alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and reprisal;
coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver
coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder,
ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or
grant any title of nobility.
CLAUSE 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay
any impost or duties on imports or exports, except what may be
absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net
produce of all duties and impost, laid by any State on imports or
exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States;
and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of
the Congress.
CLAUSE 3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any
duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships-of-war, in time of peace,
enter into any agreement or compact with another State, or with a
foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in
such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.
ARTICLE II.--Executive Department.
SECTION I.
CLAUSE 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term
of four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for
the same term, be elected, as follows:
CLAUSE 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the
whole number of senators and representatives to which the State may
be entitled in the Congress; but no senator or representative, or
person holding an office of trust or profit under the United
States, shall be appointed an elector.
CLAUSE 3. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes; which
day shall be the same throughout the United States.
CLAUSE 4. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of
the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any
person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to
the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years resident
within the United States.
CLAUSE 5. In case of the removal of the President from office, or
of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and
duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the
Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of
removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President
and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as
President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the
disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
[Footnote: Section 10. Three clauses now follow enumerating the
_powers denied to the several States_. What prohibition was
made with regard to treaties? Letters of marque and reprisal?
Coinage of money? Issuing bills of credit (bills to circulate as
money)? Making any other legal tender than gold or silver? A bill
of attainder? An ex-post-facto law? The impairing of contracts?
Titles of nobility? Imposts? Keeping troops? Making peace or war?
ARTICLE II.-SECTION 1. In whom is the executive power vested?
(_Note_--The executive power is that of executing the laws.)
How long is the President's term of office? The Vice President's?
Who are the presidential electors? How many are there from each
state? Who are ineligible to the office? Describe the method of
electing a President, as originally directed by the Constitution.
(_Note_.--This has been superseded by the XIIth Amendment.)
What power has Congress over the electors? What are the necessary
qualifications for the office of President? In case of a vacancy,
who would become President? (_Note_.--In case of a vacancy in
the office of both President and Vice-President, the president
_pro tempore_ of the Senate, and in case of a vacancy in that
office, then the speaker of the House would act as President. The
electors are now chosen on "the Tuesday next after the first Monday
in the last November" of each presidential term of office. The
electors meet to cast their ballots, generally at the capital of
each state, on "the first Wednesday in the last December" of each
presidential term of office. When the plan of choosing electors was
originally adopted it was intended to choose good men who should
themselves select the President, but it soon came about that the
electors were pledged to their respective candidates before their
own election. The President's salary is $50,000 per year, together
with the use of the White House.) Can the salary of a President be
changed during his term of office? Can he receive any other
emolument from the national or any state government? Repeat the
President's oath of office.]
CLAUSE 6. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his
services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor
diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected,
and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument
from the United States, or any of them.
CLAUSE 7. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall
take the following oath or affirmation:--"I do solemnly swear (or
affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of
the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve,
protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."
SECTION II.
CLAUSE 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several
States, when called into the actual service of the United States;
he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in
each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the
duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to
grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States,
except in cases of impeachment.
CLAUSE 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the
senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the
advice and consent of the Senate shall appoint ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all
other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not
herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by
law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such
inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in
the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.
CLAUSE 3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies
that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting
commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.
[Footnote: _Section 2_. Three clauses now follow enumerating
the powers granted to the President. What authority has the
President over the United States army and navy? State militia? The
chief officers of the different executive departments? (See note,
p. 151.) Reprieves and pardons? The making of treaties? Appointment
of ambassadors? Judges of the Supreme Court, etc.? Filling
vacancies?]
SECTION III.--He shall from time to time give to the Congress
information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their
consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and
expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses,
or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with
respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such
time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassadors and
other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the
United States.
[Footnote: _Section 3_. Defines the duties of the President,
Name these duties with regard (1) to Congress, (2) to ambassadors,
and (3) to United States officers? (_Note_.--Washington and
Adams in person read their messages to Congress; the present plan
of sending the message by a private secretary was commenced by
Jefferson.)]
