machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods,
chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food
Solomon Islands
food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods,
fuels, chemicals
Somalia
manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction
materials, qat
South Africa
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products,
scientific instruments, foodstuffs
Spain
machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods,
foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments
Sri Lanka
textile fabrics, mineral products, petroleum, foodstuffs,
machinery and transportation equipment
Sudan
foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport
equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat
Suriname
capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer
goods
Swaziland
motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment,
foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Sweden
machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor
vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Switzerland
machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural
products, textiles
Syria
machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery,
food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical
products, plastics, yarn, paper
Taiwan
electronics, machinery, petroleum, precision instruments,
organic chemicals, metals (2008)
Tajikistan
electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide,
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs
Tanzania
consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment,
industrial raw materials, crude oil
Thailand
capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials,
consumer goods, fuels
Timor-Leste
food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery
Togo
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products
Tokelau
foodstuffs, building materials, fuel
Tonga
foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Trinidad and Tobago
mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery,
transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, live
animals
Tunisia
textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals,
foodstuffs
Turkey
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport
equipment
Turkmenistan
machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs
Turks and Caicos Islands
food and beverages, tobacco, clothing,
manufactures, construction materials
Tuvalu
food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods
Uganda
capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies;
cereals
Ukraine
energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals
United Arab Emirates
machinery and transport equipment, chemicals,
food
United Kingdom
manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs
United States
agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9%
(crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications
equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power
machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines,
furniture, toys) (2003)
Uruguay
crude petroleum and petroleum products, machinery,
chemicals, road vehicles, paper, plastics
Uzbekistan
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous
and non-ferrous metals
Vanuatu
machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels
Venezuela
raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport
equipment, construction materials
Vietnam
machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer,
steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Virgin Islands
crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building
materials
Wallis and Futuna
chemicals, machinery, passenger ships, consumer
goods
West Bank
food, consumer goods, construction materials
Western Sahara
fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs
World
the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and
services
top ten - share of world trade: see listing for exports
Yemen
food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals
Zambia
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products,
electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Zimbabwe
machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures,
chemicals, fuels
======================================================================
@2059
Field Listing :: Climate
This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes
throughout the year.
Country
Climate
Afghanistan
arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers
Akrotiri
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Albania
mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry
summers; interior is cooler and wetter
Algeria
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers
along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high
plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in
summer
American Samoa
tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds;
annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to
April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature
variation
Andorra
temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers
Angola
semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool,
dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)
Anguilla
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds
Antarctica
severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation,
and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West
Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has
the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January
along the coast and average slightly below freezing
Antigua and Barbuda
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation
Arctic Ocean
polar climate characterized by persistent cold and
relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized
by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and
clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and
foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow
Argentina
mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in
southwest
Armenia
highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
Aruba
tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation
Ashmore and Cartier Islands
tropical
Atlantic Ocean
tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast
of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea;
hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from
August to November
Australia
generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east;
tropical in north
Austria
temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent
rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate
summers with occasional showers
Azerbaijan
dry, semiarid steppe
Bahamas, The
tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream
Bahrain
arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Bangladesh
tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid
summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)
Barbados
tropical; rainy season (June to October)
Belarus
cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between
continental and maritime
Belgium
temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy
Belize
tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November);
dry season (February to May)
Benin
tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Bermuda
subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in
winter
Bhutan
varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot
summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in
Himalayas
Bolivia
varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid
Bosnia and Herzegovina
hot summers and cold winters; areas of high
elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild,
rainy winters along coast
Botswana
semiarid; warm winters and hot summers
Bouvet Island
antarctic
Brazil
mostly tropical, but temperate in south
British Indian Ocean Territory
tropical marine; hot, humid,
moderated by trade winds
British Virgin Islands
subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by
trade winds
Brunei
tropical; hot, humid, rainy
Bulgaria
temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Burkina Faso
tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Burma
tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest
monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild
temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon,
December to April)
Burundi
equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude
variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual
temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade
but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m;
average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February
to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to
August and December to January)
Cambodia
tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry
season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation
Cameroon
varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid
and hot in north
Canada
varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in
north
Cape Verde
temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and
very erratic
Cayman Islands
tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October)
and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)
Central African Republic
tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot,
wet summers
Chad
tropical in south, desert in north
Chile
temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region;
cool and damp in south
China
extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north
Christmas Island
tropical with a wet season (December to April) and
dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds
Clipperton Island
tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees
C, wet season (May to October)
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
tropical with high humidity, moderated by
the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year
Colombia
tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands
Comoros
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the
tropical; hot and humid in
equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands;
cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet
season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south
of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to
October)
Congo, Republic of the
tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry
season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity;
particularly enervating climate astride the Equator
Cook Islands
tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry
season from April to November and a more humid season from December
to March
Coral Sea Islands
tropical
Costa Rica
tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April);
rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands
Cote d'Ivoire
tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three
seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to
May), hot and wet (June to October)
Croatia
Mediterranean and continental; continental climate
predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry
summers along coast
Cuba
tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to
April); rainy season (May to October)
Cyprus
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Czech Republic
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Denmark
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool
summers
Dhekelia
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool
winters
Djibouti
desert; torrid, dry
Dominica
tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall
Dominican Republic
tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature
variation; seasonal variation in rainfall
Ecuador
tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher
elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands
Egypt
desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
El Salvador
tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season
(November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands
Equatorial Guinea
tropical; always hot, humid
Eritrea
hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter
in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest
June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands
Estonia
maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers
Ethiopia
tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation
European Union
cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to
temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)
cold marine; strong westerly
winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year;
average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all
year, except in January and February, but does not accumulate
Faroe Islands
mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy,
windy
Fiji
tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation
Finland
cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild
because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,
Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
France
metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers,
but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional
strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral
French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature
variation
Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds;
moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable
to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average
Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool
and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)
French Polynesia
tropical, but moderate
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul:
oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity
Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy
Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy
Iles Eparses: tropical
Gabon
tropical; always hot, humid
Gambia, The
tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler,
dry season (November to May)
Gaza Strip
temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers
Georgia
warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast
Germany
temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers;
occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind
Ghana
tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast;
hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Gibraltar
Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers
Greece
temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers
Greenland
arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters
Grenada
tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds
Guam
tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by
northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season
(July to December); little seasonal temperature variation
Guatemala
tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands
Guernsey
temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of
days are overcast
Guinea
generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to
November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May)
with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guinea-Bissau
tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type
rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season
(December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds
Guyana
tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two
rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)
Haiti
tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds
Heard Island and McDonald Islands
antarctic
Holy See (Vatican City)
temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to
May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)
Honduras
subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
Hong Kong
subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and
rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall
Hungary
temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers
Iceland
temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy
winters; damp, cool summers
India
varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Indian Ocean
northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest
monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June
and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and
January/February in the southern Indian Ocean
Indonesia
tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands
Iran
mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast
Iraq
mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless
summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish
borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that
melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in
central and southern Iraq
Ireland
temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild
winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the
time
Isle of Man
temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about
a third of the time
Israel
temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas
Italy
predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in
south
Jamaica
tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Jan Mayen
arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog
Japan
varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north
Jersey
temperate; mild winters and cool summers
Jordan
mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)
Kazakhstan
continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and
semiarid
Kenya
varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior
Kiribati
tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds
Korea, North
temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer
Korea, South
temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter
Kosovo
influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively
cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns;
Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation;
maximum rainfall between October and December
Kuwait
dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters
Kyrgyzstan
dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains;
subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern
foothill zone
Laos
tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season
(December to April)
Latvia
maritime; wet, moderate winters
Lebanon
Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry
summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows
Lesotho
temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers
Liberia
tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to
cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers
Libya
Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Liechtenstein
continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow
or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Lithuania
transitional, between maritime and continental; wet,
moderate winters and summers
Luxembourg
modified continental with mild winters, cool summers
Macau
subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers
Macedonia
warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters
with heavy snowfall
Madagascar
tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south
Malawi
sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May
to November)
Malaysia
tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast
(October to February) monsoons
Maldives
tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to
March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)
Mali
subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy,
humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to
February)
Malta
Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers
Marshall Islands
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to
November; islands border typhoon belt
Mauritania
desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty
Mauritius
tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry
winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)
Mayotte
tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during
northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to
November)
Mexico
varies from tropical to desert
Micronesia, Federated States of
tropical; heavy year-round rainfall,
especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the
typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage
Moldova
moderate winters, warm summers
Monaco
Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers
Mongolia
desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature
ranges)
Montenegro
Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and
relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Montserrat
tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation
Morocco
Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior
Mozambique
tropical to subtropical
Namibia
desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic
Nauru
tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to
February)
Navassa Island
marine, tropical
Nepal
varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to
subtropical summers and mild winters in south
Netherlands
temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters
Netherlands Antilles
tropical; ameliorated by northeast trade winds
New Caledonia
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid
New Zealand
temperate with sharp regional contrasts
Nicaragua
tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands
Niger
desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south
Nigeria
varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in
north
Niue
tropical; modified by southeast trade winds
Norfolk Island
subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature
variation
Northern Mariana Islands
tropical marine; moderated by northeast
trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season
December to June, rainy season July to October
Norway
temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current;
colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers;
rainy year-round on west coast
Oman
dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong
southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south
Pacific Ocean
planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind
patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade
winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by
seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south
of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central
America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much
less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same
latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is
monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when
moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry
season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian
landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike
southeast and east Asia from May to December
Pakistan
mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in
north
Palau
tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November
Panama
tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season
(May to January), short dry season (January to May)
Papua New Guinea
tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March),
southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature
variation
Paracel Islands
tropical
Paraguay
subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the
eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west