Saudi Arabia 20.5%, India 20.5%, China 10.6%, US 6%,
Malaysia 6% (2008)
Dominica
Japan 43.2%, US 17%, China 12.1%, Trinidad and Tobago 8.4%
(2008)
Dominican Republic
US 39.2%, Venezuela 7.7%, Mexico 5.4%, Colombia
4.9% (2008)
Ecuador
US 19.1%, Venezuela 13.8%, Colombia 9.9%, China 8.4%, Brazil
4.8%, Japan 4.1% (2008)
Egypt
US 10.3%, China 9.9%, Italy 7.3%, Germany 6.8%, Saudi Arabia
4.9% (2008)
El Salvador
US 29.9%, Guatemala 11.8%, Mexico 9.7%, China 4.5%,
France 4.4% (2008)
Equatorial Guinea
China 17.7%, Spain 13.3%, US 11.8%, France 10.9%,
Cote d'Ivoire 10.4%, Italy 5.5%, UK 5.1% (2008)
Eritrea
India 28.5%, Saudi Arabia 17.8%, Italy 10.9%, China 8.5%, US
4.4%, Germany 4% (2008)
Estonia
Finland 14.2%, Germany 13.3%, Sweden 10%, Lithuania 8.9%,
Latvia 8.9%, Russia 7.4%, Poland 4.6% (2008)
Ethiopia
China 16.3%, Saudi Arabia 12%, India 8.7%, Italy 6%, Japan
4.9%, US 4.5% (2008)
Faroe Islands
Denmark 50.4%, Norway 20.2%, Sweden 6.4%, UK 4.2%,
Iceland 4.1% (2008)
Fiji
Singapore 30.5%, Australia 20.5%, NZ 15.5%, China 5.4% (2008)
Finland
Russia 16.3%, Germany 15.7%, Sweden 13.6%, Netherlands 6.3%,
China 5.1%, UK 4.2% (2008)
France
Germany 17.9%, Belgium 11.7%, Italy 8.3%, Spain 6.9%,
Netherlands 6.8%, UK 5.1%, US 4.3% (2008)
Gabon
France 32.2%, US 11.1%, China 5.4%, Belgium 4.7%, Cameroon
4.4%, Netherlands 4.2% (2008)
Gambia, The
China 20.6%, Senegal 12.1%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.7%, Brazil
7.7%, Netherlands 5% (2008)
Georgia
Turkey 14.9%, Ukraine 10.4%, Azerbaijan 9.6%, Germany 7.9%,
Russia 6.8%, US 5.7%, China 4.7%, UAE 4.4% (2008)
Germany
Netherlands 12.5%, France 8.3%, Belgium 7.5%, China 6.2%,
Italy 5.7%, UK 5.4%, Austria 4.3%, Russia 4.2%, US 4.2% (2008)
Ghana
China 15.6%, Nigeria 14.7%, India 7.4%, US 5.5%, France 4.4%,
UK 4.4% (2008)
Greece
Germany 13.3%, Italy 12.8%, China 6.2%, France 5.6%,
Netherlands 5.1%, Russia 4.7% (2008)
Greenland
Denmark 59.1%, Sweden 20.9%, Norway 4.7%, UK 4.4% (2008)
Grenada
Trinidad and Tobago 39.6%, US 22.5%, Barbados 3.3% (2008)
Guatemala
US 36.7%, Mexico 9.7%, China 5.8%, El Salvador 4.8% (2008)
Guinea
China 9.6%, France 7.8%, Netherlands 7.6% (2008)
Guinea-Bissau
Portugal 24.5%, Senegal 17.2%, Pakistan 4.8%, France
4.6% (2008)
Guyana
US 23.4%, Trinidad and Tobago 22.3%, Finland 7.7%, Cuba 6.1%,
China 5.7% (2008)
Haiti
US 34%, Dominican Republic 23.1%, Netherlands Antilles 10.6%,
China 4.5% (2008)
Honduras
US 50%, Guatemala 7.6%, El Salvador 5.3%, Mexico 4.7%,
Costa Rica 4.2% (2008)
Hong Kong
China 46.6%, Japan 9.8%, Singapore 6.4%, US 5% (2008)
