another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with
particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing
economies (NIEs)
advanced economies
a term used by the International Monetary FUND (IMF) for the top group
in its hierarchy of advanced economies, countries in transition, and
developing countries; it includes the following 28 advanced economies:
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, US; note - this group would presumably
also cover the following seven smaller countries of Andorra, Bermuda,
Faroe Islands, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino that are
included in the more comprehensive group of "developed countries"
African Development Bank Group (AfDB)
note - regional multilateral development finance institution
temporarily located in Tunis, Tunisia; the Bank Group consists of the
African Development Bank, the African Development Fund, and the
Nigerian Trust Fund established - 10 September 1964 aim - to promote
economic development and social progress regional members - (53)
Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape
Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt,
Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea,
Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi,
Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger,
Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo,
Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe nonregional members - (24)
Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US
African Union (AU)
note - replaces Organization of African Unity (OAU) established - 8
July 2001 aim - to achieve greater unity among African States; to
defend states' integrity and independence; to accelerate political,
social, and economic integration; to encourage international
cooperation; to promote democratic principles and institutions members
- (53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire,
Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The
Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia,
Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Western
Sahara), Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia,
Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
African Union/United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID)
established - 31 July 2007 aim - to contribute to the restoration of
security conditions which will allow safe humanitarian assistance
throughout Darfur, to contribute to the protection of civilian
populations under imminent threat of physical attack, to monitor,
observe compliance with, and verify the implementation of various
ceasefire agreements members - (31) Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Burundi,
Canada, China, Egypt, Ethiopia, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana,
Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Namibia, Nepal, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo,
Uganda, UK, Yemen, Zambia
African, Caribbean, and Pacific Group of States (ACP Group)
established - 6 June 1975 aim - to manage their preferential economic
and aid relationship with the EU members - (79) Angola, Antigua and
Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso,
Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros,
Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands,
Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial
Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada,
Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati,
Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Marshall Islands,
Mauritania, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Mozambique,
Namibia, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda,
Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,
Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone,
Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland,
Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu,
Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the
Caribbean (OPANAL)
note - acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas
Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) established - 14
February 1967 under the Treaty of Tlatelolco; effective - 25 April 1969
on the 11th ratification aim - to encourage the peaceful uses of
atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons members - (33) Antigua and
Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic,
Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras,
Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname,
Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
note - formerly known as the Andean Group (AG) and the Andean Common
Market (Ancom) established - 26 May 1969; present name established 1
October 1992; effective - 16 October 1969 aim - to promote harmonious
development through economic integration members - (4) Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru associate members - (5) Argentina, Brazil,
Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay observers - (2) Mexico, Panama
Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA)
note - also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en
Afrique (BADEA) established - 18 February 1974; effective - 16
September 1974 aim - to promote economic development members - (17
plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt,
Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation
Organization; note - these are all the members of the Arab League
excluding Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen
Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD)
established - 16 May 1968 aim - to promote economic and social
development members - (20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization)
Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq (suspended 1993), Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia (suspended 1993), Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine
Liberation Organization
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU)
established - 17 February 1989 aim - to promote cooperation and
integration among the Arab states of northern Africa members - (5)
Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia
Arab Monetary Fund (AMF)
established - 27 April 1976; effective - 2 February 1977 aim - to
promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and
economic affairs members - (21 plus the Palestine Liberation
Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation
Organization
Arctic Council
established - 18 September 1996 aim - to address the common concerns
and challenges faced by Arctic governments and the people of the
Arctic; to protect the Arctic environment members - (8) Canada,
Denmark (Greenland, Faroe Islands), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia,
Sweden, US permanent participants - (6) Aleut International
Association, Arctic Athabaskan Council, Gwich'in Council International,
Inuit Circumpolar Conference, Russian Association of Indigenous People
