from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide
port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have
established commercial ties with other regional states; "Puntland"
and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international support in their
secessionist aspirations and overlapping border claims; the
undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning
as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden
and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya works hard to prevent the
clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the
border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 1.1 million (civil war since 1988, clan-based competition for
resources) (2007)
page last updated on November 10, 2009
======================================================================
@South Africa (Africa)
Introduction ::South Africa
Background:
Dutch traders landed at the southern tip of modern day South Africa
in 1652 and established a stopover point on the spice route between
the Netherlands and the East, founding the city of Cape Town. After
the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the
Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own
republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred
wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native
inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments but were
defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902); however, the British and the
Afrikaners, as the Boers became known, ruled together under the
Union of South Africa. In 1948, the National Party was voted into
power and instituted a policy of apartheid - the separate
development of the races. The first multi-racial elections in 1994
brought an end to apartheid and ushered in black majority rule under
the African National Congress (ANC). ANC infighting, which has grown
in recent years, came to a head in September 2008 after President
Thabo MBEKI resigned. Kgalema MOTLANTHE, the party's
General-Secretary, succeeded as interim president until general
elections scheduled for 2009.
Geography ::South Africa
Location:
Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa
Geographic coordinates:
29 00 S, 24 00 E
Map references:
Africa
Area:
total: 1,219,090 sq km
country comparison to the world: 25
land: 1,214,470 sq km
water: 4,620 sq km
note: includes Prince Edward Islands (Marion Island and Prince
Edward Island)
Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Texas
Land boundaries:
total: 4,862 km
border countries: Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491
km, Namibia 967 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km
Coastline:
2,798 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin
Climate:
mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool
nights
Terrain:
vast interior plateau rimmed by rugged hills and narrow coastal plain
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Njesuthi 3,408 m
Natural resources:
gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel,
phosphates, tin, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium,
salt, natural gas
Land use:
arable land: 12.1%
permanent crops: 0.79%
other: 87.11% (2005)
Irrigated land:
14,980 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
50 cu km (1990)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 12.5 cu km/yr (31%/6%/63%)
per capita: 264 cu m/yr (2000)
Natural hazards:
prolonged droughts
Environment - current issues:
lack of important arterial rivers or lakes requires extensive water
conservation and control measures; growth in water usage outpacing
supply; pollution of rivers from agricultural runoff and urban
discharge; air pollution resulting in acid rain; soil erosion;
desertification
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living
Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate
Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine
Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands,
Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note:
South Africa completely surrounds Lesotho and almost completely
surrounds Swaziland
People ::South Africa
Population:
49,052,489
country comparison to the world: 24
note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the
effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower
life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower
population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of
population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July
2009 est.)
Age structure:
0-14 years: 28.9% (male 7,093,328/female 7,061,579)
15-64 years: 65.8% (male 16,275,424/female 15,984,181)
65 years and over: 5.4% (male 1,075,117/female 1,562,860) (2009 est.)
Median age:
total: 24.4 years
male: 24.1 years
female: 24.8 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.281% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 173
Birth rate:
19.93 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 99
Death rate:
16.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 12
Net migration rate:
-0.13 migrant(s)/1,000 population
country comparison to the world: 95
note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa
and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2009 est.)
Urbanization:
urban population: 61% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 44.42 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 59
male: 48.66 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 40.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 48.98 years
country comparison to the world: 209
male: 49.81 years
female: 48.13 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate:
2.38 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
18.1% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 4
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5.7 million (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 2
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
350,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 1
Major infectious diseases:
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and
typhoid fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis (2009)
Nationality:
noun: South African(s)
adjective: South African
Ethnic groups:
black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001
census)
Religions:
Zion Christian 11.1%, Pentecostal/Charismatic 8.2%, Catholic 7.1%,
Methodist 6.8%, Dutch Reformed 6.7%, Anglican 3.8%, Muslim 1.5%,
other Christian 36%, other 2.3%, unspecified 1.4%, none 15.1% (2001
census)
Languages:
IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English
8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001
census)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 86.4%
male: 87%
female: 85.7% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 13 years
male: 13 years
female: 13 years (2004)
