Afyonkarahisar, Agri, Aksaray, Amasya, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan,
Artvin, Aydin, Balikesir, Bartin, Batman, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingol,
Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Canakkale, Cankiri, Corum, Denizli,
Diyarbakir, Duzce, Edirne, Elazig, Erzincan, Erzurum, Eskisehir,
Gaziantep, Giresun, Gumushane, Hakkari, Hatay, Igdir, Isparta,
Istanbul, Izmir (Smyrna), Kahramanmaras, Karabuk, Karaman, Kars,
Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kilis, Kirikkale, Kirklareli, Kirsehir, Kocaeli,
Konya, Kutahya, Malatya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin (Icel), Mugla, Mus,
Nevsehir, Nigde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sanliurfa,
Siirt, Sinop, Sirnak, Sivas, Tekirdag, Tokat, Trabzon (Trebizond),
Tunceli, Usak, Van, Yalova, Yozgat, Zonguldak
Independence:
29 October 1923 (successor state to the Ottoman Empire)
National holiday:
Republic Day, 29 October (1923)
Constitution:
7 November 1982; amended 17 May 1987, 1995, 2001, and 2007; note -
amendment passed by referendum concerning presidential elections on
21 October 2007
Legal system:
civil law system derived from various European continental legal
systems; note - member of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR),
although Turkey claims limited derogations on the ratified European
Convention on Human Rights; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Abdullah GUL (since 28 August 2007)
head of government: Prime Minister Recep Tayyip ERDOGAN (since 14
March 2003); Deputy Prime Minister Cemil CICEK (since 29 August
2007); Deputy Prime Minister Ali BABACAN (since 1 May 2009); Deputy
Prime Minister Bulent ARINC (since 1 May 2009)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
nomination of the prime minister
elections: president elected directly for a five-year term (eligible
for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president from
among members of parliament
election results: on 28 August 2007 the National Assembly elected
Abdullah GUL president on the third ballot; National Assembly vote -
339
note: in October 2007 Turkish voters approved a referendum package
of constitutional amendments including a provision for direct
presidential elections
Legislative branch:
unicameral Grand National Assembly of Turkey or Turkiye Buyuk Millet
Meclisi (550 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
five-year terms)
elections: last held on 22 July 2007 (next to be held in November
2012)
election results: percent of vote by party - AKP 46.7%, CHP 20.8%,
MHP 14.3%, independents 5.2%, and other 13.0%; seats by party - AKP
341, CHP 112, MHP 71, independents 26; note - seats by party as of
31 January 2009 - AKP 340, CHP 97, MHP 70, DTP 21, DSP 13, ODP 1,
BBP 1, independents 5, vacant 2 (DTP entered parliament as
independents; DSP entered parliament on CHP's party list); only
parties surpassing the 10% threshold are entitled to parliamentary
seats
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; High Court of Appeals (Yargitay); Council of
State (Danistay); Court of Accounts (Sayistay); Military High Court
of Appeals; Military High Administrative Court
Political parties and leaders:
Anavatan Partisi (Motherland Party) or Anavatan [Erkan MUMCU]; note
- True Path Party or DYP has merged with the Motherland Party;
Democratic Party or DP [Husamettin CINDORUK]; Democratic Left Party
or DSP [Masum TURKER]; Democratic Society Party or DTP [Ahmet TURK];
Felicity Party or SP [Numan KURTULMUS] (sometimes translated as
Contentment Party); Freedom and Solidarity Party or ODP [Hayri
KOZANOGLU]; Grand Unity Party or BBP; note - Mushin YAZICIOGLU,
former leader of the Grand Unity Party was killed in an March 2009
helicopter crash; Justice and Development Party or AKP [Recep Tayyip
ERDOGAN]; Nationalist Movement Party or MHP [Devlet BAHCELI]
(sometimes translated as Nationalist Action Party); People's Rise
Party (Halkin Yukselisi Partisi) or HYP [Yasar Nuri OZTURK];
Republican People's Party or CHP [Deniz BAYKAL]; Social Democratic
People's Party or SHP [Ugur CILASUN (acting)]; Young Party or GP
[Cem Cengiz UZAN]
note: the parties listed above are some of the more significant of
the 49 parties that Turkey had as of 31 January 2009
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Sami EVREN];
Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman
CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association
or MUSIAD [Omer Cihad VARDAN]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is
[Salim USLU]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK
[Tugurl KUDATGOBILIK]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is
[Mustafa KUMLU]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or
TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's
Association or TUSIAD [Arzuhan Dogan YALCINDAG]; Turkish Union of
Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat
HISARCIKLIOGLU]
International organization participation:
ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CE, CERN
(observer), EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EU (applicant), FAO, G-20, IAEA, IBRD,
ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF,
IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA,
NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI,
UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNOMIG,
UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO,
ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Nabi SENSOY
chancery: 2525 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-6700
FAX: [1] (202) 612-6744
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador James F. JEFFREY
embassy: 110 Ataturk Boulevard, Kavaklidere, 06100 Ankara
mailing address: PSC 93, Box 5000, APO AE 09823
telephone: [90] (312) 455-5555
FAX: [90] (312) 467-0019
consulate(s) general: Istanbul
consulate(s): Adana; note - there is a Consular Agent in Izmir
Flag description:
red with a vertical white crescent (the closed portion is toward the
hoist side) and white five-pointed star centered just outside the
crescent opening
Economy ::Turkey
Economy - overview:
Turkey's dynamic economy is a complex mix of modern industry and
commerce along with a traditional agriculture sector that still
accounts for about 30% of employment. It has a strong and rapidly
growing private sector, yet the state remains a major participant in
basic industry, banking, transport, and communication. The largest
industrial sector is textiles and clothing, which accounts for
one-third of industrial employment; it faces stiff competition in
international markets with the end of the global quota system.
However, other sectors, notably the automotive and electronics
industries, are rising in importance within Turkey's export mix.
Real GDP growth has exceeded 6% in many years, but this strong
expansion has been interrupted by sharp declines in output in 1994,
1999, and 2001. Due to global contractions, annual growth is
estimated to have fallen to 1.1% in 2008. Inflation fell to 7.7% in
2005 - a 30-year low - but climbed to over 10% in 2008. Despite the
strong economic gains from 2002-07, which were largely due to
renewed investor interest in emerging markets, IMF backing, and
tighter fiscal policy, the economy is still burdened by a high
current account deficit and high external debt. Further economic and
judicial reforms and prospective EU membership are expected to boost
foreign direct investment. The stock value of FDI stood at nearly
$130 billion at year-end 2008. Privatization sales are currently
approaching $21 billion. Oil began to flow through the
Baku-Tblisi-Ceyhan pipeline in May 2006, marking a major milestone
that will bring up to 1 million barrels per day from the Caspian to
market. In 2007 and 2008, Turkish financial markets weathered
significant domestic political turmoil, including turbulence sparked
by controversy over the selection of former Foreign Minister
Abdullah GUL as Turkey's 11th president and the possible closure of
the Justice and Development Party (AKP). Economic fundamentals are
sound, marked by moderate economic growth and foreign direct
investment. Nevertheless, the Turkish economy may be faced with more
negative economic indicators in 2009 as a result of the global
economic slowdown. In addition, Turkey's high current account
deficit leaves the economy vulnerable to destabilizing shifts in
investor confidence.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$903.9 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
$895.8 billion (2007 est.)
$855.6 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$730 billion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
0.9% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 178
4.7% (2007 est.)
6.9% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$11,900 (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 92
$12,000 (2007 est.)
$11,600 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 8.8%
industry: 27.5%
services: 63.8% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
24.06 million
country comparison to the world: 25
note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2008 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 29.5%
industry: 24.7%
services: 45.8% (2005)
Unemployment rate:
11% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 130
9.9% (2007 est.)
