total: 80,505 km
paved: 16,745 km (includes 2,414 km of expressways)
unpaved: 63,760 km (2004)
China
total: 1,930,544 km
paved: 1,575,571 km (includes 41,005 km of expressways)
unpaved: 354,973 km (2005)
Christmas Island
total: 140 km
paved: 30 km
unpaved: 110 km (2007)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
total: 22 km
paved: 10 km
unpaved: 12 km (2006)
Colombia
total: 164,257 km (2005)
Comoros
total: 880 km
paved: 673 km
unpaved: 207 km (2002)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
total: 153,497 km
paved: 2,794 km
unpaved: 150,703 km (2004)
Congo, Republic of the
total: 17,289 km
paved: 864 km
unpaved: 16,425 km (2004)
Cook Islands
total: 320 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 287 km (2003)
Costa Rica
total: 35,330 km
paved: 8,621 km
unpaved: 26,709 km (2004)
Cote d'Ivoire
total: 80,000 km
paved: 6,500 km
unpaved: 73,500 km
note: includes intercity and urban roads; another 20,000 km of dirt
roads are in poor condition and 150,000 km of dirt roads are
impassable (2006)
Croatia
total: 28,788 km (includes 877 km of expressways) (2006)
Cuba
total: 60,858 km
paved: 29,820 km (includes 638 km of expressway)
unpaved: 31,038 km (2000)
Cyprus
total: 14,630 km (area under government control: 12,280 km;
area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 2,350 km)
paved: area under government control: 7,979 km (includes 257 km of
expressways); area administered by Turkish Cypriots: 1,370 km
unpaved: area under government control: 4,301 km; area administered
by Turkish Cypriots: 980 km (2006)
Czech Republic
total: 128,512 km
paved: 128,512 km (includes 657 km of expressways) (2007)
Denmark
total: 72,362 km
paved: 72,362 km (includes 1,032 km of expressways) (2006)
Djibouti
total: 3,065 km
paved: 1,226 km
unpaved: 1,839 km (2000)
Dominica
total: 780 km
paved: 393 km
unpaved: 387 km (2000)
Dominican Republic
total: 19,705 km
paved: 9,872 km
unpaved: 9,833 km (2002)
Ecuador
total: 43,670 km
paved: 6,472 km
unpaved: 37,198 km (2006)
Egypt
total: 92,370 km
paved: 74,820 km
unpaved: 17,550 km (2004)
El Salvador
total: 10,886 km
paved: 2,827 km (includes 327 km of expressways)
unpaved: 8,059 km (2000)
Equatorial Guinea
total: 2,880 km (2000)
Eritrea
total: 4,010 km
paved: 874 km
unpaved: 3,136 km (2000)
Estonia
total: 57,016 km
paved: 12,926 km (includes 99 km of expressways)
unpaved: 44,090 km (2005)
Ethiopia
total: 36,469 km
paved: 6,980 km
unpaved: 29,489 km (2004)
European Union
total: 5,454,446 km (2008)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
total: 440 km
paved: 50 km
unpaved: 390 km (2008)
Faroe Islands
total: 463 km (2006)
Fiji
total: 3,440 km
paved: 1,692 km
unpaved: 1,748 km (2000)
Finland
total: 78,141 km
paved: 50,914 km (includes 700 km of expressways)
unpaved: 27,227 km (2009)
France
total: 951,500 km
paved: 951,500 km (metropolitan France; includes 10,950 km of
expressways)
note: there are another 5,100 km of roadways in overseas departments
(2006)
French Polynesia
total: 2,590 km
paved: 1,735 km
unpaved: 855 km (1999)
Gabon
total: 9,170 km
paved: 937 km
unpaved: 8,233 km (2004)
Gambia, The
total: 3,742 km
paved: 723 km
unpaved: 3,019 km (2004)
Gaza Strip
note: see entry for West Bank
Georgia
total: 20,329 km
paved: 7,854 km (includes 13 km of expressways)
unpaved: 12,475 km (2006)
Germany
total: 644,480 km
paved: 644,480 km (includes 12,400 km of expressways)
note: includes local roads (2006)
Ghana
total: 62,221 km
paved: 9,955 km
unpaved: 52,266 km (2006)
Gibraltar
total: 29 km
paved: 29 km (2007)
Greece
total: 117,533 km
paved: 107,895 km (includes 880 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,638 km (2005)
Greenland
note: although there are short roads in towns, there are
