar, 279

_Histories of Tacitus_ (_q.v._), the Lost, passage from (alleged) on

destruction of the Temple, 331 _& n._ 1, 332

_History of European Morals_, by Lecky, on Christian charity, 137-8;

on Christian fortitude and its effects, 193-4;

on Christianity, causes of its spread, 150 _& n._ 2;

on Slavery, 134, 135 _& n._ 1, 136 _n._ 1

Honorius, Emperor, 56, 252-3;

and the Basilica of S. Paul, 238

Honorius I, Pope, 276;

and the Basilica of S. Pancras, 235

Honorius III, Pope, additions by, to S. Paul’s Basilica, 238;

and the Basilicas to S. Laurence, 250

Honorius IV, Pope, the Talmud condemned by, 366

Hope, Christian, for the joy of the Future Life, 156-8, 311;

evidence of Catacombs on, 268

Horace, poetic epistles of, 69 _n._ 1

Horatius and the bridge, 87

Hospitality, in the early Church, 128-9;

in provision of graves, 38

Hyginus, Pope, burial-place of, 287

Ichthus, meaning of, 310, 316-7 _& n._ 1

Idol-worship (_see also_ Incense), Ceremonial, attitude to, of

Rigourist and opposite schools, 144-5, 147, 148;

Old Testament attitude to, 149;

Tertullian on, 203

_Ignatius and Polycarp_, by Lightfoot, _cited_, 40 _n._ 3

Immortality, Christian ideas on, 156-8

Imperial cultus, _see_ Emperor-worship

Families, Christian members of, 110, 112, 148, 240, 241

Household, Christians in, 147

Incense, offering of (_see also_ Idol-worship), test for Christians,

52, 53, 181, 194-6

Insanity of despots, _see_ Hadrian _and_ Nero

Inscriptions in the Catacombs (_see also_ Damasus), 237, 251, 267,

268, 271, 285, 296-7, 301

Greek, 256-7;

age witnessed by, 267, 268

“Graffiti,” later, 229

Teaching of, 219, 220, 225, 307

Value of, to explorers, 229

Inspiration, claimed for Haggadah, 365;

of Jewish Scriptures, Talmud view on, 364-5;

of New Testament writings, 70;

voice of, cessation of, 73

Invocation of Saints, not generally taught in Catacombs, 312

Irenæus, teacher of S. Hippolytus, 14, 138, 170, 251, 315, 319

_n._ 1;

list of Roman Bishops by, 15;

writings addressed by, to cultured classes, 111 _n._ 1

_cited_ in support of Petrine tradition, 10, 14

on Christians at Court, 147;

on the founding of the Roman Church by SS. Peter and Paul and

on Linus, 15;

on numbers of Christians at Rome, 104, 106, 107;

on Polycarp and his memories of S. John, 73

Isaiah, the prophet, 365;

book of, 53rd chapter of, use made of, by early Christian

writers, 117 _& n._ 1

_cited_ on Forgiveness of Sins, 155

Israel, Glorification of, the object of the Talmud, 345

Itineraries, Pilgrim (_see also_ Names), value of, to explorers of

Catacombs, &c., 209 _et seq._, 227-8, 242, 243, 246, 247

Jamnia, Rabbinic School at, 326, 353, 357, 358 _n._ 1

Jannes and Jambres, source of names of, 379

Jerusalem, Ælia Capitolina built on site of, 332, 335-6;

result, 336-8;

Hadrian’s insults at, to Christianity, 77-8

Apostolic Council at, S. Peter at, 8

Communism in the Church at, results of, 120 _n._ 1, 130

Fall and destruction of, effect on Jewish nation, 22, 39, 340,

342, 346-8, 351, 353, 355, 357, 362, 368

Parties in, before first great war, 329-30

Sieges of, in order of date, by Gallus, 330;

Vespasian, 331;

Titus, 331-3;

