2 Germany $ 243,600,000,000 2008 est.
3 Japan $ 156,600,000,000 2008 est.
4 Saudi Arabia $ 132,600,000,000 2008 est.
5 Russia $ 102,400,000,000 2008 est.
6 Norway $ 88,340,000,000 2008 est.
7 Kuwait $ 64,780,000,000 2008 est.
8 European Union $ 51,400,000,000 2008 est.
9 Netherlands $ 41,930,000,000 2008 est.
10 Switzerland $ 41,210,000,000 2008 est.
11 Sweden $ 40,320,000,000 2008 est.
12 Venezuela $ 39,210,000,000 2008 est.
13 Libya $ 37,390,000,000 2008 est.
14 Algeria $ 35,270,000,000 2008 est.
15 Malaysia $ 33,760,000,000 2008 est.
16 Hong Kong $ 30,520,000,000 2008 est.
17 Singapore $ 25,780,000,000 2008 est.
18 Taiwan $ 24,890,000,000 2008 est.
19 United Arab Emirates $ 22,310,000,000 2008 est.
20 Iran $ 20,190,000,000 2008 est.
21 Angola $ 17,110,000,000 2008 est.
22 Azerbaijan $ 16,450,000,000 2008 est.
23 Qatar $ 15,070,000,000 2008 est.
24 Austria $ 14,270,000,000 2008 est.
25 Iraq $ 14,050,000,000 2008 est.
26 Canada $ 7,610,000,000 2008 est.
27 Brunei $ 7,101,000,000 2007 est.
28 Argentina $ 7,077,000,000 2008 est.
29 Kazakhstan $ 6,978,000,000 2008 est.
30 Denmark $ 6,938,000,000 2008 est.
31 Uzbekistan $ 6,257,000,000 2008 est.
32 Oman $ 5,523,000,000 2008 est.
33 Finland $ 5,518,000,000 2008 est.
34 Trinidad and Tobago $ 5,401,000,000 2008 est.
35 Turkmenistan $ 4,669,000,000 2008 est.
36 Philippines $ 4,227,000,000 2008 est.
37 Nigeria $ 3,877,000,000 2008 est.
38 Luxembourg $ 2,979,000,000 2008 est.
39 Gabon $ 2,727,000,000 2008 est.
40 Bahrain $ 2,257,000,000 2008 est.
41 Israel $ 2,213,000,000 2008 est.
42 Bolivia $ 2,015,000,000 2008 est.
43 Equatorial Guinea $ 1,420,000,000 2008 est.
44 Burma $ 1,281,000,000 2008 est.
45 Ecuador $ 1,194,000,000 2008 est.
46 Timor-Leste $ 1,161,000,000 2007 est.
47 Bangladesh $ 1,032,000,000 2008 est.
48 Congo, Republic of the $ 848,000,000 2008 est.
49 Botswana $ 750,300,000 2008 est.
50 Papua New Guinea $ 710,000,000 2008 est.
51 Indonesia $ 604,000,000 2008 est.
52 Cote d'Ivoire $ 488,000,000 2008 est.
53 Nepal $ 241,000,000 2008
54 Namibia $ 239,800,000 2008 est.
55 British Virgin Islands $ 134,300,000 1999
56 Lesotho $ 121,000,000 2008 est.
57 Bhutan $ 116,000,000 2007 est.
58 Tajikistan $ 47,600,000 2008 est.
59 Cook Islands $ 26,670,000 2005
60 Suriname $ 24,000,000 2007 est.
61 Palau $ 15,090,000 FY03/04
62 Comoros $ 8,000,000 2007 est.
63 Guinea-Bissau $ -6,000,000 2007 est.
64 Tuvalu $ -11,680,000 2003
65 Kiribati $ -21,000,000 2007 est.
66 Tonga $ -23,000,000 2007 est.
67 Samoa $ -24,000,000 2007 est.
68 Swaziland $ -33,000,000 2008 est.
69 Micronesia, Federated States of $ -34,300,000 FY05 est.
70 Anguilla $ -42,870,000 2003 est.
71 Laos $ -52,000,000 2008 est.
72 Vanuatu $ -60,000,000 2007 est.
73 Sierra Leone $ -63,000,000 2007 est.
74 Afghanistan $ -67,000,000 2007 est.
75 Sao Tome and Principe $ -67,000,000 2008 est.
76 Dominica $ -72,000,000 2007 est.
77 Central African Republic $ -77,000,000 2007 est.
78 Cameroon $ -96,000,000 2008 est.
79 Thailand $ -113,000,000 2008 est.
80 Gambia, The $ -127,000,000 2008 est.
81 Grenada $ -138,000,000 2007 est.
82 Solomon Islands $ -143,000,000 2007 est.
83 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines $ -149,000,000 2007 est.