no roads between towns; inter-urban transport takes place either by
sea or air (2005)
Grenada
total: 1,127 km
paved: 687 km
unpaved: 440 km (2000)
Guam
total: 1,045 km (2007)
Guatemala
total: 14,095 km
paved: 4,863 km (includes 75 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,232 km (2000)
Guinea
total: 44,348 km
paved: 4,342 km
unpaved: 40,006 km (2003)
Guinea-Bissau
total: 3,455 km
paved: 965 km
unpaved: 2,490 km (2002)
Guyana
total: 7,970 km
paved: 590 km
unpaved: 7,380 km (2000)
Haiti
total: 4,160 km
paved: 1,011 km
unpaved: 3,149 km (2000)
Honduras
total: 13,600 km
paved: 2,775 km
unpaved: 10,825 km (2000)
Hong Kong
total: 2,040 km
paved: 2,040 km (2008)
Hungary
total: 159,568 km
paved: 70,050 km (30,874 km of interurban roads including 626 km of
expressways)
unpaved: 89,518 km (2005)
Iceland
total: 13,058 km
paved/oiled gravel: 4,397 km (does not include urban roads)
unpaved: 8,661 km (2007)
India
total: 3,316,452 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2006)
Indonesia
total: 391,009 km
paved: 216,714 km
unpaved: 174,295 km (2005)
Iran
total: 172,927 km
paved: 125,908 km (includes 1,429 km of expressways)
unpaved: 47,019 km (2006)
Iraq
total: 44,900 km
paved: 37,851 km
unpaved: 7,049 km (2002)
Ireland
total: 96,602 km
paved: 96,602 km (includes 200 km of expressways) (2003)
Isle of Man
total: 500 km (2008)
Israel
total: 17,870 km
paved: 17,870 km (includes 146 km of expressways) (2007)
Italy
total: 487,700 km
paved: 487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2005)
Jamaica
total: 21,552 km
paved: 15,937 km (includes 33 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,615 km (2005)
Japan
total: 1,196,999 km
paved: 949,101 km (includes 7,383 km of expressways)
unpaved: 247,898 km (2006)
Jersey
total: 358 km (2002)
Jordan
total: 8,002 km
paved: 8,002 km (2007)
Kazakhstan
total: 91,563 km
paved: 83,717 km
unpaved: 7,846 km (2006)
Kenya
total: 63,574 km (interurban roads)
paved: 9,273 km
unpaved: 54,301 km
note: there also are 114,226 km of unclassified roads, 2,000 km
paved and 112,226 unpaved, for a national total of 177,800 km (2008)
Kiribati
total: 670 km (2000)
Korea, North
total: 25,554 km
paved: 724 km
unpaved: 24,830 km (2006)
Korea, South
total: 103,029 km
paved: 80,642 km (includes 3,367 km of expressways)
unpaved: 22,387 km (2008)
Kosovo
total: 1,924 km
paved: 1,666 km
unpaved: 258 km (2006)
Kuwait
total: 5,749 km
paved: 4,887 km
unpaved: 862 km (2004)
Kyrgyzstan
total: 18,500 km
paved: 16,909 km (includes 140 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,591 km (2003)
Laos
total: 29,811 km
paved: 4,010 km
unpaved: 25,801 km (2006)
Latvia
total: 69,675 km
paved: 69,675 km (2006)
Lebanon
total: 6,970 km (includes 170 km of expressways) (2005)
Lesotho
total: 7,091 km
paved: 1,404 km
unpaved: 5,687 km (2003)
Liberia
total: 10,600 km
paved: 657 km
unpaved: 9,943 km (2000)
Libya
total: 100,024 km
paved: 57,214 km
unpaved: 42,810 km (2003)
Liechtenstein
total: 380 km
paved: 380 km (2007)
Lithuania
total: 80,715 km
paved: 71,301 km (includes 309 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,414 km (2007)
Luxembourg
total: 5,227 km
paved: 5,227 km (includes 147 km of expressways) (2004)
Macau
total: 404 km
paved: 404 km (2008)
Macedonia
total: 13,182 km (includes 208 km of expressways) (2002)
Madagascar
total: 65,663 km
paved: 7,617 km
unpaved: 58,046 km (2003)
Malawi
total: 15,451 km
paved: 6,956 km
unpaved: 8,495 km (2003)
Malaysia
total: 98,721 km
paved: 80,280 km (includes 1,821 km of expressways)
unpaved: 18,441 km (2004)
Maldives
total: 88 km
paved roads: 88 km - 60 km in Male; 14 km on Addu Atolis; 14 km on
Laamu
note: village roads are mainly compacted coral (2006)