Education expenditures:
5.4% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 53
Government ::South Africa
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of South Africa
conventional short form: South Africa
former: Union of South Africa
abbreviation: RSA
Government type:
republic
Capital:
name: Pretoria (administrative capital)
geographic coordinates: 25 42 S, 28 13 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
note: Cape Town (legislative capital); Bloemfontein (judicial
capital)
Administrative divisions:
9 provinces; Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal,
Limpopo, Mpumalanga, Northern Cape, North-West, Western Cape
Independence:
31 May 1910 (Union of South Africa formed from four British
colonies: Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State); 31
May 1961 (republic declared) 27 April 1994 (majority rule)
National holiday:
Freedom Day, 27 April (1994)
Constitution:
10 December 1996; note - certified by the Constitutional Court on 4
December 1996; was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December
1996; and entered into effect on 4 February 1997
Legal system:
based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Jacob ZUMA (since 9 May 2009); Executive
Deputy President Kgalema MOTLANTHE (since 11 May 2009); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Jacob ZUMA (since 9 May 2009);
Executive Deputy President Kgalema MOTLANTHE (since 11 May 2009)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a
five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 6
May 2009 (next to be held in 2014)
election results: Jacob ZUMA elected president; National Assembly
vote - Jacob ZUMA 277, Mvume DANDALA 47, other 76
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament consisting of the National Council of Provinces
(90 seats, 10 members elected by each of the nine provincial
legislatures for five-year terms; has special powers to protect
regional interests, including the safeguarding of cultural and
linguistic traditions among ethnic minorities) and the National
Assembly (400 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a
system of proportional representation to serve five-year terms);
note - following the implementation of the new constitution on 4
February 1997, the former Senate was disbanded and replaced by the
National Council of Provinces with essentially no change in
membership and party affiliations, although the new institution's
responsibilities have been changed somewhat by the new constitution
elections: National Assembly and National Council of Provinces -
last held on 22 April 2009 (next to be held in April 2014)
election results: National Council of Provinces - percent of vote by
party - NA; seats by party - NA; National Assembly - percent of vote
by party - ANC 65.9%, DA 16.7%, COPE 7.4%, IFP 4.6%, other 5.4%;
seats by party - ANC 264, DA 67, COPE 30, IFP 18, other 21
Judicial branch:
Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High Courts;
Magistrate Courts
Political parties and leaders:
African Christian Democratic Party or ACDP [Kenneth MESHOE]; African
National Congress or ANC [Jacob ZUMA]; Congress of the People or
COPE [Mosiuoa LEKOTA]; Democratic Alliance or DA [Helen ZILLE];
Freedom Front Plus or FF+ [Pieter MULDER]; Independent Democrats or
ID [Patricia DE LILLE]; Inkatha Freedom Party or IFP [Mangosuthu
BUTHELEZI]; Pan-Africanist Congress or PAC [Motsoko PHEKO]; United
Christian Democratic Party or UCDP [Lucas MANGOPE]; United
Democratic Movement or UDM [Bantu HOLOMISA]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Congress of South African Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI,
general secretary]; South African Communist Party or SACP [Blade
NZIMANDE, general secretary]; South African National Civics
Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president]
note: note - COSATU and SACP are in a formal alliance with the ANC
International organization participation:
ACP, AfDB, AU, BIS, C, FAO, G-20, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MONUC, NAM,
NSG, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR,
UNIDO, UNITAR, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Welile Augustine NHLAPO
chancery: 3051 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 232-4400
FAX: [1] (202) 265-1607
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Eric BOST
embassy: 877 Pretorius Street, Pretoria
mailing address: P. O. Box 9536, Pretoria 0001
telephone: [27] (12) 431-4000
FAX: [27] (12) 342-2299
consulate(s) general: Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg
Flag description:
two equal width horizontal bands of red (top) and blue separated by
a central green band that splits into a horizontal Y, the arms of
which end at the corners of the hoist side; the Y embraces a black
isosceles triangle from which the arms are separated by narrow
yellow bands; the red and blue bands are separated from the green
band and its arms by narrow white stripes
Economy ::South Africa
Economy - overview:
South Africa is a middle-income, emerging market with an abundant
supply of natural resources; well-developed financial, legal,
communications, energy, and transport sectors; a stock exchange that
is 17th largest in the world; and modern infrastructure supporting
an efficient distribution of goods to major urban centers throughout
the region. Growth was robust from 2004 to 2008 as South Africa
reaped the benefits of macroeconomic stability and a global
commodities boom, but began to slow in the second half of 2008 due
to the global financial crisis' impact on commodity prices and
demand. However, unemployment remains high and outdated
infrastructure has constrained growth. At the end of 2007, South
Africa began to experience an electricity crisis because state power
supplier Eskom suffered supply problems with aged plants,
necessitating "load-shedding" cuts to residents and businesses in
the major cities. Daunting economic problems remain from the
apartheid era - especially poverty, lack of economic empowerment
among the disadvantaged groups, and a shortage of public
transportation. South African economic policy is fiscally
conservative but pragmatic, focusing on controlling inflation,
maintaining a budget surplus, and using state-owned enterprises to
deliver basic services to low-income areas as a means to increase
job growth and household income.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$492.2 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 26
$477.4 billion (2007 est.)
$454.2 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$276.8 billion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
3.1% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 122
5.1% (2007 est.)
5.3% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$10,100 (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 105
$9,900 (2007 est.)
$9,500 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 3.3%
industry: 33.7%
services: 63% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
17.79 million economically active (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 9%
industry: 26%
services: 65% (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate:
22.9% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 171
24.3% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
50% (2000 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.3%
highest 10%: 44.7% (2000)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
65 (2005)
country comparison to the world: 2
59.3 (1994)
Investment (gross fixed):
23.2% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 66
Budget:
revenues: $77.43 billion
expenditures: $79.9 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
31.6% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 71
45.9% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
11.3% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 162
6.5% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
11.5% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 32
11% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
15.13% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 57
13.17% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$44.66 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 23
$58.49 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$124.1 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 19
$141.9 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$214.8 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 30
$254.9 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$491.3 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 19
$833.5 billion (31 December 2007)
$715 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
corn, wheat, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; beef, poultry, mutton,
wool, dairy products
Industries:
mining (world's largest producer of platinum, gold, chromium),
automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and
steel, chemicals, fertilizer, foodstuffs, commercial ship repair
Industrial production growth rate:
1% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 123
Electricity - production:
240.3 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 16
Electricity - consumption:
215.1 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 17
Electricity - exports:
14.16 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
10.57 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
195,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
Oil - consumption:
583,000 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Oil - exports:
128,500 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 63
Oil - imports:
490,500 bbl/day (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 25
Oil - proved reserves:
15 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 85
Natural gas - production:
3.25 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 53
Natural gas - consumption:
6.45 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 120
Natural gas - imports:
3.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Natural gas - proved reserves:
27.16 million cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
Current account balance:
-$20.98 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
-$20.78 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$86.12 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 41
$75.92 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
gold, diamonds, platinum, other metals and minerals, machinery and
equipment
Exports - partners:
Japan 11.1%, US 11.1%, Germany 8%, UK 6.8%, China 6%, Netherlands
5.2% (2008)
Imports:
$90.57 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
$81.66 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific
instruments, foodstuffs
Imports - partners:
Germany 11.2%, China 11.1%, US 7.9%, Saudi Arabia 6.2%, Japan 5.5%,
UK 4% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$34.07 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 36
$32.94 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$71.81 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 43
$75.28 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$120 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
$110.4 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$63.57 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
$65.88 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
rand (ZAR) per US dollar - 7.9576 (2008 est.), 7.05 (2007), 6.7649
(2006), 6.3593 (2005), 6.4597 (2004)
Communications ::South Africa
Telephones - main lines in use:
4.425 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 35
Telephones - mobile cellular:
45 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 24
Telephone system:
general assessment: the system is the best developed and most modern
in Africa
domestic: combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular teledensity
exceeds 110 telephones per 100 persons; consists of carrier-equipped
open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links,
fiber-optic cable, radiotelephone communication stations, and
wireless local loops; key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town,
Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria
international: country code - 27; the SAT-3/WASC and SAFE fiber
optic cable systems connect South Africa to Europe and Asia;
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic
Ocean)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 14, FM 347 (plus 243 repeaters), shortwave 1 (1998)
Television broadcast stations:
556 (plus 144 network repeaters) (1997)
Internet country code:
.za
Internet hosts:
1.73 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 34
Internet users:
4.187 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 49
Transportation ::South Africa
Airports:
607 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 11
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 148
over 3,047 m: 10
2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
1,524 to 2,437 m: 52
914 to 1,523 m: 68
under 914 m: 12 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 459
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 34
914 to 1,523 m: 298
under 914 m: 125 (2009)
Heliports:
1 (2009)
Pipelines:
condensate 11 km; gas 908 km; oil 980 km; refined products 1,379 km
(2008)
Railways:
total: 20,872 km
country comparison to the world: 14
narrow gauge: 20,436 km 1.065-m gauge (8,271 km electrified); 436 km
0.610-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 362,099 km
country comparison to the world: 18
paved: 73,506 km (includes 239 km of expressways)
unpaved: 288,593 km (2002)
Merchant marine:
total: 3
country comparison to the world: 138
by type: container 1, petroleum tanker 2
foreign-owned: 1 (Denmark 1)
registered in other countries: 8 (Bahamas 1, Nigeria 1, NZ 1, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Seychelles 1, UK 3) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Cape Town, Durban, Port Elizabeth, Richards Bay, Saldanha Bay
Military ::South Africa
Military branches:
South African National Defense Force (SANDF): South African Army,
South African Navy (SAN), South African Air Force (SAAF), Joint
Operations Command, Military Intelligence, South African Military
Health Services (2009)
Military service age and obligation:
18 years of age for voluntary military service; women are eligible
to serve in noncombat roles; 2-year service obligation (2007)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 11,622,507
females age 16-49: 11,501,537 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 7,641,557
females age 16-49: 6,518,793 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 511,616
female: 510,540 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.7% of GDP (2006)
country comparison to the world: 98
Military - note:
with the end of apartheid and the establishment of majority rule,
former military, black homelands forces, and ex-opposition forces
were integrated into the South African National Defense Force
(SANDF); as of 2003 the integration process was considered complete
Transnational Issues ::South Africa
Disputes - international:
South Africa has placed military along the border to apprehend the
thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing economic dysfunction and political
persecution; as of January 2007, South Africa also supports large
numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (33,000), Somalia (20,000), Burundi (6,500), and other
states in Africa (26,000); managed dispute with Namibia over the
location of the boundary in the Orange River; in 2006, Swazi king
advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts of Mpumalanga and
KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa