4.18 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009
est.)
Tuvalu
6.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Uganda
12.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Ukraine
15.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
United Arab Emirates
2.11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
United Kingdom
10.02 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
United States
8.38 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Uruguay
9.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Uzbekistan
5.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Vanuatu
7.55 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Venezuela
5.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Vietnam
6.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Virgin Islands
6.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Wallis and Futuna
NA
West Bank
3.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Western Sahara
11.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
World
8.2 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Yemen
7.61 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Zambia
21.34 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Zimbabwe
16.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
======================================================================
@2068
Field Listing :: Dependent areas
This entry contains an alphabetical listing of all nonindependent
entities associated in some way with a particular independent state.
Country
Dependent areas
Australia
Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos
(Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald
Islands, Macquarie Island, Norfolk Island
France
Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and
Antarctic Lands, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint
Martin, Wallis and Futuna
note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia
has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since
1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country
and a French overseas department
Netherlands
Aruba, Netherlands Antilles
New Zealand
Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau
Norway
Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard
United Kingdom
Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory,
British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar,
Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the
South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands
United States
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island,
Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa
Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin
Islands, Wake Island
note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered
the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a
political relationship with all four political units: the Northern
Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US
(effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands
signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21
October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact
of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau
concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1
October 1994)
======================================================================
@2070
Field Listing :: Disputes - international
This entry includes a wide variety of situations that range from
traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one
sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international
terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US
Department of State. References to other situations involving
borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource
disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues; however,
inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or
recognition by the US Government.
Country
Disputes - international
Afghanistan
Pakistan has built fences in some portions of its border
with Afghanistan which remains open in some areas to foreign
terrorists and other illegal activities
Albania
the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the
rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the
peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian
groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania,"
but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; the mass
emigration of unemployed Albanians remains a problem for developed
countries, chiefly Greece and Italy
Algeria
Algeria, and many other states, rejects Moroccan
administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in
Algeria, represents the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic; Algeria's
border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each
nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling;
Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout
the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant
disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected
on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a
claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco
American Samoa
Tokelau periodically asserts claims to American
Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega), such as in its 2006 draft
independence constitution
Andorra
none
Angola
Cabindan separatists continue to return to the Angolan
exclave from exile in neighboring states and Europe since the 2006
ceasefire and peace agreement
Anguilla
none
Antarctica
the Antarctic Treaty freezes, and most states do not
recognize, the land and maritime territorial claims made by
Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the
United Kingdom (some overlapping) for three-fourths of the
continent; the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims; no
claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150
degrees west; the International Whaling Commission created a
sanctuary around the entire continent to deter catches by countries
claiming to conduct scientific whaling; Australia has established a
similar preserve in the waters around its territorial claim
Antigua and Barbuda
none
Arctic Ocean
the littoral states are engaged in various stages of
demonstrating the limits of their continental shelves beyond 200
nautical miles from their declared baselines in accordance with
Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea; record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic has
restimulated interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floor
exploration
Argentina
Argentina continues to assert its claims to the
UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia,
and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly
occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to
seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially
overlaps UK and Chilean claims; unruly region at convergence of
Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering,
smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising
for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and
Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim
River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2006,
Argentina went to the ICJ to protest, on environmental grounds, the
construction of two pulp mills in Uruguay on the Uruguay River,
which forms the boundary; both parties presented their pleadings in
2007 with Argentina's reply in January and Uruguay's rejoinder in
July 2008; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and
Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited
boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de
Hielo Sur)
Armenia
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in
Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly
ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia;
about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in
Azerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks
transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border
with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic
Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater
autonomy; Armenians continue to emigrate, primarily to Russia,
seeking employment
Aruba
none
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
as the closest Australian territory to
Indonesia, these islands became the target of human traffickers for
the landing of illegal immigrants; in 2001, the Australian
government removed these islands from the Australian Migration Zone
making illegal arrivals ineligible for temporary visas and entry
into Australia
Atlantic Ocean
some maritime disputes (see littoral states)
Australia
Timor-Leste and Australia agreed in 2005 to defer the
disputed portion of the boundary for 50 years and to split
hydrocarbon revenues evenly outside the Joint Petroleum Development
Area covered by the 2002 Timor Sea Treaty; dispute with Timor-Leste
hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia in
the Timor Sea; regional states continue to express concern over
Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime
identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to
Antarctica; in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to Commission on
the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental
margins covering over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its
seabed roughly 30 percent more than its claimed exclusive economic
zone; since 2003, Australia has led the Regional Assistance Mission
to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to maintain civil and political order
and reinforce regional security
Austria
while threats of international legal action never
materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the
newly elected Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008,
demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the
EU unless Prague closed its nuclear power plant in Temelin,
bordering Austria
Azerbaijan
Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in
Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied
16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were
driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic
Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia
and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia
to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute;
Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia have ratified Caspian seabed
delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to
insist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's
hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continue
with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in
the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to
discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas
Bahamas, The
disagrees with the US on the alignment the northern
axis of a potential maritime boundary; continues to monitor and
interdict drug dealers and Haitian and Cuban refugees in Bahamian