84 Belize $ -153,700,000 2008 est.
85 Saint Kitts and Nevis $ -163,000,000 2007 est.
86 Burundi $ -182,000,000 2008 est.
87 Mauritania $ -184,000,000 2007 est.
88 Saint Lucia $ -199,000,000 2007 est.
89 Antigua and Barbuda $ -211,000,000 2007 est.
90 Djibouti $ -212,000,000 2007 est.
91 Liberia $ -224,000,000 2007
92 Eritrea $ -229,000,000 2008 est.
93 Malawi $ -241,000,000 2008 est.
94 Barbados $ -254,000,000 2007 est.
95 Cape Verde $ -259,000,000 2008 est.
96 Togo $ -272,000,000 2008 est.
97 Rwanda $ -292,000,000 2008 est.
98 Niger $ -321,000,000 2007 est.
99 Paraguay $ -345,000,000 2008 est.
100 Guyana $ -362,000,000 2008 est.
101 Congo, Democratic Republic of the $ -402,000,000 2007 est.
102 Seychelles $ -430,000,000 2008 est.
103 Malta $ -445,000,000 2008 est.
104 Mali $ -446,000,000 2007 est.
105 Guinea $ -489,000,000 2008 est.
106 Fiji $ -507,000,000 2007 est.
107 Zimbabwe $ -584,600,000 2008 est.
108 Haiti $ -611,000,000 2008 est.
109 Maldives $ -638,000,000 2008 est.
110 Kyrgyzstan $ -680,000,000 2008 est.
111 Benin $ -735,000,000 2008 est.
112 Syria $ -791,000,000 2008 est.
113 Burkina Faso $ -931,000,000 2008 est.
114 Mauritius $ -972,800,000 2008 est.
115 Senegal $ -975,000,000 2008 est.
116 Mozambique $ -975,300,000 2008 est.
117 Zambia $ -977,000,000 2008 est.
118 Mongolia $ -1,000,000,000 2008 est.
119 Moldova $ -1,015,000,000 2008 est.
120 Chad $ -1,019,000,000 2008 est.
121 Madagascar $ -1,030,000,000 2008 est.
122 Cambodia $ -1,060,000,000 2008 est.
123 Uganda $ -1,088,000,000 2008 est.
124 Montenegro $ -1,102,000,000 2007 est.
125 Yemen $ -1,113,000,000 2008 est.
126 Macedonia $ -1,210,000,000 2008 est.
127 Sudan $ -1,314,000,000 2008 est.
128 Egypt $ -1,331,000,000 2008 est.
129 Armenia $ -1,355,000,000 2008 est.
130 Bahamas, The $ -1,442,000,000 2007 est.
131 Nicaragua $ -1,475,000,000 2008 est.
132 Uruguay $ -1,484,000,000 2008 est.
133 El Salvador $ -1,595,000,000 2008 est.
134 Tunisia $ -1,667,000,000 2008 est.
135 Ethiopia $ -1,806,000,000 2008 est.
136 Albania $ -1,906,000,000 2008 est.
137 Guatemala $ -1,932,000,000 2008 est.
138 Honduras $ -1,977,000,000 2008 est.
139 Kenya $ -1,978,000,000 2008 est.
140 Estonia $ -2,192,000,000 2008 est.
141 Jordan $ -2,390,000,000 2008 est.
142 Cuba $ -2,580,000,000 2008 est.
143 Costa Rica $ -2,648,000,000 2008 est.
144 Jamaica $ -2,745,000,000 2008 est.
145 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ -2,764,000,000 2008 est.