Mali
total: 18,709 km
paved: 3,368 km
unpaved: 15,341 km (2004)
Malta
total: 2,227 km
paved: 2,014 km
unpaved: 213 km (2005)
Marshall Islands
total: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways)
(2007)
Mauritania
total: 11,066 km
paved: 2,966 km
unpaved: 8,100 km (2006)
Mauritius
total: 2,028 km
paved: 2,028 km (includes 75 km of expressways) (2007)
Mexico
total: 356,945 km
paved: 178,473 km (includes 6,279 km of expressways)
unpaved: 178,472 km (2006)
Micronesia, Federated States of
total: 240 km
paved: 42 km
unpaved: 198 km (2000)
Moldova
total: 12,666 km
paved: 12,117 km
unpaved: 549 km (2007)
Monaco
total: 50 km
paved: 50 km (2007)
Mongolia
total: 49,249 km
paved: 2,671 km
unpaved: 46,578 km (2008)
Montenegro
total: 7,368 km
paved: 4,742 km
unpaved: 2,626 km (2006)
Montserrat
note: volcanic eruptions that began in 1995 destroyed
most of the 227 km road system; a new road infrastructure has been
built in the north end of the island (2008)
Morocco
total: 57,625 km
paved: 35,664 km (includes 639 km of expressways)
unpaved: 21,961 km (2006)
Mozambique
total: 30,400 km
paved: 5,685 km
unpaved: 24,715 km (2000)
Namibia
total: 42,237 km
paved: 5,406 km
unpaved: 36,831 km (2002)
Nauru
total: 24 km
paved: 24 km (2002)
Nepal
total: 17,282 km
paved: 10,142 km
unpaved: 7,140 km (2007)
Netherlands
total: 135,470 km (includes 2,582 km of expressways)
(2007)
Netherlands Antilles
total: 845
New Caledonia
total: 5,622 km (2006)
New Zealand
total: 93,576 km
paved: 61,564 km (includes 172 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,012 km (2006)
Nicaragua
total: 19,036 km
paved: 2,299 km
unpaved: 16,737 km (2005)
Niger
total: 18,550 km
paved: 3,803 km
unpaved: 14,747 km (2006)
Nigeria
total: 193,200 km
paved: 28,980 km
unpaved: 164,220 km (2004)
Niue
total: 120 km
paved: 120 km (2008)
Norfolk Island
total: 80 km
paved: 53 km
unpaved: 27 km (2008)
Northern Mariana Islands
total: 536 km (2007)
Norway
total: 92,946 km
paved: 72,033 km (includes 664 km of expressways)
unpaved: 20,913 km (2007)
Oman
total: 42,300 km
paved: 16,500 km (includes 550 km of expressways)
unpaved: 25,800 km (2005)
Pakistan
total: 259,197 km
paved: 172,827 km (includes 711 km of expressways)
unpaved: 86,370 km (2007)
Palau
note: estimated to have 60 km of roads as of 1996
Panama
total: 11,978 km
paved: 4,300 km
unpaved: 7,678 km (2002)
Papua New Guinea
total: 19,600 km
paved: 686 km
unpaved: 18,914 km (2000)
Paraguay
total: 29,500 km
paved: 14,986 km
unpaved: 14,514 km (2000)
Peru
total: 78,829 km
paved: 11,351 km (includes 276 km of expressways)
unpaved: 67,478 km (2004)
Philippines
total: 201,910 km
paved: 21,677 km
unpaved: 180,233 km (2008)
Poland
total: 423,997 km
paved: 295,356 km (includes 662 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2006)
Portugal
total: 82,900 km
paved: 71,294 km (includes 2,300 km of expressways)
unpaved: 11,606 km (2005)
Puerto Rico
total: 26,186 km
paved: 24,877 km (includes 427 km of expressways)
unpaved: 1,309 km (2007)
Qatar
total: 7,790 km (2006)
Romania
total: 198,817 km
paved: 60,043 km (includes 228 km of expressways)
unpaved: 138,774 km (2004)
Russia
total: 933,000 km
paved: 754,984 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 178,016 km
note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)
Rwanda
total: 14,008 km
paved: 2,662 km
unpaved: 11,346 km (2004)
Saint Helena
total: 198 km (Saint Helena 138 km, Ascension 40 km,
Tristan da Cunha 20 km)
paved: 168 km (Saint Helena 118 km, Ascension 40 km, Tristan da
Cunha 10 km)
unpaved: 30 km (Saint Helena 20 km, Ascension 0 km, Tristan da Cunha
10 km) (2002)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
total: 383 km
paved: 163 km