waters
Bahrain
none
Bangladesh
discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small
section of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 small
Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves in
Bangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border
trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the
porous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling off
high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint
Bangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92
missing pillars in 2007; dispute with India over New Moore/South
Talpatty/Purbasha Island in the Bay of Bengal deters maritime
boundary delimitation; after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with
Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary
Barbados
Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006
Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime
boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and
Tobago's exclusive economic zone; joins other Caribbean states to
counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human
habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental
shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea
Belarus
Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania in 2006; 1997
boundary delimitation treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over
unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing
border security
Belgium
none
Belize
OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and
Confidence Building Measures saw cooperation in repatriation of
Guatemalan squatters and other areas, but Guatemalan land and
maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea remain unresolved;
the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in
lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting
in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region;
Honduras claims Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays in its
constitution but agreed to a joint ecological park under the
Differendum
Benin
in September 2007, Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two
villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005
ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with
Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen
villages to Benin, but border relations remain strained by rival
cross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo on
funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River
Bermuda
none
Bhutan
Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian Nagaland
separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and
China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment
to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial
cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's
northwest and along the Chumbi salient
Bolivia
Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore
the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers
instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile
for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities; an accord placed the
long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on
the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but
sovereignty remains in dispute
Bosnia and Herzegovina
sections along the Drina River remain in
dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussions
continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the
boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification
of the 1999 border agreement
Botswana
Botswana still struggles to seal its border from thousands
of Zimbabweans who flee economic collapse and political persecution;
Namibia has long supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections
to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the
Zambezi River at Kazungula crossing, thereby de facto recognizing
the short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary
Bouvet Island
none
Brazil
unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay
borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal
narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations;
uncontested boundary dispute with Uruguay over Isla Brasilera at the
confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Invernada rivers, that form a
tripoint with Argentina; the Itaipu Dam reservoir covers over a once
contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of Guaira Falls
on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla
Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore,
under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in
dispute
British Indian Ocean Territory
Mauritius claims the Chagos
Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001, the former inhabitants
of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1967 and 1973 and now residing
chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the right to
repatriation; in May 2007, the UK Court of Appeals upheld the May
2006 High Court of London judgment reversing the UK government's
2004 Orders of Council that banned habitation on the islands; a
small group of Chagossians visited Diego Garcia in April 2006;
repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of
Diego Garcia that restricts access to the largest viable island in
the chain
British Virgin Islands
none
Brunei
Brunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve their
offshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbon
exploration, and renounce any territorial claims on land; Brunei
established an exclusive economic fishing zone encompassing Louisa
Reef in the southern Spratly Islands in 1984, but makes no public
territorial claim to the offshore reefs; the 2002 "Declaration on
the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in
the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of
conduct" desired by several of the disputants
Bulgaria
none
Burkina Faso
in September 2007, Economic Community of West African
States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over
two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from a
2005 ICJ decision; in recent years citizens and rogue security
forces rob and harass local populations on both sides of the poorly
defined Burkina Faso-Niger border; despite the presence of more than
9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict
continues to spread into neighboring states who can no longer send
their migrant workers to work in Ivorian cocoa plantations
Burma
over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic
groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries;
Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylum
seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from
Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing
the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma;
citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China is
reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but
energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on
building five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identical
regional and international protests; India seeks cooperation from
Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United
Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands;
after 21 years, Bangladesh resumes talks with Burma on delimiting a
maritime boundary in January 2008
Burundi
Burundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on the
Akanyaru/Kanyaru and the Kagera/Nyabarongo rivers, which have
changed course since the 1960s, when the boundary was delimited;
cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups,
associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government
forces persist in the Great Lakes region
Cambodia
Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with
missing boundary markers and claims of Thai encroachments into
Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by
unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; Thailand
accuses Cambodia of obstructing inclusion of Thai areas near Preah
Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962, as
part of a planned UN World Heritage site
Cameroon
Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ
ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences,
including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded
sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full
phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008;
Cameroon and Nigeria agree on maritime delimitation in March 2008;
sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an
island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon
have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the
delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Canada
managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon
Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of
Maine including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock;
Canada, the US, and other countries dispute the status of the
Northwest Passage; US works closely with Canada to intensify
security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal
movement of people, transport, and commodities across the
international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans
Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and
Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for
submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles
from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article
76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea
Cape Verde
none
Cayman Islands
none
Central African Republic
periodic skirmishes over water and grazing
rights among related pastoral populations along the border with
southern Sudan persist
Chad
since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military
have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad;
Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict,
reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry;
Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and
Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify
the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and
Niger-Nigeria boundaries
Chile
Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reinvigorated claim to restore
the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered
instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile
to Bolivian gas and other commodities; Chile rejects Peru's
unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary
with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring
Peru, in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile
to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic
Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the
joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in
2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the
inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)