146 Panama $ -2,792,000,000 2008 est.
147 Georgia $ -2,915,000,000 2008 est.
148 Lebanon $ -2,987,000,000 2008 est.
149 Slovenia $ -3,323,000,000 2008 est.
150 Chile $ -3,440,000,000 2008 est.
151 Ghana $ -3,471,000,000 2008 est.
152 Tanzania $ -3,536,000,000 2008 est.
153 Sri Lanka $ -3,876,000,000 2008 est.
154 Peru $ -4,180,000,000 2008 est.
155 Dominican Republic $ -4,436,000,000 2008 est.
156 Cyprus $ -4,479,000,000 2008 est.
157 Latvia $ -4,492,000,000 2008 est.
158 Belarus $ -5,063,000,000 2008 est.
159 Lithuania $ -5,629,000,000 2008 est.
160 Morocco $ -5,836,000,000 2008 est.
161 Korea, South $ -6,349,000,000 2008 est.
162 Croatia $ -6,397,000,000 2008 est.
163 Slovakia $ -6,430,000,000 2008 est.
164 Iceland $ -6,606,000,000 2008 est.
165 Czech Republic $ -6,642,000,000 2008 est.
166 Colombia $ -6,712,000,000 2008 est.
167 Serbia $ -6,889,000,000 2007 est.
168 Vietnam $ -10,710,000,000 2008 est.
169 New Zealand $ -11,340,000,000 2008 est.
170 Bulgaria $ -12,650,000,000 2008 est.
171 Ukraine $ -12,760,000,000 2008 est.
172 Belgium $ -12,880,000,000 2008 est.
173 Hungary $ -12,980,000,000 2008 est.
174 Ireland $ -13,880,000,000 2008 est.
175 Pakistan $ -15,680,000,000 2008 est.
176 Mexico $ -15,810,000,000 2008 est.
177 South Africa $ -20,980,000,000 2008 est.
178 Romania $ -24,810,000,000 2008 est.
179 Poland $ -26,910,000,000 2008 est.
180 Brazil $ -28,190,000,000 2008 est.
181 Portugal $ -29,600,000,000 2008 est.
182 India $ -36,090,000,000 2008 est.
183 Turkey $ -41,690,000,000 2008 est.
184 Australia $ -44,040,000,000 2008 est.
185 United Kingdom $ -45,680,000,000 2008 est.
186 Greece $ -51,530,000,000 2008 est.
187 France $ -52,910,000,000 2008 est.
188 Italy $ -78,030,000,000 2008 est.
189 Spain $ -154,100,000,000 2008 est.
190 United States $ -706,100,000,000 2008 est.
======================================================================
Rank code: 2188
Country Comparison :: Reserves of foreign exchange and gold
This entry gives the dollar value for the stock of all financial
assets that are available to the central monetary authority for use
in meeting a country's balance of payments needs as of the end-date
of the period specified. This category includes not only foreign
currency and gold, but also a country's holdings of Special Drawing
Rights in the International Monetary Fund, and its reserve position
in the Fund.