SECTION IV.--The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers
of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment
for, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and
misdemeanors.
[Footnote: _Section 4_. For what crimes and in what way may
any United States officer be removed from office?]
ARTICLE III.--JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
SECTION I.--The judicial power of the United States shall be vested
in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress
may from time to time ordain and establish. The judges, both of the
Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good
behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a
compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance
in office.
[Footnote: ARTICLE III.--Section 1. In what is the judicial power
of the United States vested? (_Note_.--The judicial power is
that of interpreting and applying the laws.) How long do the judges
hold office? Can their salary be changed during their term of
office?]
[Footnote: Section 2 defines the _jurisdiction of the United
States Courts_. Name the cases to which the judicial power of
the United States extends. In what cases does the Supreme Court
have original jurisdiction? Appellate jurisdiction? What is the law
with regard to trial by jury? Where must such a trial be held?
Where may a crime be committed "not within a state"? (_Notes_.
--The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and eight associate
justices. The salary of the chief-justice is $10,500 and that of an
associate $10,000 per annum. This court meets at Washington
annually on the first Wednesday in December. A citizen of the
District of Columbia, within the meaning of the Constitution as
above, is not a citizen of a state. By original jurisdiction is
meant the court in which the case begins; by appellate, is
indicated a trial after an appeal from a lower court.)]
SECTION II.
CLAUSE 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their
authority;--to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls;--to all cases of admiralty and maritime
jurisdiction;--to controversies to which the United States shall be
a party;--to controversies between two or more States;--between a
State and citizens of another State;--between citizens of different
States;--between citizens of the same State claiming lands under
grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens
thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.
CLAUSE 2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers and consuls, and those in which a State shall be party,
the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the
other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have
appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such
exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.
CLAUSE 3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment,
shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held in the State where
the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed
within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the
Congress may by law have directed.
SECTION III.
CLAUSE 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving
them aid and comfort.
[Footnote: Section 3. In what does treason consist? What proof is
required? Who fixes the punishment? What limit is assigned?]
CLAUSE 2. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession
in open court.
CLAUSE 3. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment
of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of
blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person
attainted.
ARTICLE IV.--General Provisions.
SECTION I.--Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to
the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other
State. And the Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in
which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the
effect thereof.
[Footnote: ARTICLE IV.--Section 1. What is the law with regard to
state records, judicial proceedings, etc.?]
SECTION II.
CLAUSE 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States.
CLAUSE 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or
other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another
State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the State
from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State
having jurisdiction of the crime.
CLAUSE 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under
the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of
any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or
labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such
service or labor may be due.
[Footnote: Section 2. What privileges has the citizen of one state
in all the others? Can a criminal or an apprentice escape by
fleeing into another state? (Note.-Clause 3 originally included
fugitive slaves, but that application was annulled by the XIIIth
Amendment.)]
SECTION III.
CLAUSE 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the
junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the
consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of
the Congress.
[Footnote: State the law with regard to the formation and admission
of new states. What power has Congress over the territory and
propeity of the United States?]
CLAUSE 2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other
property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this
Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of
the United States, or of any particular State.
SECTION IV.-The United States shall guarantee to every State in
this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each
of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or
of the executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against
domestic violence.
[Footnote: What must Congress guarantee to every state? When must
Congress protect the states?]
ARTICLE V.--Power of Amendment.
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on
the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several
States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in
either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of
this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of
three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification
may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which
may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight
shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the
ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its
consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
[Footnote: State the two ways in which amendments to the
Constitution may be proposed. The two ways in which they may be
ratified. What restriction in this article has now lost all force?
What provision for the benefit of the smaller states is attached to
this article?]
ARTICLE VI.-Miscellaneous Provisions.
CLAUSE 1. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into,
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against
the United States under this Constitution, as under the
confederation.
[Footnote: What debts did the United States assume when the
Constitution was adopted?]