of the North, Saami Council observers - (8) China, France, Germany,
Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, UK
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
established - 25 July 1994 aim - to foster constructive dialogue and
consultation on political and security issues of common interest and
concern members - (26) Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia,
Canada, China, EU, India, Indonesia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea,
Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines,
Russia, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, US, Vietnam
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
established - 7 November 1989 aim - to promote trade and investment in
the Pacific basin members - (21) Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile,
China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, NZ,
Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Taiwan,
Thailand, US, Vietnam observers - (3) Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, Pacific Economic Cooperation Council, Pacific Islands Forum
Secretariat
Asian Development Bank (ADB)
established - 19 December 1966 aim - to promote regional economic
cooperation members - (48) Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia,
Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook
Islands, Fiji, Georgia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan,
Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall
Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ,
Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore,
Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Thailand, Timor-Leste,
Tonga, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam nonregional
members - (19) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
established - 8 August 1967 aim - to encourage regional economic,
social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of
Southeast Asia members - (10) Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam dialogue
partners - (11) Australia, Canada, China, EU, India, Japan, South
Korea, NZ, Russia, US, UNDP; note - ASEAN promotes cooperation with
Pakistan in some areas of mutual interest observers - (1) Papua New
Guinea
Australia Group (AG)
established - June 1985 aim - to consult on and coordinate export
controls related to chemical and biological weapons members - (41)
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Commission, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South
Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US
Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
established - 1 September 1951; effective - 29 April 1952 aim - to
implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US
suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986; Australia and
the US continue to hold annual meetings members - (3) Australia, NZ,
US
B
Baltic Assembly (BA)
established - 12 May 1990 aim - to thoroughly discuss various
cooperation issues between Baltic states members - (3) Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania
Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
established - 20 January 1930; effective - 17 March 1930 aim - to
promote cooperation among central banks in international financial
settlements members - (55) Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile,
China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, European Central Bank,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland,
India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia,
Lithuania, Macedonia, Malaysia, Mexico, Netherlands, NZ, Norway,
Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, UK, US; note - Serbia and Montenegro
have separate central banks; their links with BIS are currently under
review
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
established - June 1997 aim - to foster socio-economic cooperation
among members members - (7) Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, India, Nepal,
Sri Lanka, Thailand
Benelux Economic Union (Benelux)
note - acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg established -
3 February 1958; effective - 1 November 1960 aim - to develop closer
economic cooperation and integration members - (3) Belgium,
Luxembourg, Netherlands
Big Seven
note - membership is the same as the Group of 7 established - 1975
aim - to discuss and coordinate major economic policies members - (7)
Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US
Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC)
established - 25 June 1992 aim - to enhance regional stability through
economic cooperation members - (12) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Turkey,
Ukraine; note - Macedonia is in the process of joining observers -
(17) Austria, Belarus, Black Sea Commission, Commission of the EC,
Croatia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Energy Charter Secretariat, France,
Germany, International Black Sea Club, Israel, Italy, Poland, Slovakia,
Tunisia, US; note - Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia have applied
for observer status
C
Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom)
established - 4 July 1973; effective - 1 August 1973 aim - to promote
economic integration and development, especially among the less
developed countries members - (15) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas,
Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica,
Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago associate members - (5)
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Turks and
Caicos Islands observers - (7) Aruba, Colombia, Dominican Republic,
Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Venezuela
Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
established - 18 October 1969; effective - 26 January 1970 aim - to
promote economic development and cooperation regional members - (21)
Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British
Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana,
Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia,
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos
Islands, Venezuela nonregional members - (5) Canada, China, Germany,
Italy, UK
Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC)
see Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa (CEMAC)
Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC)
note - acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique
Centrale established - 3 December 1975 aim - to provide loans for
economic development members - (10) African Development Bank (AfDB),
Cameroon, Central African States Bank (BEAC), Central African Republic,
Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Kuwait
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE)
note - acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico
established - 13 December 1960 signature of Articles of Agreement; 31
May 1961 began operations aim - to promote economic integration and
development members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua nonregional members - (7) Argentina, Colombia,
Dominican Republic, Mexico, Panama, Spain, Taiwan
Central American Common Market (CACM)
established - 13 December 1960, collapsed in 1969, reinstated in 1991
aim - to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market
members - (5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua;
note - Panama, although not a member, pursues full regional cooperation
Central American Integration System (SICA)
established - 13 December 1991; operational 1 February 1993 aim - to
strengthen democracy; to set up a new model of regional security; to
promote freedom; to achieve a regional system of welfare and economic
and social justice; to attain economic unity and strengthen the area as
an economic bloc; to act as a bloc in international matters members -
(7) Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
Panama associated member - (1) Dominican Republic observers - (8)
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Germany, Italy, Mexico, Spain
Central European Initiative (CEI)
note - evolved from the Quadrilateral Initiative and the Hexagonal
Initiative established - 11 November 1989 as the Quadrilateral
Initiative, 27 July 1991 became the Hexagonal Initiative, July 1992 its
present name was adopted aim - to form an economic and political
cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic
Seas members - (18) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia, Moldova,
Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
centrally planned economies
a term applied mainly to the traditionally Communist states that looked
to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more
democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the
Second World or as the Communist countries; through the 1980s, this
group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba,
Czechoslovakia, German Democratic Republic, Hungary, North Korea, Laos,
Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia
Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
established - 7 October 2002 aim - to coordinate military and
political cooperation, to develop multilateral structures and
mechanisms of cooperation for ensuring national security of the member
states members - (7) Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia,
Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
Colombo Plan (CP)
established - May 1950 proposal was adopted; 1 July 1951 commenced full
operations aim - to promote economic and social development in Asia
and the Pacific members - (25) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Burma, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos,
Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea,
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, US, Vietnam
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
note - formerly known as Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and
Southern Africa (PTA) established - 5 November 1993 aim -
recognizing, promoting and protecting fundamental human rights,
commitment to the principles of liberty and rule of law, maintaining
peace and stability through the promotion and strengthening of good
neighborliness, commitment to peaceful settlement of disputes among
member states members - (19) Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of
the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland,
Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Commonwealth (C)
note - also known as Commonwealth of Nations established - 31 December
1931 aim - to foster multinational cooperation and assistance, as a
voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire members -
(53) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados,
Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji
(suspended), The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya,
Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius,
Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, NZ, Nigeria, Pakistan (reinstated 2004),
Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon
Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad
and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Zambia; note - on 7 December
2003 Zimbabwe withdrew its membership from the Commonwealth
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
established - 8 December 1991; effective - 21 December 1991 aim - to
coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for
the orderly dissolution of the USSR members - (12) Armenia,
Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan
Communist countries
traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian
governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of
the original and the successor states are no longer Communist; see
centrally planned economies
Comuinidade dos Paises de Lingua Portuguesa (CPLP)
established - 1996 aim - to establish a forum for friendship among
Portuguese-speaking nations where Portuguese is an official language
members - (8) Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique,
Portugal, Sao Tome and Principe, Timor-Leste associate observers - (3)
Equatorial Guinea, Mauritius, Senegal
Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM)
established in 1949 to control the export of strategic products and
technical data from member countries to proscribed destinations;
members were: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,
Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain,
Turkey, UK, US; abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members established a
new organization, the Wassenaar Arrangement, with expanded membership
on 12 July 1996 that focuses on nonproliferation export controls as
opposed to East-West control of advanced technology
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA)
note - also known as CMEA or Comecon established 25 January 1949 to
promote the development of socialist economies and abolished 1 January
1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not
participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria,
Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos
(observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer),
Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia
(associate)
Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU)
established - 3 June 1957; effective - 30 May 1964 aim - to promote
economic integration among Arab nations members - (10 plus the
Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya,
Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Yemen, Palestine Liberation
Organization
Council of Europe (CE)
established - 5 May 1949; effective - 3 August 1949 aim - to promote
increased unity and quality of life in Europe members - (47) Albania,
Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta,
Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Russia, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK observers - (5) Canada, Holy See,
Japan, Mexico, US