Hungary
Germany 25.4%, Russia 9%, China 7.6%, Austria 6.1%,
Netherlands 4.4%, France 4.4%, Italy 4.3% (2008)
Iceland
Norway 10.9%, Germany 10.4%, Sweden 9%, US 8%, Denmark 7.4%,
China 6.8%, Netherlands 6%, UK 4.4%, Japan 4% (2008)
India
China 11.1%, Saudi Arabia 7.5%, US 6.6%, UAE 5.1%, Iran 4.2%,
Singapore 4.2%, Germany 4.2% (2008)
Indonesia
Singapore 16.9%, China 11.8%, Japan 11.7%, Malaysia 6.9%,
US 6.1%, South Korea 5.4%, Thailand 4.9% (2008)
Iran
UAE 19.3%, China 13%, Germany 9.2%, South Korea 7%, Italy 5.1%,
France 4.3%, Russia 4.2% (2008)
Iraq
Syria 26.4%, Turkey 19.7%, US 10.7%, Jordan 6.5%, China 6%
(2008)
Ireland
UK 37.7%, US 11.6%, Germany 8.7%, Netherlands 5.6% (2008)
Israel
US 12.3%, Belgium 6.5%, China 6.5%, Switzerland 6.1%, Germany
6% (2008)
Italy
Germany 16%, France 8.6%, China 6.2%, Netherlands 5.3%, Libya
4.6%, Russia 4.3% (2008)
Jamaica
US 39.4%, Trinidad and Tobago 17.5%, Venezuela 11.6% (2008)
Japan
China 18.9%, US 10.4%, Saudi Arabia 6.7%, Australia 6.2%, UAE
6.1%, Indonesia 4.3% (2008)
Jordan
Saudi Arabia 21.2%, China 10.4%, Germany 6%, US 4.6%, Egypt
4.5%, Ukraine 4.3% (2008)
Kazakhstan
Russia 35.9%, China 24.3%, Germany 6%, Ukraine 4.5% (2008)
Kenya
India 14.1%, UAE 11.5%, China 10%, Saudi Arabia 8%, South
Africa 5.7%, Japan 5.1% (2008)
Korea, North
China 46%, South Korea 34%, Thailand 6%, Russia 4%
(2007)
Korea, South
China 17.7%, Japan 14%, US 8.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.8%, UAE
4.4%, Australia 4.1% (2008)
Kuwait
US 11.9%, Japan 9.2%, Germany 8.1%, China 7.6%, Saudi Arabia
7%, Italy 4.8%, UK 4.2% (2008)
Kyrgyzstan
Russia 36.6%, China 17.9%, Kazakhstan 9.2%, Germany 8.2%
(2008)
Laos
Thailand 68.5%, China 10.5%, Vietnam 5.8% (2008)
Latvia
Lithuania 16.1%, Germany 12.9%, Russia 10.7%, Poland 7%,
Estonia 7%, Sweden 4.4%, Finland 4.3% (2008)
Lebanon
Syria 10.5%, France 9.5%, US 9.3%, Italy 7.3%, China 6.8%,
Germany 4.9%, Saudi Arabia 4.8%, Turkey 4.2% (2008)
Lesotho
China 35.5%, Hong Kong 22.1%, South Korea 19.1%, Germany
5.9%, Pakistan 4.6% (2008)
Liberia
South Korea 27.2%, Singapore 25.5%, Japan 11.8%, China 11%
(2008)
Libya
Italy 22.2%, China 9.3%, Germany 8.6%, Turkey 6.1%, Tunisia
5.8%, South Korea 4.7%, US 4.1%, France 4.1% (2008)
Lithuania
Russia 30.1%, Germany 11.8%, Poland 10%, Latvia 5.2% (2008)
Luxembourg
Belgium 28%, Germany 24%, China 18.9%, France 10%,
Netherlands 4.8% (2008)
Macau
China 39.3%, Hong Kong 10.1%, Japan 8.5%, US 5.5%, France
5.3%, Switzerland 4.7% (2008)
Macedonia
Germany 13.3%, Greece 12.4%, Bulgaria 9.9%, Serbia and