CLAUSE 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States
which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or
which shall be made, under the authority of the United States,
shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State
shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any
State to the contrary notwithstanding.
[Footnote: What is the supreme law of the land? Who are required to
take an oath or affirmation to support the Constitution of the
United States? Can a religious test be exacted?]
CLAUSE 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and
the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive
and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several
States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this
Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a
qualification to any office or public trust under the United
States.
ARTICLE VII.--Ratification of the Constitution.
The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be
sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the
States so ratifying the same.
[Footnote: ARTICLE VII. What was necessary for the adoption of this
Constitution? (Note, p. 143.) In what year was it adopted?]
Done in convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present,
the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one
thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of
the United States of America the twelfth.
In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names.
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
_President, and Deputy from Virginia._
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
JOHN LANGDON,
NICHOLAS GILMAN.
MASSACHUSETTS.
NATHANIEL GORHAM,
RUFUS KING.
CONNECTICUT.
WILLIAM SAMUEL JOHNSON,
ROGER SHERMAN.
NEW YORK.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
NEW JERSEY.
WILLIAM LIVINGSTON,
DAVID BREARLEY,
WILLIAM PATERSON,
JONATHAN DAYTON.
DELAWARE.
GEORGE REED,
GUNNING BEDFORD, Jr.,
JOHN DICKINSON,
RICHARD BASSETT,
JACOB BROOM.
MARYLAND.
JAMES McHENRY,
DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS JENIFER,
DANIEL CARROLL.
VIRGINIA.
JOHN BLAIR,
JAMES MADISON, Jr.
NORTH CAROLINA.
WILLIAM BLOUNT,
RICHARD DOBBS SPAIGHT,
HUGH WILLIAMSON.
[Footnote: AMENDMENTS. (_Notes._--The first ten amendments
were proposed in 1789 at the first session of the First Congress,
and in 1791 were declared adopted. They are of the nature of a Bill
of Rights, and were passed in order to satisfy those who complained
that the Constitution did not sufficiently guard the rights of the
people.)]
PENNSYLVANIA.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN,
THOMAS MIFFLIN,
ROBERT MORRIS,
GEORGE CLYMER,
THOMAS FITZSIMONS,
JARED INGERSOLL,
JAMES WILSON.
GOUVERNEUR MORRIS.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
JOHN RUTLEDGE,
CHARLES C. PINCKNEY,
CHARLES PINCKNEY,
PIERCE BUTLER.
GEORGIA.
WILLIAM FEW,
ABRAHAM BALDWIN.
_Attest:_
WILLIAM JACKSON, _Secretary_.
* * * * *
AMENDMENTS
To the Constitution of the United States, Ratified according to the
Provisions of the Fifth Article of the Foregoing Constitution.
ARTICLE I.--Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging
the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for redress
of grievances.
ARTICLE II.--A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the
security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear
arms shall not be infringed.
ARTICLE III.--No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in
any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV.--The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and
seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but
upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and
particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons
or things to be seized.
ARTICLE V.--No person shall be held to answer for a capital or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of
a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces,
or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war and public
danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be
twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in
any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor to be
deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law;
nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
compensation.
* * * * *
[Footnote: ARTICLE I. What guarantees are provided concerning
religious freedom? Freedom of speech and the press? Peaceable
assembly and petition?
ARTICLE II. What guarantee is given with regard to the right of
bearing arms?
ARTICLE III. What is provided with regard to quartering soldiers
upon citizens?
ARTICLE IV. What is provided with regard to unreasonable searches
and warrants?
ARTICLE V. What provisions are made with regard to a trial for
capital offences? Can a person be tried twice for the same crime?
Can a criminal be forced to witness against himself? When can
private property be taken for the public use?]
ARTICLE VI.--In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the
State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and
to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be
confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory
process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
assistance of counsel for his defence.
[Footnote: ARTICLE VI. What important rights are secured to the
accused in case of a criminal prosecution?]