Rank country Reserves of foreign exchange and goldDate of Information
1 China $ 1,955,000,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
2 Japan $ 1,011,000,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
3 Russia $ 427,100,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
4 Taiwan $ 296,400,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
5 India $ 254,000,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
6 Korea, South $ 201,200,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
7 Brazil $ 193,800,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
8 Hong Kong $ 182,500,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
9 Singapore $ 174,200,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
10 Algeria $ 143,500,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
11 Germany $ 138,000,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
12 Thailand $ 111,000,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
13 Italy $ 105,300,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
14 France $ 102,900,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
15 Iran $ 96,560,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
16 Mexico $ 95,300,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
17 Libya $ 92,510,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
18 Malaysia $ 91,210,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
19 United States $ 77,650,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
20 Switzerland $ 74,070,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
21 Turkey $ 73,660,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
22 Poland $ 62,180,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
23 Nigeria $ 53,000,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
24 United Kingdom $ 52,980,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
25 Indonesia $ 51,640,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
26 Norway $ 50,950,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
27 Iraq $ 49,800,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
28 Argentina $ 46,370,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
29 Canada $ 43,870,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
30 Israel $ 42,510,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
31 Denmark $ 42,320,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
32 Venezuela $ 42,300,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
33 Romania $ 39,470,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
34 Philippines $ 37,550,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
35 Czech Republic $ 36,680,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
36 South Africa $ 34,070,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
37 Hungary $ 33,870,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
38 Egypt $ 33,850,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
39 Australia $ 32,920,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
40 United Arab Emirates $ 31,690,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
41 Ukraine $ 31,540,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
42 Peru $ 31,250,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
43 Saudi Arabia $ 30,590,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
44 Sweden $ 29,720,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
45 Netherlands $ 28,510,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
46 Lebanon $ 28,280,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
47 Vietnam $ 24,180,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
48 Colombia $ 23,670,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
49 Chile $ 23,080,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
50 Morocco $ 22,720,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
51 Spain $ 20,250,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
52 Kazakhstan $ 19,870,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
53 Slovakia $ 18,780,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
54 Angola $ 18,360,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
55 Bulgaria $ 17,930,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
56 Kuwait $ 17,230,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
57 Austria $ 16,700,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
58 Belgium $ 15,650,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
59 Serbia $ 14,220,000,000 2007 est.
60 Turkmenistan $ 13,880,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
61 Croatia $ 12,960,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
62 Portugal $ 11,950,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
63 Oman $ 11,580,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
64 New Zealand $ 11,150,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
65 Uzbekistan $ 10,150,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
66 Qatar $ 9,998,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
67 Trinidad and Tobago $ 9,496,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
68 Botswana $ 9,119,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
69 Jordan $ 8,918,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
70 Pakistan $ 8,903,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
71 Tunisia $ 8,853,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
72 Finland $ 8,346,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
73 Yemen $ 8,157,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
74 Bolivia $ 7,722,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
75 Slovenia $ 7,570,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
76 Syria $ 6,765,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
77 Azerbaijan $ 6,519,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
78 Lithuania $ 6,441,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
79 Uruguay $ 6,360,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
80 Bangladesh $ 5,789,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
81 Latvia $ 5,248,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
82 Ecuador $ 4,473,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
83 Guatemala $ 4,471,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
84 Equatorial Guinea $ 4,431,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
85 Cuba $ 4,047,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
86 Estonia $ 3,972,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
87 Congo, Republic of the $ 3,873,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
88 Bahrain $ 3,803,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
89 Costa Rica $ 3,799,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
90 Bosnia and Herzegovina $ 3,516,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
91 Greece $ 3,473,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
92 Burma $ 3,412,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
93 Cameroon $ 3,091,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
94 Kenya $ 2,879,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
95 Tanzania $ 2,869,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
96 Paraguay $ 2,863,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
97 Panama $ 2,693,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
98 Belarus $ 2,687,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
99 Sri Lanka $ 2,655,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
100 Cambodia $ 2,641,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
101 El Salvador $ 2,545,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
102 Iceland $ 2,500,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
103 Honduras $ 2,492,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
104 Albania $ 2,364,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
105 Uganda $ 2,301,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
106 Dominican Republic $ 2,288,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
107 Cote d'Ivoire $ 2,252,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
108 Macedonia $ 2,109,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
109 Ghana $ 2,028,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
110 Papua New Guinea $ 1,987,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
111 Gabon $ 1,925,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
112 Mauritius $ 1,785,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
113 Jamaica $ 1,767,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