Montenegro 6.9%, Italy 6.3%, Turkey 5.6%, Slovenia 5.3%, Poland 4.4%
(2008)
Madagascar
China 20.1%, Bahrain 8.7%, France 6.3%, South Africa
5.7%, US 4.9%, India 4.4% (2008)
Malawi
South Africa 41.5%, China 7.3%, India 6.1%, Tanzania 5.4%, US
4.1% (2008)
Malaysia
China 12.8%, Japan 12.5%, Singapore 11%, US 10.8%, Thailand
5.6%, South Korea 4.6%, Indonesia 4.6%, Germany 4.3% (2008)
Maldives
Singapore 27.2%, UAE 16.9%, Malaysia 9.7%, India 7.7%,
Thailand 4.9%, Sri Lanka 4.6%, Germany 4.1% (2008)
Mali
Senegal 13.1%, France 11.4%, Cote d'Ivoire 11.2%, China 5.9%
(2008)
Malta
Italy 28.1%, UK 13.5%, France 8.2%, Germany 7.4%, Singapore
6.4% (2008)
Mauritania
France 16.7%, China 8.8%, Netherlands 6.4%, Spain 6%,
Belgium 5.4%, US 5.1%, Brazil 4.5% (2008)
Mauritius
India 21.1%, France 11.8%, South Africa 9.9%, China 8.2%
(2008)
Mexico
US 49%, China 11.2%, Japan 5.3%, South Korea 4.4%, Germany
4.1% (2008)
Moldova
Ukraine 20.6%, Russia 19.5%, Romania 14.6%, Germany 8.1%,
Italy 5.1%, Belarus 4.3% (2008)
Mongolia
Russia 34.1%, China 29.1%, South Korea 7.6%, Japan 7.4%
(2008)
Morocco
France 16.1%, Spain 13.5%, Italy 6.5%, China 6%, Germany
5.6%, Saudi Arabia 5.4%, Moldova 5% (2008)
Mozambique
South Africa 27.4%, Netherlands 15.7%, China 4.3% (2008)
Nepal
India 55.4%, China 13.3%, Singapore 2% (2008)
Netherlands
Germany 16.6%, China 10.1%, Belgium 8.7%, US 7.5%, UK
5.8%, Russia 5.4%, France 4.4% (2008)
Netherlands Antilles
Venezuela 58.8%, US 19%, Brazil 5.9% (2008)
New Caledonia
France 36.6%, Singapore 17.7%, Australia 11.5%, NZ
4.7% (2008)
New Zealand
Australia 18.1%, China 13.2%, US 9.5%, Japan 8.3%,
Singapore 4.7%, Malaysia 4.4%, Germany 4.3% (2008)
Nicaragua
US 21%, Venezuela 14.3%, Mexico 8.4%, Costa Rica 8%, China
7.8%, Guatemala 6.1%, El Salvador 5.2% (2008)
Niger
France 16.6%, China 10.9%, Algeria 9.6%, Nigeria 7.4%, French
Polynesia 6.5%, Belgium 4.2%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.2% (2008)
Nigeria
China 13.8%, Netherlands 9.6%, US 8.4%, UK 5.3%, South Korea
5.2%, France 4.3% (2008)
Norway
Sweden 14.4%, Germany 13.4%, Denmark 6.9%, China 6.4%, UK
5.9%, US 5.4%, Netherlands 4.2% (2008)
Oman
UAE 27.2%, Japan 15.6%, US 5.7%, China 4.6%, India 4.5%, South
Korea 4.2%, Germany 4.2% (2008)
Pakistan
China 14.1%, Saudi Arabia 12%, UAE 11.2%, Kuwait 5.4%,
India 4.8%, US 4.7%, Malaysia 4.1% (2008)
Panama
US 29.6%, Costa Rica 5%, China 5%, Japan 4.2% (2008)
Papua New Guinea
Australia 42.6%, Singapore 15.6%, China 11%, Japan
5.8%, Malaysia 4.3% (2008)
Paraguay
Brazil 27.2%, US 22.1%, Argentina 14.9%, China 10.4% (2008)