Severus, 337

Taken by Pompey, 3

JESUS CHRIST (_see also_ Christ), Godhead of, importance of the

testimony of Apostolic Fathers in regard to, 74

Jew, the, and the Talmud (Book V.), 325 _et seq._

_Jewish Encyclopædia_, _cited_ on the life of Rabbinic schools, 359

Jewish heroes, Haggadic legends of, 378

Learning, stimulus to, of Talmudic study, 369

National ideals as affected by War of Extermination, 78-9

Scriptures, Canonical, 361;

inspiration of, 364-5

Women, disabilities of, 367 _& n._ 1, 380

Jews, attitude of, to the Gospel, reasons for, 7

Discrimination of, from Christians by Romans, progress of, 27,

30, 78, 79, 80, 92, 164

of the Dispersion, influence on, of Rabbinism, 339-41;

and of the Talmud, 339 _et seq._, 368-9

Fate of, after last wars, 325-6

History of, in Old Testament and after, 325-6;

evidential importance of, to Christianity, 325, 326

Persecutions of, and martyrs of, 336, 337, 338

Preservation of, as distinct race, 326;

cause of, 339, 345-7

in Rome, 3-6, 346;

expulsion of, 8, 18, 25;

Roman attitude to beliefs of, 3, 39;

rulers favourable to, 3

Twentieth Century, distinct, still, as race, 326;

influence of, 346;

numbers of, 369

Wars of, the three last, story of, and of consequences, 77, 78-9,

80, 325, 329 _et seq._, 354

Jochanan ben Zacchai, Rabbi, and his school of disciples, work of,

on the Mishna, 341, 353;

teaching of, 358

John, the Abbot, 228

John, the Deacon, 49

John, King, desired burial-place of, 321

John, the Presbyter, _cited_ on S. Mark, 9-10

Jordani, catacomb of, 258, 260;

tombs in, of sons of S. Felicitas, 259, 303

Joseph of Arimathea, 110

Joseph the patriarch, and idol-worship, 149

Josephus, on the burning of the Temple, 331

Joshua, and the oral Law, 339

Judæa, Roman rule over, 329;

and revolts against (_see also_ Jews, Wars of, _and_ Zealots),

329 _et seq._

Judaism, Authority and Influence of the Talmud on, 368-9

Julia Sabina, wife of Hadrian, 75

Julian, Emperor, 75

Letter from, to Arsacius, on Christian characteristics, 131;

on Christian brotherliness, 123 _n._ 1, 128

Julianus, Pope, martyr, tomb of, 243

Julius Cæsar, 56;

favour shewn by, to Jews, 3

Julius I, Pope, 276

Jupiter, worship of, test for Christians, 194, 195

Justin Martyr, 319 _n._ 1;

compared with Theophilus of Antioch, 189;

martyrdom of, 94, 104, 184;

teaching of, 138

on Aid to Prisoners, 130;

on Almsgiving, 113-4, 119, 129;

on Assemblies, 108, 113-4;

on Care of the Sick, 127;

on Christian fortitude, 185;

on Christ’s atonement, 117;

on highly-placed Christians, 111;

on Hospitality, 113-4, 128, 129;

on the numbers of Christians, 104, 106, 107;

on Persecutions, 37, 184-6;

on progress of Christianity, 107

Justinian, Emperor, dedication of a church by, to a slave-saint,

136 _n._ 1;

Talmud condemned by, 365

Justus, and S. Nicomedes, 255-6

Juvenal, on Domitian’s unpopularity, 42 _& n._ 2;

on the ideal Roman, 88;

on Roman Society, 58

Kabbala, the, 360, 362 _n._ 1

Kimchi, D., famous Rabbinist, 369

Kyneburg, Abbess of Gloucester, 279

Lactantius, on Almsgiving, 122;

on Care for widows and orphans, 126-7;

on Christian virtues, and burial of the dead, 131-2, 133;

on Persecutions, 32

Lanciani,--, 236,

_cited_ on Basilica of S. Paul, 238

Languages, of Christian Epitaphs in Catacombs, 308

Lateran Museum, Christian sarcophagi in, sculptures on, 19 _n._ 1

Latin language, debt of, to Cicero, 58

_Latin Literature_, by Dr. Mackail, _cited_ on Marcus Aurelius’s

letters, 63 _n._ 1

Law, Mosaic (_see_ Torah _and_ Midrash), Commentaries on, _see_

Haggadah, Halachah, Midrash, Talmud, Targumim, &c.