114 Moldova $ 1,672,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
115 Senegal $ 1,601,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
116 Mozambique $ 1,578,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
117 Georgia $ 1,480,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
118 Armenia $ 1,407,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
119 Sudan $ 1,399,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
120 Chad $ 1,347,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
121 Namibia $ 1,293,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
122 Benin $ 1,261,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
123 Kyrgyzstan $ 1,225,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
124 Nicaragua $ 1,141,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
125 Zambia $ 1,096,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
126 Ireland $ 1,023,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
127 Cyprus $ 1,003,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
128 Lesotho $ 993,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
129 Madagascar $ 982,300,000 31 December 2008 est.
130 Burkina Faso $ 926,300,000 31 December 2008 est.
131 Ethiopia $ 870,500,000 31 December 2008 est.
132 Laos $ 803,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
133 Swaziland $ 752,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
134 Haiti $ 708,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
135 Barbados $ 620,000,000 2007
136 Rwanda $ 596,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
137 Togo $ 580,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
138 Luxembourg $ 397,800,000 31 December 2008 est.
139 Malta $ 373,400,000 31 December 2008 est.
140 Guyana $ 355,900,000 31 December 2008 est.
141 Burundi $ 266,700,000 31 December 2008 est.
142 Suriname $ 263,300,000 2006
143 Cape Verde $ 258,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
144 Tajikistan $ 195,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
145 Malawi $ 185,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
146 Belize $ 166,200,000 31 December 2008 est.
147 Gambia, The $ 140,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
148 Zimbabwe $ 96,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
149 Guinea $ 93,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
150 Samoa $ 70,150,000 FY03/04
151 Seychelles $ 64,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
152 Sao Tome and Principe $ 43,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
153 Tonga $ 40,830,000 yearend, FY04/05
154 Vanuatu $ 40,540,000 2003
155 Eritrea $ 24,000,000 31 December 2008 est.
======================================================================
Rank code: 2189
Country Comparison :: Union name
Rank country Union name Date of Information
======================================================================
Rank code: 2190
Country Comparison :: Political structure
Rank country Political structure Date of Information
======================================================================
Rank code: 2191
Country Comparison :: Member states
Rank country Member states Date of Information
======================================================================
Rank code: 2192
Country Comparison :: Preliminary statement
Rank country Preliminary statement Date of Information
======================================================================
Rank code: 2193
Country Comparison :: Major infectious diseases
This entry lists major infectious diseases likely to be encountered
in countries where the risk of such diseases is assessed to be very
high as compared to the United States. These infectious diseases
represent risks to US government personnel traveling to the
specified country for a period of less than three years. The degree
of risk is assessed by considering the foreign nature of these
infectious diseases, their severity, and the probability of being
affected by the diseases present. The diseases listed do not
necessarily represent the total disease burden experienced by the
local population.
The risk to an individual traveler varies considerably by the
specific location, visit duration, type of activities, type of
accommodations, time of year, and other factors. Consultation with a
travel medicine physician is needed to evaluate individual risk and
recommend appropriate preventive measures such as vaccines.
Diseases are organized into the following six exposure categories
shown in italics and listed in typical descending order of risk.
Note: The sequence of exposure categories listed in individual
country entries may vary according to local conditions.
food or waterborne diseases acquired through eating or drinking on
the local economy:
Hepatitis A - viral disease that interferes with the functioning of
the liver; spread through consumption of food or water contaminated
with fecal matter, principally in areas of poor sanitation; victims
exhibit fever, jaundice, and diarrhea; 15% of victims will
experience prolonged symptoms over 6-9 months; vaccine available.
Hepatitis E - water-borne viral disease that interferes with the
functioning of the liver; most commonly spread through fecal
contamination of drinking water; victims exhibit jaundice, fatigue,
abdominal pain, and dark colored urine.
Typhoid fever - bacterial disease spread through contact with food
or water contaminated by fecal matter or sewage; victims exhibit
sustained high fevers; left untreated, mortality rates can reach 20%.
vectorborne diseases acquired through the bite of an infected
arthropod:
Malaria - caused by single-cell parasitic protozoa Plasmodium;
transmitted to humans via the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito;
parasites multiply in the liver attacking red blood cells resulting
in cycles of fever, chills, and sweats accompanied by anemia; death
due to damage to vital organs and interruption of blood supply to
the brain; endemic in 100, mostly tropical, countries with 90% of
cases and the majority of 1.5-2.5 million estimated annual deaths
occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.
Dengue fever - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
associated with urban environments; manifests as sudden onset of
fever and severe headache; occasionally produces shock and
hemorrhage leading to death in 5% of cases.
Yellow fever - mosquito-borne viral disease; severity ranges from
influenza-like symptoms to severe hepatitis and hemorrhagic fever;
occurs only in tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where
most cases are reported; fatality rate is less than 20%.
Japanese Encephalitis - mosquito-borne (Culex tritaeniorhynchus)
viral disease associated with rural areas in Asia; acute
encephalitis can progress to paralysis, coma, and death; fatality
rates 30%.
African Trypanosomiasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa
Trypanosoma; transmitted to humans via the bite of bloodsucking
Tsetse flies; infection leads to malaise and irregular fevers and,
in advanced cases when the parasites invade the central nervous
system, coma and death; endemic in 36 countries of sub-Saharan
Africa; cattle and wild animals act as reservoir hosts for the
parasites.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis - caused by the parasitic protozoa
leishmania; transmitted to humans via the bite of sandflies; results
in skin lesions that may become chronic; endemic in 88 countries;
90% of cases occur in Iran, Afghanistan, Syria, Saudi Arabia,
Brazil, and Peru; wild and domesticated animals as well as humans
can act as reservoirs of infection.
Plague - bacterial disease transmitted by fleas normally associated
with rats; person-to-person airborne transmission also possible;
recent plague epidemics occurred in areas of Asia, Africa, and South
America associated with rural areas or small towns and villages;
manifests as fever, headache, and painfully swollen lymph nodes;
disease progresses rapidly and without antibiotic treatment leads to
pneumonic form with a death rate in excess of 50%.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever - tick-borne viral disease;
infection may also result from exposure to infected animal blood or
tissue; geographic distribution includes Africa, Asia, the Middle
East, and Eastern Europe; sudden onset of fever, headache, and
muscle aches followed by hemorrhaging in the bowels, urine, nose,
and gums; mortality rate is approximately 30%.