Peru
US 23.7%, China 10.6%, Brazil 7.5%, Ecuador 6.5%, Chile 5.1%,
Argentina 5%, Mexico 4.5% (2008)
Philippines
US 12.8%, Japan 11.8%, Singapore 10.3%, Saudi Arabia
8.5%, China 7.5%, South Korea 5.2%, Thailand 5%, Malaysia 4.3% (2008)
Poland
Germany 28.3%, Russia 9.9%, Italy 6.2%, Netherlands 5.4%,
France 4.8%, China 4.5%, Czech Republic 4% (2008)
Portugal
Spain 28.9%, Germany 11.6%, France 8%, Italy 4.9%,
Netherlands 4.4% (2008)
Qatar
US 12.1%, Germany 9%, Italy 8.9%, Japan 8%, South Korea 7.5%,
France 6.2%, UAE 5.5%, UK 4.9%, Saudi Arabia 4.6%, Turkey 4.2%,
China 4.2% (2008)
Romania
Germany 16.3%, Italy 11.4%, Hungary 7.4%, Russia 6%, France
5.7%, Turkey 4.9%, Austria 4.9%, Kazakhstan 4.6%, China 4.2% (2008)
Russia
Germany 13.5%, China 13.2%, Japan 6.5%, Ukraine 6%, US 4.5%,
Italy 4.3% (2008)
Rwanda
Kenya 15.2%, Uganda 13.3%, China 6.3%, Belgium 5.3%, Germany
4.5% (2008)
Saint Kitts and Nevis
US 46.8%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.8%, UK 4.1%
(2008)
Saint Lucia
Brazil 68%, US 11.7%, Trinidad and Tobago 7.4% (2008)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Singapore 27.1%, Trinidad and
Tobago 13.2%, US 12.1%, China 8.5%, Italy 7.1%, Norway 5.1% (2008)
Samoa
NZ 20.1%, Fiji 18.2%, Singapore 18.1%, China 8.7%, Australia
6.4% (2008)
Sao Tome and Principe
Portugal 55.8%, Belgium 9.6%, Japan 9.3% (2008)
Saudi Arabia
US 12.2%, China 10.5%, Japan 7.7%, Germany 7.4%, South
Korea 5.1%, Italy 4.8%, India 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
Senegal
France 19.7%, UK 15.2%, China 6.7%, Belgium 4.6%, Thailand
4.4%, Netherlands 4.1% (2008)
Seychelles
Saudi Arabia 17.5%, Singapore 12.4%, France 10.3%, Spain
8.1%, Germany 7%, India 5.4%, South Africa 4.7% (2008)
Sierra Leone
China 10.3%, Cote d'Ivoire 8.8%, US 7.8%, Belgium 6.6%,
UK 6.6%, Thailand 5.2%, India 4.2% (2008)
Singapore
Malaysia 11.9%, US 11.8%, China 10.5%, Japan 8.1%, South
Korea 5.6%, Indonesia 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.6% (2008)
Slovakia
Germany 20%, Czech Republic 17.7%, Russia 10.6%, Hungary
6.9%, South Korea 5.2%, Austria 5%, Poland 4.9%, China 4.1% (2008)
Slovenia
Germany 17.2%, Italy 16.6%, Austria 11.2%, France 4.7%,
Croatia 4.1% (2008)
Solomon Islands
Singapore 26.7%, Australia 18.1%, India 7.5%, Fiji
4.4%, Malaysia 4.4%, Papua New Guinea 4.3%, NZ 4% (2008)
Somalia
Djibouti 29.2%, India 11.9%, Kenya 7.6%, US 6%, Oman 5.6%,
UAE 5.5%, Yemen 4.7% (2008)
South Africa
Germany 11.2%, China 11.1%, US 7.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%,
Japan 5.5%, UK 4% (2008)