Roman, on treatment of Christians, 32, 49

“Law upon the Lip,” tradition on, 339

Le Blant,--, on the School for Martyrdom, 198 _n._ 1

Lecky, W. H., _cited, see History of European Morals_

Leland’s Itinerary, on cult of S. Petronilla (Petronell), 278-9

Leo III, Pope, translation of S. Felicitas and Silanus by, 259, 302

Leo IV, Pope, saints translated by, 249;

on tombs of Priscilla and Aquila, 262

Letter-form, of Apostolic “remains,” 73;

in Literature, reason of popularity, 70-1;

sole O.T. instance of, 69

Letters (_see also_ Epistles), by Classical writers and others, in

Roman literature, 56 _et seq._

meant for publication, 56, 61-2, 65, 66, 67, 68;

not so meant, 63

others, by Christians modelled on these lines, 69 _et seq._

_Letters relating the Martyrdom of Polycarp_, genuine, 81 _n._ 1

_Liber Pontificalis_, antiquity of, 15;

value of, to Catacomb explorers, 226-7

_cited_ on Basilica of Constantine the Great at S. Peter’s tomb,

282;

on S. Cecilia’s tomb, 262, 293 _n._ 1, 296;

on Novatus, 264;

on S. Priscilla’s catacomb, burials in, 266;

on S. Pudentiana and her sister, 264, 265 _n._ 1

Liberian or Philocalian catalogue, _cited_ in support of Petrine

tradition, 14, 15;

on burials in S. Priscilla’s cemetery, 266;

on the tomb of S. Felicitas and her sons, 301, 302-3, 304

Liberius, Pope, 301;

burial-place of, 272

Licinius, 29

Lightfoot, Bp., 121 _n._ 1;

on the _Acts_ of the Passion of S. Felicitas, 300;

on the Antonine persecutions, 94 _& n._ 2;

on the authorship of the _2nd Epistle of Clement of Rome_, 104

_n._ 1;

on Caius, 11;

on the date of the _Epistle to Diognetus_, 178 _n._ 1;

on the date of _Octavius_, 186;

on _Epistolary_ form as usual with the Apostles, 74 _n._ 1;

on genuineness of Pliny’s letter, &c., 46 _& n._ 1;

on Hilary’s reference to Vespasian’spersecutions, 40 _& n._ 3;

on Ignatius, 73;

authenticity of his (so-called) Epistles, 172-3;

his letter to the Roman Church, 9;

his yearning for martyrdom, 175;

on _The Shepherd_, of Hermas, 180;

on its date and author, 179 _n._ 1;

on S. Hippolytus, 11, 251-2;

on S. Laurence, 254;

on S. Paul’s _Epistle to the Romans_ and S. Peter’s first coming

to Rome, 19 _n._ 1;

on S. Peter (and S. Mark) in Rome, 10, 18;

on S. Petronilla, 277

Linus, Pope, first Bishop of Rome after S. Peter, 12, 15;

burial-place of, 283, 287;

Jerome on, 14;

“Memoria” chapel of, Papal burial-place in church on site of, 273

Lister, Jane, epitaph of, 309

Literary witness to Martyrs’ histories rehabilitated by De Rossi’s

excavations, 225, 230-1

to Numerousness of Martyrs, 209 _et seq._

to Persecution, A.D. 64-80, 163 _et seq._

Lombards, the, 293, 297

Lorium, country home of Antoninus Pius, 86, 87

Love as bond of Christians, 118-9

Lucilius, Seneca’s letters to, 29

Lucina, Catacomb or Cemetery of, in a garden, 234, 236, 238, 239;