Rift Valley fever - viral disease affecting domesticated animals and
humans; transmission is by mosquito and other biting insects;
infection may also occur through handling of infected meat or
contact with blood; geographic distribution includes eastern and
southern Africa where cattle and sheep are raised; symptoms are
generally mild with fever and some liver abnormalities, but the
disease may progress to hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or ocular
disease; fatality rates are low at about 1% of cases.
Chikungunya - mosquito-borne (Aedes aegypti) viral disease
associated with urban environments, similar to Dengue Fever;
characterized by sudden onset of fever, rash, and severe joint pain
usually lasting 3-7 days, some cases result in persistent arthritis.
water contact diseases acquired through swimming or wading in
freshwater lakes, streams, and rivers:
Leptospirosis - bacterial disease that affects animals and humans;
infection occurs through contact with water, food, or soil
contaminated by animal urine; symptoms include high fever, severe
headache, vomiting, jaundice, and diarrhea; untreated, the disease
can result in kidney damage, liver failure, meningitis, or
respiratory distress; fatality rates are low but left untreated
recovery can take months.
Schistosomiasis - caused by parasitic trematode flatworm
Schistosoma; fresh water snails act as intermediate host and release
larval form of parasite that penetrates the skin of people exposed
to contaminated water; worms mature and reproduce in the blood
vessels, liver, kidneys, and intestines releasing eggs, which become
trapped in tissues triggering an immune response; may manifest as
either urinary or intestinal disease resulting in decreased work or
learning capacity; mortality, while generally low, may occur in
advanced cases usually due to bladder cancer; endemic in 74
developing countries with 80% of infected people living in
sub-Saharan Africa; humans act as the reservoir for this parasite.
aerosolized dust or soil contact disease acquired through inhalation
of aerosols contaminated with rodent urine:
Lassa fever - viral disease carried by rats of the genus Mastomys;
endemic in portions of West Africa; infection occurs through direct
contact with or consumption of food contaminated by rodent urine or
fecal matter containing virus particles; fatality rate can reach 50%
in epidemic outbreaks.
respiratory disease acquired through close contact with an
infectious person:
Meningococcal meningitis - bacterial disease causing an inflammation
of the lining of the brain and spinal cord; one of the most
important bacterial pathogens is Neisseria meningitidis because of
its potential to cause epidemics; symptoms include stiff neck, high
fever, headaches, and vomiting; bacteria are transmitted from person
to person by respiratory droplets and facilitated by close and
prolonged contact resulting from crowded living conditions, often
with a seasonal distribution; death occurs in 5-15% of cases,
typically within 24-48 hours of onset of symptoms; highest burden of
meningococcal disease occurs in the hyperendemic region of
sub-Saharan Africa known as the "Meningitis Belt" which stretches
from Senegal east to Ethiopia.
animal contact disease acquired through direct contact with local
animals:
Rabies - viral disease of mammals usually transmitted through the
bite of an infected animal, most commonly dogs; virus affects the
central nervous system causing brain alteration and death; symptoms
initially are non-specific fever and headache progressing to
neurological symptoms; death occurs within days of the onset of
symptoms.
Rank country Major infectious diseases Date of Information
======================================================================
Rank code: 2194
Country Comparison :: Refugees and internally displaced persons
This entry includes those persons residing in a country as refugees
or internally displaced persons (IDPs). The definition of a refugee
according to a United Nations Convention is "a person who is outside
his/her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a
well-founded fear of persecution because of his/her race, religion,
nationality, membership in a particular social group or political
opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail himself/herself of the
protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of
persecution." The UN established the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1950 to handle refugee matters
worldwide. The UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in
the Near East (UNRWA) has a different operational definition for a
Palestinian refugee: "a person whose normal place of residence was
Palestine during the period 1 June 1946 to 15 May 1948 and who lost
both home and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 conflict."
However, UNHCR also assists some 400,000 Palestinian refugees not
covered under the UNRWA definition. The term "internally displaced
person" is not specifically covered in the UN Convention; it is used
to describe people who have fled their homes for reasons similar to
refugees, but who remain within their own national territory and are
subject to the laws of that state.
Rank country Refugees and internally displaced personsDate of