Oil - production:
35,560 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 67
Oil - consumption:
544,800 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 32
Oil - exports:
67,340 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 76
Oil - imports:
595,400 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
Oil - proved reserves:
96.38 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
Natural gas - production:
5.719 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
Natural gas - consumption:
16.55 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 40
Natural gas - exports:
39 million cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 42
Natural gas - imports:
11.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 20
Natural gas - proved reserves:
164.8 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 47
Current account balance:
-$26.91 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 179
-$20.12 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$178.4 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
$145.3 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured
goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live
animals 7.6% (2003)
Exports - partners:
Germany 24.9%, France 6.2%, Italy 6%, UK 5.7%, Czech Republic 5.6%,
Russia 5.3% (2008)
Imports:
$204.4 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 21
$162.4 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured
goods 21%, chemicals 14.8%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related
materials 9.1% (2003)
Imports - partners:
Germany 28.3%, Russia 9.9%, Italy 6.2%, Netherlands 5.4%, France
4.8%, China 4.5%, Czech Republic 4% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$62.18 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
$65.75 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$243.5 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 28
$233.1 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$161.4 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 22
$176.1 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$21.81 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 38
$19.39 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 2.3 (2008 est.), 2.81 (2007), 3.1032
(2006), 3.2355 (2005), 3.6576 (2004)
note: zlotych is the plural form of zloty
Communications ::Poland
Telephones - main lines in use:
10.336 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 22
Telephones - mobile cellular:
44.004 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 25
Telephone system:
general assessment: modernization of the telecommunications network
has accelerated with market based competition finalized in 2003;
fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is
dwarfed by the growth in wireless telephony
domestic: mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided
by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning
operations in late 2006; cellular coverage is generally good with
some gaps in the east; fixed-line service is growing slowly and
still lags in rural areas
international: country code - 48; international direct dialing with
automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to
Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2007)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 14, FM 63, shortwave 2 (2008)
Television broadcast stations:
75 (2008)
Internet country code:
.pl
Internet hosts:
8.906 million (2009)
country comparison to the world: 12
Internet users:
18.679 million (2008)
country comparison to the world: 19
Transportation ::Poland
Airports:
125 (2009)
country comparison to the world: 46
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 84
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
1,524 to 2,437 m: 39
914 to 1,523 m: 7
under 914 m: 4 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 41
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 15
under 914 m: 20 (2009)
Heliports:
7 (2009)
Pipelines:
gas 13,631 km; oil 1,384 km; refined products 777 km (2008)
Railways:
total: 22,314 km
country comparison to the world: 12
broad gauge: 633 km 1.524-m gauge
standard gauge: 21,681 km 1.435-m gauge (11,769 km electrified)
(2007)
Roadways:
total: 423,997 km
country comparison to the world: 15
paved: 295,356 km (includes 662 km of expressways)
unpaved: 128,641 km (2006)
Waterways:
3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2007)
country comparison to the world: 28
Merchant marine:
total: 15
country comparison to the world: 106
by type: cargo 8, chemical tanker 4, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll
off 1, vehicle carrier 1
foreign-owned: 2 (Cyprus 1, Nigeria 1)
registered in other countries: 98 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas
17, Cyprus 18, Liberia 13, Malta 24, Norway 3, Panama 11, Saint
Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Slovakia 2, Vanuatu 7) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin
Military ::Poland
Military branches:
Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Aviation
Forces, Special Forces (2008)
Military service age and obligation:
18-28 years of age for male voluntary or compulsory military
service; service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005;
conscription is to end in 2012; only soldiers who have completed
their conscript service are allowed to volunteer for professional
service; as of April 2004, women are only allowed to serve as
officers and noncommissioned officers; reserve obligation to age 50
(2009)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16-49: 9,741,508
females age 16-49: 9,514,843 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16-49: 7,898,892
females age 16-49: 7,888,035 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 246,667
female: 235,698 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
1.71% of GDP (2005 est.)
country comparison to the world: 95
Transnational Issues ::Poland
Disputes - international:
as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border,
Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict
illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus
and Ukraine
Illicit drugs:
despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international
information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer
of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment
point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to
Western Europe
page last updated on November 11, 2009
======================================================================
@Portugal (Europe)
Introduction ::Portugal
Background:
Following its heyday as a global maritime power during the 15th and
16th centuries, Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the
destruction of Lisbon in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the
Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of its wealthiest colony of
Brazil in 1822. A 1910 revolution deposed the monarchy; for most of
the next six decades, repressive governments ran the country. In
1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic reforms.
The following year, Portugal granted independence to all of its
African colonies. Portugal is a founding member of NATO and entered
the EC (now the EU) in 1986.
Geography ::Portugal
Location:
Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of
Spain
Geographic coordinates:
39 30 N, 8 00 W
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 92,090 sq km
country comparison to the world: 110
land: 91,470 sq km
water: 620 sq km
note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than Indiana
Land boundaries:
total: 1,214 km
border countries: Spain 1,214 km
Coastline:
1,793 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in
south
Terrain:
mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico Alto) on Ilha do Pico in
the Azores 2,351 m
Natural resources:
fish, forests (cork), iron ore, copper, zinc, tin, tungsten, silver,
gold, uranium, marble, clay, gypsum, salt, arable land, hydropower
Land use:
arable land: 17.29%
permanent crops: 7.84%
other: 74.87% (2005)
Irrigated land:
6,500 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources:
73.6 cu km (2005)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
total: 11.09 cu km/yr (10%/12%/78%)
per capita: 1,056 cu m/yr (1998)
Natural hazards:
Azores subject to severe earthquakes
Environment - current issues:
soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle
emissions; water pollution, especially in coastal areas
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic
Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Environmental
Modification
Geography - note:
Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western
sea approaches to Strait of Gibraltar
People ::Portugal
Population:
10,707,924 (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 75
Age structure:
0-14 years: 16.3% (male 912,147/female 834,941)
15-64 years: 66.1% (male 3,525,717/female 3,554,513)
65 years and over: 17.6% (male 772,413/female 1,108,193) (2009 est.)
Median age:
total: 39.4 years
male: 37.3 years
female: 41.6 years (2009 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.275% (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 177
Birth rate:
10.29 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 191
Death rate:
10.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
Net migration rate:
3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 29
Urbanization:
urban population: 59% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: 1.4% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.78 deaths/1,000 live births
country comparison to the world: 195
male: 5.24 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 78.21 years
country comparison to the world: 48
male: 74.95 years
female: 81.69 years (2009 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.49 children born/woman (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 187
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.5% (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 74
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
34,000 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 69
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
fewer than 500 (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Nationality:
noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese
Ethnic groups:
homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent
who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than
100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal
Religions:
Roman Catholic 84.5%, other Christian 2.2%, other 0.3%, unknown 9%,
none 3.9% (2001 census)
Languages:
Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 93.3%
male: 95.5%
female: 91.3% (2003 est.)
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
total: 15 years
male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2006)
Education expenditures:
5.5% of GDP (2005)
country comparison to the world: 50
Government ::Portugal
Country name:
conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
conventional short form: Portugal
local long form: Republica Portuguesa
local short form: Portugal
Government type:
republic; parliamentary democracy
Capital:
name: Lisbon
geographic coordinates: 38 43 N, 9 08 W
time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during
Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last
Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:
18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous
regions* (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro,
Acores (Azores)*, Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra,
Evora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa (Lisbon), Madeira*, Portalegre,
Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu
Independence:
1143 (Kingdom of Portugal recognized); 5 October 1910 (republic
proclaimed)
National holiday:
Portugal Day (Dia de Portugal), 10 June (1580); note - also called
Camoes Day, the day that revered national poet Luis de Camoes
(1524-80) died
Constitution:
adopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revised
note: the revisions placed the military under strict civilian
control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the
groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; and they
allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and the
government-owned communications media
Legal system:
based on civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the
constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction with reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Anibal CAVACO SILVA (since 9 March 2006)
head of government: Prime Minister Jose SOCRATES Carvalho Pinto de
Sousa (since 12 March 2005)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
recommendation of the prime minister
note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative
body to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term
(eligible for a second term); election last held 22 January 2006
(next to be held in January 2011); following legislative elections,
the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition
is usually appointed prime minister by the president
election results: Anibal CAVACO SILVA elected president; percent of
vote - Anibal CAVACO SILVA 50.6%, Manuel ALEGRE 20.7%, Mario Alberto
Nobre Lopes SOARES 14.3%, Jeronimo DE SOUSA 8.5%, Franciso LOUCA 5.3%
Legislative branch:
unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230
seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 September 2009 (next to be held in fall 2013)
election results: percent of vote by party - PS 37.7%, PSD 30%,
CDS/PP 10.8%, BE 10.2%, CDU 8.1%, other 3.2%; seats by party - PS
96, PSD 78, CDS/PP 21, BE 16, CDU 15
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (Supremo Tribunal de Justica); judges appointed for
life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura
Political parties and leaders:
Democratic and Social Center/Popular Party or CDS/PP [Paulo PORTAS];
Green Ecologist Party (The Greens) or PEV [leadership commission
elected by members]; Portuguese Communist Party or PCP [Jeronimo DE
SOUSA]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Jose SOCRATES Carvalho
Pinto de Sousa]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Manuela FERREIRA
LEITE]; The Left Bloc or BE [Franciso Anacleto LOUCA]; Unitarian
Democratic Coalition or CDU [Jeronimo DE SOUSA] (includes PCP and
PEV)
Political pressure groups and leaders:
the media; labor unions
International organization participation:
ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia
Group, BIS, CE, CERN, CPLP, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO,
IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU,
ITUC, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURCAT, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG,
OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SECI
(observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina,
UNMIT, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Joao DE VALLERA
chancery: 2012 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610
FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), San
Francisco
consulate(s): New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode Island)
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas F. STEPHENSON
embassy: Avenida das Forcas Armadas, 1600-081 Lisbon
mailing address: Apartado 43033, 1601-301 Lisboa; PSC 83, APO AE
09726
telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)
Flag description:
two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red
(three-fifths) with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the
dividing line
Economy ::Portugal
Economy - overview:
Portugal has become a diversified and increasingly service-based
economy since joining the European Community in 1986. Over the past
two decades, successive governments have privatized many
state-controlled firms and liberalized key areas of the economy,
including the financial and telecommunications sectors. The country
qualified for the European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and began
circulating the euro on 1 January 2002 along with 11 other EU member
economies. Economic growth had been above the EU average for much of
the 1990s, but fell back in 2001-08. GDP per capita stands at
roughly two-thirds of the EU-27 average. A poor educational system,
in particular, has been an obstacle to greater productivity and
growth. Portugal has been increasingly overshadowed by lower-cost
producers in Central Europe and Asia as a target for foreign direct
investment. The budget deficit surged to an all-time high of 6% of
GDP in 2005, but the government reduced the deficit to 2.6% in 2007
- a year ahead of Portugal's targeted schedule. Nonetheless, the
government faces tough choices in its attempts to boost the economy,
which declined 0.1% in 2008, while keeping the budget deficit within
the euro-zone 3%-of-GDP ceiling.
GDP (purchasing power parity):
$237.3 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 48
$237.3 billion (2007 est.)
$232.9 billion (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP (official exchange rate):
$244.6 billion (2008 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
0% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 199
1.9% (2007 est.)
1.4% (2006 est.)
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$22,200 (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
$22,300 (2007 est.)
$22,000 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 2.8%
industry: 25%
services: 72.2% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
5.625 million (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 68
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 10%
industry: 30%
services: 60% (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate:
7.6% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 102
8% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
18% (2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.1%
highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
38.5 (2007)
country comparison to the world: 72
35.6 (1995)
Investment (gross fixed):
21.7% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Budget:
revenues: $105.5 billion
expenditures: $111.9 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
66.4% of GDP (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19
61.5% of GDP (2004 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.6% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 28
2.4% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
3% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 104
5% (31 December 2007)
note: this is the European Central Bank's rate on the marginal
lending facility, which offers overnight credit to banks in the euro
area
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
8.35% (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 108
7.92% (31 December 2007)
Stock of money:
$NA
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro
area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for
the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual
members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and quasi
money circulating within their own borders
Stock of quasi money:
$NA
Stock of domestic credit:
$491 billion (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 20
$412.7 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$NA (31 December 2008)
country comparison to the world: 44
$132.3 billion (31 December 2007)
$104.2 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
grain, potatoes, tomatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats,
swine, poultry, dairy products; fish
Industries:
textiles, clothing, footwear, wood and cork, paper, chemicals,
auto-parts manufacturing, base metals, diary products, wine and
other foods, porcelain and ceramics, glassware, technology,
telecommunications; ship construction and refurbishment; tourism
Industrial production growth rate:
-2.2% (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 156
Electricity - production:
44.47 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 51
Electricity - consumption:
48.78 billion kWh (2007 est.)
country comparison to the world: 46
Electricity - exports:
1.313 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Electricity - imports:
10.74 billion kWh (2008 est.)
Oil - production:
7,861 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 89
Oil - consumption:
291,700 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 42
Oil - exports:
53,260 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 77
Oil - imports:
351,100 bbl/day (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 30
Oil - proved reserves:
0 bbl
country comparison to the world: 143
Natural gas - production:
0 cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 141
Natural gas - consumption:
4.754 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 59
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008)
country comparison to the world: 132
Natural gas - imports:
4.763 billion cu m (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 33
Natural gas - proved reserves:
0 cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 145
Current account balance:
-$29.6 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 181
-$21.18 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$56.42 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 54
$51.81 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
agricultural products, food products, oil products, chemical
products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and cork,
wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, minerals
and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and
other transport material, and optical and precision instruments
Exports - partners:
Spain 25.7%, Germany 12.7%, France 11.1%, Angola 5.9%, UK 5.3% (2008)
Imports:
$87.83 billion (2008 est.)
country comparison to the world: 37
$75.98 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
agricultural products, food products, oil products, chemical
products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and cork,
wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, minerals
and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and
other transport material, and optical and precision instruments,
computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and related devices,
household goods, passenger cars new and used, and wine products