S. Paul’s burial-place, 236;

S. Sebastian’s burial-place, 244

Crypt of, identification of, 245

Lucius Quietus, Roman general, 335

Lucius Verus, Fronto’s correspondence with, 63

“Luminaria,” in the Catacombs, 296 _& n._ 1;

indication from, of crypt below, 229

Lydda, Rabbinic school of, 357, 358 _n._ 1

Lyons, birthplace of Sidonius Apollinaris, 65

Literary support from, of Petrine tradition, 9, 13

Martyrdoms at, 94, 201, 208;

genuine accounts of, 81 _n._ 1

Pliny’s letters read to an audience, 61

Maccabean dynasty, agreements made by, with Rome, 3

Maccabees, story in, like that of S. Felicitas, 258, 298

Mackail, Dr., on letters of Marcus Aurelius, 63 _& n._ 1

Madaurian persecutions, 94

Maderno, Stefano, architect, 259 _n._ 1;

statue of S. Cecilia by, 294;

replicas of, _ib._ _n._ 1

Magnesia, Epistle to, of Ignatius, 173, 174

Mahommedanism, spread of, compared with that of Christianity, 102

Maimonides, famous Rabbinist, 369;

on the fathers of Rabbinism, 339

Manuals of Martyrdom, 199

_Marc-Aurèle_, by Renan, _cited_, 146 _n._ 1

Marcellinus, Pope and martyr, burial-place of, 266;

identified, 231

Marcellus, Pope and martyr, burial-place of, 266, 272

Marchi, Father, archæological work of, 209, 224

Marcia, patronage by, of Christians, 147

Marcion, 189

Marcius Turbo, Roman general, 335

Marcomanni, war with, 95

Marcus, burial-place identified, 231

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus adopted by Antoninus Pius and successor

to him, 83, 145, 245, 292;

attitude of, to Christians, 33, 64, 80, 158

Character of, 84 _et seq._, 189

Correspondence of, with Fronto, 63-4

Death of, 164

“Meditations” by, 85-6, 96-7;

on Antoninus Pius, 85-6;

Christian pages of, 147;

on his religious ideas, 96-7

its one reference to Christians, 96-7

Persecutions by, 80-1, 163 _n._ 2, 164, 188-9, 190, 207, 208

_n._ 1, and reasons for, 81, 91-7, 137, 194;

martyrs in, 184, 258-9, 264, 266, 289, 290, 291, 298 _et seq._,

305

Melito’s discourse on, written to, 187-8

Table of succession of, 83

Marriage, Rigourist teaching on, 153

Mars, 195

Martial, poet, 59 _n._ 1;

attitude of, to the old Roman virtue, 88

Martyrdom, aspiration to, checked by the Church, 154

Attraction of (_see_ Ignatius), 37, 153 _et seq._

Schools of training for, 33, 36, 145

Methods of, writers on, 197, 198 _& n._ 1 _et seq._

Physical training for, 198, 201-3

Spiritual training, 198-201

Results, 203-5

Spirit in which faced, 205 _et prævi_

_Martyres, Ad_, by Tertullian, 199;

on Physical training, 202

_Martyrii, De Laudi_, 199;

on Christian fortitude in torture, 193

Martyrologies, literary sources of, in many instances rehabilitated

by De Rossi’s catacomb excavations, 225, 230-1;

on Confessors buried in Catacomb of Commodilla, 239

_Martyrology of S. Jerome_, value of, to Catacomb explorers, 226

_Martyrs_, Apocalyptic references to, 37, 157, 167-70

Burial and burial-places of (_see_ Catacombs, Cemeteries, _and_

Itineraries), 285-6;

burial near, desired, 312 _& n._ 1, 321-2

Formula for, of reply to judge, 199

Hermas on, 181

Hymns on, by Prudentius and others, 151-2 _& n._ 1

under Nero (_q.v._), 267-8, 285-6

Numbers of, emphasized, 33;

“small” theory refuted by archæology and literature, 82

_& n._ 1, 207 _et seq._, 209 _et seq._

Christian and Pagan witness to, 208

Second-century, rarity of Festivals of, 208

Seed of the Church, 196, 203

Slaves, famous, 136

Tombs of, 300 _et passim_

Traces of, in S. Peter’s Memoria, 284-5

Translation of, 227, 235, 236, 266 _& n._ 1, 267, 272, 273-4, 292

_Martyrum, De Gloriâ_, by S. Gregory of Tours, _cited_ on tragedy at

tomb of SS. Chrysanthus and Daria, 261

_Martyrum, De Locis SS._, _cited_ 210-11, 303;

on numbers of martyrs, 212, 213, 214

Marucchi,--, archæological researches and work of, 12, 42, 234, 239,

263, 301;

identification by, of S. Peter’s baptistery, 12, 257

on Acilius Glabrio, 269

on Catacomb of S. Priscilla as associated with S. Peter, &c., 257,

267, 268, 270, 271, 273;

on its immensity and regularity, 271

on the Domitilla Cemetery, 240

on Excavations, results of, attained and anticipated, 231-2

on Nicomedes’ cemetery, reservoir in, 256

on Papal burial-places, 273

on S. Cecilia’s burial-places and tradition, 293 _n._ 1, 298

on S. Felicitas’s tomb, and those of her sons, 302, 303

on the Thrason Catacomb, 260

on the veneration paid to S. Laurence, 250

Massorah, the, 361 _et seq._;

Temple Torah readings preserved in, 333 _n._ 2

Massoretes, the, duties of, 361-2

Massoretic notes on the sacred Jewish texts, 362-4

Mauritanian martyrdoms, 208

Maximian, Emperor, 148 _& n._ 1

Maximin, Emperor, Persecution under, 163 _n._ 2

Meir, Rabbi, codification of Talmud by, 356;

maxims of, on Women, 367

Melito, Bishop of Sardis, on Hospitality, 128;

on Persecution, 32, 187-8;

silent as to Vespasian, 40 _n._ 3

Memoriæ or Chapel-Tombs of Apostles, at Rome, locale of, 11, 233,

281 _et seq._;

testimony of, to Petrine tradition, 17

Mental guerdons of Christianity, 154-9

Messiah, hopes of, revolts due to, 330, 334

pseudo, revolts caused by, 336 _et seq._, 354-5

Midoth, treatise, 358 _n._ 1

_Midrash_, definition of, 371

Explained, two currents in, 350, 351

Subject-matter of, 376-7

Midrashim, the, 360

Milan, Edict of, effect of, on spread of Christianity, 150 _& n._ 1

Milman, Dean, on the style of the _Octavius_ of Minucius Felix,

186-7

Minucius Felix (_see Octavius_ by), 158

Miracles, Talmudic teaching on, 365

Mishnah (_see also_ Haggadah, Halachah, _and_ Talmud);

basis of, 361;

chief object of study, Rabbinic schools, 358 _n._ 1;

how studied, 359-60, 362-3;

curiosities of, 346-7;

Divine inspiration claimed for, 365;

evolution of, 341, 342-4;

exclusive spirit in, 366-8;

meaning of name, and nature of work, 341 _& n._ 1, 344 _& n._ 1,

356 _& n._ 3, 358 _& n._ 1, 365, 370;

oral at first, 344;

in the two Talmuds, 344-5;

on Akiba’s martyrdom, 355 _& n._ 1;

on the history of the Talmud, 339-40

Mishnah, the non-canonical, 360, 373

Mishnaic Rabbis, work of, on Halachah and Haggadah, 341, 344-5,

347, 351, 352, 358 _& n._ 1

_Mission and Expansion of Christianity_, by Harnack, 106 _n._ 1,

124-5

Mommsen,--, 331 _n._ 1, on Pagan Rome personified in Apocalypse, 169

_n._ 1;

on Pliny’s letter, 46

Monza Catalogue and Labels, story of, evidence of, on numerousness

of martyrs, 214-5, 228;

reference in to S. Felicitas and her sons, 303-4;

use of, to catacomb explorers, 228

Mosaic work, oldest, in Roman church, 263

Mosaism, destruction of, 341

Moses, 348, 349;

and the Law, 339

Rabbinical teaching in, 343 _& n._ 1, and on, 364, 373-4, 378

Mucius Scævola, torture of, 187

Muratorian Canon, on date of _The Shepherd_ of Hermas, 178-9

Music, association with, of S. Cecilia, 294 _n._ 1

Mutual aid between Christian Churches, inculcated, 130-1

Myers, F. W., verse by, on the Atonement, 115 _n._ 1

Naaman, the Syrian, and Idol-worship, 149

Nævius, the augur, 87

Naples, memorial at, of S. Agnes, 256-7

Nehardea, Rabbinic school at, 357, 358 _n._ 1

Nero, Emperor, 39, 40, 41, 42 _n._ 2, 182, 183, 197, 232, 245, 269

Death of, 207, 331

Edict of, against Christians, 32, 54

Fire at Rome attributed to, 26-7, 28, 31, 285

Insanity of, 26

Jews in Rome in reign of, 5

Persecutions by, 10, 28, 30, 46 _n._ 1, 62, 104, 164, 167, 172,

190, 197;

burnings under, 28-30;

numbers involved, 28, 46 _n._ 1;

S. Peter martyred during, 267, 285-6;

Tacitus’s references to, 62

New Testament, the, writers of, and writings, _see also under_

names of Authors, and of Books, _and see_ Epistles

Assemblies mentioned in, 101

Haggadic influences seen in, 378-9

Inspiration of, 70

Publication intended, Deissmann on, 71

References in, to Persecution, 165, 166-70

Teaching of, on Hospitality, 128-9;

and on Slavery, 134-5

Witness of, to spread of Christianity, 107

Nicholas, Pope, 226

Nicodemus and other persons of position among Early Christians,

110-12

Nicolaitan heresy, 23 _n._ 1

Nicomedia, Court of, Christians at, 147-8

Nîmes, birthplace of Antoninus Pius, 83

Nomeseus, martyr, 211

Northcote, Dr., on Early Christian faith as shown in Catacomb

inscriptions, 310

“Notices” on the founding of the Roman Church, as bearing on

tradition of S. Peter, 8, 9 _et seq._

Novatus, Baths of, 264, 265

Numerian, Emperor, persecution under, 260

_OCTAVIUS_, Dialogue by Minucius Felix, 138, 145-6, 186-7;

on Christian love, 119, 129;

on Christians in high place, 111;

on persecution, 186-7

Octodurum, Martyrdom legend of, 148 _n._ 1

Old Testament, Books of, text of, Jewish care of, and commentaries

on, 342 _et seq._, 370, 371-9

Christian reverence for, influence on, of the Talmud, and of

Rabbinism, 327, 370 _& n._ 1

Earliest Hebrew MSS. of, 363

History in, value of, 325

Letter in, the one, 69

Teaching of, on Almsgiving, 121

Onesimus, and S. Paul, 134

Oral teaching in Rabbinic Schools, 357-60

Oratory, Church of, London, replica in of Maderno’s S. Cecilia

effigy, 294 _n._ 1

Origen, modified Rigourism of, 146;

teaching of, 139;

identification by, of Hermas, 178;

veneration of, for _The Shepherd_, by Hermas, 179;

writings by, on Martyrdom, 199

Osric, King of Northumbria, burial-place of, 279

Ostia, 145, 186-7, 235, 236

Ostian Way, Memoria of Apostle on, 11

Ostrian Cemetery, other names of, 255, 257, 271

Otho, Emperor, 39, 331

Overbach,--, views of, on Trajan’s Rescript, 49

Ovid, poetic epistles of, 69 _n._ 1

Ozanam on Slaves in Roman Empire, first and second centuries,

135 _n._ 2

_PÆDAGOGUS_, by Clement of Alexandria, addressed to a cultured

community, 111 _n._ 1;

on Christians in the world, 146