ARTICLE VII.--In suits at common law, where the value in
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise
re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the
rules of common law.
[Footnote: ARTICLE VII. When is the right of jury trial guaranteed?
How must a fact tried by a jury be re-examined?]
ARTICLE VIII.--Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
[Footnote: ARTICLE VIII. What guarantee is given with regard to
excessive bail or fine and unusual punishment?]
ARTICLE IX.--The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights,
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the
people.
[Footnote: ARTICLE IX. Does the enumeration of certain rights in
the Constitution have any effect upon those not enumerated?]
ARTICLE X.--The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to
the States respectively, or to the people.
[Footnote: ARTICLE X. What declaration is made concerning the
powers neither delegated to Congress nor forbidden the states?]
ARTICLE XI.--The judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or
prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another
State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.
[Footnote: ARTICLE XI. (_Note_.--This amendment was proposed
at the first session of the Third Congress, 1794, and declared
adopted in 1798) What restriction is placed on the judicial power
of the United States? Can the citizens of one state bring a suit
against another state?]
ARTICLE XII.--The electors shall meet in their respective States,
and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom,
at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for
as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as
Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons
voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the
government of the United States, directed to the president of the
Senate;--the president of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and
the votes shall then be counted;--the person having the greatest
number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and
if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the
highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for
as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation
from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall
consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a
majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if
the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day
of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
disability of the President. The person having the greatest number
of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and
if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on
the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-president; a quorum for
the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of
senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to
a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office
of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the
United States.
[Footnote: ARTICLE XII. (_Note_--This amendment was proposed
at the first session of the Eighth Congress, 1803, and declared
adopted in 1804. It grew up out of the contest In the House of
Representatives at the time of Jefferson's election; he was not
chosen until the 36th ballot.) Describe in full the mode of
choosing the President by the electors. The Vice-President. State
the essential qualifications of Vice-President. (See Art II, Sec.
I, Clause 4.) In case there is no choice by the electors, how is
the President elected? Describe the mode of election in the House.
If a President should not be chosen by March 4, who would act as
President?]
ARTICLE XIII.
[Footnote: ARTICLE XIII. (_Note_.-This amendment was proposed
at the second session of the Thirty-eighth Congress, 1865, and
declared adopted in 1865. It grew out of the Civil War. See p. 282.
) Repeat the amendment abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude
in the United States.]
SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime, whereof the person shall have been duly
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place
subject to their jurisdiction.
SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
ARTICLE XIV.
SECTION 1.
[Footnote: ARTICLE XIV. (_Note_.-This amendment was adopted in
1868. See p. 284.) _Section_ 1. Who are citizens of the United
States? What restrictions are laid upon the states with regard to
abridging the rights of citizens?]
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject
to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and
of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce
any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection
of the laws.
SECTION 2.
[Footnote: _Section_ 2. How are representatives apportioned among the
several states? How does this amend Art. I, Sec 2, Clause 3?]
Representatives shall be appointed among the several States
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of
persons in each State excluding Indians not taxed. But when the
right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and Vice-President of the United States, representatives
in Congress, the executive or judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age and
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the
number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male
citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.
SECTION 3.
No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or
elector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil
or military, under the United States, or under any State, who,
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State
Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State,
to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid
or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of
two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.
[Footnote: _Section_ 3. What persons are prohibited from holding any
office under the United States? How may this disability be removed?]
SECTION 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pension
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any
State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of
insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim
for the loss or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts,
obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
[Footnote: _Section 4_. Repeat the provision with regard to
the validity of the public debt. With regard to any debt incurred
in aid of insurrection or rebellion.]
SECTION 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this article.
ARTICLE XV
SECTION 1. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any
State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of
servitude.
SECTION 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
ARTICLE XV (_Note_--This amendment was adopted in 1870. See p.
288) Repeat the amendment granting universal suffrage.
[Illustration: WASHINGTON'S HEADQUARTERS AT NEWBURGH]