Spain
Germany 14.5%, France 11.1%, Italy 7.4%, China 6.3%, UK 4.6%,
Netherlands 4.4% (2008)
Sri Lanka
India 20.3%, China 12.2%, Iran 7.6%, Singapore 7.4%, South
Korea 4.7% (2008)
Sudan
China 20%, Saudi Arabia 8.4%, UAE 6.2%, India 6.1%, Egypt
5.5%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
Suriname
US 31.2%, Netherlands 15.5%, Trinidad and Tobago 14.2%,
China 7.7%, Japan 6.4% (2008)
Sweden
Germany 17.5%, Denmark 9.4%, Norway 8.6%, UK 6.2%, Finland
5.7%, Netherlands 5.6%, France 5%, Russia 4.4%, China 4.2% (2008)
Switzerland
Germany 33.3%, Italy 11%, France 9.4%, US 5.8%,
Netherlands 4.6%, Austria 4% (2008)
Syria
Saudi Arabia 11.7%, China 8.7%, Russia 6.4%, Italy 5.9%, Egypt
5.8%, UAE 5.8%, Turkey 4.3%, Iran 4.2% (2008)
Taiwan
Japan 19.3%, China 13%, US 10.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.3%, South
Korea 5.5% (2008 est.)
Tajikistan
Russia 32.3%, China 11.9%, Kazakhstan 8.8%, Uzbekistan
4.7% (2008)
Tanzania
China 14.4%, India 9%, South Africa 7.7%, Kenya 6.9%, UAE
5.9% (2008)
Thailand
Japan 18.8%, China 11.2%, US 6.4%, UAE 6%, Malaysia 5.5%,
Saudi Arabia 4.1%, Singapore 4% (2008)
Togo
China 34.2%, Netherlands 7.5%, France 6.8%, India 6.5%,
Thailand 4.9% (2008)
Tonga
Fiji 36.8%, NZ 23.9%, US 9.3%, Australia 8.8%, China 4.9%
(2008)
Trinidad and Tobago
US 26.8%, Brazil 9.8%, Venezuela 7.9%, Colombia
6.2%, China 4.1%, Gabon 4% (2008)
Tunisia
France 21.5%, Italy 19.3%, Germany 9%, Libya 4.6%, Spain
4.5% (2008)
Turkey
Russia 15.5%, Germany 9.3%, China 7.8%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.5%,
France 4.5%, Iran 4.1% (2008)
Turkmenistan
China 16.9%, Russia 15.9%, Turkey 14%, UAE 10.3%,
Ukraine 7.9%, Germany 5.6%, Iran 5.1% (2008)
Uganda
UAE 11.4%, Kenya 11.3%, India 10.4%, China 8.1%, South Africa
6.7%, Japan 5.9% (2008)
Ukraine
Russia 22.7%, Germany 8.4%, Turkmenistan 6.6%, China 6.5%,
Poland 5% (2008)
United Arab Emirates
China 13.2%, India 10.4%, US 8.8%, Germany
6.5%, Japan 6.1%, Turkey 4.5%, Italy 4.3% (2008)
United Kingdom
Germany 13.1%, US 8.7%, China 7.5%, Netherlands 7.4%,
France 6.8%, Norway 6%, Belgium 4.7%, Italy 4.1% (2008)
United States
China 16.5%, Canada 15.7%, Mexico 10.1%, Japan 6.6%,
Germany 4.6% (2008)
Uruguay
Argentina 19.9%, Brazil 16.5%, China 11.2%, US 9.9%,
Paraguay 6.6%, Nigeria 4.6% (2008)
Uzbekistan
Russia 24.7%, China 15.4%, South Korea 13.6%, Ukraine
7.2%, Germany 5.5%, Kazakhstan 4.9%, Turkey 4.1% (2008)
Vanuatu
Australia 17.6%, US 15.9%, Japan 12%, Singapore 10.8%, China
8.5%, NZ 7.5%, Fiji 6.7% (2008)
Venezuela
US 26.3%, Colombia 12.7%, Brazil 10.3%, China 7%, Mexico
4.8% (2008)
Vietnam
China 19.4%, Singapore 11.6%, South Korea 8.8%, Thailand
6.1% (2008)
World
China 10.3%, Germany 8.7%, US 8%, Japan 5% (2008)
Yemen
UAE 14.7%, India 11.7%, China 11.3%, Saudi Arabia 6.9%, Kuwait
5.2% (2008)
Zambia
South Africa 51.7%, UAE 8%, China 6.8%, India 4.5% (2008)
Zimbabwe
South Africa 60.1%, China 4.2%, Botswana 3.7% (2008)
======================================================================
@2062
Field Listing :: Economic aid - donor
Country
Economic aid - donor
Australia
ODA, $2.123 billion (2006)
Austria
ODA, $1.498 billion (2006)
Belgium
ODA, $1.978 billion (2006)
Canada
ODA, $3.9 billion (2007)
Cyprus
$25.9 million (2006)
Denmark
ODA, $2.236 billion (2006)
Finland
ODA, $1.023 billion (2007)
France
ODA, $10.6 billion (2006)
Germany
ODA, $10.44 billion (2006)
Greece
$424 million (2006)
Iceland
$6.7 million (2004)
Ireland
ODA, $1.022 billion (2006)
Italy
ODA, $3.641 billion (2006)
Japan
ODA, $11.19 billion (2006)
Korea, South
ODA, $455.3 million (2006)
Luxembourg
ODA, $291 million (2006)
Netherlands
ODA, $5.452 billion (2006)
New Zealand
ODA, $259 million (2006)
Norway
ODA, $2.954 billion (2006)
Portugal
ODA, $396 million (2006)
Saudi Arabia
since 2002, Saudi Arabia has provided more than $480
million in budgetary support to the Palestinian Authority, supported
Palestinian refugees through contributions to the UN Relief and
Works Agency (UNRWA), provided more than $250 million to Arab League
funds for the Palestinians, and pledged $500 million in assistance
over the next three years at the Donors Conference in Dec 2007;
pledged $230 million to development in Afghanistan; pledged $1
billion in export guarantees and soft loans to Iraq; pledged $133
million in direct grant aid, $187 million in concessional loans, and
$153 million in export credits for Pakistan earthquake relief;
pledged a total of $1.59 billion to Lebanon in assistance and
deposits to the Central Bank of Lebanon in 2006 and pledged an
additional $1.1 billion in early 2007
Spain
ODA, $3.814 billion (2006)
Sweden
ODA, $3.955 billion (2006)
Switzerland
ODA, $1.646 billion (2006)
United Arab Emirates
since its founding in 1971, the Abu Dhabi Fund
for Development has given about $5.2 billion in aid to 56 countries
(2004)
United Kingdom
ODA, $12.46 billion (2006)
United States
ODA, $23.53 billion (2006)
======================================================================
@2063
Field Listing :: Constitution
This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major
amendments.
Country
Constitution
Afghanistan
new constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January
2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004
Akrotiri
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal
document
Albania
approved by parliament on 21 October 1998; adopted by
popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998
Algeria
8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976; effective 22
November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28
November 1996, 10 April 2002, and 12 November 2008
American Samoa
ratified 2 June 1966; effective 1 July 1967
Andorra
Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991;
approved by referendum 14 March 1993; effective 28 April 1993
Angola
adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992
Anguilla
Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990
Antigua and Barbuda
1 November 1981
Argentina
1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860
Armenia
adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments
adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Aruba
1 January 1986
Australia
9 July 1900; effective 1 January 1901
Austria
1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the
period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative)
constitution in place
Azerbaijan
adopted 12 November 1995; modified by referendum 24
August 2002
Bahamas, The
10 July 1973
Bahrain
adopted 14 February 2002
Bangladesh
4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended
following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended
many times
Barbados
30 November 1966
Belarus
15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November
1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became
effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing
presidential term limits
Belgium
7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to
create a federal state
Belize
21 September 1981
Benin
adopted by referendum 2 December 1990
Bermuda
8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan
ratified 18 July 2008
Bolivia
2 February 1967; revised in August 1994; voters approved a
new constitution on 25 January 2009
Bosnia and Herzegovina
the Dayton Peace Accords, signed 14 December
1995 in Paris, included a new constitution now in force; note - each
of the entities also has its own constitution
Botswana
March 1965; effective 30 September 1966
Brazil
5 October 1988
British Virgin Islands
13 June 2007
Brunei
29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of
Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1
January 1984)
Bulgaria
adopted 12 July 1991
Burkina Faso
approved by referendum 2 June 1991; formally adopted 11
June 1991; last amended January 2002
Burma
3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; a new
constitution was approved on 10 May 2008; note - new constitution
will take effect when a new parliament is convened following
elections scheduled for 2010
Burundi
ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005
Cambodia
promulgated 21 September 1993
Cameroon
approved by referendum 20 May 1972; adopted 2 June 1972;
revised January 1996
Canada
made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial
decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution
consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a
federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April
1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from
Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and
Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde
25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995
substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision
created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009, 6
November 2009
Central African Republic
ratified by popular referendum 5 December
2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chad
passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum
removed constitutional term limits
Chile
11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989,
1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
China
most recent promulgation 4 December 1982 with amendments in
1988 and 1993
Christmas Island
Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as
amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23
November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Colombia
5 July 1991; amended many times
Comoros
23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of the
approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cook Islands
4 August 1965
Costa Rica
7 November 1949
Cote d'Ivoire
approved by referendum 23 July 2000
Croatia
adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001
Cuba
24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus
16 August 1960
note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer
participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for
a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better
relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence
in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any country
other than Turkey
Czech Republic
ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993;
amended 1997, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002
Denmark
5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicameral
legislature and a female chief of state
Dhekelia
Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in
Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal
document
Djibouti
approved by referendum 4 September 1992; note -
constitution allows for multiparties
Dominica
3 November 1978
Dominican Republic
28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
Ecuador
20 October 2008
Egypt
11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26
March 2007
El Salvador
20 December 1983
Equatorial Guinea
approved by national referendum 17 November 1991;
amended January 1995
Eritrea
adopted on 23 May 1997, but has not yet been fully
implemented
Estonia
adopted 28 June 1992
Ethiopia
ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union
none
note: based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set
up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the
Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC)
and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the
Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union
(Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the
Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty,
signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for
ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum
before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in
French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback
to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council
agreed on a clear and concise mandate for an Intergovernmental
Conference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form;
this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a
constitution and was presented to the European Council in October
2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish
voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process; the
Reform Treaty, more recently known as the Treaty of Lisbon, was
again circulated for ratification, and by November 2009 was approved
by all 27 countries; it is scheduled to come into effect on 1
December 2009
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
3 October 1985; amended 1997 and
1998
Faroe Islands
5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)
Fiji
enacted 25 July 1997; effective 28 July 1998; note - it
encourages multiculturalism and makes multiparty government mandatory
Finland
1 March 2000