unpaved: 220 km (2002)
Saint Lucia
total: 1,210 km (2002)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
total: 117 km
paved: 80 km
unpaved: 37 km (2000)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
total: 829 km
paved: 580 km
unpaved: 249 km (2003)
Samoa
total: 2,337 km
paved: 332 km
unpaved: 2,005 km (2001)
San Marino
total: 292 km
paved: 292 km (2006)
Sao Tome and Principe
total: 320 km
paved: 218 km
unpaved: 102 km (2000)
Saudi Arabia
total: 221,372 km
paved: 47,529 km (includes 3,891 km of expressways)
unpaved: 173,843 km (2006)
Senegal
total: 13,576 km
paved: 3,972 km (includes 7 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,604 km (2003)
Serbia
total: 36,875 km
paved: 31,392 km
unpaved: 5,483 km (2006)
Seychelles
total: 458 km
paved: 440 km
unpaved: 18 km (2003)
Sierra Leone
total: 11,300 km
paved: 904 km
unpaved: 10,396 km (2002)
Singapore
total: 3,297 km
paved: 3,297 km (includes 150 km of expressways) (2007)
Slovakia
total: 43,761 km
paved: 38,085 km (includes 316 km of expressways)
unpaved: 5,676 km (2006)
Slovenia
total: 38,709 km
paved: 38,709 km (includes 579 km of expressways) (2007)
Solomon Islands
total: 1,360 km
paved: 33 km
unpaved: 1,327 km
note: includes 800 km of private plantation roads (2002)
Somalia
total: 22,100 km
paved: 2,608 km
unpaved: 19,492 km (2000)
South Africa
total: 362,099 km
paved: 73,506 km (includes 239 km of expressways)
unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)
Spain
total: 681,224 km
paved: 681,224 km (includes 13,872 km of expressways) (2006)
Sri Lanka
total: 97,286 km
paved: 78,802 km
unpaved: 18,484 km (2003)
Sudan
total: 11,900 km
paved: 4,320 km
unpaved: 7,580 km (2000)
Suriname
total: 4,304 km
paved: 1,130 km
unpaved: 3,174 km (2003)
Swaziland
total: 3,594 km
paved: 1,078 km
unpaved: 2,516 km (2002)
Sweden
total: 425,300 km
paved: 139,300 km (includes 1,740 km of expressways)
unpaved: 286,000 km (2008)
Switzerland
total: 71,298 km
paved: 71,298 km (includes 1,758 of expressways) (2006)
Syria
total: 97,401 km
paved: 19,490 km (includes 1,103 km of expressways)
unpaved: 77,911 km (2006)
Taiwan
total: 40,262 km
paved: 38,171 km (includes 976 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,091 km (2007)
Tajikistan
total: 27,767 km (2000)
Tanzania
total: 78,891 km
paved: 6,808 km
unpaved: 72,083 km (2003)
Thailand
total: 180,053 km (includes 450 km of expressways) (2006)
Timor-Leste
total: 6,040 km
paved: 2,600 km
unpaved: 3,440 km (2005)
Togo
total: 7,520 km
paved: 2,376 km
unpaved: 5,144 km (2000)
Tonga
total: 680 km
paved: 184 km
unpaved: 496 km (2000)
Trinidad and Tobago
total: 8,320 km
paved: 4,252 km
unpaved: 4,068 km (2000)
Tunisia
total: 19,232 km
paved: 12,655 km (includes 262 km of expressways)
unpaved: 6,577 km (2004)
Turkey
total: 426,951 km (includes 1,987 km of expressways) (2006)
Turkmenistan
total: 58,592 km
paved: 47,577 km
unpaved: 11,015 km (2002)
Turks and Caicos Islands
total: 121 km
paved: 24 km
unpaved: 97 km (2003)
Tuvalu
total: 8 km
paved: 8 km (2002)
Uganda
total: 70,746 km
paved: 16,272 km
unpaved: 54,474 km (2003)
Ukraine
total: 169,422 km
paved: 165,611 km (includes 15 km of expressways)
unpaved: 3,811 km (2007)
United Arab Emirates
total: 4,080 km
paved: 4,080 km (includes 253 km of expressways) (2008)
United Kingdom
total: 398,366 km
paved: 398,366 km (includes 3,520 km of expressways) (2006)
United States
total: 6,465,799 km
paved: 4,209,835 km (includes 75,040 km of expressways)
unpaved: 2,255,964 km (2007)
Uruguay
total: 77,732 km
paved: 7,743 km
unpaved: 69,989 km (2004)
Uzbekistan
total: 86,496 km
paved: 75,511 km
unpaved: 10,985 km (2000)
Vanuatu
total: 1,070 km
paved: 256 km
unpaved: 814 km (1999)
Venezuela
total: 96,155 km
paved: 32,308 km
unpaved: 63,847 km (2002)
Vietnam
total: 222,179 km
paved: 42,167 km
unpaved: 180,012 km (2004)
Virgin Islands
total: 1,257 km (2007)
West Bank
total: 5,147 km
paved: 5,147 km
note: includes Gaza Strip (2006)
World
total: 68,937,575 km (2008)
Yemen
total: 71,300 km
paved: 6,200 km
unpaved: 65,100 km (2005)
Zambia
total: 91,440 km
paved: 20,117 km
unpaved: 71,323 km (2001)
Zimbabwe
total: 97,267 km
paved: 18,481 km
unpaved: 78,786 km (2002)
======================================================================
@2086
Field Listing :: Illicit drugs
This entry gives information on the five categories of illicit drugs
- narcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and
cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and
prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold
outside of medical channels.
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides
hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana
(pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC,
Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil).
Coca (mostly Erythroxylum coca) is a bush with leaves that contain
the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with
cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate,
cocoa, and cocoa butter.
Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush.
Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety
and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal,
Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium),
methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others
(Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid).
Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental,
emotional, or behavioral change in an individual.
Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance
that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral
impairment in an individual.
Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking,
self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid,
microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine
variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog),
phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin,
psilocyn).
Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant
(Cannabis sativa).
Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine.
Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical
depressant.
Marijuana is the dried leaf of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis
sativa).
Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax
in Southwest Asia and Africa.
Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer
to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural
narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine
(MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with
codeine, Robitussin AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics
include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid).
Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol,
Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon,
Lomotil).
Opium is the brown, gummy exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of
the opium poppy.
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for the natural and
semisynthetic narcotics.
Poppy straw is the entire cut and dried opium poppy-plant material,
other than the seeds. Opium is extracted from poppy straw in
commercial operations that produce the drug for medical use.
Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha
edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea.
Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a
pharmaceutical depressant.
Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy
and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines
(Desoxyn, Dexedrine), ephedrine, ecstasy (clarity, essence, doctor,
Adam), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and
others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).
Country
Illicit drugs
Afghanistan
world's largest producer of opium; poppy cultivation
decreased 22% to 157,000 hectares in 2008 but remains at a
historically high level; less favorable growing conditions in 2008
reduced potential opium production to 5,500 metric tons, down 31
percent from 2007; if the entire opium crop were processed, 648
metric tons of pure heroin potentially could be produced; the
Taliban and other antigovernment groups participate in and profit
from the opiate trade, which is a key source of revenue for the
Taliban inside Afghanistan; widespread corruption and instability
impede counterdrug efforts; most of the heroin consumed in Europe
and Eurasia is derived from Afghan opium; vulnerable to drug money
laundering through informal financial networks; regional source of
hashish (2008)
Albania
increasingly active transshipment point for Southwest Asian
opiates, hashish, and cannabis transiting the Balkan route and - to
a lesser extent - cocaine from South America destined for Western
Europe; limited opium and expanding cannabis production; ethnic
Albanian narcotrafficking organizations active and expanding in
Europe; vulnerable to money laundering associated with regional
trafficking in narcotics, arms, contraband, and illegal aliens
Angola
used as a transshipment point for cocaine destined for
Western Europe and other African states, particularly South Africa
Anguilla
transshipment point for South American narcotics destined
for the US and Europe
Antigua and Barbuda
considered a minor transshipment point for
narcotics bound for the US and Europe; more significant as an
offshore financial center
Argentina
a transshipment country for cocaine headed for Europe,
heroin headed for the US, and ephedrine and pseudoephedrine headed
for Mexico; some money-laundering activity, especially in the
Tri-Border Area; law enforcement corruption; a source for precursor
chemicals; increasing domestic consumption of drugs in urban
centers, especially cocaine base and synthetic drugs (2008)
Armenia
illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic
consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium
and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser
extent the rest of Europe
Aruba
transit point for US- and Europe-bound narcotics with some
accompanying money-laundering activity; relatively high percentage
of population consumes cocaine
Australia
Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit
opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of
opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate; major
consumer of cocaine and amphetamines
Austria
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South
American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption
of European-produced synthetic drugs
Azerbaijan
limited illicit cultivation of cannabis and opium poppy,
mostly for CIS consumption; small government eradication program;
transit point for Southwest Asian opiates bound for Russia and to a
lesser extent the rest of Europe
Bahamas, The
transshipment point for cocaine and marijuana bound for
US and Europe; offshore financial center
Bangladesh
transit country for illegal drugs produced in neighboring
countries
Barbados
one of many Caribbean transshipment points for narcotics
bound for Europe and the US; offshore financial center
Belarus
limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for
the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and
via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and
lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering
legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened
further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008;
few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities
(2008)
Belgium
growing producer of synthetic drugs and cannabis; transit
point for US-bound ecstasy; source of precursor chemicals for South
American cocaine processors; transshipment point for cocaine,
heroin, hashish, and marijuana entering Western Europe; despite a
strengthening of legislation, the country remains vulnerable to
money laundering related to narcotics, automobiles, alcohol, and
tobacco; significant domestic consumption of ecstasy
Belize
transshipment point for cocaine; small-scale illicit producer
of cannabis, primarily for local consumption; offshore sector
money-laundering activity related to narcotics trafficking and other
crimes (2008)
Benin
transshipment point used by traffickers for cocaine destined
for Western Europe; vulnerable to money laundering due to poorly
enforced financial regulations (2008)
Bolivia
world's third-largest cultivator of coca (after Colombia and
Peru) with an estimated 29,500 hectares under cultivation in 2007,
increased slightly when compared to 2006; third largest producer of
cocaine, estimated at 120 metric tons potential pure cocaine in
2007; transit country for Peruvian and Colombian cocaine destined
for Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, and Europe; cultivation
generally increasing since 2000, despite eradication and alternative
crop programs; weak border controls; some money-laundering activity
related to narcotics trade; major cocaine consumption (2008)