note: underemployment amounted to 4% in 2008
Population below poverty line:
20% (2002)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 33.2% (2005)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
43.6 (2003)
country comparison to the world: 49
Investment (gross fixed):
20.3% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 104
Budget:
revenues: $160.5 billion
expenditures: $173.6 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
40% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 55
74.3% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
10.4% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 154
8.7% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
25% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 4
25% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$53.25 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 20
$63.88 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$248.4 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 12
$252.1 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$326.4 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 24
$355 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$117.9 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 30
$286.6 billion (31 December 2007)
$162.4 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
tobacco, cotton, grain, olives, sugar beets, hazelnuts, pulse,
citrus; livestock
Industries:
textiles, food processing, autos, electronics, mining (coal,
chromite, copper, boron), steel, petroleum, construction, lumber,
paper
Industrial production growth rate:
-0.6% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 138
Electricity - production:
181.9 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Electricity - consumption:
153.7 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
Electricity - exports:
1.063 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
790 million kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
46,120 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 64
Oil - consumption:
675,500 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 27
Oil - exports:
141,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 60
Oil - imports:
783,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 18
Oil - proved reserves:
300 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Natural gas - production:
1.013 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
Natural gas - consumption:
37.18 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
Natural gas - exports:
435 million cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 38
Natural gas - imports:
36.72 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 9
Natural gas - proved reserves:
8.495 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 82
Current account balance:
-$41.69 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 183
-$37.7 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$140.7 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
$115.4 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
apparel, foodstuffs, textiles, metal manufactures, transport
equipment
Exports - partners:
Germany 9.8%, UK 6.2%, UAE 6%, Italy 5.9%, France 5%, Russia 4.9%
(2008)
Imports:
$193.9 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 23
$162 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment
Imports - partners:
Russia 15.5%, Germany 9.3%, China 7.8%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.5%, France
4.5%, Iran 4.1% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$73.66 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$76.51 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$278.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
$249.4 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$128.7 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
$110.5 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$14.8 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
$10.97 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
Turkish liras (TRY) per US dollar - 1.3179 (2008 est.), 1.319
(2007), 1.4286 (2006), 1.3436 (2005), 1.4255 (2004)
note: on 1 January 2005, the old Turkish lira (TRL) was converted to
new Turkish lira (TRY) at a rate of 1,000,000 old to 1 new Turkish
lira; on 1 January 2009, the Turkish government dropped the word
"new" and the currency is now called simply the Turkish lira
Communications ::Turkey
Telephones - main lines in use:
17.502 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 18
Telephones - mobile cellular:
65.824 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 15
Telephone system:
general assessment: comprehensive telecommunications network
undergoing rapid modernization and expansion especially in
mobile-cellular services
domestic: additional digital exchanges are permitting a rapid
increase in subscribers; the construction of a network of
technologically advanced intercity trunk lines, using both
fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay, is facilitating
communication between urban centers; remote areas are reached by a
domestic satellite system; the number of subscribers to
mobile-cellular telephone service is growing rapidly
international: country code - 90; international service is provided
by the SEA-ME-WE-3 submarine cable and by submarine fiber-optic
cables in the Mediterranean and Black Seas that link Turkey with
Italy, Greece, Israel, Bulgaria, Romania, and Russia; satellite
earth stations - 12 Intelsat; mobile satellite terminals - 328 in
the Inmarsat and Eutelsat systems (2002)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 16, FM 107, shortwave 6 (2001)
Television broadcast stations:
635 (plus 2,934 repeaters) (1995)
Internet country code:
.tr
Internet hosts:
2.961 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 27
Internet users:
24.483 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 15
Transportation ::Turkey
Airports:
102 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 59
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 90
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 33
1,524 to 2,437 m: 20
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 4 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 12
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 4 (2009)
Heliports:
21 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 7,555 km; oil 3,636 km (2008)
Railways:
total: 8,697 km
country comparison to the world: 23
standard gauge: 8,697 km 1.435-m gauge (1,920 km electrified) (2008)
Roadways:
total: 426,951 km (includes 1,987 km of expressways) (2006)
country comparison to the world: 13
Waterways:
1,200 km (2008)
country comparison to the world: 60
Merchant marine:
total: 612
country comparison to the world: 19
by type: bulk carrier 101, cargo 281, chemical tanker 70,
combination ore/oil 1, container 35, liquefied gas 7, passenger 4,
passenger/cargo 51, petroleum tanker 31, refrigerated cargo 1, roll
on/roll off 28, specialized tanker 2
foreign-owned: 8 (Cyprus 2, Germany 1, Greece 1, Italy 3, UAE 1)
registered in other countries: 595 (Albania 1, Antigua and Barbuda
6, Bahamas 8, Belize 15, Cambodia 26, Comoros 8, Dominica 5, Georgia
14, Greece 1, Isle of Man 2, Italy 1, Kiribati 1, Liberia 7, Malta
176, Marshall Islands 50, Moldova 3, Netherlands 1, Netherlands
Antilles 10, Panama 94, Russia 80, Saint Kitts and Nevis 35, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines 20, Sierra Leone 15, Slovakia 10, Tuvalu
2, UK 2, unknown 2) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Aliaga, Diliskelesi, Izmir, Kocaeli (Izmit), Mercin Limani, Nemrut
Limani
Military ::Turkey
Military branches:
Turkish Armed Forces (TSK): Turkish Land Forces (Turk Kara
Kuvvetleri), Turkish Naval Forces (Turk Deniz Kuvvetleri; includes
naval air and naval infantry), Turkish Air Force (Turk Hava
Kuvvetleri) (2009)
Military service age and obligation:
20 years of age (2004)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 20,213,205
females age 16-49: 19,432,688 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 17,223,506
females age 16-49: 16,995,299 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 692,592
female: 663,689 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
5.3% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Military - note:
a "National Security Policy Document" adopted in October 2005
increases the Turkish Armed Forces (TSK) role in internal security,
augmenting the General Directorate of Security and Gendarmerie
General Command (Jandarma); the TSK leadership continues to play a
key role in politics and considers itself guardian of Turkey's
secular state; in April 2007, it warned the ruling party about any
pro-Islamic appointments; despite on-going negotiations on EU
accession since October 2005, progress has been limited in
establishing required civilian supremacy over the military; primary
domestic threats are listed as fundamentalism (with the definition
in some dispute with the civilian government), separatism (the
Kurdish problem), and the extreme left wing; Ankara strongly opposed
establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region; an overhaul of the
Turkish Land Forces Command (TLFC) taking place under the "Force
2014" program is to produce 20-30% smaller, more highly trained
forces characterized by greater mobility and firepower and capable
of joint and combined operations; the TLFC has taken on increasing
international peacekeeping responsibilities, and took charge of a
NATO International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) command in
Afghanistan in April 2007; the Turkish Navy is a regional naval
power that wants to develop the capability to project power beyond
Turkey's coastal waters; the Navy is heavily involved in NATO,
multinational, and UN operations; its roles include control of
territorial waters and security for sea lines of communications; the
Turkish Air Force adopted an "Aerospace and Missile Defense Concept"
in 2002 and has initiated project work on an integrated missile
defense system; Air Force priorities include attaining a modern
deployable, survivable, and sustainable force structure, and
establishing a sustainable command and control system (2008)
Transnational Issues ::Turkey
Disputes - international:
complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the
Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq
protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates
waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in
Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 1-1.2 million (fighting 1984-99 between Kurdish PKK and
Turkish military; most IDPs in southeastern provinces) (2007)
Illicit drugs:
key transit route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe and,
to a lesser extent, the US - via air, land, and sea routes; major
Turkish and other international trafficking organizations operate
out of Istanbul; laboratories to convert imported morphine base into
heroin exist in remote regions of Turkey and near Istanbul;
government maintains strict controls over areas of legal opium poppy
cultivation and over output of poppy straw concentrate; lax
enforcement of money-laundering controls
page last updated on November 11, 2009
======================================================================
@Turkmenistan (Central Asia)
Introduction ::Turkmenistan
Background:
Eastern Turkmenistan for centuries formed part of the Persian
province of Khurasan; in medieval times Merv (today known as Mary)
was one of the great cities of the Islamic world and an important
stop on the Silk Road. Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885,
Turkmenistan became a Soviet republic in 1924. It achieved
independence upon the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. Extensive
hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves could prove a boon to this
underdeveloped country if extraction and delivery projects were to
be expanded. The Turkmenistan Government is actively seeking to
develop alternative petroleum transportation routes to break
Russia's pipeline monopoly. President for Life Saparmurat NYYAZOW
died in December 2006, and Turkmenistan held its first
multi-candidate presidential electoral process in February 2007.
Gurbanguly BERDIMUHAMEDOW, a vice premier under NYYAZOW, emerged as
the country's new president.
Geography ::Turkmenistan
Location:
Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan
Geographic coordinates:
40 00 N, 60 00 E
Map references:
Asia
Area:
total: 488,100 sq km
country comparison to the world: 52
land: 469,930 sq km
water: 18,170 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly larger than California
Land boundaries:
total: 3,736 km
border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379
km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km
Coastline:
0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
subtropical desert
Terrain:
flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the
south; low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in
west
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a
lake in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates
above and below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has
dropped as low as -110 m)
highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, sulfur, salt
Land use:
arable land: 4.51%
permanent crops: 0.14%
other: 95.35% (2005)
Irrigated land:
18,000 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
60.9 cu km (1997)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 24.65 cu km/yr (2%/1%/98%)
per capita: 5,104 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
NA
Environment - current issues:
contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,
pesticides; salination, water logging of soil due to poor irrigation
methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the
flow of the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's
inability to replenish the Aral Sea; desertification
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
landlocked; the western and central low-lying desolate portions of
the country make up the great Garagum (Kara-Kum) desert, which
occupies over 80% of the country; eastern part is plateau
People ::Turkmenistan
Population:
4,884,887 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 114
Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.9% (male 713,698/female 697,222)
15-64 years: 66.9% (male 1,618,678/female 1,646,992)
65 years and over: 4.3% (male 90,352/female 117,945) (2009 est.)
Median age: